Ebola EVD&HS&DEV Day1V3 · Postconflictseng& • Guinea,&2010&massacre& •...

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Precursors for vulnerability

Transcript of Ebola EVD&HS&DEV Day1V3 · Postconflictseng& • Guinea,&2010&massacre& •...

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Precursors  for  vulnerability    

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Root  Causes   Dynamic  Pressures   Unsafe  CondiRons   Disasters   Hazards  Limited  access  to:   Lack  of:   Fragile  physical  environment:      

   Risk  

Earthquake  Resources   Ins:tu:ons   Dangerous  loca:ons   Wind  storm  Structures   Training  &  skills   Unprotected  structures   Flooding  Power   Investment   Fragile  local  economy:      

=      

Volcano  Ideologies:   Markets   Livelihoods  at  risk   Landslide  Poli:cal  systems   Press  freedom   Low  income   Drought  Economic  systems   Civil  society   Vulnerable  society:   Hazard  

   Virus  

Macro-­‐forces:   Groups  at  risk   Heat  wave       Popula:on  growth   LiTle  capacity  to  cope   +  

   Pests  

    Urbaniza:on   Public  acRons:           Arms  expenditure   Lack  of  preparedness   Vulnerability  

       

    Debt  repayment   Endemic  disease           Deforesta:on                   Soil  degrada:on              Root  Causes   Dynamic  Pressures   Unsafe  CondiRons   Disasters   Hazards  

 Source:  Blaikie  et  al.  (1994)  Structure  of  vulnerability  and  disasters.      

Pressure  and  release  Model  

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PAR  model:  Root  Causes  

Limited  access  to:  Resources  Structures  Power  Ideologies:  Poli:cal  systems  Economic  systems  

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Post  conflict  se<ng  

•  Guinea,  2010  massacre  •  Liberia,  10-­‐15  out  of  a  2  decade  long  civil  war  

– Democra:c  governance  

•  Sierra  Leone,  VP  ousted  from  office  •  Ivorian  civil  War  •  Distrust  of  power  and  government  

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PAR  model:  Dynamic  Pressures    Lack  of:  

Ins:tu:ons  Training  &  skills  Investment  Markets  Press  freedom  Civil  society  Macro-­‐forces:  Popula:on  growth  Urbaniza:on  Arms  expenditure  Debt  repayment  Deforesta:on  Soil  degrada:on  

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Transport  and  commerce    •  Post  conflict  in  Sierra  Leone  and  Liberia  

•  Infrastructure  s:ll  poor  but  slowly  improving    •  Increased  ability  to  safely  travel  within  and  between  countries  

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Transport  and  commerce  •  Liberia’s  gains  slower    

 84  percent  live  on  less  than  $1.25  per  day  – GDP  per  capita  has  grown  on  average  by  nearly  8  percent  per  year    since  2006  

–  66,000  miles  of  roads;  less  than  7  percent  paved    •  Two  main  road  arteries    •  Monrovia    to  fron:er  Cote  d’Ivoire  •  Monrovia    to  fronRer  with  Guinea  

•  Foster  V,  Pushak  N.(  2010)  Liberia’s  Infrastructure:  A  Con:nental  Perspec:ve  The  Interna:onal  Bank  for  

Reconstruc:on  and  Development  /  The  World  Bank    

 

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Transport  and  commerce  •  As  of  May  2014:    

•  Sierra  Leone:  Masiaka-­‐Bo  Highway  completed    •  rehabilita:on  of  600km  of  feeder  roads  in  Port  Loko,  Kambia,  Pujehun  and  Kenema  Districts  

•  Allafrica  (2014)  Liberia:  S/Leone  &  Liberia  -­‐  Next  Door  Neighbors  Baole  Road  Woes    •  hTp://allafrica.com/stories/201405150311.html  

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Environmental  factors  

 •  longitudinal  sampling  of  bats    •  epidemiology  of  EBOV  in  West  Africa      " possible  public  health  threats  should            be  inves:gated  and    addressed      Hayman  DTS  et  al  (2012)  Emerging  Infec:ous  Diseases    Vol.  18,  No.  7,  July  20  2012  

 

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Environmental  factors  

•  Ebola  Virus  An:bodies  in  Fruit  Bats,  Ghana  

•  Zaire  an:bodies  in  a  lone  migratory  fruit  bat  

•  tested  88  non-­‐migratory  fruit  bats  in  2007  

•  EBOV  an:bodies  in  32  of  88    fruit  bats  •       •  Hayman  DTS  et  al  (2012)  Emerging  Infec:ous  Diseases    Vol.  18,  No.  7,  July  20  2012  

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Environment  

 immune  func:on    natural  reservoir  of  ebola  

 viral  replica:on  compe::on  for  scarce    resources  

Decreased  fruit  supply  

Increase  in  Ebola  outbreaks  in  primates  in  during  the  dry  season  –  November  to  April  

infec:on  

exposure  

Illness  or  death  

Hayman  DTS  et  al  (2012)  Emerging  Infec:ous  Diseases    Vol.  18,  No.  7,  July  20  2012  Leroy  EM,  Kumulungui  B,  Pourrut  X,  Rouquet  P,  Hassanin  A,  Yaba  P,  et  al.    Fruit  bats  as  reservoirs  of  Ebola  virus.  Nature.  2005;438:575-­‐6.  [PMID:  16319873]    

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Environmental  factors  

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PAR  model:  Unsafe  CondiRons  

Fragile  physical  environment:  Dangerous  loca:ons  Unprotected  structures  Fragile  local  economy:  Livelihoods  at  risk  Low  income  Vulnerable  society:  Groups  at  risk  LiTle  capacity  to  cope  Public  acRons:  Lack  of  preparedness  Endemic  disease  

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Health  system  

Country  Popula:on  (millions)      MD  

Nurses/midwives  

MMR  Deaths  Per  

100,000  Live  births  

Under  5  m  Deaths  Per  1000  

Live  births  

Per  capita    

for  health  $USD  

2010  (2000)  

Liberia          4.2   51   978   770   108   $8($3)  

Sierra  Leone        5.9   116   991   890   174   $10($6)  

Guinea        11.  0   940   401   610   130   $  10  ($4)  

Nigeria   168.8   60,000   225,000   630   143   $21($6)  

AFRICA  HEALTH,  HUMAN  &  SOCIAL  DEVELOPMENT  INFORMATION  SERVICE  (AFRI-­‐DEV.INFO)2014.  

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Health  Systems  

•  Risk  is  not  confined  to  healthcare  workers  

•  Pa:ents  can  be  exposed  to  HIV  and  other  bloodborne  pathogen    during  procedures    

•  Pa:ents    have  no  means  to  protect  themselves  from  such  exposure.    

•  Leow  JJ.  et  al.(2012)  Scarcity  of  healthcare  worker  protec:on  in  eight  low-­‐  and  middle-­‐income  countries:  surgery  and  the  risk  of  HIV  and  other  bloodborne  pathogens.  Tropical  Medicine  and  Interna:onal  Health  volume  17  no  3  pp  397–401  March  2012  

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Health  system    Protec:on  of  healthcare  workers  during  surgery    

Study  of  five  protec:ons  at  each  surveyed  hospital.  Review  of  WHO  Tool  for  the  Situa:onal  Analysis  of  Access  to  Emergency  and  Essen:al  Surgical  Care:  •  eye  protec:on,  aprons,  sterile  gloves,  sterilizers  and  suc:on  pumps  

•  Leow  JJ.  et  al.(2012)  Scarcity  of  healthcare  worker  protec:on  in  eight  low-­‐  and  middle-­‐income  countries:  surgery  and  the  risk  of  HIV  and  other  bloodborne  pathogens.  Tropical  Medicine  and  Interna:onal  Health  volume  17  no  3  pp  397–401  March  2012  

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Health  system  

WHO  Tool  for  the  Situa:onal  Analysis  of  Access  to  Emergency  and  Essen:al  Surgical  Care:  Gambia,  2011;  Ghana,  2010,  Liberia;  2011;  Sierra  Leone,  2009    •  Leow  JJ.  et  al.(2012)  Scarcity  of  healthcare  worker  protec:on  in  eight  low-­‐  and  middle-­‐income  countries:  surgery  and  the  risk  of  HIV  and  

other  bloodborne  pathogens.  Tropical  Medicine  and  Interna:onal  Health  volume  17  no  3  pp  397–401  March  2012  

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8:00-­‐  8:30  –  BRAINSTORMING  and  Notes  Session    

•  What  was  the  state  of  the  country  or  region  prior  to  2009?    

•  Consider    the  PaR  Model  •  What  would  you  recommend  for  the  next  5  years  to  reduce  vulnerability  to  future  disasters  

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Liberia  November  /December  2014  

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References  •  Africa  health,  human  &  social  development  informa:on  service  (AFRI-­‐DEV.INFO)  2014.  

•  Allafrica  (2014)  Liberia:  S/Leone  &  Liberia  -­‐  Next  Door  Neighbors  BaTle  Road  Woes    •  hTp://allafrica.com/stories/201405150311.html  

•  CDC(2014)  Clinician  informa:on  in  health  care  se<ngs  hTp://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/hcp/clinician-­‐informa:on-­‐us-­‐healthcare-­‐se<ngs.html  

 •  Foster  V,  Pushak  N.(  2010)  Liberia’s  Infrastructure:  A  Con:nental  Perspec:ve  .The  World  Bank    

•  Hayman  DTS  ,  et  al  (2012)  Emerging  Infec:ous  Diseases    Vol.  18,  No.  7,  July  20  2012    •  Kuhn,  J.  H.,  Becker,  S.,  Ebihara,  H.,  Geisbert,  T.  W.,  Johnson,  K.  M.,  Kawaoka,  Y.,  ...  &  Jahrling,  P.  B.  

(2010).  Proposal  for  a  revised  taxonomy  of  the  family  Filoviridae:    classifica:on,  names  of  taxa  and  viruses,  and  virus  abbrevia:ons.  Archives  of  virology,  155(12),  2083-­‐2103.  

 •  Leow  JJ.  et  al.(2012)  Scarcity  of  healthcare  worker  protec:on  in  eight  low-­‐  and  middle-­‐income  

countries:  surgery  and  the  risk  of  HIV  and  other  bloodborne  pathogens.  Tropical  Medicine  and  Interna:onal  Health  volume  17  no  3  pp  397–401  March  2012  

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References  

•  Leroy  EM,  Kumulungui  B,  Pourrut  X,  Rouquet  P,  Hassanin  A,  Yaba  P,  et  al.    Fruit  bats  as  reservoirs  of  Ebola  virus.  Nature.  2005;438:575-­‐6.  [PMID:  16319873  

 •  Mupapa,  K.,  Massamba,  M.,  Kibadi,  K.,  Kuvula,  K.,  Bwaka,  A.,  Kipasa,  M.,  ...  &  Muyembe-­‐

Tamfum,  J.  J.  (1999).  Treatment  of  Ebola  hemorrhagic  fever  with  blood  transfusions  from  convalescent  pa:ents.  Journal  of  Infec0ous  Diseases,  179(Supplement  1),  S18-­‐S23.  

•  Schoepp  RJ,  Rossi  CA,  Khan  SH,  Goba    A,  Fair  JN.  (2010)  Undiagnosed  Acute  Viral  Febrile  Illnesses,  Sierra  Leone.  Emerging  Infec:ous  Diseases  •  Vol.  20,  No.  7,  July  2014  

•  WHO  Ebola  fact  sheet    •  hTp://www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/en/  

•  WHO  Marburg  fact  sheet  •  hTp://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs_marburg/en/  •     

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Ebola  Response    •  MGH  –Harvard  Center  for  Global  Health  Seminar  on  Ebola  •  hop://www.mghcgh.org/resources/cgh-­‐seminar-­‐videos/  

•  CDC    Ebola  2014  West  Africa  Outbreak  Resources  •  hop://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/resources/index.html?s_cid=cs_021  

•  CDC  Generic  EbolaResponse  (ER)  :  Modeling  impact  in  Excel  •  hop://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/24900  

•  CDC  Sept  23  2014:EsRmaRng  the  Future  Number  of  Cases  in  the  Ebola  Epidemic  •  hop://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su63e0923a1.htm  

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Ebola  Response  

•  New  England  Journal  of  Medicine  Sept  23  2014  :  Ebola  Virus  Disease  in  West  Africa  ..Forward  ProjecRons  

•  hop://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1411100?query=featured_home  

•  WHO  Ebola  response  roadmap  •  hop://www.who.int/csr/resources/publicaRons/ebola/response-­‐roadmap/en/  

•  WHO  BioRisk  ReducRon  •  hop://www.who.int/csr/bioriskreducRon/en/  

•  WHO  InfecRon  prevenRon  and  control  guidance  for  care  of  paRents  in  health-­‐care  serngs,  with  focus  on  Ebola  

•  hop://www.who.int/csr/resources/publicaRons/ebola/filovirus_infecRon_control/en/  

•  Global  Health  Delivery  Online  (GHDonline),  Ebola  response  •  hop://www.ghdonline.org/ebola/  

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Mayinga  N’seka    (1954  –  October  20,  1976)  "7042  lores-­‐Ebola-­‐Zaire-­‐CDC  Photo"  by  Photo  Credit:  Content  Providers(s):  CDC/Dr.  Lyle  Conrad  -­‐  Centers  for  Disease  Control        and    Preven:on  Public  Health  Image  Library  (PHIL)    

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•  The  prototype  strain  of  Ebola,  from  which  all  variants  and  strains  are  compared,  carries  the  name  of  the  young  Zairian  nurse  .    

Zaire  ebolavirus  (Mayinga)  

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Aranda  S.(2014)”  Tributes  to  nurses  at  the  hospital  who  have  died“      If  They  Survive  in  Ebola  Ward,  They  Work  On  .  The  New  York  Times.  August  24,  2014,page  A1.  

We  honor  and  remember  those  who,  like  Mayinga,  gave  their  lives  in  the  course  of  their  work  

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Mohamed  Fullah,    Alice  Kovoma,  S.  Humarr  Khan,    Alex  Moigboi,    Mbalu  Fonnie,    

Kenema  Government  Hospital,  Kenema,  Sierra  Leone.    Vogel    G.  28  August  2014.  Ebola's  heavy  toll  on  study  authors    hTp://news.sciencemag.org/health/2014/08/ebolas-­‐heavy-­‐toll-­‐study-­‐authors  

   

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We  honor  those  who  place  their  lives  at  risk  every  day  

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Pacnews  January  2009  Port  Moresby,  Papua  New  Guinea    •  Nurses  and  other  health  workers  at  the  Port  Moresby  General  

Hospital  in  Papua  New  Guinea  (PNG)  are  at  grave  risk  of  being  infected  with  HIV,  tuberculosis  or  other  contagious  diseases  because  they  are  handling  pa:ents  suffering  from  these  illnesses  without  any  protec:ve  gear.  

•  Every  :me  they  request…  protec:ve  gear  like  gloves  or  face  masks,  their  supply  division  tells  them  the  management  has  no  money  to  buy  these  supplies.  

•  WriTen  by  Tangata  Vainerere  

…all  over  the  world  

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We  honor  those  who  work  through  suffering  and  loss,  to    become  examplars  of  strength  for  the  next  genera:on  of  nurses.  

Regis  College  Hai:  Project  :First  cohort  graduates  with  the  first  masters  degree  in  nursing  in  Hai:  granted  by  the  University  of  Hai:  and  supported  by  the  Hai:an  Ministry  of  Health.  hTp://www.regiscollege.edu/global/rchp-­‐:meline.cfm  

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“Some  went,  but  we  stayed,”  said  a  nurse,  Nancy  Yoko.  “We  have  kept  

coming.  We  never  leu.”  

Nossiter  A,  Solomon  BC.  If  They  Survive  in  Ebola  Ward,  They  Work  On.  New  York  Times.  August  24,  2014,  page  A1.