EBOLA in Uganda

7/30/2019 EBOLA in Uganda

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BY

KIRUNDA DANIEL

J12B27/316


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DEFINITION Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) is a human disease which

is caused by Ebola viruses.

The viruses include ; Bundibugyo Ebola virus , Zaire Ebola

virus , Sudan Ebola virus , Reston Ebola virus and Tai

Forest virus (Cote d'Ivoire Ebola virus).

It is clinically nearly indistinguishable from Marburg virus

disease (MVD).


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EPIDEMIOLOGY

Africa is plagued by numerous outbreaks of existing, re-

emerging and emerging pathogens including bacteria and

viruses.

The first reported occurrence of the disease was the twin

epidemics in Southern Sudan and northern Zaire in 1976.


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Epidemiology contd In Sudan, 156 (55%) of 284 persons died from the

epidemic while in the corresponding Zaire outbreak 280

(88%) of 318 cases died.

Two subtypes of Ebola virus were responsible for these

two simultaneous outbreaks.


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Epidemiology contd
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ebola_virus_virion.jpg


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Epidemiology contd First out break reported of Ebola hemorrhagic fever in

Uganda was in 2000.

During October 5-November 27,2000, 62 persons were

laboratory-confirmed with EHF and admitted to Gulu

hospital

Among the 62 confirmed case-patients, 36 (58%) died;

among patients aged


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Epidemiology contd On October 15, suspicion of Ebola hemorrhagic fever

(EHF) was confirmed when the National Institute of

Virology (NIV), Johannesburg, South Africa, identified

Ebola virus infection among specimens from patients,

including health-care workers at St. Mary's Hospital.

Sequence analysis revealed that the virus associated with

this outbreak was Ebola-Sudan


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Epidemiology contd As of January 23, 2001, 425 presumptive case-patients

with 224 (53%) deaths attributed to EHF were recorded

from three districts in Uganda: 393 (93%) from Gulu, 27

(6%) from Masindi, and five (1%) from Mbarara.


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Distribution of Ebola in Africa


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Distribution of Ebola virus in 2000


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Epidemiology contd

The first known Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) outbreak

caused by Bundibugyo Ebola virus occurred in Bundibugyo

in 2007.

Fifty six cases of EHF were laboratory confirmed.

The signs and symptoms were largely nonspecific

Similar to those of EHF outbreaks caused by Zaire and

Sudan Ebola viruses.


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Epidemiology contd Of the 43 cases confirmed from acute-phase samples, 17

deaths occurred.

No gender bias was observed between survivors and

those who died.


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TRANSIMISSION OF EBOLA

Epidemics result from person-to-person contact within

communities, families, and hospitals, or from laboratory

exposures with infectious body fluids from infected

persons.

The means of infection and the natural ecology of these

viruses are largely unknown, although an association with

monkeys and/or bats has been suggested.


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Pictures of a Gollira and a Bat
http://www.mpg.de/715254/zoom.jpeg


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CLINICAL PRESENTATION

Incubation period takes 2-21 days.

There is a sudden onset of illness with non-specific

symptoms including fever(>39C).

severe frontal headache.

malaise

Myalgia with deterioration over the next 2-3 days.

pharyngitis


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Clinical presentation contd

Severe sore throat

Anorexia

Nausea

Vomiting progressing to hematemesis and melena.

Other hemorrhagic manifestations include; gingival

bleeding and uncontrolled bleeding from body orifices.


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Clinical presentation contd The appearance of maculo-papular rash around day 5 of

illness.

Terminal tachycardia and shock

Diarrhea

Abdominal pain Body aches or joint pains ,difficulty swallowing and

Hiccups,


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Bleeding in Ebola patient


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Risk factors Traces of Ebola virus were detected in the carcasses of

Gorillas and Chimpanzees during outbreaks in 2001 and

2003, which later became the source of human infections.

Bats are considered the most likely candidate due to

absence of clinical signs which is characteristic of a

reservoir species.


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PREVENTION

Avoid sharing of needles and syringes.

Isolate patients and observe strict barrier nursing

procedures with the use of a medical-rated disposableface mask, gloves, goggles, and a gown at all times,

strictly enforced for all medical personnel and visitors.


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Prevention contd Health educate the community to avoid any contact with

the blood or secretions of any patient, including contact

with the deceased.

persons who have died of Ebola must be handled using

strong protective wear and buried immediately.

Report any suspected cases of Ebola to the nearest health

facility.


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Prevention contd Disinfect the beddings and clothing of an infected person.

Avoid direct contact with body fluids of persons suffering

from Ebola.

Avoid communal washing of hands during funerals.

Avoid eating dead animals especially monkeys.

Wash hands with soap and water after handling a patient

or body of a person who has died of Ebola.


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PUBLIC HEALTH IMPORTANCE Spontaneous abortions.

The disease has a rapid progression.

It is highly infectious. It can be prevented

It is very expensive to manage out break

EBOLA in Uganda

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