EcoSummit 2012Ecological Sustainability

Restoring the Planet’s Ecosystem Services

Ecological Economics & Environmental Policy

Presenting Author: Steve GluckGeneral Session 08Harvard University

Game-Ranchingand

Community-Based-Natural-Resource-Management

Game-Ranchingand

Community-Based-Natural-Resource-Management

Two Emerging Modelsof

Ecosystem Protection, Preservation and Restoration… an overview

The additional income became so significant that many of the landholders began converting their crop-farms or cattle-ranches into hunting-ranches. Zimbabwe (then Rhodesia) had been experimenting along the same lines. These new models were so successful, both ecologically and economically, that South Africa enacted similar legislation, and a revolution in game-ranching began.

In 1967, the Government of Namibia (then German Southwest Africa) reinterpreted its conservation law, giving de-facto ownership of wildlife over to landholders, the then mostly-white farmers and ranchers. Whereas, prior to that, wildlife had been a liability, private-ownership allowed land-holders to profit from the wildlife on their lands, initially by selling hunting rights to friends and neighbors, later to foreign trophy-hunters.

Later, it was recognized that Indigenous Peoples and other rural tribal communities might also benefit from the wildlife on their lands, and another model, also based upon private-ownership and the sustainable-use, was implemented. Thus began the Community-Based-Natural-Resource-Management (CBNRM) programs, with similar beneficial results.

Over the next few decades, some 20 million hectares of South African farm and ranch-land were given over to wildlife, an area equivalent to the entire national park system of the United States. Much of that land was restored to virtually complete biodiversity via normal ecological succession and began providing all of ecosystem services previously eliminated by the ecologically disruptive farming and ranching practices.

TheTheProTecTionProTecTionParadigmParadigm

Bison-Bison Photo Courtesy ofdesktopscenes.com

Photo by Gluck

Southern White-RhinoCeratotherium simum-simum

Tholo Game-RanchGhanzi District, Botswana

Photos: Wiki

1896

Geer v. Connecticut (Public Trust Doctrine)

1900

Lacey Act 1st Federal Law Protecting Game

1973

Endangered Species Act

Endangered Species Protection1872 Yellowstone National Park (USA)

1926 Kruger National Park (South Africa)

1967 Kenya Bans Hunting

The Protection Paradigm

IUCN (1948), WWF (1961), UNEP (1972), CITES (1975), TRAFFIC (1976)

The ProTecTion The ProTecTion ParadigmParadigm

a ToP-downa ToP-downregulaTory mechanismregulaTory mechanism

Private Ownership of Wildl i fe

ZimbabweWildlife Conservation Act (1960)

Rhodesia Parks and Wildlife Act (1975)

Namibia Nature Conservation Ordinances (1967 & 1975)

South Africa

Certif icate of Adequate Enclosure Law (1984)Devolved Wildlife Ownership Rights to Landholders

TheThesusTainable-usesusTainable-use

ParadigmParadigm

namibia

game ranching

375 KM2

Gras Hunting RanchKalkrand, Namibia

Photo Courtesy ofErrol Lambrechts

souTh africa

game ranching

SA Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism

SA Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism

Certificate ofAdequate Enclosure

Law (1984)

SA Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism

SA Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism

Southern White RhinoCeratotherium Simum Simum

Tholo Game RanchGhanzi District, Botswana Photo by Gluck

Southern White Rhino Population in 1896 ~> 20Hluhluwe-Umfolozi

SANParks, DEAT

cbnrmCommunity-Based

Natural-Resource-Management

Nam

1990 Namibia Independence

1996 Namibia Nature Conservation Amendment Act of 1996

1998 1st Communal Conservancy, Torra Conservancy created.

Zim

1980 Zimbabwe Independence

1980 WINDFALL (Wildlife Industries New Development for All)

1989 CAMPFIRE (Community Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources)

Community-Based-Natural-Resource-Management

Devolved Wildl ife Ownership Rights to Indigenous Peoples

1994 IUCN Institutes Category System for Protected Areas Category VI: Protected Area with Sustainable Use of Natural Resources

NACSO

Conservancies areResource-Dependent

Central PlateauKalkrand, Namibia Photo by Gluck

Central PlateauKalkrand, Namibia Photo by Gluck

camPfireCommunity-Based-Natural-Resource-

Management

Zimbabwe

Protected LandsZimbabwe

Between 1984 and 2000, numbers of wildlife in Zimbabwe quadrupled.

Source: USAID-COPASSA (2010)

Allocation of Revenue from CAMPFIRE Wildlife (1989-2006 US$)

Disbursed to Communities Management, etc. Total

Total … $20,856,202 $20,570,322 $41,426,524

Pct (%) ... 50.30% 49.70% 100%

camPfire ZimbabweCommunity Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources

90% of the revenues which accrue to the CAMPFIRE wards is from Trophy-Hunting

Save Valley Conservancy

• 24 ranches

• 3387 km2

• Largest private preserve in Africa

(du Toit 1998)

cbnrmCommunity-Based-Natural-Resource-

Management

boTswana

ecologicalsuccession

(Inouye & Tilman 1995)

Cattle to Game RanchConversion

Greater Species RichnessGreater Species Diversity

Photos & Analysis Courtesy ofEkofocus Game Ranch Services

Society for Ecological RestorationGuidelines for Developing and Managing Ecological Restoration Projects

The Addis Ababa Principles & Guidelines for Sustainable Use of Biodiversity

IUCN (World Conservation Union) Governance CategoriesType C: Private Governance: (including) not-for-profit or for-profit schemesType D: Governance by indigenous peoples and communities.

Convention on Biological DiversityStrategic Plan for Biodiversity (Aichi Biodiversity Targets)

World Database on Protected Areas: (planning to include) privately owned & managed protected areas, even where these do not have legal protection

The susTainable-use The susTainable-use ParadigmParadigm

a boTTom-uPa boTTom-uPregulaTory mechanismregulaTory mechanism

after

Note: This Presentation includes the Abstract and Power-Point but no Paper. The paper is in process. - Gluck

§ The Protection Paradigm ( A Top-Down Regulatory Mechanism) § Private Ownership of Wildlife § The Sustainable-Use Paradigm (A Bottom-Up Regulatory Mechanism) § Game-Ranching

NamibiaSouth Africa

§ Community-Based-Natural-Resource-Management (CBNRM)CBNRM NamibiaCAMPFIRE Zimbabwe

§ Ecological Succession § Ecosystem Services & Valuation § Concerns about Game-Ranching and CBNRM