Ecology
description
Transcript of Ecology
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Ecology
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Ecology
• The study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment, or surroundings.
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Biosphere
• Combined portions of the planet in which all life exists (land, water, air, organisms)
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BIOME
• Group of ecosystems that have the same climate, similar soil and distinctive plants and animals
• See textbook pp. 98-104
• HANDOUT: Biome Group Project
• DUE: Nov. 25
• Worth: 50 points
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Ecosystem
• BIOTA (living)
• Organisms
• Animals
• Plants
• Fungi
• bacteria
• ABIOTA
(nonliving)• environment
• Soil
• Air
• water
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Biomes of the World
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Communities
• Groups of populations living in the same area
• Like these desert animals
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Populations
• Groups of individuals all of the same species
• EX: All the Long-nosed Leopard Lizards of the Mojave Desert
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Scales of Ecological Organization
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Ozone Thinning at Antarctica
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Energy Flow
• Sunlight is the main source of energy for life on Earth.
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Chemosynthetic Organisms
• Some organisms rely on inorganic chemicals rather than the sun for energy.
• All bacteria, manufacture carbohydrates and other organic molecules from the oxidization of sulfates or ammonia.
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Chemosynthetic Microbes
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Videos
• Explore life at a hydrothermal vent.
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Autotrophs
• Organisms that use sunlight to produce energy.
• Use inorganic compounds to make organic molecules.
• PLANTS
• Also called PRODUCERS
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Photosynthesis
• Process by which autotrophs harness sunlight in a chemical reaction to change inorganic compounds into energy-rich carbohydrates and oxygen.
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Heterotrophs
• Organisms that rely on energy from other organisms
• Also called CONSUMERS
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Types of Consumers
• Herbivores – eat only plants• Carnivores – eat animals• Omnivores – eat both plants and animals• Detritivores – feed on animal remains and
dead matter• Decomposers – break down organic matter• Scavengers-predator eats corpses it killed or
others killed (raccoons, vultures, beetles)
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Decomposers
• Bacteria fungi earthworms beetles
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Herbivores (Primary Consumers)
• Eat producers
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Carnivores
• Eat other animals
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Detritivores
• Spaghetti worms have tentacles range out from
a burrow in rock or sediment to collect the small particulate detritus that the worm feeds on.
amphipods tearing plant debris and organic detritus into "bite sized" pieces and eating it
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OmnivoresEat plants and animals
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Scavengers
• Vultures
• Ants
• Crows
• spider
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Food Chain
• Desert Food Chain Video (DesertUSA)
• Energy flows from the sun or inorganic compounds in one direction to autotrophs (producers) and then to heterotrophs (consumers).
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Food Chain Simulation
• Sunny Meadows
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• Primary producers (organisms that make their own food from sunlight and/or chemical energy from deep sea vents) are the base of every food chain - these organisms are called autotrophs.
• Primary consumers are animals that eat primary producers; they are also called herbivores (plant-eaters).
• Secondary consumers eat primary consumers. They are carnivores (meat-eaters) and omnivores (animals that eat both animals and plants).
• Tertiary consumers eat secondary consumers. • Quaternary consumers eat tertiary consumers. • Food chains "end" with top predators, animals that
have little or no natural enemies.
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Food Web: links all the food chains of an ecosystem together
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Trophic Level
• Each step of a food chain or food web
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Ecological Pyramid
Note that only 10% of the energy is transferred to organisms at the next trophic level
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Biomass Pyramid
• Amount of tissue in a trophic level
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Biomass
• Total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level
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Pyramid of Numbers
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Compare
• Pyramid of Numbers
Pyramid of Biomass
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Ecological Pyramids Lab Activity
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Ecological Pyramid Activities
• A. Biome Bags– Divide into Producers, Primary Consumers,
Secondary Consumers, Tertiary Consumers– Weigh for Biomass Pyramids– Count for Pyramid of Numbers
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Ecological Pyramid Activities
• B. Cedar Glade Pyramids– Energy pyramid with list of species– Water volume to represent % of energy
transferred to the next trophic level
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Draw names of Biomes
• Divide contents into four smaller bags:
Producers, Primary Consumers, Secondary Consumers, Tertiary
Consumers
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CAUTION:
• If your pyramid does not look like it will support the food chain, then make adjustments.
• Remember the fox, rabbit, and grass online simulaltion.
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Biomass Pyramid
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