Ecological sanitation- an overview - Greywater Action€¦ · Closing the loop. The toilet!...
Transcript of Ecological sanitation- an overview - Greywater Action€¦ · Closing the loop. The toilet!...
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Ecological sanitation-
an overview
Professor Dr. Petter D. Jenssen
The Norwegian University of Life Sciences
Course: ”Appropriate sanitation for the developing world”, August 15. 2005
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Ecosan toilet center Bangalore India
Faeces
Urine
Washwater
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Ecosan toilet center Bangalore India
• Serves 800 people
• Produces 50 tonnbananas/year
• Produces compost forsale
• Employs 10 people
• Annual cost10 US$/user
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Experience from Bangalore
• Application ofcompost increasesthe plants tolerance towater stress
• Application ofcompost is essentialfor nutrient utilizationin weathered (red)tropical soil
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Bangalore - India design: Lin Jiang, China
1st. generation 2nd. generation
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20 - 40% water consumption in sewered cities is due to the water toilet (Gardner 1997)
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Ecological engineering
The development of human society with naturefor the benefit of both.
(W.J. Mitsch and S.E. Jørgensen in Ecological engineering, 1989)
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Designof ecological sanitation systems
• System approach
(Urban Water 2001)
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Resources in wastewaterAnnual discharge from one person
• Nitrogen (N) 4.5 kg
• Phosphorus (P) 0.6 kg
• Potassium (K) 1.0 kg
• Organic matter (BOD) 35 kg
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Loss of Soil Fertility (slow but dramatic, global scale)Can be counteracted by returning treated biowaste
(Map from WWW.FAO.ORG)
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30 million USD
The wastewater resourceThe fertilizer value of the nutrients dicharged to the sewer systems in Norway
per year
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2.5 billion USD
The wastewater resourceThe fertilizer value of the blackwater from900 Mio people in ruralChina
per year
(UNESCO 2001)
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Recycle?
It is enough plant nutrients in domestic
sewage and organic household waste
to grow food for the world population.(Wolgast 1991)
Production of 1kg mineral
nitrogen fertilizer requires
38 MJ = 10.5kWh of energy.(Refsgaard 1997)
Phosphorus is a limited resource.
Present mineral P-sources
will last 100 - 200 years.(Bøckman et al. 1991)
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Designof ecological sanitation systems
• System approach
• Decentralized systems
• Recycling and resource
saving
Rural
area
Urban
area
Closing the loop
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The toilet!
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Contribution fromthe toilet
* 90 % of N* 80 % of P* 80 % of K* 40-75 % of org. matter* Majority of the pathogens
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An ordinary toiletuses 6 - 20 litres/flush
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Future toilet types(comercially available today)
• Composting /dry sanitation 0 - 0.1 liter/visit
• Urine diverting 0.1 - 4.0 liter/visit
• Water saving (vacuum&gravity) 0.5 - 1.5 liter/visit
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Composting toilet at roadside facility - Sweden
Elected the best
roadside facility
In Sweden 2002
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Secondary composting
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Dry sanitation - hygiene• International research
show that drysanitation may givean equal or higherreduction ofpathogens and a highreduction in risk ofexposure.
(Stenström 2001)
REACTOR - 2
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Days /08. 04. 2003 - 26. 06. 2003/
Te
mp
era
ture
[0C
]
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• Urine flushed with 1-2 dl
• Faeces - flushed with 2-4 liters
Dual flush urine -diverting system
(Jønsson et al. 1998)
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Low flush toilets
Vacuum0.5 - 1.5 liters/flush
Gravity1 liter/flush
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• 1660 vacuum toilets
• > 2km of vacuum sewer line
Vacuum technologyMarine installations
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Vacuum toilets
• Small diameter pipes
• Piping independent ofinclination
Vacuum - 50mmGravity - 110mm
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Vacuum toilets - energy use
4 KWh/person and year
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Kildesep prinsipp
Toilet waste (blackwater) +
organic household waste (OHW)
Vacuum or low flush gravity toilets
Source separating system
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Kildesep prinsipp
Toilet waste (blackwater) +
organic household waste (OHW)
Liquid composting
Source separating system
Vacuum or low flush gravity toilets
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Våtkompostering
PDJ 1997
Våtkompostering
Liquid composting
•Aerobic process
•Temperature 50-60ºC
•No odours
•No nitrogen loss
•Runs with a net energy surplus
7 farmer operated systems in Norway
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Kildesep prinsippSource separating system
Biogas, CH4
Blackwater
+OHW
Greywater
Agricultural application
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Direct Ground Injection (DGI)
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Kildesep prinsipp Local nutrient recycling
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”Zero emission house”16 viviendas
8 inodoro
de vacio
1 liter/
8 inodoros
de gravitation
1 liter/
BiogasGreywater
Wetland
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80% of the vegetables consumed in urban areas in Cuba
are grown within urban areas
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Local nutrient recycling
Greywater treatment
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Total nitrogen concentrations in untreatedgreywater (mg/l)
Tot-N GSTE
0,0
2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
12,0
14,0
16,0
18,0
20,0
0 20 40 60 80
Sample no
To
t-N
mg
/l
Average 8,4 mg/l
Drinking water (WHO) 10,0 mg/l
(Jenssen&Vråle 2004)
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Tot - P
0,00
0,50
1,00
1,50
2,00
2,50
3,00
3,50
0 20 40 60 80
Sample no
To
t-P
mg
/l
Series1
Average 1,03 mg/l
Total phosphorus concentrations inuntreated greywater (mg/l)
(Jenssen&Vråle 2004)
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Compact systemsRotating biological contactors
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Klosterenga oversikt Greywater treatment in OSLO
Pretreatment
Biofilter (PBF)
Horisontal
subsurface
flow
Constructed
Wetland
• 33 apartments
• 100 persons
• Area 1m2/person
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Greywater treatmentPretreatment
biofilter
Horizontal subsurface
flow wetland filter
Septic tankPump/siphon
Level control &
sampling port
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Greywater treatment at
Klosterenga OsloEffluent values:
Fecal coliforms: 0
Total-N: 2,5 mg/l
Total-P: 0,02 mg/l
Inhouse u
se ?
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Kuching Sarawak Malaysia
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Norwegian concept - Ecological Sanitation
in Kuching, Malaysia
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Preliminary Assessment ofInvestment Cost
1,000 Million MYREcological Sanitation
3,000 Million MYRConventional CentralizedSewage System
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• Collection system 80%
• Treatment 20%
In the US:
• 37% of all new developments areserviced by onsite or decentralisedsystems
• over 50% of onsite/cluster systemsare in cities and their suburbs
(USEPA 2000)Wastewater treatment plant
Investment costof centralized sewer systems
Wastewater treatment plant
Sewer lines
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Biogas plant
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Pilot project Hui Sing Garden
Greywater treatment
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11stst chamber of oil chamber of oil
and grease trapand grease trapPumpPump
sumpsump
Final dischargeFinal discharge
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Greywater treatment - Hui Sing Garden
• Preliminary results:
BOD < 2 mg/l
Total N 2.2 mg/l
Total P 1.9
Faecal coliforms 50/100ml
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Upscaling decentralized systems
The Agricultural University of Norway
Treatment/collection site
c
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Ecological sanitation leads to
• Improved health bydiverting blackwater fromthe water cycle
• Affordable solutions withlow investment andmaintenance costs
• Increased food securityby better fertilizeravailability
• Substantial watersavings by using watersaving toilets and reuse ofgreywater
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Ecological sanitation leads to
• Bioenergy production byintegrated solutions forwastewater and organicwaste
• Economic development bygeneration of local businessopportunities
• Stakeholder involvementand system acceptance
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ConclusionLeapfrog the conventional centralized sewers
Go straight to modern sanitation based on ecological principles