Ebola virus information.pdf
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8/11/2019 Ebola virus information.pdf
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Ebola VirusEbola VirusEbola VirusEbola VirusEbola VirusEbola VirusEbola VirusEbola Virus
Hemorrhagic Fever
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OutbreaksOutbreaks
1976- First MajorOutbreak (ZEBOV)
1976- Sudan
(SEBOV) Occur Sporadically
www.cdc.gov for
more information
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Where does Ebola hide?Where does Ebola hide?
2002- Fruit Bats Antibodies against Ebola
Ebola Gene sequences in
Fruit bats do not show any
symptoms
Best candidate to be the
reservoir
More research needs to be
done
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GeographyGeography
The link between human infection by the Ebola virus andtheir proximity to primates is clear.
-Outbreaks occurred in countries that house 80 percent ofthe worlds remaining wild gorilla and chimpanzee
.
- The outbreaks coincided with the outbreaks in wildanimals.
- The same distinct viral strains were isolated in animalcarcasses and in the bodies of those who handled those
carcasses.- These outbreaks were preceded by an abnormally largedeath in wild Gorilla populations.
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Clinical ObservationsClinical Observations Incubation period: 2-21 days
Stage I (unspecific):
-Extreme asthenia (body weakness)
-diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, anorexia
abdominal pain
- headaches
- arthralgia (neuralgic pain in joints)- myalgia (muscular pain or tenderness), back pain
- mucosal redness of the oral cavity, dysphagia (difficulty inswallowing)
- conjunctivitis.
- rash all over body except in face
** If the patients dont recover gradually at this point, there is a highprobability that the disease will progress to the second phase, resulting incomplications which eventually lead to death (Mupapa et al., 1999).
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Stage II (Specific):
- Hemorrhage
- neuropsychiatric abnormalities
- anuria (the absence of urine formation)
- hiccups- tachypnea (rapid breathing).
** Patients who progressed to phase two EHF almost always die..,
Late Complications:
-Arthralgia
- ocular diseases (ocular pain, photophobia and hyperlacrimation)
- hearing loss- unilateral orchitis( inflammation of one or both of the testes)
** These conditions are usually relieved with the treatment of 1%atropine and steroids
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EpidemiologyEpidemiology Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever was first found in 1976
It struck two countries within that year a. Sudan in a town called Nzara
b. Zaire, now known as the Democratic Republic ofCongo
In these two instances the mortality rate was between50 90%
Following those epidemics, Ebola hit Africa in many otherinstances the worst yet being in the year 2000 when it
struck Uganda infecting more than 400 people.
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TransmissionTransmission
contracted through contact of any infectedindividuals body fluids
Ebola HF prevention
poster used in Kikwit
outbreak.
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Controlling the spread of EbolaControlling the spread of Ebola
a. Hospitals must follow precautionary methods, such as:1. wearing gloves
2. isolating infected individuals
.
4. proper sterilization and disposal of all equipment
b. Burials must be done correctly
1. no washing or touching carcass
2. put into body bags and bury outside city c. Report any questionable illness to officials
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Ebola SubtypesEbola Subtypes
Ebola-Zaire(ZEBOV)
Ebola-Sudan
(SEBOV)
Ebola Ivory-Coast
(ICEBOV)
Ebola-Reston
(REBOV)
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MOLECULAR STRUCTUREMOLECULAR STRUCTURE Characterization of the virus
Order: Mononegavirales Family: Filoviridae
Genus: Ebolavirus
Species: Ebola-Zaire, Ebola-Sudan, Ebola-Cote d-Ivoire, Ebola-
Morphology under electron microscope filamentous, enveloped RNA virus
approx. 19 kb in length (1 kb = 1000 RNA
bases/nucleotides) or 60-80 nm in diameter
single-stranded, linear, non-segmented
negative-sense RNA (encoded in a 3 to 5 direction)
appears to have spikes due to glycoprotein on
outside membrane
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Structure of Ebola genome and proteins
Transcribed into 8 sub-genomic mRNA proteins: 7
structural and 1 nonstructural
7 structural proteins:
nucleoprotein (NP)
4 viral/virion proteins (VP35, VP40, VP30, VP24)
g ycopro e n
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (L protein)
NP, VP35, VP30, L protein: required for transcription &
replication
VP40, GP, VP24: associated with the membrane
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ProteinsProteins
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EthicsEthics
Biogeograophical Ethics is defined as motivationbased on ideas of right and wrong when dealingwith the geographical distribution of animals and
.
This concept of can be used to explain the worldsshockingly small response to the Ebola Virus.
Because there was little travel to that region by
people of more developed countries, there was notmuch economic drive for a vaccine, treatment, andaid in prevention.
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