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EBOLAAhmed Saad

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Ebola is a deadly disease caused by a haemorrhagic virus.

There are five strains, and four of them can cause disease (Zaire, Sudan, Ivory Coast, Bundibugyo, and Reston agents).

The Sudan virus has been associated with an approximate 50 percent case fatality rate in four known epidemics

The virus is scary, but it’s also rare.

 

What is Ebola?

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Pathogenesis

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Tissue Damage

macrophages and dendritic cells are probably the first cells to be infected

Filoviruses replicate readily within these cells, causing their necrosis and releasing large numbers of new viral particles into extracellular fluid

Spread to regional lymph nodes results in further rounds of replication, followed by dissemination of virus to dendritic cells and fixed and mobile macrophages in the liver, spleen, thymus, and other lymphoid tissues.

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Systemic Inflammatory Response :

Macrophages infected with Ebola Zaire virus produce tumor necrosis factor (TNF) , interleukin(IL) , IL-6, macrophage chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, and nitric oxide (NO)

that is responsible for the fever, malaise, vasodilatation, increased vascular permeability, hypotension

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Coagulation Defects  :

Virus-infected macrophages synthesize cell-surface tissue factor (TF), triggering the extrinsic coagulation pathway. Leading to coagulopathy in Ebola infection.

√ Increased D-dimers occur within 24 hours after infection .

√ activated protein C is decreased on day 2. √ thrombocytopenia started in day 4 .

As the disease progresses, hepatic injury may also cause a decline in plasma levels of certain coagulation factors.

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33 Ebola outbreaks since 1976

It started in Guinea and spread to Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Nigeria.

the 2014 outbreak in West Africa is by far the largest.

A man who travelled to the U.S. from Africa died of Ebola in October.

A nurse who helped treat him came down with Ebola. 

Ebola has infected thousands of people and killed more than half of them.

Where is Ebola?

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from direct contact with an infected person’s body fluids ( from a person who has the virus, and only symptomatic).

People catch it through their body fluids.

Blood, stool, and vomit are the most infectious, but semen, urine, sweat, tears, and breast milk also carry it.

viruses can initiate infection via many routes, including :ingestion, inhalation, passage through breaks in the skin,

eyes, or genitals.

You pick it up from needles or sheets contaminated by fluids

Method of infection

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How You Won’t Get Ebola

You can’t get Ebola from casual contact, like sitting next to an infected person.

Air, food, and water don’t carry the virus.

But kissing or sharing food or a drink with someone who has Ebola could be a risk, since you might get infection from his infected saliva .

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Incubation period take from 2 to 21 days, but usually 8 to 10 days, after infection for signs of Ebola to appear.

Symptoms can seem like the flu at first

Then, sudden fever, feeling tired, muscle pains, headache, and sore throat.

As the disease gets worse, it causes vomiting, diarrhea, rash, and bruising or spontaneous bleeding from the eyes , gums, etc...

What are the symptoms?

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There a Vaccine for Ebola?

There is no approved medicine or vaccine to treat or prevent Ebola.

Scientists have tested some drugs on animals, which seemed to work.

But they haven’t studied how the medications affect humans.

Researchers are also studying two new vaccines that could prevent Ebola, but they still need to test them in more people to see if they’re safe and if they work.

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Since there aren’t any drugs to fight the virus, health care teams treat the person’s symptoms and offer basic support care.

Keep hydration with IV fluids, oxygen, maintain their Bp, treat any associated infections.

A person’s survival depends on his immune system .

The sooner he gets medical care, the better the chances he’ll recover.

Treatment

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After Ebola

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Ebola survivors have specific strain antibodies that may protect them from the same strain of the virus for 10 years or more.

But no one knows if they can get sick from the other strains.

It’s rare, but the Ebola virus can stay in semen for 3 months after recovery, so he should avoid sex or use a condom to keep from infecting others.

The virus can stay in breast milk for 2 weeks after recovery, so women shouldn’t breastfeed during that time.

 

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The best way to avoid Ebola is to stay away from areas where the virus is common.

If you are in an outbreak area:

Avoid infected people, their body fluids, and the bodies of anyone who has died from the disease.

Avoid contact with wild animals, like bats and monkeys, and their meat.

Wash your hands often.

After you leave the area, watch for changes in your health for 21 days, and get medical help right away if you have any symptoms. 

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How Can we Prevent It?

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Trained public health workers find every person who might have had contact with an infected person.

They watch each of those people for 21 days.

If someone shows signs of Ebola, health care teams test them, treat them, and keep them away from others.

The goal is to stop Ebola from spreading further.

Controlling an Outbreak

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Thank you

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