ece308-1
Transcript of ece308-1
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KBK 217
Lixv`h{bxl`i
Lixv`h{bxl`i
Xmkvk lr d rloilglbdix lixkvkrx li hlolxdn rloidn qv`bkrrlio dvkd
lxm xmk vdqlh hkwkn`qjkix li lixkovdxkh*blvb{lx xkbmi`n`o|)
Lik}qkirlwk dih vkndxlwkn| gdrx hlolxdn blvb{lx mdwk jdhk lxq`rrlfnk x` b`irxv{bx mlomn| r`qmlrxlbdxkh hlolxdn r|rxkjr bdqdfnk`g qkvg`vjlio b`jqnk} hlolxdn rloidn qv`bkrrlio g{ibxl`ir dihxdrc)
R`jk rloidnr lxm k}xvkjkn| lhk fdihlhxmr `v vkdn*xljkqv`bkrrlio vkt{lvlio) Didn`o `v `qxlbdn rloidn qv`bkrrlio lr xmk
`in| q`rrlfnk r`n{xl`i g`v r{bm rloidnr)
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R`jk Dhwdixdokr `g Hlolxdn `wkv Didn`o RQ
D hlolxdn qv`ovdjjdfnk r|rxkj dnn`r gnk}lflnlx| li vkb`iglo{vlio xmkhlolxdn rloidn qv`bkrrlio `qkvdxl`ir rljqn| f| bmdiolio xmk qv`ovdj
Vkb`iglo{vdxl`i `g di didn`o r|rxkj vkt{lvkr vkhkrloi `g mdvhdvk)
Hlolxdn rloidn qv`bkrr v qv wlhkr j{bm fkxxkv b`ixv n `g dbb{vdb|vkt{lvkjkixr) Dbb{vdb| vkt{lvkjkix li xmk D/H B`iwkvxlio)
X`nkvdibk li didn`o blvb{lx b`jq`ikixr jdck lx k}xvkjkn| hlgglb{nx g`vxmk r|rxkj hkrloikv x` b`ixv`n xmk dbb{vdb| `g di didn`o qv`bkrrlior|rxkj
Hlolxdn rloidnr dvk kdrln| rx vkh `i jdoikxlb jkhld lxm`{x hlrx`vxl i`v n`rr `g rloidn glhknlx|)
Didn`o rloidn jd| n`rk rloidn t{dnlx|)
Hlolxdn rloidn qv`bkrrlio bdi dnn` j`vk r`qmlrxlbdxkh rloidnqv`bkrrlio dno`vlxmjr)
Lx lr hlgglb{nx x` qkvg`vj qvkblrk jdxmkjdxlbdn `qkvdxl`ir `i rloidnr lididn`o `qkvdxl`ir
Li jdi| bdrkr d hlolxdn ljqnkjkixdxl i g xmk rloidn qv`bkrrlior|rxkj lr bmkdqkv xmdi didn`o ljqnkjkixdxl`i)
X` ljq`vxdix Bdxko`vlkr `g HRQ
Rloidn Didn|rlr5Hkdnr lxm xmk jkdr{vkjkix `g rloidn qv`qkvxlkr) Lx lrokikvdnn| d gvkt{kib|*h`jdli qkvdxl`ir) R`jk `g lxr dqqnlbdxl`ir5
Rqkbxv{j didn|rlr
Rqkkbm vkb`oilxl`i
Rqkdckv wkvlglbdxl i
Xdvokx hkxkbxl`i Rloidn Glnxkvlio5Xmlr xdrc lr bmdvdbxkvlukh f| xmk rloidn li*rloidn `{x
rlx{dxl`i) Lx lr {r{dnn| xljk h`jdli `qkvdxl`i) R`jk `g lxr dqqnlbdxl`ir5
Vkj`wk `g {idixkh fdbcov`{ih i`lrk
Vkj`wk `g lixkvgkvkibk
Rkqdvdxl`i `g gvkt{kib| fdih
Rmdqlio g xmk rloidn rqkbxv{j
Hlolxdn Rloidn
Didn|rlr Hlolxdn Glnxkv
Hlolxdn RloidnJkdr{vkjkixr
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Rloidnr. R|rxkjr. dih Rloidn Qv`bkrrlio
D rloidnlr hkglikh dr di| qm|rlbdn t{dixlx| xmdx wdvlkr lxm xljk.rqdbk. `v di| `xmkv lihkqkihkix wdvldfnk-r,)
D rloidn dr d g{ibxl`i `g `ik `v j`vk lihkqkihkix wdvldfnkr)
D rloidn
K}djqnk5 6- , 6 61r x x x :
mkvk x lr bdnnkh lihkqkihkix wdvldfnk -xljk, dih r-x, lrhkqkihkix wdvldfnk)
99 x:*7573
99 r:x)Y6*6%x*613
99 qn`x-x.r,
99 ovlh `i
99 xlxnk-/Glo{vk 4 5 r-x,:xY6*6x*61/,
Rloidnr. R|rxkjr. dih Rloidn Qv`bkrrlio
Xmkvk dvk r`jk rloidnr xmdx g{ibxl idn vkndxl`irmlqr dvk{ici`i `v x`` b`jqnlbdxkh) R{bm d rqkkbm rloidn) Lx jd| fkvkqvkrkixkh x` d mlom hkovkk `g dbb{vdb| dr d r{j `g rkwkvdnrli{r`lhdn `g hlggkvkix djqnlx{hkr dih gvkt{kiblkr)
mkvk . . dih dvk xmk rkx `g djqnlx{hk. gvkt{kiblkr. dihqmdrkr)
S Z4
- , rli 6 - , - ,I
l l l
l
D x g x x x :
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- ,lD x - ,lg x - ,l x
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Rloidnr. R|rxkjr. dih Rloidn Qv`bkrrlio
Di k}djqnk `g d rloidn lxm x` lihkqkihkix wdvldfnkr lr diljdok rloidn)
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}
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Rloidn X|qkr
Xmk hlggkvkix x|qkr g rloidnr5 Rljqnk Rloidnr * Rlionk Bmdiikn @ik Hljkirl idn
Didn o Rloidn
Hlrbvkxk Rloidn
Hlolxdn Rloidn
Mlomkv @vhkv Rloidnr
Rlionk Bmdiikn dih J{nxlhljkirl idn Rloidnr
J{nxl Bmdiikn dih Rlionk Hljkirl`idn Rloidnr
J{nxl Bmdiikn dih J{nxlhljkirl idn Rloidnr
Xmk wdn{k `g xmk rloidn bdi fk d vkdn*wdn{kh rbdndv t{dixlx|.
4- , rli 8r x D x :
D b`jqnk}*wdn{kh t{dixlx|
8
6- , b`r 8 rli 8e xr x Dk D x eD x
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Rloidn X|qkr
@v wkbx`v g vj
4
2 6
2
- ,
R - , - ,
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r x
x r x
r x
:
D wkbx`v g vj rloidn lr vkgkvvkh dr d j{nxl*bmdiikn rloidn)
Di k}djqnk `g 2*nkdhr knkbxv`bdvhl`ovdj -KBO,)
Lg xmk rloidn lr d g{ibxl`i `g d rlionk lihkqkihkix wdvldfnk. xmkrloidn lr bdnnkh d `ik*hljkirl`idn rloidn
@i xmk xmkv mdih. d rloidn lr bdnnkh J*hljkirl`idn lg lxr wdn{k lr dg{ibxl`i `g J lihkqkihkix wdvldfnkr)
Di k}djqnk g d x *hljkirl`idn rloidn lr d qlbx{vk) Xmk lixkirlx|`g fvlomxikrr dx kdbm q`lix lr
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Rloidn X|qkr
G`v d fndbc*dih*mlxk XW qlbx{vk jd| fk xvkdxkh dr d xmvkk*hljkirl`idn rloidn)
- . . ,fL } | x
D b`n v XW qlbx{vk jd| fk hkrbvlfkh f| xmvkk lixkirlx| g{ibxl`i `gxmk g`vj f| xmk wkbx`v )
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L- . . , - . . ,
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v
o
f
L } | x
} | x L } | x
L } | x
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Rloidnr. R|rxkjr. dih Rloidn Qv`bkrrlio
D r|rxkjbdi fk hkglikh dr d qm|rlbdn hkwlbk xmdx qkvg`vjr di`qkvdxl`i `i d rloidn)
D r|rxkj
K}djqnk5
D glnxkv lr {rkh x` qkvg vj r`jk `qkvdxl`i-r, i xmk rloidn x`vkh{bk xmk i`lrk dih lixkvgdbk b`vv{qxl`i gv`j xmk hkrlvkhlig`vjdxl`i*fkdvlio rloidn)
R{bm `qkvdxl`ir dvk {r{dnn| vkgkvvkh x` dr rloidn qv`bkrrlio) Lg xmk `qkvdxl i i xmk rloidn lr nlikdv. xmk r|rxkj lr bdnnkh
nlikdv) Lg xmk `qkvdxl i i xmk rloidn lr i`inlikdv. xmk r|rxkj lr bdnnkh
i`inlikdv
Xmk hlolxdn rloidn qv`bkrrlio `i xmk rloidn jd| fk qvkg`vjkh f|d hlolxdn mdvhdvk. d r`gxdvk qv`ovdj. `v d b`jflidxl`i `ghlolxdn mdvhdvk dih r`gxdvk lxm kdbm `g qkvg`vjr lxr `i rkx`g rqkblglkh qkvdxl`ir
Fdrlb Knkjkixr `g d Hlolxdn Rloidn Qv`bkrrlio
J`rx g xmk bdrkr rloidnr dvk didn`o li idx{vk) Lx jd| fkqv`bkrrkh hlvkbxn| f| dqqv`qvldxk didn`o r|rxkj
Didn`oRloidnQv`bkrr`v
Didn`oRloidnQv`bkrr`v
Didn`oliq{xrloidn
Didn`o`{xq{xrloidn
Di didn`o rloidn jd| fk qv`bkrrkh f| hlolxdn rloidnqv`bkrr`v {rlio lixkvgdbk fkxkki xmk didn`o rloidn dih xmkhlolxdn qv`bkrr`v) Xmlr lixkvgdbk lr bdnnkh di didn`o*x`*hlolxdn-D/H, b`iwkvxkv) Di `xmkv lixkvgdbk jd| fk vkt{lvkh dgxkv xmkqv`bkrrlio x` b`iwkvx gv`j hlolxdn rloidn x` xmk didn`o rloidn.mlbm lr bdnnkh d hlolxdn*x`*didn`o -H/D, b`iwkvxkv)
D/HB`iwkvxkv
D/HB`iwkvxkv
Didn`oliq{xrloidn
Didn`o`{xq{xrloidn
HlolxdnRloidn
Qv`bkrr`v
HlolxdnRloidnQv`bkrr`v
H/DB`iwkvxkv
H/DB`iwkvxkv
Hlolxdnliq{xrloidn
Hlolxdnliq{xrloidn