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Acoustic reflex, 318, 336338Acoustic tau, 98Acoustical Society of America, 3, 11Acoustical Society of Japan, 181Affordances, 114, 191, 211, 272African drumming, 17Air conditioner noise, 181Analytical perception, 250, 251Apparent motion, 89, 131, 259Assistive technology, 162Atomic blasts, 152Attentional pulse, 53, 54, 59, 61, 62, 67, 77,

78, 81Attractor, 52, 53, 55, 58, 76, 77Audification, 152153Auditory cortex, 37, 40, 42, 87, 95, 224, 234,

238, 261, 334Auditory display, 149170Auditory events, 2, 118120, 153, 156, 219,

233, 272, 274, 281, 303, 304Auditory icons, 151152, 160, 167Auditory localization, 88, 8995, 99

and auditory display, 160and bimodal perception, 258, 262263and development, 195197and ecological psychology, 3

Auditory looming, 97104, 225226, 240,259260

Auditory motion, 89, 95106, 334Auditory nerve, 322, 324, 327, 330Auditory objects, 29, 114124, 127, 129, 192,

250, 273, 281, 282, 304Auditory reachability, 94, 95, 196Auditory scene analysis, 1544, 121

and amplitude modulation, 22

and computational modeling, 15, 38, 39, 41,140

and development, 197199and dimensional interaction, 252and hearing loss, 40, 42and loudness, 334336and pitch, 18, 24and rhythm, 19, 23, 198and spatialization, 20, 23, 198and speech, 24, 22, 23, 26, 198and timbre, 18, 26, 198

Auditory source perception, 231233Auditory space, 20, 21, 128, 155, 196, 257,

258, 262Auditory stream, 1544, 54, 118, 120, 121,

123, 125, 150, 155, 157, 161, 169, 197,198, 303, 334335

Babbling, 204Basilar membrane, 199, 274, 323327, 328,

331Bats, 103, 106, 240, 263, 334, 337Beer, 7Behaviorism, 6, 10Binaural room impulse responses, 329Blind listeners, 103106, 162, 168, 169, 258Blindfolded listeners, 91, 94, 101, 258, 329Bouncing versus breaking, 232

Car, 4, 32, 125, 202, 240, 249Cat, 37, 337, 338Chromatic scale, 278, 279, 283, 288Circle of fifths, 280, 286

Index

347

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348 Index

Circular tone flows, 135, 138, 143Clapping, 225, 232Classical conditioning, 6, 17Coarticulation, 222, 227, 229, 234, 236, 237Cochlea, 1, 11, 25, 41, 193, 317, 322, 323327,

328, 330, 335, 336, 337Cochlear microphonic, 324, 337Cocktail party, 116, 118, 121, 334Context effects, 179, 181, 251, 254, 272, 330Cultural effects, 169

and auditory icons, 152and music, 305of noise, 185188, 339, 340

Danger signals, see Warning signalsDarwins prediction, 6Development, 9496, 191211, 262263Dichotic listening, 116, 123, 199, 252Diphthong, 26Direct perception, 96, 118, 305Directional bands, 93Doppler effect, 97, 225, 250, 253Doppler illusion, 98, 253, 330Drunken horse stimuli, 20Duality theory

localization, 90objects, 119

Dynamical systems, 50, 52, 55, 56, 61, 68, 119

Earcons, 151152, 156, 167Earthquakes, 152Echolocation, 103106, 232, 240, 337Ecological psychoacoustics, 1, 95, 149, 150,

151, 154, 170, 219, 220, 221, 224, 227,231, 233, 241, 242

Ecological psychology, 2, 3, 192 306Ecological validity, 1, 4, 8, 9, 103, 113, 114,

272Empiricist position, 201Environmental psychology, 175Environmental Quality Standard of Noise, 176Equal loudness contours, 159, 251, 275, 210,

321, 322, 324, 327, 330Equal pitch contours, 251, 330Evoked potentials, 179, 327Evolution, 4, 6, 7, 34, 88, 99, 100, 102, 233,

253, 255Exclusive allocation, principle of, 122Expectancy profile, 6670, 76, 78, 80External validity, 8, 9, 162, 164

Facial vision, 104Fatigue and auditory display, 160Feature integration theory, 128129Figure-ground, 122123, 125Fire, 113114, 122, 143, 144, 151, 156Frequency resolution, 192193, 194, 198Fricative, 206, 209210

Geiger counter, 153, 159Gestalt perspective, 115, 122, 124, 126, 128,

131, 140, 250Gestural phonology, 228, 229Gestural primitives, 222Gibsonian approach, 2, 49, 113, 115, 140, 166,

202, 210, 271Goal-directed behavior, 272, 304Guinea pig, 324

Hair cells, 324, 325Head movements, 88, 93, 195Hearing aid, 2, 181, 338Hearing loss, 15, 40, 42, 233, 322, 324, 325,

328, 337, 340Hierarchical decomposition model, 31, 32, 34Holistic perception, 155, 202, 249, 249253

Incidental sounds, 151Indispensable attributes, theory of, 123,

126128Independent component analysis, 36, 38Indifference curve, 130, 131, 134Inertia tensor, 231, 232, 239, 240Infant-directed speech, 203, 204205Infants, 9495, 191211, 234, 258, 260, 335,

336Inferior colliculus, 41Informational masking, 200, 201Informational similitude, 236238Intensity resolution, 193194Interacting perceptual dimensions, 159,

249264, 275, 330Interaural intensity difference, 90, 91, 195Interaural phase difference, 90, 91, 195, 196Interaural time difference, 41, 90, 91Internal validity, 810, 89, 249International Commission on Biological Effects

of Noise, 182

Just-noticeable-difference, 72, 73, 75, 157, 319

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Index 349

Language acquisition device, 207Loudness, 12, 317341

and auditory display, 152, 157158, 167, 169

and auditory looming, 97, 99100and auditory stream segregation, 28, 29,

150constancy, 328329discomfort threshold, 338340and distance, 226and ecological validity, 9interaction with pitch, 250254, 275methods for measuring, 318322of noise, 176188and speech, 12, 223, 225

Marbles, 202Masking

and auditory display, 154, 158, 163and development, 199201and hearing loss, 324and loudness, 324and perceptual grouping, 42, 117

McGurk effect, 12, 43, 223224, 226, 233, 236,239, 257

Mel scale, 276277Melodic contour, 296302Memory

and auditory display, 167and development, 199and pitch, 275276, 296, 303, 304and speech, 237and timing, 63, 68, 69, 302

Mental representationand ecological psychology, 3and external space, 258and pitch, 278, 306

Metaphors and audition, 49, 116, 152, 153,165, 168

Minimum audible angle, 90, 95, 195196Minimum audible facing angle, 91Minimum audible movement angle, 90Mismatch negativity, 3334, 40Missing fundamental, 158, 274, 275Modality-neutral, 114, 119, 143, 219,

234242Monkey, 37Motor theory, speech, 226227Musical expertise, 154, 224, 254, 276Multisensory perception, 201203, 211,

220, 223224, 226, 233241, 250,255263

Music, 2, 3, 5, 12, 16, 17, 20, 23, 26, 31,3236, 50, 117, 152, 157158, 165, 185,186, 197, 198, 221, 253, 254, 273,275306, 320

Nativist position, 201Navigation, 91, 103, 104, 255256, 259, 263Noise

and auditory stream segregation, 26, 31, 32,37, 38, 42

background, 153, 157, 158, 163, 329and development, 193, 194, 199, 200, 201,

209environmental acoustics, 175188and localization, 90, 91, 94, 95, 100104loudness function, 320and speech, 228, 226stimuli, 2, 4, 5, 156visual, 152

Octave equivalence, 279280Oscillator period, 54, 55, 57, 6172, 77Oscillator phase, 55, 61

Pacemaker, 63, 64, 66, 74Pain and auditory display, 160Perceptual learning, 203205, 210211Perceptual object, 43, 113, 114, 124, 228, 235,

272Perceptual organization, 1544, 114, 115, 119,

124, 303, 304Phase entrainment, 57, 58, 60, 61, 77Phase response curve, 57Phonemes, 206, 207, 209, 210, 228, 281Physical correlate theory, 226, 328329Piano, 165, 177Plasticity, 239, 262Point-light speech, 236238Pitch, 271306

and auditory display, 158159and auditory scene analysis, 18, 24and psychological scaling, 276281chroma, 279double helix, 280hierarchy, 284helix, 278place theory of, 274temporal theory of, 274thresholds, 274tonal magnitude, 287288

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350 Index

Pitch (continued)tonal models of, 283height, 279

Practice effects, 8in auditory display, 162in auditory localization, 92

Precedence effect, 24, 90Process monitors, 153Proximity, 115, 121, 122, 130135, 142

Qualitative methods, 166

Ramped and damped sounds, 331334Rattle, 94, 202, 204Real-world sounds, 9, 11, 31, 94, 113, 149,

150, 164, 167, 191, 224225Reeds, 5Reverberation, 42, 93, 117, 329, 331, 332, 333,

340Roll effect, 28

Saturn, 152Schema, 29, 30, 40, 41, 42, 299Selective advantage, 99100Selective attention

and auditory objects, 128and auditory scene analysis, 15, 16, 30, 31,

34, 40, 42, 44, 198199and dimensional interaction, 252and loudness, 318, 334336and rhythmic entrainment, 50and tonal relations, 303

Separable dimensions, 250Shepard tones, 279Signal detection theory, 2, 10Sine wave speech, 228, 236, 237Siren, 5Snapshot theory, 9596Sonification, 149, 152159, 163, 165, 166, 169,

170Spectrogram, 34Speech, 2, 3, 11, 12, 17, 21, 22, 23, 26, 29, 21,

32, 34, 35, 36, 42, 43, 50, 117, 155, 175,177, 186, 195, 198, 202, 204210,219242, 253, 258, 258, 273, 279, 281,304, 320, 331, 334, 338, 340

Stimulus error, 119

Stimulus uncertainty, 199200Superior colliculus, 261262

Tau, 98, 259Tempo

and auditory display, 159160and auditory scene analysis, 16, 1824,

2526, 27, 29, 34, 36, 40, 42and development, 192194, 198, 202203,

211and dimensional interaction, 254perception, 4981and pitch, 303

Timbreand auditory display, 159160, 163, 165and auditory scene analysis, 18, 20, 21, 22,

25, 2628, 40, 41and dimensional interaction, 249, 254and timing, 79and perceptual interaction, 254, 275and pitch, 273, 275, 276and speech, 221, 237

Time discrimination, 49, 61, 7079Time estimation, 49, 61, 6270Time-to-arrival, see Auditory loomingTrading relations, 223Training, see Practice effectsTree in forest, 220, 242Trill, 23, 24Tuning fork, 5

Uncomfortably loud sounds, 318, 338340Unilateral neglect, 40, 42

Vacuum tube, 5, 317Vase/face, 122123Velocity discrimination, 96Visual capture, 257Visual dominance, 258

Warning signals, 150159, 164, 167, 186Webers Law

and ecological validity, 9and time discrimination, 7273

World War II, 6

Zeitgeber, 58

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