ECEN5817 Lecture 44 - University of Colorado...
Transcript of ECEN5817 Lecture 44 - University of Colorado...
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ECEN5817 Lecture 44
On-campus students: • Pick up final exam• Pick up final exam• Due by 2pm on Wednesday, May 9 in the instructor’s office
Off-campus students:• Pick up and submit the exam via D2L • Exam is due in 5 days from the start time but no work will be
accepted after 5pm MT on Wednesday, May 16
ECEN 58171
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ECEN5817 Lecture 44
Dual-active-bridge converter*
Q1 Q3 Q5 Q7 +
Vg V+–
v2 v4 v6 v81:n
Q2 Q4Q6 Q8
_
ECEN 58172
* R.W.A.A. De Doncker, D.M. Divan, M.H. Kheraluwala, "A Three-phase Soft-Switched High-Power-Density DC-DC Converter for High-Power Applications," IEEE Tran. on Industry Applications, Jan/Feb 1991, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 63-73.
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DCX (V/nVg = 1) waveforms neglecting resonant transitions
V V+
Q1
v2
Q3
v4
Q5
v6
Q7
v8
+
1:nLl
+ +
io
il
Vg V–
Q2 Q4Q6 Q8
_
vp_
vs_
dTs/2
0 < d < 1Phase shift
vp pko IdnI )1( 2
2 sg TdV
Ivs/n
22 s
l
gpk d
LI
sg dTVI
il2
s
l
gpk L
I
)1( ddTV
I sg
nioIpk
nIo
)1(2
ddnL
Il
o
Note how phase shift d controls the
ECEN 58173
o
Ts/2 Ts
shift d controls the DCX power flow
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Dual Active Bridge (DAB) DC-DC Converter
Cp Cp Cs Cs
Q1 Q3 Q5 Q7
Ll 1:nt
io
+
–
+
–
+
–VoutCout
Q Q Q Q
il
t
Vg vp vs Rout
150-to-12 V, 100 W
Cp Cp Cs Cs
Q2 Q4 Q6 Q8
i• Zero-voltage switching of all
1 MHzEfficiency: 97.5%
ilvds6
vds2 vds4
transistors
• Relatively low peak and RMS current stresses
vds2 vds4 • Circuit design trade-offs driven by primary-side device Cp, and secondary-side device Ron
ECEN 58174
[1] D. Costinett, H. Nguyen, R. Zane, D. Maksimovic, “GaN-FET based dual active bridge DC-DC converter,” IEEE APEC 2011. [2] D. Costinett, R. Zane, D. Maksimovic, "Automatic voltage and dead time control for efficiency optimization in a dual active bridge
converter," IEEE APEC 2012.
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Effects of primary-side device capacitance0 5
++ Poutil
Ll 1:nt
Vg v v
0
0.5
I l [A]
il
––
outlg vp vs
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1-0.5
time [sec]
400 400 t 12 V 100 W
-200
0
200
V p [V]
Cp = 70 pF
Cp = 40 pF
Cp = 20 pF
vp
400-to-12 V, 100 W
1.35
1.4
16
18Ig,rmsntiout,rmsL
• Primary ZVS minimizes primary-side
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1-400
time [sec]
vp
1.2
1.25
1.3
curr
ents
[A]
10
12
14L l [
μH]
Ll
switching losses
• A larger device Cp requires larger Ll, and longer transition times, which results in larger peak and RMS
1.05
1.1
1.15
RM
S c
4
6
8
L
ECEN 58175
results in larger peak and RMS currents, i.e. larger conduction loss on both primary and secondary sides
0 100 200 300 400 5001
0 100 200 300 400 5002
Cp [pF]
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Device comparison for DAB application
Si vs. GaN Transistors, 20-40VSi vs. GaN Transistors, 200V
Ron
[pF
·Ω]
Ron
[pF
·Ω]
Cos
s·R
Cos
s·R
Data-sheet based comparison of Si and GaN (EPC 2011) devicesD t h t C t 100V 20V d Q t t d lt V
Qg·Ron [pC·Ω]Qg·Ron [nC·Ω]
Datasheet Coss at 100V or 20V, and Qg at rated voltage VGS
• DAB circuit design trade-offs decided by primary-side CossRon, and secondary-side device QgRon
ECEN 58176
y Qg on
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Device Loss Comparison: 150-12 V DAB
Primary Gate Drive LossSecondary Gate Drive Loss
S C
W]
Secondary Conduction Loss
Primary Conduction Loss
Loss
[WP
ower
ECEN 58177
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Efficiency optimization via control
0.97
0.98
il
vgs6100
W
150-to-(10-12) V conversion
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.96
cien
cy
vgs2 vgs4
W
0.9
0.91
0.92
0.93
Eff
ic
Manual Optimization
Constant Vout
Automatic Vout Regulation
80W
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 1200.88
0.89
Output Power [W]
out g
W20
W
Vout/Vg conversion ratio controlled to maximize efficiency over wider power
ECEN 58178
maximize efficiency over wider power range
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Dual active bridge DC-DC converter summary
• At V/nVg = 1 (DCX), waveforms are close to ideal if F << 1
• ZVS of all semiconductors for loads greater than a minimum
• ZVS can be extended to lighter loads by adjusting conversion ratio
• Phase shift can be used to control the conversion ratio (non-DCX operation)
• High step-down, or high step-up conversion ratios feasible at high efficiencies (well above 90%).
• Bidirectional power flow is possible
• For standard unidirectional applications, the secondary-side bridge can be just diodes (operation is similar, but not the same)
• Half-bridge and push-pull variations are available
• Some DAB issues: • Transformer saturation (may require a series blocking capacitor)
• Switching frequency trade-offs (F << 1; transformer and inductor core and proximity losses)
• Significant new developments in Power Electronics based on emerging compound
ECEN 58179
• Significant new developments in Power Electronics based on emerging compound semiconductor (elements from 2 or more groups of the periodic table) devices (e.g. GaN, GaAs, SiC)
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Application example:Automotive battery power management in a fuel-cell vehicle*
ECEN 581710
*F. Krismer, J.W.Kolar, “Accurate Power Loss Model Derivation of a High-Current Dual Active Bridge Converter for an Automotive Application, IEEE Trans. On Industrial Electronics, March 2010
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Efficiency results
ECEN 581711
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Power flow control in 3-phase AC power distribution*
• Purpose: control active and reactive power flow; increasingly important function in AC power distribution systems with distributed resources
• Solution above requires bulky 50/60 Hz transformers, e.g. for a 6.6 kV, 1 MVA unit, each transformer weights around 4,000 kg
ECEN 581712
* A. Inoue, H. Akagi, “A Bidirectional Isolated DC–DC Converter as a Core Circuit of the Next-Generation Medium-Voltage Power Conversion System,” IEEE Trans. on Power Elect., March 2007
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Solution based on modular DCX
• Each cell can be switched as +E, -E, or 0
• With N = 9 cells, a total 19 levels are available to synthesize high-quality sine-wave
ECEN 581713
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Converter realization
ECEN 581714
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Spring 2013: ECEN 5807 Modeling and Control of Power Electronics
• Averaged switch modeling and simulation (Section 7.4 and Appendix B)
• Techniques of Design-Oriented Analysis, with Application to Switching q g y , pp gConverters
• Middlebrook's Extra Element Theorem (Appendix C)
• Input Filter Design (Chapter 10)p g ( p )
• The n-Extra Element Theorem
• Middlebrook's Feedback Theorem
• Dynamic modeling and simulation of converters operating in • Dynamic modeling and simulation of converters operating in discontinuous conduction mode (Chapter 11 and Appendix B)
• Introduction to sampled-data modeling
• Current Programmed Control (Chapter 12 and Appendix B)• Current Programmed Control (Chapter 12 and Appendix B)
• Introduction to Digital Control of Switching Converters
• Power-Factor Correction Rectifiers (Chapters 16-18)
ECEN 581715
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Professional Certificate in Power Electronics
Awarded upon completion of ECEN5797, ECEN5807 and ECEN5817
Send a request to Adam Sadoff, ECEE graduate program [email protected]
ECEN 581716
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New courses offered in Fall 2012 and Spring 2013ECEN5017 Power Electronics for Electric Drive Vehicles
Fall 2012
ECEN 581717
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New courses offered in Fall 2012 and Spring 2013ECEN5737 Adjustable Speed AC Drives
Spring 2013
ECEN 581718
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New DOE GATE Center: Innovative Drivetrains in Electric Automotive Technology Education (IDEATE)
Joint center between CU-Boulder and UC Colorado Springs campusesGraduate certificate in battery controls and electric drivetrains
http://mocha-java.uccs.edu/ideate/
Graduate certificate in battery controls and electric drivetrains
ECEN 581719
19
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Th k f h d k d l k i h h fi lThank you for your hard work, good luck with the finals
ECEN 581720