Levels of Ecological Organization in Freshwater Systems Population Community Ecosystem.
Ecological Levels of Organization
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Transcript of Ecological Levels of Organization
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Ecological Levels of Ecological Levels of OrganizationOrganization
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Foldable (outside):Foldable (outside):
Temperate Deciduous Forest
Taiga/Coniferous Forest
Tropical Rain Forest
Grassland (Savanna)
Desert
Tundra
Water Biomes (Marine, Estuary, Freshwater)
Map of Biomes
Earth’sBiomes
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To complete the inside of To complete the inside of your foldable…your foldable…
Use Ch. 20 of your Holt textbook◦Pgs. 526-543
See the next slide for the format to use inside the foldable.
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Land (Terrestrial) Biomes – Land (Terrestrial) Biomes – Inside the foldable…Inside the foldable…
Climate: Plants: Animals:
Illustration of biome. Distinguishing characteristics:
(distinguishes it from other biomes)
-Temperature-Precipitation
-Examples-Adaptations
-Examples-Adaptations
Fold
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Earth’s BiomesEarth’s BiomesAreas with similar abiotic factors
(soil, water & climate) usually have similar biotic factors (plants & animals).
Climate – average weather pattern in an area over a long period of time.◦Precipitation & temperature
Biome – a group of ecosystems with similar climates & organisms◦Contain related ecosystems
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Terrestrial or Land BiomesTerrestrial or Land BiomesTundraTaiga / Coniferous (Boreal) ForestTemperate Deciduous ForestGrasslands (Savanna, Steppe,
Prairie)DesertsTropical Rain ForestTemperate Rain Forest
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Forest BiomesForest BiomesOften found in areas that have
mild temperatures and plenty of rain.
3 types (depends on climate):◦Temperate deciduous forests◦Coniferous forests (Taiga)◦Tropical rain forests
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Temperate Deciduous Temperate Deciduous ForestsForestsDeciduous – “to fall off” – trees that
shed their leaves to save water during the winter or during the dry season
Have 4 distinct seasons in a year (fall, winter, spring, summer)
Climate:◦ Precipitation – 75 – 125 cm of rain/yr.◦ Average temperature – summer 28˚ C,
winter 6 ˚ CPlants: deciduous trees (oaks, maples);
ferns; mossesAnimals: deer, bears, snakes,
woodpeckers, chipmunks, opossums, mice, skunks
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Temperate Deciduous Temperate Deciduous ForestForest
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Coniferous ForestsConiferous Forestsaka: TaigaConifers – trees that produce seeds in
cones; needles; aka: evergreen treesClimate:
◦ Precipitation - 35 – 75 cm of rain or snow/yr.◦ Average temperature – summer 14˚ C, winter
-10˚ CPlants: coniferous trees (Douglas fir,
spruce); few large plantsAdaptations: Conifers with thick, waxy
coverings on leaves = keep them from drying out and protect them from cold winter
Animals: squirrels; insects; birds (finches, chickadees, jays); herbivores (porcupines, elk, moose, ); bears; foxes; lynx◦ Migration & hibernation
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Taiga/Coniferous ForestTaiga/Coniferous Forest
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Tropical Rain ForestsTropical Rain ForestsHave more biological diversity that any
other place on EarthClimate:
◦ Precipitation – 200 – 600 cm of rain/yr.◦ Average temperature – daytime 34˚ C;
nighttime 20˚ C Warmer than temperate rain forests due to
location near the equatorPlants: ferns, orchids, tall trees
Adaptation: low growing plants that don’t need much light
Animals: birds (parrots); insects; snakes; frogs; monkeys; lizards◦ canopy – tree tops
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Tropical Rain ForestsTropical Rain Forests
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Temperate Rain ForestsTemperate Rain ForestsFound in New Zealand, southern Chile,
& the Pacific Northwest of the U.S.Climate:
◦Precipitation – 200 cm – 400 cm of rainfall/yr.
◦Avg. temperature – 9˚C – 12˚CPlants: trees with needlelike leaves
(Douglas fir, cedar, spruce)Animals: black bear; cougar; bobcat;
northern spotted owl; amphibians
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Temperate Rain ForestsTemperate Rain Forests
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GrasslandsGrasslandsAlso know as: o Steppes (Asia)o Prairies (N. America)o Savannas (Africa)o Pampas (S. America)
Found on every continent except Antarctica
2 Types:o Temperate Grasslandso Savannas
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Temperate GrasslandsTemperate Grasslands◦Climate:
Precipitation – 25 – 75 cm of rain/yr. Average temperature – summer 30˚C; winter
0˚C
◦Plants: grasses; flowering plants; few trees; crops – wheat, rye, barley, corn
◦Animals: small, seed-eating animals (prairie dogs & mice); large grass-eaters (bison); kangaroos; cattle & sheep
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SavannasSavannas◦Climate:
Precipitation – 50 - 130 cm rain/yr. Average temperature – dry season 34˚C;
wet season 16˚C
◦Plants: scattered clumps of trees; grasses
◦Animals: large herbivores (elephants, giraffes, zebras, wildebeests)
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SavannaSavanna
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GrasslandsGrasslands
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DesertsDesertsDriest biome on EarthClimate:
◦ Precipitation – less than 25 cm of rain/yr.◦ Avg. temperature – summer 38˚C; winter 7˚C
Temperature shifts from day to night Ex: Gobi desert in Asia – freezing temperatures in the
winterPlants: cacti
◦ Adaptations – grow far apart; shallow roots; store water; waxy-coated leaves
Animals: toads, tortoises, kangaroo rat, scorpions, few large animals; reptiles◦ Adaptations – nocturnal (active at night);
dormant during dry season; store water; big ears
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DesertsDeserts
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DesertsDeserts
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TundraTundraCold, dry region; cold desertClimate:
◦Precipitation – 30 – 50 cm of rain/yr.◦Avg. temperature – summer 12˚C;
winter -26˚C Slow decomposition due to cold
temperatures.
• 2 Types: Polar tundra Alpine tundra
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Polar TundrasPolar TundrasFound near the North Pole
◦permafrost – layer of soil that stays frozen all the time; only the surface thaws
◦Plants: shallow-rooted plants (grasses & small shrubs); mosses; lichens; no trees
◦Animals: insects, migratory birds (ducks, geese, shorebirds & songbirds); hawks; owls; arctic hares; musk oxen; wolves; caribou; reindeer
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Polar TundraPolar Tundra
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Alpine TundraAlpine TundraTop of tall mountains
◦Also has permafrost◦Found above the “tree line”◦Gets plenty of sunlight &
precipitation
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Mountains & IceMountains & IceMountains can contain many
different biomes.◦Temperature & precipitation change
with elevationIce
◦Usually fits in with the tundra biome
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Mountains
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Water Biomes – Inside the Water Biomes – Inside the foldable…foldable…
1. What are three abiotic factors that shape marine ecosystems? Explain each.
1. Describe one abiotic factor that affects freshwater ecosystems.
2. Describe:1. Streams &
Rivers2. Ponds &
Lakes3. Wetlands
1. Marsh2. Swamp
1. Define estuary –2. Why is an
estuary a rich habitat for living things?
Illustration of Marine Biome
(Ocean)
Illustration of Freshwater
Biome (Pond Water)
Illustration of Estuary
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Marine BiomesMarine BiomesOceans cover almost ¾ of the
Earth’s surface.Abiotic factors that affect marine
ecosystems:◦Water temperature◦Water depth◦Amount of sunlight that passes into
the water
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Marine BiomesMarine BiomesWater temperature
◦Decreases as the depth of the water increases
◦Temperatures at the surface zone vary Latitude Time of year
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Marine BiomesMarine BiomesWater temperature
◦Affects the animals that life in marine ecosystems Adaptations to warm or cold water Migration to warmer areas Impacts whether some animals can eat
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Marine BiomesMarine BiomesWater depth and sunlight
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EstuariesEstuariesAreas where fresh water from
streams and rivers spill into the ocean◦Fresh water + Salt water
Plants and animals must be able to adapt to the changing concentrations of salt.
◦Rich in nutrients Rivers and streams carry silt and
nutrient-rich soil
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Freshwater BiomesFreshwater BiomesAn important abiotic factor that
affects freshwater biomes is how quickly water moves.◦Streams & Rivers
Plants line the edges of streams & rivers Fish live in open waters Clams & snails live in mud at the bottom
◦Adaptations to fast moving water Algae & moss are attached to rocks Tadpoles & frogs use suction disks to hold onto
rocks Insects live under rocks
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Rivers & StreamsRivers & Streams
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Freshwater BiomesFreshwater BiomesPonds & Lakes
◦Water depth and sunlight are important abiotic factors
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Ponds & LakesPonds & LakesLittoral zone
◦ Sunlight reaches the bottom Plants and algae can grow here Small animals – frogs, salamanders, turtles, fish, snakes,
snails, insects, clams & worms
Open-water zone◦ Top “layer” of water
As deep as sunlight can reach Bass, lake trout, other fishes Photosynthetic plankton
Deep-water zone◦ No sunlight◦ Catfish, carp, worms, crustaceans, fungi & bacteria
Feed on dead organisms that sink from above
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Freshwater BiomesFreshwater BiomesWetlands
◦An area of land that is sometimes underwater or whose soil contains a great deal of moisture
◦Benefits Support many different plants & animals Flood control Replenishing underground water supplies
◦2 types Marshes Swamps
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MarshesMarshesTreeless wetland ecosystems
where plants growOften found in shallow areas
along the shores of lakes, ponds, rivers & streams
Plants◦Grasses, reeds & wild rice
Animals◦Muskrats, turtles, frogs, birds
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MarshesMarshes
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SwampsSwampsWetland ecosystems in which
trees and vines growFound in low-lying areas and
beside slow-moving riversPlants
◦Willows, bald cypresses, oaks, vines, orchids, water lilies
Animals◦Fishes, snakes, birds
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SwampsSwamps