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NATIONAL AIR POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMME BASED ON COMMISSION IMPLEMENTING DECISION (EU) 2018/1522

1. Background

2.1. Title of the programme, contact information and websites

2.1.1. Title of the programme, contact information and websites (M)

Title of the programme National Air Pollution Control ProgrammeDate 15/05/2020Member State HungaryName of competent authority responsible for drawing up the programme Ministry of AgricultureTelephone number of responsible service +3617952000Email address of responsible service [email protected] to website where the programme is published https://www.kormany.hu/hu/foldmuvelesugyi-miniszterium/kornyezetugyert-felelos-allamtitkarsagLink(s) to website(s) on the consultation(s) on the programme http://www.hermanottointezet.hu/sites/default/files/osszefoglalo_OLP_SKV_2019SZEPT26.pdf

2.2. Executive summary (O)

The executive summary can also be a standalone document (ideally of no more than 10 pages). It should be a concise summary of sections 2.3 to 2.8. Where possible, consider the use of graphics to illustrate the executive summary.

2.2.1. The national air quality and pollution policy framework

Policy priorities and their relationship to priorities set in other relevant policy areasResponsibilities attributed to national, regional and local authorities

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https://www.kormany.hu/hu/foldmuvelesugyi-miniszterium/kornyezetugyert-felelos-allamtitkarsag

2.2.2. Progress made since 2005 by current policies and measures in reducing emissions and improving air quality

Achieved emission reductionsProgress against air quality objectivesCurrent transboundary impact of domestic emission sources

2.2.3. Projected further evolution to 2030 assuming no change to already adopted policies and measures (PaMs)

Projected emissions and emission reductions (With Measures (WM) scenario)Projected impact on improving air quality (WM scenario)Uncertainties

2.2.4. Policy options considered in order to comply with the emission reduction commitments for 2020, and 2030, intermediate emission levels for 2025

Main sets of policy options considered

2.2.5. Summary of policies and measures selected for adoption by sector, including a timetable for their adoption, implementation and review and the competent authorities responsible

Sector affected

Policies and Measures (PaMs)

Selected PaMsTimetable for

implementation of the selected PaMs

Responsible competent authorit(y)(ies) for implementation and enforcement of the

selected PaMs (type and name)

Timetable for review of the selected PaMs

Energy supplyEnergy consumptionTransport

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Industrial processesAgricultureWaste management / wasteCross-cuttingOther (to be specified)

2.2.6. Coherence

An assessment of how the selected PaMs ensure coherence with plans and programmes set up in other relevant policy areas

2.2.7. Projected combined impacts of the policies and measures (‘With Additional Measures’ — WAM) on emission reductions, air quality in own territories and neighbouring Member States and the environment, and the associated uncertainties

Projected attainment of emission reduction commitments (WAM)

Use of flexibilities (where relevant)

Projected improvement in air quality (WAM)

Projected impacts on the environment (WAM)

Methodologies and uncertainties

2.3. The national air quality and pollution policy framework

2.3.1. Policy priorities and their relationship to priorities set in other relevant policy areas

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The national emission reduction commitments compared with 2005

base year (in %) (M)SO2 NO2 NMVOC NH3 PM2.5

2020-2029 (M) -46 % -34 % -30 % -10 % -13 %From 2030 (M) -73 % -66 % -58 % -32 % -55 %

The air quality priorities: national policy priorities related to EU or

national air quality objectives (incl. limit values and target values, and

exposure concentration obligations) (M)

The strategic goal is to maintain ambient air quality where it is good and to improve it where it is not appropriate. For the whole territory of Hungary, concentrations of airborne pollutants should not exceed the limit values, target values and long-term objectives set out in the Decree on limit values of air pollution and emission limit values of stationary point sources of air pollution1 (Table 1)

Table 1

Pollu- Hourly Maximum of eight hour running

averages

24 hour Annual

tant limit value limit value limit valueµg/m3 HU EU HU EU HU EU HU EU

SO2 250 (24)* 350 (24) 125 (3) 50

NO2 100 (18)** 200 (18) 85 40

CO 10 000 5 000 10 000 3 000O3 120benzene (C6H6 10 5Pb 0.3 0.5PM10 50 (35) 40PM2.5 20

*must not be exceeded more than 24 times in one year **must not be exceeded more than 18 times in one yearNational exposure reduction target for PM2,5: Compared to the Average Exposure Indicator (AEI) of 2010, the Exposure Reduction Target to be achieved (if the AEI expressed in μg/m3 is no more than 8 μg/m3 in the reference year the Exposure Reduction Target will be zero. The Exposure Reduction Target will also be zero

1 Decree No 4/2011 of 14 January 2011 of the Ministry of Rural Development on the limit values of air pollution and emission limit values for stationary point sources of air pollution; this legal act is in full conformity with Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe, Directive 2004/107/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council relating to arsenic, cadmium, mercury, nickel and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air and Directive 2010/75/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council in industrial emissions.

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in the case where the AEI reaches a level of 8.5 μg/m3 at any time during the period between 2010 and 2020 and remains at or below this level.)

PM2.5 exposure concentration commitment: 20 μg/m3 by 1 January 2020.

Our long term goal is compliance with the air quality objectives recommended by the World Health Organisation (Table 2).

Table 2

Pollutant short-duration Maximum of eight hour

running averages

24 hour Annual

limit value limit value limit valueµg/m3

SO2500

(10 minute) 20

NO2200

(hourly) 40

O3 100PM10 50 20PM2.5 25 10

Policy priorities: Reduction of emissions of air pollutants from the public (improvement of energy performance of

buildings, modernisation of stokers, extension of district heating and development of health-conscious behaviour);

environmentally friendly urban planning; reduction of traffic emissions (optimisation of transport needs, promotion of non-motorised mobility,

development of public transportation, support for modes of freight transport which pose less of a burden on the environment, increase of the share of zero or low emission vehicles, improvements in the roadworthiness of road vehicle fleet in use);

reduction of agricultural emissions; reduction of industrial emissions.

Relevant climate change and energy policy priorities (M)

Energy and climate goals

2030 EU objectives:

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a reduction of at least 40 % in greenhouse gas emissions in the area of greenhouse gases (compared to 1990);

a reduction of at least 43 % in the sectors subject to the emissions trading scheme of the EU (EU ETS) (compared to 2005);

a reduction of 30 % in the sectors outside the EU ETS (transport, waste management, building energetics, agriculture) compared to 2005; This must be achieved through a division into compulsory national targets; Hungary’s target is -7 %;

The land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) sector must remain a carbon dioxide remover and must not turn into an emitter;

increase of the share of renewable energy to 32 %; the indicative target in energy use is an increase of 32.5 % in energy efficiency compared to forecasts.

National targets for 2030 (based on the draft National Energy and Climate Plan of Hungary)

As the target for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (with 1990 as the base year) at least a reduction of 40 % in emissions;

20 % share in the use of renewable energy sources;

in the area of energy efficiency, final energy consumption should not exceed the level of energy consumption in

2005;

a reduction of 8–10 % in the level of energy consumption predicted without any energy efficiency improving measures.

Areas of intervention under the National Decarbonisation Road Map (NÉS-2):

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Facilitation of substitution for fossil energy sources, primarily in the area of generation of heat and electricity, heating for buildings and transportation. With regard to electricity generation, the National Energy Strategy aims to achieve these targets through the implementation of its nuclear-carbon-green scenario and a balanced production structure where all three zero emission technologies: nuclear energy, renewables and CCS play a role. Meeting these targets also supports the achievement of a share of 14.65 % in renewable energy undertaken by Hungary under the Europe 2020 Strategy.

Energy efficiency is increased and energy savings are promoted primarily through developments in building energetics and transportation, agriculture and certain sectors of industry, as well as the development of the Hungarian power park module for electricity generation. The implementation of these measures may contribute to the 20 % improvement in energy efficiency undertaken in the Europe 2020 Strategy.

Promotion of the spread of technologies, services and consumer habits which support the transition towards a low-carbon economy through reducing the use of natural resources (in particular energy sources, raw materials and water) and of closed-loop material flow systems.

The appearance of decarbonisation as a tool for the development of a green economy. The implementation of decarbonisation must be a part of the development of the Hungarian economy. For this purpose, decarbonisation efforts and development policies concerning innovative and small enterprises must be harmonised.

In line with green economy development targets, decarbonisation efforts must not run counter to the competitiveness of the economy, thus special attention must be paid to examining the phenomenon of carbon leakage and its management in justified cases.

Increasing the capacities of natural carbon sinks (forests, wood, soil), the long-term sequestration of more carbon dioxide in wood, wider-spread use of timber products and examining the technological possibilities of sequestering in geological formations.

Support for research, development, innovation and demonstration projects, in particular in the area of

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material and energy saving technologies, the promotion of renewable energy sources, environmentally-friendly transportation and agrotechnologies, sustainable architecture, heat and electricity generation and CCS. The implementation of these measures also supports Hungary’s undertaking within the framework of the Europa 2020 Strategy to attain 1.8 % of GDP spent on RDI expenditure.

Areas of intervention identified by the National Adaptation Strategy (NÉS-2):

Safeguarding the quality and stocks of natural resources and their long-term use to encourage sustainable development.

Support for the adaptation of vulnerable areas, drawing up area-specific strategic documents on adaptation and their integration into regional development plans.

Achieving the adaptation of vulnerable sectors (including agriculture and forestry, tourism, energetics, transportation, the building sector, telecommunications, communications networks) in a flexible and innovative manner, as well as drawing up sector-specific strategic documents on adaptation and integrating them into sectoral planning.

Providing assistance to prepare for the management of increasing risks and implementing adaptation in key horizontal areas of national strategy (including in the areas of disaster management, critical infrastructure, water management and rural development)

Mitigation of the expected social effects of climate change and improvement of society’s ability to adapt, raising society’s awareness of the possibilities for adaptation.

Support for research and innovation and publication of scientific research results.

Policy priorities of relevant policy areas (including agriculture,

industry and transportation) (M)

Targets set for agriculture:

Targets and priorities for national agricultural policy

agricultural policy tools should support enhancing the competitiveness of Hungarian agriculture; Common Agricultural Policy aid should ensure profitability for most of the branches and should

determine developments by farmers; the CAP after 2020 should set requirements and support measures which are able to enhance the

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competitiveness of the agricultural sector, its sustainable development, the protection of natural resources and the profitability of farmers at the same time as making speedy, efficient and lawful payments;

should ensure the prioritised development of horticulture and animal production as labour-intensive branches;

should promote increasing yields and facilitate the production of a product base that is as homogenous as possible through higher grade agrotechnologies on the production side (more efficient plant protection through fertilisation, conservation tillage and water saving production techniques) and smarter use of varieties (use of varieties with greater production potential and certified seed) in the case of arable crop production;

an increasing share of family farms should encourage generational replacement, the transfer of knowledge and experience within families and should promote cooperation between the actors of the food production chain;

should support irrigation developments and environmentally aware management of water resources in agriculture;

should support the launch of the Digital Agricultural Strategy for the digitalisation of Hungarian agriculture, which is a programme involving both farmers and the State;

the programme for ‘the protection of agricultural soils’ should cover the development of microbiological, biotechnological and tillage methods to ensure that soil life and soil structure are restored and safeguarded, the promotion of their use in Hungary (research and development applied to Hungarian circumstances, integration into education and training systems), the provision of counselling capacities to assist in the use of results and good practices, the further development of soil and information systems and making their data digitally accessible to farmers in order to help them make their decisions regarding production;

the full use of the maximum sustainable biomass capacity of Hungarian farmland, water and waste enhances the diversity of the rural economy and its ability to produce income therefore the Ministry of Agriculture undertakes to develop a strategy exploring opportunities provided by a biomass-based economy and outlining possible directions for its development.

Goals of the policies of the Common Agricultural Policy:

a search for answers to the challenges posed by food security; adaptation to environmental challenges;

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overcoming energy challenges, environmentally friendly growth through the use of biomass produced by agriculture and forestry, facilitating improvements in energy efficiency;

adaptation to climate change and mitigation of climate change; support for balanced rural development, discouraging depopulation and ageing of the population in

areas with unfavourable features; use of innovative market mechanisms for protection against the volatility of prices and income; supplying safe, sustainable, high quality and nourishing food to consumers.

Policy goals under the Rural Development Programme for 2014-2020

the proportion of grassland, wetlands, as well as growing stock and the roles of sustainable horticultural and pomological systems producing high added-value must be increased in production;

promoting and supporting production and sales channels characterised by short supply chains gaining ground;

promoting the dissemination of organic farming methods;

lowering specific methane production in the case of livestock production;

carrying out investments aimed at achieving the modernisation of livestock production and manure treatment;

use of traditional methods that involve the least amount of disturbance for the soil and methods utilising the latest scientific results;

providing awareness raising and counselling services on production methods that reduce greenhouse gas emissions;

full integrating the issue of climate change into agricultural policies and agricultural practices as a boundary condition;

modernising agricultural buildings to improve energy efficiency, using renewable energy sources.

Policy goals of BIOEAST (Central and Eastern European Initiative for Knowledge-based Agriculture, Aquaculture and Forestry in the Bioeconomy)2:

To improve the sustainable growth of knowledge-based agriculture, aquaculture and forestry in the

2 https://eip.fm.gov.hu/index.php?page=pages&page_name=bioeast-Initiative

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bioeconomy in the Central and Eastern European regions. Management of the Climate change challenges in the Continental and Pannonian Bio-geographical

Regions- Sustainable intensification of plant production (while maintaining soil conditions and

improving water management) and livestock production (while decreasing the harmful impact of emissions, gases);

- Sustainable extensification by maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem services (including the role of pollinators, sustainable use of genetic resources);

- Technological and social lag behind in organic farming;- The reduction of high dependence on non-renewable energy sources;- Exploiting the potential for protein crop production;- Protection against the spread of plant and animal pathogens whose emergence is due to climate

change and globalisation;- Sustainable, efficient and competitive freshwater fish production;- Adaptation to challenges posed by social and economic change.

Motivating knowledge-based modern farming (economic optimization of production systems) and cooperation among farmers.

- Supporting the generation change of the first entrepreneurs in the agrifood sector;- Improving supply chain efficiency and increasing the added value they provide;- Increasing consumer awareness in mistrustful and price sensitive societies;- Increasing industrial uses of domestic agricultural and forestry biomass.

Goals of the Hungarian Action Plan under the Nitrates Directive:

protecting the quality of water in groundwaters and surface waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agriculture through the promotion of good farming practices;

reducing the eutrophication of surface waters through the introduction and control of good agricultural practices;

maintaining biodiversity and safeguarding the ecosystems of wetlands, facilitating knowledge transfer concerning the correct management of nitrogen.

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Goals of the Water Framework Directive and the 2015 river basin management plan: to protect and improve the state of our waters, prevent the deterioration of their condition and ensure the long-term usability of our water resources;

sustainable irrigation; ensuring that drinking water is clean through the use of good agricultural practices; harmonisation of related policies.

Goals of the biodiversity strategy:

previously adopted EU legislation to conserve biological diversity must be applied. In particular, the Birds Directive and the Habitats Directive, which are the foundations of the Natura 2000 network. Biological habitats subject to the Habitats Directive must be doubled and verifications of species’ protection status must be increased by 50 %. A 50 % increase must also be achieved in species assessments of birds;

maintaining ecosystems: at least 15 % of ecosystems that have deteriorated considerably in the past decades must be restored through the construction of green infrastructure;

agricultural and forest policy must be put to the service of biodiversity; Hungary must put an end to overfishing and overproduction; preventing new invasive species from appearing, controlling already present invasive species, stopping

their spread.

Goals of the Habitats Directive:

contributing to the conservation of biological diversity through the protection of natural habitats and wild plants and animals;

maintaining or restoring the favourable conservation status of habitats, plant and animal species of Community importance.

Goals of the EC Fertilising Products Regulation:

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promoting the increased use of recycled nutrients should further aid the development of the circular economy and allow a more resource-efficient general use of nutrients, while reducing Union dependency on nutrients from third countries;

a wide range of organic and synthetic fertilisers should be available to farmers so that they can improve their soils;

farmers must use products from farms managed under the auspices of ‘responsible agriculture’ in order to ensure the effective use of animal manure and compost produced on farms and they must give priority to local distribution channels, best agricultural and environmental protection practices and must comply with EU environmental protection legislation, such as the Nitrates Directive and the Water Framework Directive. Giving priority to the use of manure produced on-the-spot and in neighbouring agricultural businesses must be promoted.

Goals set for industry:

full application of the Best Available Techniques, continuous controls of compliance with requirements;

continuous improvements in energy efficiency, dissemination of the use of ‘new techniques’ which are better than the BAT;

achievement of a circular economy

Development of a system promoting RD&I and tendering

Goals of the transportation sector:

reducing emissions from individual vehicles, reducing road traffic, in particular in densely populated urban areas developing public transportation, improving the conditions for non-motorised transport, improving the competitiveness of rail freight transport, improving environmental inspections on roads, planning and regulating urban traffic,

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planning urban mobility, introducing ITS applications.

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2.3.2. Responsibilities attributed to national, regional and local authorities

List the relevant authorities (M)

Describe the type of authority (e.g. environmental

inspectorate, regional environment agency,

municipality) (M): Where appropriate, name of

authority (e.g. Ministry of XXX, National Agency for XXX, Regional office for

XXX):

Describe the attributed responsibilities in the areas of air quality and air pollution (M) Select from the

following as appropriate: Policy making roles Implementation roles Enforcement roles Reporting and monitoring roles Coordinating roles Other roles

Source sectors under the responsibility of the authority

(O):

National authorities (M)

Ministry of Agriculture(MA)

policy making roles in the areas of air protection and agriculture, legal regulation of agricultural activities and the protection of air (air quality, emissions);

international reporting roles coordination roles (implementation and monitoring

of the NAPCP).Ministry of Innovation and

Technology(MIT)

policy making roles in the areas of energetics, climate protection, industry and transportation, legal regulation of energetics, climate protection, industry and transportation;

international and EU reporting roles related to climate change

participation in drafting and implementing the NAPCP.

Hungarian Meteorological Service(OMSZ)

monitoring, operating the Air Quality Reference Centre, quality assurance through the Hungarian Air Quality Network;

monitoring of greenhouse gas and air pollutant emissions, annual emission inventories, preparing informative inventory reports and emission

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forecasts;National environmental protection agency with national competence

(NEPA)

enforcement, authorisations, controls of implementation

in basic cases, air quality protection authority of second instance, with the exception of: cases before the air quality protection authority regarding the determination of the maximum permissible amount of emissions of combustion plants, as set in the transitional national plan

All branches

Regional authorities (M)

Territorial environmental protection agency with

county competence(TEPA)


Territorial environmental protection agencies: bodies of first instance in air quality protection

cases drawing up air quality plans.

every activity carried out by business entities;

operation of all furnaces the thermal input of which is more than 500 kW;

non-residential, non-public institutional furnaces the thermal input of which is more than 140 kW;

Local authorities (M)

District environmental protection agencies with

district competence(DEPA)


District environmental protection agencies: bodies of first instance in air quality protection cases

every activity carried out by non-business entities;

operation of all furnaces the thermal input of which is less than 140 kW;

residential or public institutional furnaces the thermal input of which is less than 500 kW

Mayors, metropolitan mayor implementation rolesMayors or the metropolitan mayor in the capital city act in first instance in air quality protection

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proceedings concerning the implementation of the smog alert plan.

Municipal councils

implementation rolesDrafting of municipal decrees, development and implementation of municipal environmental protection programmes

regulations concerning the burning of leaf-litter and garden waste

2.4. Progress made by current policies and measures (PaMs) in reducing emissions and improving air quality, and the degree of compliance with national and Union obligations, compared to 2005

Emissions of air pollutants have decreased and the quality of the air has improved since the 80s, thanks to continuous action and ever stricter environmental protection regulations. While sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide emissions used to cause the most serious problems previously, by now small particle (commonly called particulate matter), nitrogen oxide, ground-level ozone and ammonia emissions pose the greatest risk to human health and the natural environment.

Air pollutant emissions in Hungary between 1990-2017 (Table 3)

Table 3(kt) 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 2010 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

NOx 241.7 188.2 185.3 176.3 159 144.8 127.1 124.7 122.5 124.4 116.9 119.3NMVOC 301.7 212.2 197.1 171.5 149.6 146 151.9 151.2 141.3 144.1 142 141.5SO2 829.5 613.7 427.2 43 35.9 30.4 30.6 29.4 26 24.3 23 27.7NH3 149.3 88.5 93.2 86 79.2 78 79.2 82.2 82.4 86.8 86.9 87.7PM2.5 NR NR 48.2 40.1 36.1 49.4 57.8 58.6 49.5 51.7 49.9 48PM10 0 0 72.4 72.3 64.6 71.6 73.2 77.6 72.6 73.6 70.5 68.9 Source: IIR 2017 Hungary, OMSZ 2019 .

2.4.1. Progress made by current PaMs in reducing emissions, and the degree of compliance with national and Union emission reduction obligations

2.4.1.1. Progress made by current PaMs in reducing emissions, and the degree of compliance with national and Union emission reduction obligations

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The amended Gothenburg Protocol (GP) to the LRTAP Convention and the EU NEC Directives3 include the commitments concerning national emissions of air pollutants. The original GP and the first NEC Directive define the permissible amounts of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, ammonia and non-methane volatile organic compound emissions from 2010, while the amended GP and the second NEC Directive supplemented the range of regulated pollutants with particles with a diameter of less than 2,5 µm (PM2,5). Reduction commitments of regulated air pollutants for 2020 compared to emissions in 2005 are set out in the amended GP, while reduction commitments for 2020 and 2030 are set out in the second NEC Directive.Emissions of ammonia, nitrogen oxides and sulphur oxide are below the national emission values to be complied with as of 2010. Official data concerning biomass consumption by the residential sector were reviewed in 2018 and total emissions exceeded the upper limit when the NMVOC emissions were calculated with the new, higher value. However, the emission inventories include emissions of NMVOC from activities falling under categories 3B (manure management) and 3D (agricultural soils) of the 2014 Nomenclature for Reporting (NFR) adopted under by the LRTAP Convention, which may be deducted at the time compliance is assessed according to the regulations and taking this into account the NMVOC emissions also remain under the prescribed emission level.

Compliance with commitments set out from 2010 (Table 4)Table 4

Hungary’s commitment from 2010 Emissions (according to the emissions inventory submitted in 2019)

(kt) NEC GP 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017SO2 500 550 43 30 34 31 29 26 24 23 28NOx 198 198 176 145 135 127 125 123 124 117 119NH3 90 90 86 78 79 79 82 82 87 87 88

NMVOC 137 137 172 (145*) 146 (121*) 150 (125*) 152 (127*) 151 (126*) 141 (116) 144 (118*) 142 (116*) 142 (115*)* corrected in accordance with Article 4(3)(d) of the NEC Directive Source: IIR 2017 Hungary, OMSZ 2019.Compliance with reduction commitments set out from 2020 and 2030 (Table 5)

Table 5Emissions

(according to the emissions inventory submitted in

(amended) GP/2nd

NEC2nd NEC Degree of conformity

3 1st NEC Directive: Directive 2001/81/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2001 on national emission ceilings for certain atmospheric pollutants;2nd NEC Directive: Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the reduction of national emissions of certain atmospheric pollutants, amending Directive 2003/35/EC and repealing Directive

2001/81/EC

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2019)

(kt) 2005 2017

Reduction commitment in effect from 2020

reference year: 2005 %

Reduction commitment in effect from 2030 reference year:

2005 %

Reduction in 2017 compared

to 2005%

Distance in 2017 from the 2020

target

Distance in 2017 from the 2030

target

NOx* 161 119 34 % 66 % 26 % 8 % 40 %

NMVOC* 145 115 30 % 58 % 21 % 9 % 37 %SO2 43 28 46 % 73 % 35 % 11 % 38 %NH3 86 88 10 % 32 % 2 % 8 % 30 %PM2.5 40 48 13 % 55 % -20 % 33 % 75 %

* corrected in accordance with Article 4(3)(d) of the NEC Directive Source: IIR 2017 Hungary, OMSZ 2019.

Apparently, further effective measures are needed for the fulfilment of the emission reduction commitments in effect from 2020 and 2030.

2.4.1.2. Publicly available databases containing data and information on emissions:

1. http://pm10.kormany.hu/a-pm10-program2. http://pm10.kormany.hu/nec-background-documents

2.4.1.3. Structure and trends in the emission of individual air pollutants

Evolution of sulphur dioxide emissions

The levels of sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions decreased drastically between 1990-2005 while the structure of their sources also changed considerably. Figure 1 shows how the decrease in the level of emissions up to 1999 is linked to residential and institutional heating, primarily as a result of the use of natural gas gaining ground. During this period emissions from power stations stagnated. After 1999, the use of technologies minimising the sulphur content of flue gas began at power stations, thus total national emissions decreased from year to year and their level in 2005 was only 5 % of the level of 1990. Sulphur dioxide emissions originating from transportation have become insignificant with the prevalence of sulphur-free and low-sulphur fuels and the share of industry is also negligible.

Graph 1

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http://pm10.kormany.hu/nec-background-documents

http://pm10.kormany.hu/a-pm10-program

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 20050

100200300400500600700800900

SO2 1990-2005

Energia-termelés Ipar KözlekedésLakosság, intézmény Hulladék-kezelés Egyéb

kt

Energy production Industry Transport Public, institutions Waste management Other

Graph 2

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 20170

10

20

30

40

50

SO2 kibocsátás 2005-2017

Energia-termelés Ipar KözlekedésLakosság, intézmény Hulladék-kezelés Egyéb

kt

Graphs 1 and 2: SO2 emissions in Hungary by sector, Source: NFR 2017 Hungary, OMSZ 2019.

The rate of decrease in sulphur dioxide emissions has slowed since 2005, but the decreasing trend has remained. Changes have occurred in the structure of emissions, as the population has increasingly become the principal sulphur dioxide emitter. Commercial and institutional emissions are considerably lower than emissions originating from residential heating. Accordingly the sulphur dioxide emission reduction target may be

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reached through restrictions on the use of fuels containing sulphur and by reducing energy generation from solid fossil fuels in the case of residential heating.

Graph 3

Graph 3: SO2 emissions in Hungary originating from the residential sector (2015-2016) (Source: NFR OMSZ)

Evolution of nitrogen oxide emissions

The determining source of emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) is transportation. Between 1990 and 2005 NOx emissions from industry and energy generation declined because of technological modernisation and stricter requirements. The decrease in emissions originating from the modernisation of the road vehicle fleet was neutralised by an expansion of that fleet therefore the role of transportation did not decrease (Graph 4). Emissions from transportation declined on a continuous basis from 2005 to 2013, at a nearly uniform rate (Graph 5), but since then stagnation could be observed. Emissions from energy generation and industrial activities have nearly halved during this period. NOx emissions from agriculture are released into the air primarily through the use of nitrogen-based fertilisers and these do not have to be taken into account for the assessment of compliance with the targets of the NEC Directive.

Graph 4

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1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 20050

50

100

150

200

250

300

NOx kibocsátás 1990-2005

Energia-termelés Ipar Közlekedés Lakosság, intézmény Mező-gazdaság Hulladék-kezelés Egyéb

kt

Energy production Industry Transport Public, institutions Agriculture Waste management Other

Graph 5

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 20170

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

NOx kibocsátás 2005-2017

EgyébHulladék-kezelésMező-gazdaságLakosság, intézmény KözlekedésIparEnergia-termelés

kt

Graphs 4 and 5: NOx. emissions in Hungary by sector, Source: NFR 2017 Hungary, OMSZ 2019.

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In the transport sector, heavy goods vehicles, utility vehicles and passenger cars are responsible for 95 % of nitrogen oxide emissions. The distribution of emissions within the transport sector are shown in Graph 6.

Graph 6 NOx emissions from the transport sector Source: NFR 2017 Hungary, OMSZ 2019.

In addition to the measures applied to transportation in order to meet the emission reduction target for nitrogen oxides, interventions are also needed to reduce emissions from the population, industry and energy generation.

Evolution of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2,5) emissions

Official data on particulate matter (PM10, PM2,5) emissions are available from 2000. In 2017, in addition to the most significant source of PM 10

emissions from residential heating (59.2 %), the activities of construction and demolition (12.4 %) and the storage, handling and transport of agricultural products at small agricultural farms (9.5 %) could also be considered significant. In 2000 the structure of emission sources somewhat differed from the current structure, as energy generation also contributed to emissions by 14 % (Graph 7).

Graph 7

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2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 20170

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

PM10 kibocsátás 2000-2017


kt

Graph 7: PM10 emissions in Hungary by sector (2000 -2017) Source: NFR 2017 Hungary, OMSZ 2019.

PM2,5 emissions are characterised by a dominant residential sector. In 2005 67.5 % of emissions, while in 2017 as much as 82.8 % of emissions originated from residential heating. In 2005 road transport contributed to emissions by nearly 10 %, however, in 2017 just 3 % of total annual PM2,5 emissions originated from transport (Graph 8). Graph 8

20002001

20022003

20042005

20062007

20082009

20102011

20122013

20142015

20162017

0

20

40

60

80

PM2,5 kibocsátás 2000-2017


kt

24

The environmental impact of residential heating depends on the fuel and appliance used. Based on 2011 population census data, close to 22 % of 3.9 million dwellings in Hungary can only be heated with solid fuels, while 16 % can be heated with gas and firewood. The majority of appliances using solid fuel are traditional stoves and unregulated boilers.

Graph 9

15.6

44.8

18

15.54 2

Lakossági tüzelőanyag használat [%]2011 népszámlálás alapján

távfűtésföldgáztűzifagáz+tűzifaszén+tűzifaegyéb

District heating Natural gas Firewood Gas+firewood Coal+firewood Other Source: Hungarian Central Statistical Office (HCSO)

Residential PM emissions clearly rose between 2008 and 2013, the principal reason for which were changes in residential fuel use. The price of natural gas rose more than eightfold between 2000 and 2012, thus households where the rise in prices caused financial problems and which had the opportunity switched to the use of cheaper solid fuels (wood, coal). The price of gas fell by 26 % from 2012 to 2017 and heating with natural gas began to rise again, while the use of biomass (firewood) decreased.

25

Graph 10: Biomass used by households (firewood, wood waste) (Source: IIR 2017. Hungary, OMSZ 2019.)

PM2.5 emissions also evolved according to changes in firewood use (Graph 11).

Graph 11: PM2.5 emissions in Hungary originating from the residential sector (2015-2016) (Source: OMSZ

Primarily emissions from residential heating must be reduced in order to achieve the PM2.5 emission reduction target.

Evolution of NMVOC emissions

Emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) have decreased on a continuous basis since 1990 from an annual starting value of 300 kt/year to 140 kt in 2017. The structure of sources has also changed, as while transportation had played a determining role in NMVOC emissions previously, over 40 % of emissions originated from such source in 1990, by 2005 the transport sector was responsible for only 26 % and by 2017, for only a little less than 10 %. NMVOC emissions from residential heating, primarily from the use of wood were 13 % in 2005 and 23 % by 2017. Solvent-containing substances used by the population (cosmetics and toiletries, detergents, adhesives, thinners, pesticides, etc.) caused a further 9 % of NMVOC emissions in the inventory in 2017 according to the currently applied methodology. The 15 % share of agriculture (manure treatment, crop production, etc.) in 1990 rose to 18 % by 2017. The most significant sources of NMVOC emissions from industry were the food industry, the chemical industry and industrial heating overall, which provided almost 10 % of emissions in 2017. The

26

level of other emissions in the inventory has not changed since 2005, according to the methodology currently in use (these include coating, the printing industry, degreasing, dry cleaning, diffuse emissions) which were responsible for 30 % of total emissions in 2017.

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 20050

50

100

150

200

250

300

NMVOC kibocsátás 1990-2005

Energia-termelés Ipari fűtés, vegyipar, élelmiszeripar KözlekedésLakossági fűtés Mező-gazdaság Hulladék-kezelésEgyéb

kt

Graph 12 NMVOC emissions in Hungary by sector (1990 -2005) Source: OMSZ)

27

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 20170

20406080

100120140160180200

NMVOC kibocsátás 2005-2017

Energia-termelés Ipari fűtés, vegyipar, élelmiszeriparKözlekedés Lakossági fűtés Mező-gazdaság Hulladék-kezelésEgyéb

kt

Graph 13 NMVOC emissions in Hungary by sector (2005 -2017) Source: OMSZ)

In addition to the use of Best Available Techniques and new techniques, measures also need to be taken with a view to reducing NMVOC emissions caused by residential activities and agriculture in order to achieve the NMVOC emission targets.

Evolution of NH3 emissions

The main source of ammonia emissions is agriculture. Such emissions fell considerably from 139 kt to 82 kt between 1990 and 1995 because of a decrease in sector activity. The trend has stagnated since, emissions range between 80-85 kt and their key categories are manure treatment, spreading of manure and use of nitrogen-based fertilisers (Graph 14).

28

19901991

19921993

19941995

19961997

19981999

20002001

20022003

20042005

20062007

20082009

20102011

20122013

20142015

20162017

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

EgyébHulladék-kezelésMező-gazdaságLakossági fűtés KözlekedésiparEnergia-termelés

kt

Graph 14 Source: OMSZ

A detailed analysis of agricultural emissions is included in the agricultural sub-programme for 2019-2030 submitted as an appendix to the NAPCP

Agricultural emissions must be reduced in order to achieve ammonia emission targets.

2. 4. 2. Progress made by current PaMs in improving air quality, and the degree of compliance with national and Union air quality obligations

Air quality in Hungary is assessed on the basis of data from the Hungarian Air Quality Network. In 2017, the SO2, NO2, NOx, CO, O3, PM10 and benzene content of the air was measured by 51 automatic air quality monitoring stations and 3 background air quality monitoring stations in 34 municipalities on a continuous basis (not every monitoring station measures every pollutant). In addition to the continuous measurements, nitrogen dioxide pollution is tested manually (by sampling and laboratory analysis) in 81 municipalities, sulphur dioxide pollution in 10 municipalities and suspended particle pollution in 21 municipalities. Furthermore, the network measures by means of 24 hour sampling distributed evenly within the year in 4x2 week intervals at 30 sampling points in 25 municipalities the heavy metal (arsenic, cadmium, nickel, lead), benzo(a)pyrene and other PAH content of ambient air based on a PM10 sample.

29

Based on the requirements of the Air Quality Directive (transposed by Government Decree No 306/2010 of 23 December 2010 and Decree No 4/2002 of 7 October 2002 of the Ministry of Environment and Water) ten (10) air pollution zones and one (1) air pollution agglomeration (hereinafter jointly referred to as: 11 air pollution zones) have been designated in Hungary taking into account air quality.

2.4.2.1. Describe progress made by current PaMs in improving air quality, and show the degree of compliance with national and Union air quality obligations

Evolution of sulphur dioxide (SO2) immissions

In Hungary, sulphur dioxide poses the lowest risk to the environment among air pollutants present in the air. Hungarian regulations have laid down health-based limit values for annual (50 µg/m3), daily (125 µg/m3) and hourly (250 µg/m3) sulphur dioxide concentrations. Since 2005, SO2

in the air has not exceeded the annual and daily health-based limit value anywhere in the country. The hourly limit values were only surpassed in a couple of cases, however, the maximum of such excesses remained under the EU limit value of 350 µg/m3 in most cases. The rare instances when the hourly limit values were exceeded could clearly be linked to residential coal heating. In 2017 the hourly health-based limit value (250 μg/m3) was exceeded on three instances at two stations (one instance at Százhalombatta with 312.9 µg/m3, two instances at Sajószentpéter with a max. of 250.2 µg/m3).

In 10 designated air pollution zones the concentration of sulphur dioxide has not exceeded the lower assessment threshold, while in 1 zone in the agglomeration the concentration of sulphur dioxide has remained below the upper assessment threshold.

Evolution of annual pollution caused by particulate matter (PM10 and PM2,5)

Looking at the past ten years, the tendencies in how often the annual limit values of PM10 (40 µg/m3) were exceeded show a clear improvement (Graph 15). The ratio of exceedances of the daily limit value (50 µg/m3) is fluctuating, but a slightly decreasing trend may be observed here as well. In spite of the measures, certain monitoring stations continue to record exceedances of annual and daily limit values.

30

Graph 15: Evolution of annual PM10 pollution levels, 2005-2017 (Source: OMSZ)

The annual health-based limit value of the concentration of particles with a diameter of less than 2,5 μm (PM2.5) measured in ambient air has been 25 µg/m3 since 1 January 2015. No definite trend can be seen with this pollutant yet, fluctuations follow the fluctuations of meteorological trends during heating seasons. The reason behind this is that the main source of PM2.5 emissions is residential heating, which is also supported by the lower concentrations measured during the summer season. In 2017 concentrations measured in the air ranged between 17-25 µg/m3, higher pollution levels exceeding this limit value were measured at two monitoring stations.

Of Hungary’s 10 air pollution zones, 3 have exceeded the daily – and in certain cases the annual – health-based limit value for PM10

pollution for a longer period of time therefore infringement proceedings have been initiated against Hungary, which reached the judicial stage in 2018.

31

Evolution of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) immissions

Hungarian regulations lay down annual (40 µg/m3), daily (85 µg/m3) and hourly (100 µg/m3) health-based limit values for nitrogen dioxide concentrations measured in the air, where the hourly limit value is stricter than the 200 µg/m3 limit value defined in the Air Quality Directive. Since 2005, NO2 in the air has exceeded the annual health-based limit values on a continuous basis at 2 monitoring stations. In 2017, exceedances of the daily limit value have occurred at 19 monitoring stations and those of the hourly limit value have occurred at 16 monitoring stations.

In two air pollution zones, NO2 pollution in the air has persistently exceeded the annual air quality limit value defined in the Air Quality Directive and for this reason infringement proceedings have been pending against Hungary since 2016.

Evolution of annual ozone (O3) air pollution

The level of ground-level ozone pollution varies according to the intensity of UVB radiation, thus it is higher in years when the number of sunny days is higher during the summer season. 2012 was an exceptionally sunny year (2404 sunny hours) and this showed in an increase in ground-level ozone concentrations as well (Graph 16).

Graph 16: Evolution of annual O3 pollution levels, 2005-2017 (Source: HAQN )

32

Ajka

Budapest Budatétény

Budapest Cse

pel

Budapest Gergely

utca

Budapest Gilic

e tér

Budapest Káposzt

ásmegye

r

Budapest Koszt

olányi D. té

r

Budapest Pesth

idegkút

Budapest Teleki

tér

Debrecen Kalotasze

g tér

Debrecen Klin

ikaDorog

Eger 2 M

alomárok u.

Esztergom

Gyor 2

Ifjúsá

g

Hernádszurdok

Kazincb

arcika

Kecskemét

Miskolc

Búza té

r

Miskolc

Lavo

tta

Mosonmagya

róvár

Nyíregyh

ázaOszl

ár

Pécs Boszo

rkány u

.

Pécs Nevelési

Központ

Putnok

Rudabánya

Sajószentpéter

SalgótarjánSarró

d

Sopron

Százh

alombatta 1 Búzavir

ág tér

Szentgotthárd

Szolnok

Szombathely

Tatabánya Ságvá

ri u.Tökö

l

Veszprém

0

20

40

60

80

Határértéktúllépések mérőállomások szerint, ózon 2017 (db)

Graph 17: Number of exceedances of O3 limit values per monitoring station in 2017 (Source: HAQN )

In Hungary, the daily maximum of eight hour running averages have exceeded the health-based limit value at all monitoring stations in 2017 during the summer season with the exception of eight (Graph 17). The most exceedances of the health-based limit value occurred at the monitoring station of Kecskemét (80). A slight rise in exceedances could be observed at most monitoring stations compared to 2016.

Concentrations of ground-level ozone exceed the target value in all 10 air pollution zones.

Having regard to Hungary’s location and geographical features, that is, the country being surrounded by high mountains, the weather is influenced to a large extent by Hungary being located in a basin. In addition to the measures introduced and meeting the targets, it is very important to mention that cross-border pollution and meteorological factors may greatly influence reductions and therefore, in the first case, there is a need for international cooperation as well.

2.4.2.2. Publicly available databases containing data and information on air quality

1. http://levegominoseg.hu/ertekelesek2. https://www.met.hu/levegokornyezet/hatterszennyezettseg/3. https://www.met.hu/levegokornyezet/hatterszennyezettseg/meresi_adatok/ozon_uv-b/

33

https://www.met.hu/levegokornyezet/hatterszennyezettseg/meresi_adatok/ozon_uv-b/

https://www.met.hu/levegokornyezet/hatterszennyezettseg/

http://levegominoseg.hu/ertekelesek

2.4.3.Current transboundary impact of national emission sources

Where relevant, describe the current transboundary impact of domestic emission sources (M)Progress can be reported in quantitative or qualitative terms.If no issues were identified, then state that conclusion.

In 2016 the Hungarian Meteorological Service analysed with the help of an EMEP chemical transport model to what extent PM pollution in Hungary is affected by cross-border pollution. According to the results: air pollution sources outside of Hungary are responsible for 70-80 % of PM pollution in Hungary; the impact of long-range transport varies highly across space, it is the most significant around the Western frontier and the least significant on the Northern area bordered by the Danube and Tisza rivers; The most pollution from European States arrives into Hungary’s airspace from Romania and Poland; particles emitted in Hungary contribute most considerably to PM pollution in Slovakia and Croatia; 35 % of particles emitted in Hungary since 2008 remained within the territory of Hungary, while 65 % crossed the border.

In case quantitative data is used to describe the results of the assessment, specify data and methodologies used to conduct the above assessment (O)

The study can be found here:http://pm10.kormany.hu/dokumentumokTudományos háttéranyagok (Scientific background materials) / OMSZ határon átterjedő légszennyezés modellezése 2016 (OMSZ models of cross-border air pollution, 2016) 4

4 http://pm10.kormany.hu/download/b/48/81000/OMSZ%20hat%C3%A1ron%20%C3%A1tterjed%C5%91%20l%C3%A9gszennyez%C3%A9s%20modellez%C3%A9se%202016.pdf

34

http://pm10.kormany.hu/dokumentumok

2.5. Projected further evolution assuming no change to already adopted policies and measures

2.5.1. Projected emissions and emission reductions (With Measures (WM) scenario)

Pollutants (M)

Total emissions(kt)

consistent with inventories for 2017 (M):

Projected % emission reduction

to be achievedcompared with 2005 (M)

National emission reduction commitment for 2020– 2029

(%) (M)

National emission reduction commitment from 2030

(%) (M)

Base Year: 2005 2020 2025 2030 2020 2025 2030

SO2 43 23 17 15 53 60 65 46 73NOx 176 118 116 110 33 34 38 34 66NOx* 161* 97* 95* 88* 40* 41* 46* 34 66NMVOC 172 145 146 144 15 15 16 30 58NMVOC* 145* 119* 118* 116* 18* 18* 20* 30 58NH3 86 78 80 83 9 7 4 10 32PM2.5 40 47 42 38 -18 -4 5 13 55

Outline the associated uncertainties for the WM projections to meet the emission reduction commitments for 2020, 2025 and 2030 onwards (O)

Date of emission projections (M) March 2019* corrected in accordance with Article 4(3)(d) of the NEC Directive Source: National Projected Emissions 2019, Hungary OMSZ

Where the projected evolution demonstrates non-attainment of the emission reduction commitments under the WM scenario, section 2.6 shall outline the additional PaMs considered in order to achieve compliance.

2.5.2. Projected impact on improving air quality (WM scenario), including the projected degree of compliance

35

2.5.2.1. Qualitative description of projected improvement in air quality (M)

Provide a qualitative description of the projected improvements in air quality and projected further evolution of degree of compliance (WM scenario) with EU air quality objectives for NO2, PM10, PM2.5

and O3 values, and any other pollutant(s) that present(s) a problem by 2020, 2025 and 2030 (M)

Provide complete references (chapter and page) to publicly available supporting datasets (e.g. air quality plans, source apportionment) describing the projected improvements and further evolution of degree of compliance (M):

The daily – in certain cases annual – PM10 pollution of 3 of Hungary’s 11 air pollution zones has been higher than the health-based limit value for a longer period, NO2 in the air is higher than the annual air quality limit value in 2 air quality zones and concentrations of ground-level ozone are higher in all 11 air pollution zones than the target value. We intend to put an end to the exceedances in the shortest amount of time possible by implementing the action plans required by the Air Quality Directive5.The plans are available at: http://www.kormany.hu/hu/foldmuvelesugyi-miniszterium/kornyezetugyert-agrarfejlesztesert-es-hungarikumokert-felelos-allamtitkarsag/hirek/levegominosegi-tervek

2.5.2.2. Quantitative description of projected improvement of air quality (O)

AAQD values

Projected number of non-compliant air quality zones

Projected number of compliant air quality zones

Total number of air quality zones

Specify base year 2020 2025 2030 Specify

base year 2020 2025 2030 Specify base year 2020 2025 2030

PM2.5 (1 yr)NO2 (1 yr)PM10 (1 yr)O3 (max 8 hr mean)2.6. Policy options considered in order to comply with the emission reduction commitments for 2020, and 2030, intermediate emission levels for 2025

The information required under this section shall be reported using the 'Policies and Measures Tool' ('PaM tool') provided for that purpose by the EEA.

5 Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on ambient air quality

36

http://www.kormany.hu/hu/foldmuvelesugyi-miniszterium/kornyezetugyert-agrarfejlesztesert-es-hungarikumokert-felelos-allamtitkarsag/hirek/levegominosegi-tervek

http://www.kormany.hu/hu/foldmuvelesugyi-miniszterium/kornyezetugyert-agrarfejlesztesert-es-hungarikumokert-felelos-allamtitkarsag/hirek/levegominosegi-tervek

2.6.1. Details concerning the PaMs considered in order to comply with the emission reduction commitments (reporting at PaM level)

Name and brief description of

individual PaM or package of PaMs

(M)

Affected pollutant(s), select as appropriat

e: SO2, NOx,

NMVOC, NH3, PM2.5,

(M); BC as a

component of PM2.5, other (e.g.

Hg, dioxins,

GHG) (O)

Objectives of individual PaM or package of PaMs*

(M):

Type(s) of PaM(s) (^) (M)

Primary, and where

appropriate, additional sector(s)

affected (†) (M)

Implementation period

(M for measures

selected for implementat

ion)

Authorit(y)(ies)

responsible for

implementation (M for measures

selected for implementation) Refer to

those listed in table 2.3.2 as appropriate.

Details of the

methodologies

used for analysis

(e.g. specific models

or methods

, underlying data)

(M)

Quantified expected emission

reductions (for individual PaM or

for packages of PaMs, as

appropriate) (kt, per annum or as a range, compared to WM scenario)

(M)

Qualitative description

of uncertainties

(M, where

available)

Start Finish Type Name 2020 2025 2030

2.6.1.1.For the minimisation of emissions Use and

development of Best Available Techniques in accordance with scientific and technical progress, development of BAT materials and guidelines

Development and launch of programmes

SO2, NOx, NMVOC,

Installation of abatement technologies;

Efficiency improvement in industrial end-use sectors;

Improved control of NMVOC emissions from industrial processes;

Source-based pollution control;

Energy supply; Industrial

processes; Agriculture Waste

management / waste;

2020 2030 onwards

National; Regional

MA, TEPA

Based on forecasts from 2019

NM VOC:0-4 kt

SO2: 0-1 kt

;

NOx:3-5 kt

NM VOC:6-28

kt

SO2: 2-3 kt

;

NOx:2-6 kt

NM VOC:10-39

kt

N/A

37

promoting local production and product use

2.6.1.2.Assistance for the use of Emerging Techniques (drafting of a legal act that provides for tax advantages)

SO2, NOx, NMVOC,

Use of emission-reducing technologies;



Energy supply; Industrial

processes; Agriculture Waste

management / waste;

2020 2030 onwards

National; Regional

MA, TEPA

Based on forecasts from 2019 N/A

2.6.1.3.Review of emission limit values of activities not subject to a uniform environmental use permit (IPPC)

SO2, NOx, NMVOC,



Rules.

Industrial processes;

2022 Scheduled, from 2026

National; Regional

MA, TEPA

Based on forecasts from 2019 N/A

2.6.1.4.Energy upgrades of district heating and heat supply systems, elaboration of an incentive scheme to increase the number of dwellings connected to district heating

SO2, NOx, Reduction of losses, improvements in efficiency of the energy supply;

Reduction of air pollutant emissions from heating, improvement of air quality


Energy supply; Energy

consumption

2020 2030 National; Regional

MIT, TEPA


NOx:01 kt

NOx:6-10

kt

NOx:6-22

kt

N/A

38

2.6.1.5.Scheduled substitution of carbon-based energy generation with low carbon intensity electricity generation

SO2; Transition to fuels with lower CO2 emissions;

Increase in the share of renewable energy.


Energy supply 2025-2029

2030 National;

MIT Based on forecasts from 2019

0 0 SO2: 8 kt; N/A

2.6.1.6.Intensification of the aid programme for the replacement of the most polluting household heating appliances.

SO2, NOx, NMVOC, PM2.5

Efficiency improvement of appliances


Energy consumption

2020 2030 onwards

National;


SO2: 1-2 kt

;

NOx:1-2 kt

NM VOC:1-2 kt

PM2.5

3-5 kt

SO2: 1-2 kt

;

NOx:2-3 kt

NM VOC:2-3 kt

PM2.5

4-6 kt

SO2: 2-5 kt

;

NOx:3-6 kt

NM VOC:3-4 kt

PM2.5

6-10 kt

N/A

2.6.1.7.Enhancing the energy efficiency and modernisation of buildings (regulatory incentives, grants and repayable grant schemes and/or ESCO programmes for the replacement of doors and windows, heating insulation, use of renewable energy sources)


Energy efficiency improvement of buildings

Fiscal instruments, financial assistance

Energy consumption

2020 2030 onwards

National;


N/A

2.6.1.8.Introduction for rules concerning the operation of furnaces the thermal input of which is less than 140 kW


Efficiency improvement of appliances;

Other energy consumption, operation that causes low emissions;

Rules Energy consumption

2021 2030 onwards

National; Regional, local

MA, TEPA, DEPA


SO2: 0-1 kt

;NOx:0-1 ktNM

VOC:0-1 ktPM2.5

0-1 kt

SO2: 1-2 kt

;NOx:0-1 ktNM

VOC:0-1 ktPM2.5

0-1 kt

SO2: 1-2 kt

;NOx:0-1 ktNM

VOC:0-1 ktPM2.5

0-1 kt

N/A

39

2.6.1.9.Control of the residential use of certain solid fuels that cause high pollution by setting quality requirements.

SO2, PM2,5 Use of low emission fuels;

Rules;Source-based pollution control;

Energy consumption

2021 2030 National; Local

MA, DEPA


SO2: 0-1 kt

;

PM2,5

0-1 kt;

SO2: 0-1 kt

;

PM2,5

0-1 kt;

SO2: 0-1 kt

;

PM2,5

0-1 kt;

N/A

2.6.1.10.Assistance for the use of sustainable, electric heating that does not cause local pollution in residential buildings of regions prone to illegal waste incineration


Other energy consumption, spreading of the use of other heating methods that cause low emissions;

Fiscal instruments (tax advantages),Other requirements as a condition of obtaining assistance

Energy consumption

2021 2030 onwards

National;


SO2: 1-2 kt

;

NOx:1-2 kt

NM VOC:8-9 kt

PM2.5

7-8 kt

SO2: 1-2 kt

;

NOx:2-3 kt

NM VOC:9-20

kt

PM2.5

9-10 kt

SO2: 2-5 kt

;

NOx:3-6 kt

NM VOC:9-24

kt

PM2.5

13-16 kt

N/A

2.6.1.11.Making the aid scheme for providing welfare fuel in kind (coal, wood) more environmentally friendly

SO2, PM2,5 Other energy consumption, fuel provided as aid can only be dry firewood;

Rules Energy consumption

2021 2030 National;

MIMA


N/A N/A N/A

N/A

2.6.1.12.Organisation of awareness-raising campaigns and preparation and dissemination of information materials in order to improve the energy efficiency


Other energy consumption, facilitating the reduction of air pollutant emissions from residential heating

Information,Education

Energy consumption

2019 2030onwards

National; Local

MA, MHC, NPHCmunicipallocalgovernments


SO2: 0-1 kt

;

NOx:0-1 kt

NMVOC: 0-1 kt

SO2: 0-1 kt

;

NOx:0-1 kt

NMVOC:

SO2: 0-1 kt

;

NOx:0-1 kt

NM

40

of buildings, to promote the use of low emission furnaces and fuel and to provide instruction on appropriate heating methods.

;

PM2.5

0-1 kt

0-1 kt;

PM2.5

0-1 kt

VOC: 0-1 kt

;

PM2.5

0-1 kt

2.6.1.13.Launch of a programme for the construction of environmentally friendly social housing with zero net CO2 emissions

SO2, NMVOC, PM2.5

Energy efficiency improvement of buildings

Another energy consumption goal is increasing the ratio of energy efficient buildings within the social housing sector

RulesFiscal measures

Energy consumption

2021 2030onwards

National;

MF, MA


SO2: 0-1 kt

;

NMVOC: 0-1 kt

;

PM2.5

0-1 kt

SO2: 0-1 kt

;

NMVOC: 0-1 kt

;

PM2.5

0-1 kt

SO2: 0-1 kt

;

NMVOC: 0-1 kt

;

PM2.5

0-1 kt

N/A

41

2.6.1.14.Raising awareness in the interest of environmentally-conscious transportation Information

campaign on the harmful effects of traffic on health;

Campaigns on the benefits of alternative modes of transport (electric vehicles, public transport, non-motorised transport);

Campaigns on the importance of managing transport needs;

Information on the energy and cost-saving use of vehicles; Dissemination of environmentally sound driving attitudes (ecodriving);

NOx, NMVOC, PM2.5

Regulation of demand / demand control;

Improved consumer attitudes

Information,education

Transport 2020 2030 National;

MIT, MHC, NPHC

Experts’ estimates based on trends

NOx:0-1 ktNM

VOC0-1 ktPM2.5

0-1 kt

NOx:3-7 ktNM VOC0-1 ktPM2.5

0-1 kt

NOx:6-8 ktNM

VOC2-3 ktPM2.5

0-1 kt

N/A

42

2.6.1.15.Development of alternative fuels infrastructure Electrical; CNG refuelling

points LNG refuelling

points for lorries; Fuelling stations for

hydrogen; LPG filling stations

NOx, NMVOC,PM2.5

Alternative fuels for vehicles, vessels and aircraft


Rules; Research


MIT Copert 5 model,

NM VOC0-1 ktPM2.5

0-1 kt


0-1 kt

NOx:2-4 ktNM

VOC1-5 ktPM2.5

0-1 kt

N/A

2.6.1.16.Facilitation of the use of low or zero emission vehicles with tax advantages and grants. Under the green bus

programme, only the acquisition of electric buses is eligible for support, from 2022 onwards only electric buses may enter into service in cities;

Electric vehicles (rechargeable hybrid, extended range electric, pure electric, fuel cell);

CNG, LNG, LPG vehicles;

Hydrogen vehicles

NOx, NMVOC,PM2.5

Use of alternative fuels in the case of vehicles

Economic instruments,

Fiscal instruments


MIT Copert 5 model,

NOx:0-1 ktNM

VOC0-1 ktPM2.5

0-1 kt


0-1 kt

NOx:1-2 ktNM

VOC2-3 ktPM2.5

0-1 kt

N/A

2.6.1.17.Application of instruments regulating

NOx, NMVOC,PM2.5

Improvement of vehicle efficiency;

Demand

Fiscal instruments;

Rules


MIT Copert 5 model, NOx:

0-1 ktNM

NOx:0-1 ktNM

NOx:1-2 ktNM

N/A

43

transport that aim to protect the environment Review of the

system of environmental categories for vehicles, taking into account environmental load; Application of usage-based tolls to heavy goods vehicles (electronic toll system, the amount of the toll is dependent on the environmental category of the vehicle)

Facilitating the establishment of low emission zones; Traffic-calming on main roads and side-roads

Requiring sustainable urban mobility plans to be drawn up as a condition of obtaining transport grants;

management/reduction

VOC0-1 ktPM2.5

0-1 kt

VOC0-1 ktPM2.5

0-1 kt

VOC1-2 ktPM2.5

0-1 kt

44

2.6.1.18.Compilation of a national guide on Good Agricultural Practice

NH3PM2.5

Other agricultural targets, informing producers

Rules; Planning

Agriculture 2020 2021 National

MA N/A

N/A N/A N/A

N/A

2.6.1.19.Drawing up a national nitrogen budget to monitor the changes in losses of reactive nitrogen from agriculture; Launch of a pilot project to provide advice for the elaboration and use of a NUE calculator at holding level with digital technologies

NH3 Other agricultural targets, monitoring the changes in losses of reactive nitrogen from agriculture

Rules; Planning


MA N/A N/A

2.6.1.20.Measures concerning urea-based fertilisers Replacement of

urea-based fertilisers with ammonium nitrate-based fertilisers;

Use of methods that have been shown to reduce ammonia emissions by at least 30 % compared with the use of the

NH3 Low-emission application of fertiliser on cropland and grassland

Source-based pollution control

Agriculture 2020-2026

2030 National

MA N/A NH3

0-1kt

NH3

1-2NH3

2-4kt

N/A

45

reference method, as specified in the Ammonia Guidance Document;

2.6.1.21.Promoting the use of organic manure Promoting the

replacement of fertilisers with organic manure,

Facilitating the application of nutrient management in practice: Guidance tools and training materials are developed on the methods of reducing emissions from manure stored outside of animal housing, the feasibility of a low-protein diet and a method for spreading inorganic fertilisers according to the host plant’s nitrogen and phosphorus needs and the nutrient content of the soil.

Reduction of emissions from manure through the use of low protein feed that reduces the level of NH3

NH3 Low-emission application of organic manure on cropland and grassland



2030 National

MA N/ANH3

0-3

NH3

2-3NH3

3-7N/A

46

emissions by 10 % compared with the use of the reference method;

2.6.1.22.Prescribing the conditions for land application of organic manure Use of trailing hose,

trailing shoe, injected slurry application techniques that minimise the formation of excess nitrous oxide

NH3 Low-emission application of organic manure on cropland and grassland



MA N/A N/A

2.6.1.23.Covering slurry stores

NH3 Improved livestock management and rearing installations



MA N/A NH3

0-1NH3

0-1NH3

0-1N/A

2.6.1.24.Monitoring of animal feed Monitoring the

nutrient content of the feed of farm animals, monitoring of animal feed;

Introduction of requirements concerning animal feed

NH3 Other agricultural targets, optimal animal feed



2030 National

MA N/A

NH3

4-5NH3

5-6NH3

5-13

N/A

47

2.6.1.25.Development of a coordinated agricultural data collection system for the elaboration of an inventory reflecting the real results of using emission reduction technologies

NH3

PM2.5

Other agricultural targets, data collection

Information, rules


MA N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

2.6.1.26.Definition of the category of small farms in order to lay down who will be exempt from the emission reduction measures

NH3

PM2.5

Other agricultural targets, data collection

Information, rules


MA N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

2.6.1.27.Technological development requirements for ammonium fixation at animal holdings Reduction of areas

covered with manure;

Requirements concerning the absorption and adsorption capacities of bedding material;

Quick removal of urine;

Reduction of the temperature and flows of air above

NH3 Improved livestock management and rearing installations



MA N/A The figure under point 2.6.1.24 includes the

reduction under point 2.6.1.27

N/A

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manure; Reduction of the

temperature of manure;

Reduction of the time spent in an animal house, increase of the time spent grazing;

Use of air cleaning systems

2.6.1.28.Ban on the open field burning of agricultural harvest residue and waste and forest residue

PM2.5 Reduction of other PM emissions originating from open burning



MA N/A

N/A

N/A

The responses to the field indicated with (*), (^) and (†) shall be filled in by using pre-defined reply options which are consistent with the reporting obligations under Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 on a mechanism for monitoring and reporting greenhouse gas emissions and Implementing Regulation (EU) No 749/2014.

2.6.2. Impacts on air quality and the environment of individual PaMs or packages of PaMs considered in order to comply with the emission reduction commitments (M, where available)

Where available, impacts on air quality (reference can also be made to recommended air quality objectives by

How air quality evolves in Hungary is considerably, in many cases adversely affected by cross-border pollution, the country’s geographical location and meteorological conditions, in addition to emissions of air pollutants. According to a study on this topic6, Hungary is a net pollutant importer because of its

6 http://pm10.kormany.hu/dokumentumok Tudományos háttéranyagok (Scientific background materials) / OMSZ határon átterjedő légszennyezés modellezése 2016 (OMSZ models of cross-border air pollution, 2016)

49

http://pm10.kormany.hu/dokumentumok

the WHO) and the environment: geographical location: the amount of pollutants arriving in Hungary surpasses the amount of pollutants departing by 30 %. In addition to the above, conditions of temperature inversions typical of the winter season are more frequent because Hungary sits in a basin and circulation of the air is inhibited and air pollutants accumulate in the air layer close to the ground For this reason, air quality improvements that can be attained through emission reductions can only be estimated, forecast with great uncertainty.The daily – in certain cases annual – PM10 pollution of 3 of Hungary’s 10 air pollution zones has been higher than the limit value for a longer period, while NO2 immissions have been higher than the annual limit value in 2 zones. The EU has initiated infringement proceedings against Hungary because of these exceedances (for details, see the description under point 2.4.2.1.).Implementation of territorial air quality plans on the improvement of air quality in the affected zones is in progress in order to improve air quality and to put an end to exceedances. In other areas of the country, air quality currently meets the requirements set in legislation, however, our goal is to continue to reduce air pollution throughout the country.Of the pollutants regulated by the NAPCP, PM2.5 and NOx emissions contribute directly to the existing air quality problem the most. In case the emission reduction targets for 2030 are met, our air quality targets may also be realized.Air pollution from traffic has adverse effects on the surroundings of congested roads therefore the implementation of measures for reducing traffic emissions is expected to improve the quality of air in these places.Industrial air pollution contributes slightly to air pollution overall, the measures have helped the continuous decrease of air pollution in these cases.Measures concerning agriculture primarily serve to reduce ammonia emissions (a PM precursor) which may contribute to a reduction in PM pollution, but primarily at regional and global level. Direct PM2.5

emissions from agricultural activities are negligible.Interventions aimed at reducing emissions not only improve air quality, but have other positive environmental and economic impacts as well Recognising this enhances the social acceptance of the implementation of such measures.Education of the population may have a significant influence on the development and use of innovative industrial technologies through the spread of environmentally conscious consumer habits, resulting in further reductions of air pollution. Sustainable purchasing habits have a positive influence on the market shares of producers and service providers who use environmentally sound procedures and thus help the move toward a circular economy.

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A monitoring network under the NEC Directive has been set up to examine the effects of air pollution on ecosystems and we are able to determine critical pollution levels and possible exceedances more precisely based on data from that network. The impact of the implemented measures on living systems will be assessed based on how critical pollution exceedances vary.

2.6.2. Estimation of costs and benefits of the individual PaM or package of PaMs considered in order to comply with the emission reduction commitments (O)

Name and brief description of

individual PaM or package of PaMs

Costs in EUR per tonne of abated

pollutant

Absolute costs per year in EUR

Absolute benefits per year Cost/benefit ratio Price year

Qualitative description of the cost and benefit

estimates

2.6.4. Additional details concerning the measures from Annex III Part 2 to Directive (EU) 2016/2284 targeting the agricultural sector to comply with the emission reduction commitments

Is the PaM included in the national air pollution control programme?

Yes/No (M)

If yes: − indicate section/page number in

programme (M)

Has the PaM been applied exactly? Yes/No (M) If no, describe the modifications that have been made (M)

A. Measures to control ammonia emissions (M):1) Member States shall establish a national advisory code of good agricultural practice to control ammonia

YES 2.6.1.18. YES

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emissions, taking into account the UNECE Framework Code for Good Agricultural Practice for Reducing Ammonia Emissions of 2014, covering at least the following items:a) nitrogen management, taking into account the whole nitrogen cycle;b) livestock feeding strategies;c) low-emission manure spreading techniques;d) low-emission manure storage systems;e) low-emission animal housing systems;f) possibilities for limiting ammonia emissions from the use of mineral fertilisers.2) Member States may establish a national nitrogen budget to monitor the changes in overall losses of reactive nitrogen from agriculture, including ammonia, nitrous oxide, ammonium, nitrates and nitrites, based on the principles set out in the UNECE Guidance Document on Nitrogen Budgets.

YES 2.6.1.19. YES

Supplementary (voluntary) measure:Launch of a pilot project to provide advice for the elaboration and use of a NUE calculator at holding level with digital technologies.

YES 2.6.1.19. not relevant

3) Member States shall prohibit the use of ammonium carbonate fertilisers and may reduce ammonia emissions from inorganic fertilisers by using the following approaches:

Ammonium carbonate fertilisers are not used in Hungary

a) replacing urea-based fertilisers with ammonium nitrate-based fertilisers;

YES 2.6.1.20. YES: Will be introduced, if the reduction target planned cannot be met during the review of 2025

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b) where urea-based fertilisers continue to be applied, using methods that have been shown to reduce ammonia emissions by at least 30 % compared with the use of the reference method, as specified in the Ammonia Guidance Document;

YES 2.6.1.20. YES

c) promoting the replacement of inorganic fertilisers by organic fertilisers and, where inorganic fertilisers continue to be applied, spreading them in line with the foreseeable requirements of the receiving crop or grassland with respect to nitrogen and phosphorus, also taking into account the existing nutrient content in the soil and nutrients from other fertilisers.

YES 2.6.1.21. YES

4) Member States may reduce ammonia emissions from livestock manure by using the following approaches:a) reducing emissions from slurry and solid manure application to arable land and grassland, by using methods that reduce emissions by at least 30 % compared with the reference method described in the Ammonia Guidance Document and on the following conditions:i. only spreading manures and slurries in line with the foreseeable nutrient requirement of the receiving crop or grassland with respect to nitrogen and phosphorous, also taking into account the existing nutrient content in the soil and the nutrients from other fertilisers;

NO NO: Having regard to the measures under the CAP for 2014-2020, may only be introduced for the whole country after 2022.

ii. not spreading manures and slurries when the receiving land is water saturated, flooded, frozen or snow covered;

NO YES (a measure that is already being applied)

iii. applying slurries spread to grassland using a trailing hose, trailing shoe or through shallow or deep injection;

YES 2.6.1.22. NO: grasslands are not typically spread with fertilisers therefore the measure is irrelevant

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iv. incorporating manures and slurries spread to arable land within the soil within four hours of spreading.

NO NO: current Hungarian rules (Section 6(4) of Decree No 59/2008 of 29 April 2008 of the Minister for Agriculture and Rural Development) require stricter measures ('...the spread of farmyard manure shall be incorporated within the soil evenly without delay’)

b) reducing emissions from manure stores outside of animal houses, by using the following approaches:i. for slurry stores constructed after 1 January 2022, using low emission storage systems or techniques which have been shown to reduce ammonia emissions by at least 60 % compared with the reference method described in the Ammonia Guidance Document, and for existing slurry stores at least 40 %;

YES 2.6.1.23. YES (implementation in two phases)

ii. covering stores for solid manure; NO NO Not justified, farmyard manure matures in an aerobic process, but we are planning the use of other additives suitable for treating manure which will be introduced on the basis of planned research programmes.

iii. ensuring farms have sufficient manure storage capacity to spread manure only during periods that are suitable for crop growth;

NO YES (a measure that is already being applied)

c) reducing emissions from animal housing, by using YES 2.6.1.24. YES

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systems which have been shown to reduce ammonia emissions by at least 20 % compared with the reference method described in the Ammonia Guidance Document;

2.6.1.27.

d) reducing emissions from manure, by using low protein feeding strategies which have been shown to reduce ammonia emissions by at least 10 % compared with the reference method described in the Ammonia Guidance Document.

YES 2.6.1.21. YES (build-up of protein feed monitoring, requirements concerning protein feed will be introduced following 2025 as additional measures).

Introduction of additional requirements for technology development concerning ammonia fixation at animal holdings following 2020.

YES 2.6.1.24.2.6.1.27.

Fulfilment of this requirement and the definition of detailed rules will change depending on CAP negotiations. Schedule: planned from 2022 onwards.

B. Emission reduction measures to control emissions of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and black carbon (M)

1. Without prejudice to Annex II on cross-compliance of Regulation (EU) No 1306/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council, Member States may ban open field burning of agricultural harvest residue and waste and forest residue. Member States shall monitor and enforce the implementation of any ban implemented in accordance with the first subparagraph. Any exemptions to such a ban shall be limited to preventive programmes to avoid uncontrolled wildfires, to control pest or to protect biodiversity.

YES 2.6.1.28. YES

55

2. Member States may establish a national advisory code of good agricultural practices for the proper management of harvest residue, on the basis of the following approaches:

2.6.1.18.

a) improvement of soil structure through incorporation of harvest residue;

YES YES

b) improved techniques for incorporation of harvest residue;

YES YES

c) alternative use of harvest residue; NO NO, will be reviewed later

d) improvement of the nutrient status and soil structure through incorporation of manure as required for optimal plant growth, thereby avoiding burning of manure (farmyard manure, deep-straw bedding).

YES YES

C. Preventing impacts on small farms (M)

In taking the measures outlined in Sections A and B, Member States shall ensure that impacts on small and micro farms are fully taken into account. Member States may, for instance, exempt small and micro farms from those measures where possible and appropriate in view of the applicable reduction commitments. (M)

YES 2.6.1.26. YES (elaborated separately for the sectors of crop production and animal production)

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2.7. The policies selected for adoption by sector, including a timetable for their adoption, implementation and review and the competent authorities responsible

2.7.1. Individual PaMs or package of PaMs selected for adoption and the competent authorities responsible

Name and briefdescription of

individualPaM or

package ofPaMs (M)

Refer to thoselisted in table

2.6.1. asappropriate

Currentlyplannedyear of

adoption (M)

Relevantcomments

arising fromconsultation(s)in relation tothe individual

PaM orpackage

ofPaMs(O)

Currently planned timetable

for implementation (M)

Interim targets andindicators selectedto monitor progressin implementation

of the selectedPaMs (O)

Currently plannedtimetable for review

(in case differentfrom general update

of thenational air

pollution controlprogramme

everyfour years)

(M)

Competent authoritiesresponsible for the

individualPaM or

package ofPaMs(M)

Refer to thoselisted in table

2.3.2. asappropriate.

Start Year

End Year

Interimtargets Indicators

Industrial measures2.6.1.1 - 2.6.1.3 2020 2020

2030 onwards 2023 MA, TEPA

Measures concerning energy2.6.1.4. 2020 2020

2030 onwards 2023

MIT, MA, TEPA, DEPA

Measures concerning the population2.6.1.8. 2.6.1.10-2.6.1.12. 2020 2020

2030 onwards 2023

MA, MIT, TEPA, DEPA

Transport measures2.6.1.14– 2.6.1.17

2020 2020

2030 onwards 2023 MIT

Agricultural measures2.6.1.18– 2.6.1.28

2020 2020

2030 onwards 2023 MA

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2.7.2. Explanation of the choice of selected measures and an assessment of how selected PaMs ensure coherence with plans and programmes set up in other relevant policy areas

An explanation of the choice made among the measures considered under 2.6.1.to determine the final set of selected measures (O)Coherence of the selected PaMs with air quality objectives at national level and, where appropriate, in neighbouring Member States (M):

Every selected measure reduces air pollution, thus improves air quality within the range of emission sources and both regionally and globally because of the spread of pollutants therefore it is fully in line with air quality objectives.

Coherence of the selected PaMs with other relevant plans and programmes established by virtue of the requirements set out in national or Union legislation (e.g. national energy and climate plans) (M)

With the exception of one area, the measures needed to implement the goals of energy and climate strategies reduce the emissions of air pollutants as well. Burning of biomass as a renewable energy source is beneficial for the protection of the climate, but at the same time the use of agricultural biomass for energy is detrimental because nutrients are withdrawn from the soil and because the air pollution this causes hinders the achievement of emission reduction targets. However, this causes considerable air pollutant emissions which hinders the achievement of air pollutant emission targets. Because of these two opposing goals, it is very important that measures concerning the burning of biomass are defined with sufficient care and the most appropriate option is selected from an environmentalist point of view. On this basis the use of biomass fuel must be minimised among the population and with the help of the appliances and technologies used it must be achieved that the least possible air pollutants are emitted. In the case of equipment used for burning biomass at combustion plants by industry, we wish to achieve the use of technology which does not pollute the environment by requiring compliance with strict emission limit values.

2.8. Projected combined impacts of PaMs (‘With Additional Measures’ — WAM) on emission reductions, air quality and the environment and the associated uncertainties (where applicable)

2.8.1. Projected attainment of emission reduction commitments (WAM)

58

Pollutants(M)

Total emissions(kt)

consistent with inventories for 2017 (M):

Projected % emission reduction

to be achievedcompared with 2005 (M)

National emission reduction commitment

for 2020–2029(%) (M)

National emission reduction commitment

from 2030(%) (M)Base

Year: 2005

2020 2025 2030 2020 2025 2030

SO2 43 20 16-17 10-12 53 % 60-63 % 73-77 % 46 73NOx 176 116-117 88-102 60-91 34 % 42-50 % 48-66 %NOx* 161 102-106 81-88 55-76 34-37 % 46-50 % 53-66 % 34 66

NMVOC 172 135-145 96-14072-123 16-22 % 19-44 % 28-58 %

NMVOC* 145 105-123 81-113 61-97 15-28 % 22-44 % 33-58 % 30 58NH3 86 68-71 68-71 59-74 18-21 % 18-21 % 15-32 % 10 32PM2.5 40 40-46 26-37 18-23 0-(-15) 8-35 % 43-55 % 13 55Date of emission projections (M) March 2019

* corrected in accordance with Article 4(3)(d) of the NEC Directive Source: National Emission Inventory 2019, Hungary OMSZ

2.8.2. Non-linear emission reduction trajectory

Where a non-linear emission reduction trajectory is followed,demonstrate that it is technically or economically more efficient(alternative measure would involve entailing disproportionate costs),will not compromise the achievement of any reduction commitment in 2030,and that the trajectory will converge on

59

the linear trajectory from 2025 onwards(M, where relevant)Refer to costs listed in table 2.6.3 as appropriate.

2.8.3. Flexibilities

Where flexibilities are used, provide an account of their use(M)

2.8.4. Projected improvement in air quality (WAM)

A. Projected number of non-compliant and compliant air quality zones (O)

AA

QDvalues

Projected number of non-compliantair quality zones

Projected number of compliantair quality zones Total number of air quality zones

Specifybaseyear 2020 2025 2030



PM2.5 (1 yr)NO2 (1 yr)PM10 (1 yr)O3 (max. 8hr mean)Other (pleasespecify)

B. Maximum exceedances of air quality limit values and average exposure indicators (O):AA

QD

Projected maximum exceedances of air quality limit values

across all zonesProjected average exposure indicator (only for PM2.5)

(1 year)

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values Specify base year: 2020 2025 2030 Specify base year: 2020 2025 2030

PM2.5 (1 yr)

NO2 (1 yr)

PM10 (1 yr)

O3 (max. 8hr mean)

Other (pleasespecify)

C. Illustrations demonstrating the projected improvement in air quality and degree of compliance (O)

Maps or histograms illustrating the projected evolution of ambient air concentrations (for at least NO2, PM10, PM2.5 and O3, and any other pollutant(s) that present(s) a problem) and which show, for instance, the number of zones, out of the total air quality zones, that will be (non)compliant by 2020, 2025 and 2030, the projected

maximum national exceedances, and the projected average exposure indicatorD. Qualitative projected improvement in air quality and degree of compliance (WAM) (in case no quantitative data is provided

in the tables above) (O)

Qualitative projected improvement in air quality and degree of compliance (WAM):

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For annual limit values, projections should be reported against the maximum concentrations across all zones. For daily and hourly limit values, projections should be reported against the maximum number of exceedances registered across all zones.

2.8.5. Projected impacts on the environment (WAM) (O)

Base year used to assess environmental impacts (please specify): 2020 2025 2030 Description

Member State territory exposed to acidification in exceedance of the critical load threshold (%)

Member State territory exposed to eutrophication in exceedance of the critical load threshold (%)

Member State territory exposed to ozone in exceedance of the critical level threshold (%)

Indicators should be aligned with those used under the Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution on exposure of ecosystems to acidification, eutrophication and ozone https://www.rivm.nl/media/documenten/cce/manual/Manual_UBA_Texte.pdf.

Glossary:

Abbreviation Meaning

1. NEC DirectiveDirective 2001/81/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2001 on national emission ceilings for certain atmospheric pollutants

2. NEC DirectiveDirective of the European Parliament and of the Council on the reduction of national emissions of certain atmospheric pollutants, amending Directive 2003/35/EC and repealing Directive 2001/81/EC

AEI Average exposure indicator

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MA Ministry of Agriculture

BAT Best Available Techniques

MI Ministry of the Interior

CCS Carbon Capture and Storage

CO Carbon monoxide

EEA The European Environment Agency

EMEP European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme

MHC Ministry of Human Capacities

EU ETS EU emissions trading scheme

GP Gothenburg Protocol

IIR Informative inventory report

MIT Ministry of Innovation and Technology

ITS Intelligent Transport Systems

DEPA District environmental protection agency

RD&I Research, Development & Innovation

CAP Common Agricultural Policy

LRTAP Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution

LULUCF Land-use, land-use change and forestry

NFR Nomenclature for reporting for the preparation of emission inventories as provided by the LRTAP Convention

NH3 Ammonia

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NMVOC Non-methane volatile organic compounds

NPHC National Public Health Centre

NO2 Nitrogen dioxide

NOx Nitrogen oxides

O3 Ozone

NEPA National environmental protection agency

HAQN Hungarian Air Quality Network

NAPCP National Air Pollution Control Programme

OMSZ Hungarian Meteorological Service

PAH Polyaromatic hydrocarbons

MF Ministry of Finance

PM10

A fraction of particulate matter which passes through a size-selective inlet as defined in the reference method for the sampling and measurement of PM10, MSZ EN 12341:2001, with a 50 % efficiency cut-off at 10 μm aerodynamic diameter;

PM2.5

A fraction of particulate matter which passes through a size-selective inlet as defined in the reference method for the sampling and measurement of PM2.5, MSZ EN 14907:2006, with a 50 % efficiency cut-off at 2.5 μm aerodynamic diameter;

SO2 Sulphur dioxide

TEPA Territorial environmental protection agency

GHG Greenhouse gases

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