Ebola infection cub eutms

Ebola Virus Disease

Somalia, Mogadishu

LtCol B.V.V., MD

What is Ebola

Key facts

• Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a severe, often fatal illness in humans.

• EVD outbreaks have a case fatality rate of up to 90%.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) handout photo of the Ebola virus

AlvinChew slideshare presentation [email protected]


• The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through human-to-human transmission.

• EVD outbreaks occur primarily in remote villages in Central and West Africa, near tropical rainforests.


Ebola is not an airborne virus transmittable between humans, at present. (However in 2012 the deadliest form of the virus was transmitted by air between pigs and monkeys that had had no direct contact).

Ebola can be spread from animals to humans by contact with the blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected animals, such as monkeys and fruit bats.

Fruit bats (and maybe pigs) are believed to be asymptomatic carriers of the virus.

Human-to-human transmission is through broken skin or mucous membranes coming into contact with the blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected people, and in direct contact with environments contaminated with such fluids.

Virus can be destroyed by soap, bleach, exposure to sunlight or drying. A washing machine will kill the virus on clothing saturated with infected body fluids.

Signs & SymptomsSymptoms of EVD typically include:

• Fever

• Headache

• Joint and muscle pains

• Weakness

• Diarrhea

• Vomiting

• Stomach pain

• Lack of appetite

Some patients may experience:

• A Rash

• Red Eyes

• Cough

• Sore throat

• Chest pain

• Difficulty breathing

• Difficulty swallowing

• Bleeding inside and outside of the body


Diagnosis

1. Patient with symptoms described above with2. A history of travelling to Liberia, Guinea,

Sierra Leone within 21 days

- Viruses are isolated from Blood by cell culture on Vero cells ( Vero –E 6 )

- ELISA for antigen detection

- ELISA for IgM- RT – PCR


Treatment Standard treatment for Ebola HF is still limited to

supportivetherapy:

* Balancing the patient’s fluids and electrolytes* Maintaining their oxygen status and blood pressure* Treating them for any complicating infections

• Severely ill patients require intensive supportive care.

• No licensed specific treatment or vaccine is available for use in people or animals.


Survivors of Ebola may remain contagious for months after they have recovered from the virus.

Men have been found to still have the virus in their semen at least 61 days after recovering from Ebola. Anyone who has suffered from Ebola and survived should be tested a few months afterwards for either antibodies to the virus, the viral DNA or the virus itself.

The bodies of the deceased also remain infectious for a significant period and have to be disposed of very carefully in sterile conditions.

Ebola is a World Health Organisation Risk Group 4 pathogen requiring strict containment.

PreventionPrevention focuses on avoiding contact with the viruses. The following precautions can help prevent infection and spread of Ebola

• Avoid areas of known outbreaks.

• Wash your hands frequently. As with other infectious diseases, one of the most important preventive measures is frequent hand-washing. Use soap and water, or use alcohol-based hand rubs containing at least 60 percent alcohol when soap and water aren't available.

• Avoid wildlife /bush meat. In developing countries, avoid buying or eating the wild animals, including nonhuman primates, sold in local markets.

• Avoid contact with infected people. In particular, caregivers should avoid contact with the person's body fluids and tissues, including blood, semen, vaginal secretions and saliva.

People with Ebola are most contagious in the later stages of the disease.

• Follow infection-control procedures. If you're a health care worker, wear protective clothing, such as gloves, masks, gowns and eye shields. Keep infected people isolated from others. Dispose of needles and sterilize other instruments.

• Don't handle remains. The bodies of people who have died of Ebola disease are still contagious. Specially organized and trained teams should bury the remains, using appropriate safety equipment.


Dr Kent Brantly and Nancy Writebol

LiberiaDr Kent Brantly - 22julyNancy Writebol - 25july

They received experimental treatment “Zmapp” made from infected mouse.

After improving condition they were transferred to USA, Emory University Hospital in Atlanta

Bioterrorism

Locality of this virus has become less isolated as the threat of bioterrorism looms large.

The Ebola virus is now on the “A” list for hopeful vaccination development.

Experiments have even been formed to show how Ebola can be used as a bioterror agent.

Ebola infection cub eutms

Education

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