EBR Transliteration Guidelines - De Gruyter EBR...

Encyclopedia of the Bible and Its Reception

De Gruyter · Berlin · Boston

May 2015

Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Genthiner Str. 13, D-10785 Berlin

EBR Transliteration Guidelines

A. OverviewA. OverviewA. OverviewA. Overview .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2222

B. ChartsB. ChartsB. ChartsB. Charts ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 4444

I. Hebrew and AramaicI. Hebrew and AramaicI. Hebrew and AramaicI. Hebrew and Aramaic .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4444

1. Biblical Studies ............................................................................................................... 4

a) Consonants ............................................................................................................... 4

b) Vowels ...................................................................................................................... 5

c) Notes ......................................................................................................................... 5

2. Modern Hebrew .............................................................................................................. 6

a) Consonants ............................................................................................................... 6

b) Vowels ...................................................................................................................... 7

c) Notes ......................................................................................................................... 7

3. Yiddish............................................................................................................................ 8

a) Consonants and Vowels ........................................................................................... 8

b) Notes ......................................................................................................................... 9

II. ArabicII. ArabicII. ArabicII. Arabic ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 10101010

1. Arabic in Islamic Studies .............................................................................................. 10

a) Consonants ............................................................................................................. 10

b) Vowels and Diphthongs .......................................................................................... 10

c) Non-Arabic Consonants .......................................................................................... 11

d) Notes ....................................................................................................................... 11

2. Arabic in Comparative Semitic Studies ........................................................................ 11

III. UgariticIII. UgariticIII. UgariticIII. Ugaritic .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 12121212

IV. CopticIV. CopticIV. CopticIV. Coptic ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 13131313

V. SyriacV. SyriacV. SyriacV. Syriac ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 14141414

1. The Alphabet ................................................................................................................ 14

2. Vowels .......................................................................................................................... 15

3. Diphthongs ................................................................................................................... 15

4. Special rules for East Syriac vowels ............................................................................. 15

5. Modern Syriac .............................................................................................................. 16

6. Exceptions .................................................................................................................... 16

VI. Ethiopic/GeVI. Ethiopic/GeVI. Ethiopic/GeVI. Ethiopic/Geʾʾʾʾezezezez............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 17171717

VII. CyrillicVII. CyrillicVII. CyrillicVII. Cyrillic ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 19191919

EBR Transliteration Guidelines 2

De Gruyter GmbH – EBR • Genthiner Str. 13 • 10785 Berlin • Germany Sebastian Fuhrmann ([email protected]) • Frauke Uhlenbruch ([email protected])

A. A. A. A. OverviewOverviewOverviewOverview

HebrewHebrewHebrewHebrew and Aramaicand Aramaicand Aramaicand Aramaic � Biblical Studies: B. J. Collins et al. (eds.), The SBL Handbook of Style (Atlanta, Ga.

22014). [SBL.HS] [“Academic Style”] � Modern Hebrew: See below (differs from SBL.HS “General-Purpose Style”). � Yiddish: U. Weinreich, Modern English-Yiddish Yiddish-English Dictionary (New

York 1987). [With some modifications for reasons of consistency.]

ArabicArabicArabicArabic � Islamic Studies: J. Dammen McAuliffe (ed.), Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾan (Boston/Leiden

2001–) = Library of Congress standard. [With two emendations.] See: http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/arabic.pdf

� Comparative Semitic Studies: L. Köhler/W. Baumgartner, Hebräisches und Aramäisches Lexikon zum Alten Testament (Leiden et al. 31995) il-l.

UgariticUgariticUgariticUgaritic � C. H. Gordon, Ugaritic Textbook (AnOr 38; Rome 1965).

CopticCopticCopticCoptic � P. H. Alexander et al. (eds.), The SBL Handbook of Style (Peabody, Mass. 1999). [SBL.HS]

SyriacSyriacSyriacSyriac � Provided by J. F. Coakley (June 2006).

Ethiopic (GeEthiopic (GeEthiopic (GeEthiopic (Geʾʾʾʾez)ez)ez)ez) � T. O. Lambdin, Introduction to Classical Ethiopic (Geʾez) (HSS 24; Missoula 1978).

For AuthorsFor AuthorsFor AuthorsFor Authors:::: Akkadian, Sumerian, Hurrian, Akkadian, Sumerian, Hurrian, Akkadian, Sumerian, Hurrian, Akkadian, Sumerian, Hurrian, and and and and ElamiteElamiteElamiteElamite � A. L. Oppenheim et al. (eds.), The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University

of Chicago (Chicago 1956–). [CAD] � Sumerian logograms within Akkadian are given in small caps, Sumerian words expanded.

HittiteHittiteHittiteHittite � Chicago Hittite Dictionary Project (http://oi.uchicago.edu/research/projects/hit/).

IranianIranianIranianIranian and and and and PersianPersianPersianPersian � Library of Congress standard (http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/persian.pdf)

EgyptianEgyptianEgyptianEgyptian � R. Hannig, Grosses Handwörterbuch Ägyptisch-Deutsch (Mainz 32001).



For Authors:For Authors:For Authors:For Authors:

Preliminary remarks:Preliminary remarks:Preliminary remarks:Preliminary remarks: • All transliteration should be set in italics.

• The transliteration system of EBR will differentiate between the lemma titles and the full text of the articles:

– In the lemma titles, the spelling will reproduce the New Revised Standard Version (NRSV) for names and terms mentioned in the Bible, or follow standard practice (cf. http://www.merriam-webster.com/) for all other transliterated terms.

– In the full text of the articles, exact transliteration of the term may be given in brackets immediately after the first occurrence; e.g. “…Adamah (MT ʾĀdāmâ; LXX Αδαμι)…”.

• The first letter of transliterated proper names should be capitalized (e.g., ʾĀdāmâ [not ʾādāmâ]).

• Greek quotations (e.g., from LXX) will be printed in Greek characters without transliteration. The first letter of Greek proper names should be capitalized, though without spiritus or accent (e.g., Αβιδαν [not Άβιδαν, Ἀβιδαν or Ἄβιδαν]).

• If possible, please use a Unicode compatible font for Greek text, as well as for text in transliteration; ideally either Arial Unicode MS (Windows users) or Lucida Grande (Macintosh users) fonts. Alternatively, please inform the editorial office if a non-Unicode font is employed.



B. B. B. B. ChartsChartsChartsCharts

I. Hebrew andI. Hebrew andI. Hebrew andI. Hebrew and AramaicAramaicAramaicAramaic

1. 1. 1. 1. BBBBiblical Studiesiblical Studiesiblical Studiesiblical Studies

a) a) a) a) ConsonantsConsonantsConsonantsConsonants

CharacterCharacterCharacterCharacter DescriptionDescriptionDescriptionDescription TransliterationTransliterationTransliterationTransliteration CharacterCharacterCharacterCharacter DescriptionDescriptionDescriptionDescription TransliterationTransliterationTransliterationTransliteration

sāmek s ס ʾālep ʾ א

ʿayin ʿ ע bêt b ב

pê p ף ,פ gîmel g ג

ṣādê ṣ ץ ,צ dālet d ד

qôp q ק hê h ה

rêš r ר wāw w ו

śîn ś ש zayin z ז

šîn š ש ḥêt ḥ ח

tāw t ת ṭêt ṭ ט

yôd y י

- kāp k - maqqep ך ,כ

lāmed l ל

mêm m ם ,מ

,נ ן nûn n



b) VowelsVowelsVowelsVowels

CharacterCharacterCharacterCharacter DescriptionDescriptionDescriptionDescription TransliterationTransliterationTransliterationTransliteration CharacterCharacterCharacterCharacter DescriptionDescriptionDescriptionDescription TransliterationTransliterationTransliterationTransliteration

A pataḥ a y i ḥîreq yôd î A furtive pataḥ a y@ I ḥîreq yôd îy F qāmeṣ ā f qāmeṣ ḥāṭûp o

h f final qāmeṣ hê â o ḥōlem ō

wy f 3rd masc. sg.

suf. āyw wO full ḥōlem ô

e sĕgōl e u short qibbûṣ u ' ṣērê ē u long qibbuṣ ū

y ' ṣērê yôd ê w% šûreq û y@ ' ṣērê yôd êy ? ḥāṭēp qāmeṣ ŏ y e sĕgōl yôd ê J ḥāṭēp pataḥ ă y@ E sĕgōl yôd êy V ḥāṭēp sĕgōl ĕ i short ḥîreq i : vocal šĕwă) ĕ

i long ḥîreq ī

c) c) c) c) NotesNotesNotesNotes

• hê, wāw, yōd used as matres lectionis to indicate long vowels are transliterated with a circumflex over the vowel (â, ê, î, ô, û).

• Final hê: 3.fem.sg. poss.suff. (-āh) and hê with mappiq are rendered -āh. • Silent šĕwă) is not indicated. • Where further differentiation is needed (e.g., between sĕgōl yôd and ṣērê yôd; or ḥāṭēp sĕgōl

and vocal šĕwā)), this may be indicated individually. • Short vowels written fully are transliterated i(w) o(w), u(w). • dāgēš forte will be indicated by doubling the consonant except for euphonic dāgēš.

g% gg

+% ṭṭ

c= ṣṣ

• begadkepat: no spirantization is indicated unless indispensable. If indicated, do so by underlining the consonant: ḇ g ḏ ḵ p ṯ

• Proper names are capitalized in transliteration (e.g., ʾĀdāmā, not ʾādāmā).



2. 2. 2. 2. Modern HebrewModern HebrewModern HebrewModern Hebrew

a) a) a) a) ConsonantsConsonantsConsonantsConsonants

CharacterCharacterCharacterCharacter DescriptionDescriptionDescriptionDescription TransliterationTransliterationTransliterationTransliteration

;alef ʾ (for medial consonantal alef only א initial, silent medial, and final not indicated [e.g., Eliyahu, bara, rosh, reshit, but leʾom, boʾakha, etc.])

bet b/v (spirant) ב

gimel g ג

dalet d ד

he h ה

waw w (for consonantal waw) ו

zayin z ז

khet ḥ ח

tet t ט

yod y י

כ, ך kaf k/kh (spirant)

lamed l ל

מ , ם mem m

נ, ן nun n

samekh s ס

ayin ʿ (in all cases: initial, medial, final) ע

pe / fe p/f (spirant) פ,ף

tsade ts צ,ץ

qof q ק

resh r ר

sin ś ש

shin sh ש

tav t ת



b) b) b) b) VowelsVowelsVowelsVowels

CharacterCharacterCharacterCharacter DescriptionDescriptionDescriptionDescription TransliterationTransliterationTransliterationTransliteration

◌ patakh a

◌ furtive patakh a

◌ qamets a

ה◌ final qamets he ah

◌ segol e

◌ tsere e

י◌ tsere yod ei (final only) / e (all other cases)

◌ short hireq i

◌ long hireq i

י◌ hireq yod i

◌ qamets hatuf o

◌ holem haser o

◌ full holem o

◌ short qibbuts u

◌ long qibbuts u

shureq u ו

◌ hatef qamets o

◌ hatef patakh a

◌ shewa e (initial only; otherwise not indicated)

c) c) c) c) NotesNotesNotesNotes • Spirant forms (dagesh lene) are used only for beit, kaf, and pe of the begadkepat letters (v, kh,

f). • Doubled forms (dagesh forte) are doubled also in transliteration, except for sh and ts (thus:

Shabbat, dabber, Tehillim, but bishul, kishuf, qitsur).



• For Authors:For Authors:For Authors:For Authors: • For common liturgical terms follow these rules and capitalize: ʿAmidah; Birkat ha-minim;

Kaddish; Shemaʿ; Shemoneh ʿEsreh. • For names of holidays, use: Rosh Hashanah; Yom Kippur; Pesaḥ; Shavuʿot; Sukkot;

Hanukkah; Purim; Tishʿah be-Av • When spelling Hebrew terms that begin with the definite article (ha), or with a preposition,

separate the article or preposition from the main word with a hyphen. If appropriate, capitalize the first letter of the word after the article; thus: Birkat ha-Torah (not Birkat Hatorah, Birkat HaTorah or Birkat haTorah).

• For transliterated text, capitalize only proper names: wa-yehi bi-heyotam ba-śadeh; derekh Bet Leḥem; wa-yomer Yitsḥaq el Avraham aviw

• For words beginning with a shewa and preceded by a preposition, romanize the word as it would appear without the preposition (e.g. bi-Yerushalayim, not birushalayim).

3. 3. 3. 3. YiddishYiddishYiddishYiddish

a) a) a) a) ConsonantsConsonantsConsonantsConsonants and Vowelsand Vowelsand Vowelsand Vowels

CharacterCharacterCharacterCharacter TransliterationTransliterationTransliterationTransliteration

(not transliterated) א

a א

o א

b ב, ב

ב v (used only in words of Semitic origin; e.g., mevatl, meḥuyev)

g ג

d ד

h (including final) ה

ו, ו u

v וו

oy וי

z ז

zh זש

ḥ (used only in words of Semitic origin, e.g., ḥaver, ḥayev) ח

t ט



tsh טש

y (consonant; when first character in a syllable) י

i (vowel) י

(or adjacent to another vowel י only used following a consonantal) i י

ey יי

ay יי

k (used only in words of Semitic origin) כ

כ, ך kh

l ל

מ, ם m

נ, ן n

s ס

e ע

p פ

פ ,ף f

צ ,ץ ts

q ק

r ר

sh ש

ś (used only in words of Semitic origin) ש

t (used only in words of Semitic origin) ת

s (used only in words of Semitic origin) ת

b) b) b) b) NotesNotesNotesNotes • Hebrew words in Yiddish are usually transliterated according to standard Yiddish

pronunciation: e.g., בראשית = breyshes; =כלש śeykhl; רכילות = rekhiles; משה = Moysheh; שארית הפליטה ;aqeydes Yitsḥoq = עקידת יצחק = sheyres hapleyteh.

• The article ha is not followed by a hyphen as it is in Hebrew.



II. II. II. II. AAAArabicrabicrabicrabic

1. 1. 1. 1. Arabic in Islamic StudiesArabic in Islamic StudiesArabic in Islamic StudiesArabic in Islamic Studies

a) a) a) a) CCCConsonantsonsonantsonsonantsonsonants

CharacterCharacterCharacterCharacter TransliterationTransliterationTransliterationTransliteration CharacterCharacterCharacterCharacter TransliterationTransliterationTransliterationTransliteration

d9 ض (or omit; see notes) ( ا

t ط b ب [

z ظ t ت 9

) ع th ث

gh غ j ج

f ف ḥ ح

q ق kh خ

k ك d د

l ل dh ذ

m م r ر

n ن z ز

h ة ,ه s س

w و sh ش

s ص y ى ]

b) b) b) b) Vowels and DiphthongsVowels and DiphthongsVowels and DiphthongsVowels and Diphthongs

CCCCharacterharacterharacterharacter TTTTransliterationransliterationransliterationransliteration CCCCharacterharacterharacterharacter TTTTransliterationransliterationransliterationransliteration CCCCharacterharacterharacterharacter TTTTransliterationransliterationransliterationransliteration

ī ـى ā ـا a ـ

aw ـو ā ـى u ـ

ay ـی ū ـو i ـ



c) c) c) c) NonNonNonNon----Arabic ConsonantsArabic ConsonantsArabic ConsonantsArabic Consonants

CCCCharacterharacterharacterharacter TTTTransliterationransliterationransliterationransliteration CCCCharacterharacterharacterharacter TTTTransliterationransliterationransliterationransliteration CCCCharacterharacterharacterharacter TTTTransliterationransliterationransliterationransliteration

v ڤ ch چ g گ

v ۋ zh چ g ڴ

v ڥ zh ژ p پ

d) d) d) d) NotesNotesNotesNotes • hamzah (ء) is generally transliterated by ). Initial hamza is not transliterated (e.g., al-amr). .is transliterated as -a (status absolutus), or as -at (status constructus) (tāʾ marbūṭa) ة •• The article is always al- (no assimilation), though in the case of hamzat al-waṣl it is l- (e.g., wa-

l-kitāb). • For Authors:For Authors:For Authors:For Authors: Separate words are written together in Arabic with a dash (e.g. wa-l-kitāb). Please

transliterate words as in pause without i`rāb, except for quotations from the Qur)ān and poetry.

2. 2. 2. 2. Arabic in CArabic in CArabic in CArabic in Comparative Semitic Studiesomparative Semitic Studiesomparative Semitic Studiesomparative Semitic Studies • For For For For AuthorsAuthorsAuthorsAuthors:::: For the transliteration of Arabic within the context of comparative Semitics (e.g., in

Hebrew Bible articles of EBR) or for the transliteration of Arabic place names within biblical archaeology, please use the following (slightly different) standard.


l ل ʾ ا

m م b ب

n ن g ج

s س d د

ʿ ع ḏ ذ

ġ غ h ه

p, f ف w (ṷ) و

ṣ ص z ز

ḍ ض ḥ ح

q ق ḫ خ

r ر ṭ ط

ś ش ẓ ظ

t ت y ى

ṯ ث k ك



III. III. III. III. UgariticUgariticUgariticUgaritic


a k

i l

u m

b n

g s

d ś

ḏ ʿ

h ǵ

w p

z ṣ

ḥ q

ḫ r

ṭ š

ẓ t

y ṯ



IV. IV. IV. IV. CopticCopticCopticCoptic


a a r r

b b s s

g g t t

d d u u

e e f ph

z z x kh

h ē y ps

q th w ō

i i 4 š

k k 3 f

l l 6 h

m m ` j

n n 2 č

c ks 5 ti

o o - e

p p 1 ḫ



V. V. V. V. SyriacSyriacSyriacSyriac

1. 1. 1. 1. The AThe AThe AThe Alphabetlphabetlphabetlphabet The following table shows the estrangela forms of the letters. See any textbook for the serto (West Syriac) and East Syriac forms. Transliteration is unaffected.


) )))) (or disregarded)* l l

b b m, M m

g g n n

d d s s

h h 9 ((((

w w ** p p

z z c s [

x h 9 q q

+ t@ r r

y y ** X š

k k t t

* Alaph is disregarded only at the end of a word. Examples: �� (mi)mra); ��ܐ (izgade).

** When consonantal. Otherwise see vowels, diphthongs, and silent letters below.

• Note that for the letters bgdkpt, no distinction is made between the hard and soft pronunciation (quššaya, rukkaka).

• Doubling of consonants is not reproduced. Examples: � � (qaṭel) ��ܙܕ (zadiqa).



2. 2. 2. 2. VowelsVowelsVowelsVowels Vowels are supplied whenever possible. ba ܒ ܒ ܒ ܒ be ܒ ܒ ܒ �� bi ()ida( not yida) �ܥ :i (at beginning of word). Example ܝ ܝ � bo � � bu • Note that long vowels are not distinguished by macrons. Even the long e vowel written with

yod ��/�� is represented simply as e. For example: #$ .(Aprem() ܐ)�' (halen) ܗ%

• “Vocal shewa” is not reproduced (e.g., ��)* is ktaba not ketaba). • ForForForFor Authors:Authors:Authors:Authors:

For words you do not know, refer to Payne Smith’s Syriac English Dictionary. Normally the vowels given there will also serve for East Syriac words, but see the special rules below.

3. 3. 3. 3. DiphthongsDiphthongsDiphthongsDiphthongs

Waw and yod are w and y respectively in diphthongs like the following: � � baw �� bay $� $� biw Example: $+� (gabiw)

4. 4. 4. 4. Special rules for East Syriac vowelsSpecial rules for East Syriac vowelsSpecial rules for East Syriac vowelsSpecial rules for East Syriac vowels

Consider a text to be East Syriac whenever it is written in the East Syriac script (even though the author of the text might be Western). If the text is pointed, follow it. If unpointed, notice: • Words with an original vowel on alaph are shown in Payne Smith with the vowel moved onto a

preceding vowel-less consonant. In East Syriac, these words keep the vowel on alaph. Examples: (i) ܒ�, (ṭe)b) ‖ ܒ�, (ṭ)eb) (ii) -)%�. (še)lta) ‖ -)%�. (š)elta)

• Some other words in West Syriac which have a long i vowel in Payne Smith’s dictionary, especially words in which this vowel is carried by alaph, have e in East Syriac.

Examples: (i) �/�* (ki)na) ‖ �/�* (ke)na) (ii) -ܬ�/ (ni)te) ‖ -ܬ�/ (ne)te)



• Silent lettersSilent lettersSilent lettersSilent letters are enclosed in parentheses. Most are in affixes. Examples: �12� malk(i) ‖ 3ܝ$+� gbay(hi) ‖ (ܘܗܝܐ )itaw(hi) ‖ 2 � qṭal(u) 2(ܝ � qṭalt(i) ‖ 12 ܗܝ� malkaw(hi) ‖ ܗܝ �52� ‖ abu(hi)( ܐ � qaṭlan(i) ngalew(hi) /26$ ܗܝ [However, for ܝ�� and 7ܐ see below.]

• PrefixesPrefixesPrefixesPrefixes are separated from the words to which they attach by a hyphen. Examples: �� ܕ��ܡ ܘܕ�(ܪ )* (ktaba da-qdam wad-batar); ܥ�ܕ (d-ida(); ܘܐ�� (w-)emar)

• For For For For Authors:Authors:Authors:Authors: Observe the letters with linea occultans in Payne Smith's Syriac English Dictionary as far as possible. If in doubt, no great harm is done if the parentheses be omitted.

Examples: (i(d)ta ‖ ())naš

Capitalization:Capitalization:Capitalization:Capitalization: Words are capitalized as they would be in English. If a word starts with ) or (, the next letter is capitalized.

5. 5. 5. 5. ModernModernModernModern SyriacSyriacSyriacSyriac

As a general rule for the present, treat as classical. Transliterate the extra letters as follows: ğ ܓ č ܒ

ž ܪ

š ܫ

6. 6. 6. 6. ExceptionsExceptionsExceptionsExceptions

Some common words look awkward when transliterated according to the rules. We therefore allow: �$( ‖ Mar ��ܝ Bet ‖ 7ܐ ak ‖ ��= Israel ‖ �=�ܐܐ )Isra)el

J. F. Coakley (June 2006)



VI. VI. VI. VI. EEEEthiopic/thiopic/thiopic/thiopic/GeGeGeGeʾʾʾʾezezezez



VVVVII. II. II. II. CyrillicCyrillicCyrillicCyrillic


A а A a С с S s

Б б B b Т т T t

В в V v У у U u

Г г G g Ф ф F f

Д д D d Х х Kh kh

E e E e Ц ц TS ts

Ë ë Ë ë Ч ч Ch ch

Ж ж Zh zh Ш ш Sh sh

З з Z z Щ щ Shch shch

И и I i Ъ ъ “ “

Й й Ĭ ĭ Ы ы Y Y

I I Ī ī Ь ь '

'

K к K k Ѣ ѣ IE Ie

Л л L l Э э Ė ė

M м M m Ю ю IU iu

H н N n Я я IA ia

O o O o Ѳ ѳ Ḟ ḟ

П п P p Ѵ ѵ Ẏ ẏ

Р р R r

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