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EBOLAHEMORRHAGIC FEVER

Presented By NISCHITH

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WHAT IS EBOLA VIRUS?The genus Ebolavirus is a virological

taxon included in the family Filoviridae, order Mononegavirales. 

The species in this genus are called ebolaviruses. Five species are known, and four of these cause Ebola virus disease in humans.

The name Ebolavirus is derived from the Ebola River in Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo), where Ebola virus was first discovered.

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Ebola Virus

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CLASSIFICATIONThe five characterised Ebola species are: Ebola virus (EBOV): Formerly known as Zaire virus,

or Zaire ebolavirus. Sudan ebolavirus (SEBOV): Like the Ebola virus, SEBOV

emerged in 1976; it was at first assumed to be identical with the Zaire species. The carrier is still unknown.

Reston ebolavirus (REBOV): This virus was discovered during an outbreak of simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV) in crab-eating macaques from Hazleton Laboratories in 1989.

Côte d'Ivoire ebolavirus (CIEBOV): Also referred to as Tai ebolavirus and by the English place name, "Ivory Coast", it was first discovered among chimpanzees from the Tai Forest in Côte d'Ivoire, Africa.

Bundibugyo ebolavirus: On November 24, 2007, the Uganda Ministry of Health confirmed an outbreak of Ebola in the Bundibugyo District.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m_WX8MWMOw0

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EBOLA REPLICATION

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VIRAL HEMORRHAGIC FEVER

The viral hemorrhagic (or haemorrhagic) fevers (VHFs) are a diverse group of animal and human illnesses that may be caused by five distinct families of RNA viruses: the families Arenaviridae, Filoviridae, Bunyaviridae, Flaviviridae, and Rhabdoviridae.

 In most VHFs, it is likely that several mechanisms contribute to symptoms, including liver damage, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and bone marrow dysfunction.

 All types of VHF are characterized by fever and bleeding disorders and all can progress to high fever, shock and death in many cases.

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EBOLA VIRUS DISEASE Ebola virus disease (EVD) or Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) is

a disease of humans and other primates caused by an ebolavirus.

Symptoms start two days to three weeks after contracting the virus, with a fever, sore throat, muscle pain and headaches. Typically, vomiting, diarrhea and rash follow, along with decreased functioning of the liver and kidneys. Around this time, affected people begin to bleed both within the body and externally.

The virus may be acquired upon contact with blood or bodily fluids of an infected animal.[1] Spreading through the air has not been documented in the natural environment.[2] Fruit bats are believed to carry and spread the virus without being affected. Once human infection occurs, the disease may spread between people.

To confirm the diagnosis, blood samples are tested for viral antibodies, viral RNA, or the virus itself.

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Epidemiology  Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever was first found in

1976 It struck two countries within that yeara.  Sudan – in a town called N’zarab.  Zaire, now known as the Democratic

Republic of Congo   In these two instances the mortality rate was

between 50 –90%Following those epidemics, Ebola hit Africa in

many other instances the worst yet being in the year 2000 when it struck Uganda infecting more than 400 people.

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STATISTICS

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Clinical Observations Incubation period: 2-21 days

Stage I (unspecific): -Extreme asthenia (body weakness) -diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, anorexia abdominal pain - headaches - arthralgia (neuralgic pain in joints) - myalgia (muscular pain or tenderness), back pain - mucosal redness of the oral cavity, dysphagia (difficulty in

swallowing) - conjunctivitis. - rash all over body except in face

** If the patients don’t recover gradually at this point, there is a high probability that the disease will progress to the second phase, resulting in complications which eventually lead to death.

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Stage II (Specific): - Hemorrhage - neuropsychiatric abnormalities - anuria (the absence of urine formation) - hiccups - tachypnea (rapid breathing).

** Patients who progressed to phase two EHF almost always die. (Ndambi et al., 1999)

Late Complications: -Arthralgia - ocular diseases (ocular pain, photophobia and

hyperlacrimation) - hearing loss - unilateral orchitis( inflammation of one or both of the

testes) ** These conditions are usually relieved with the

treatment of 1% atropine and steroids

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TreatmentNo Standard Treatment available

Patients receive supportive therapy treating complicating infections balancing patient’s fluids and electrolytes maintaining oxygen status and blood pressure

PreventionNo vaccines!

Patients are isolated

Medical Staff Training ◦ western sanitation practices

intake care during stay after patient dies

Infection-control Measures◦ complete equipment and area sterilization

PreventionAfter Death

Virus contagious in fluids for days

Burial use extreme caution

◦ handling and transport

◦ cultural practices/ religious belief

◦ incinerate all waste !!!!

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REFERENCESFeldmann H, Geisbert TW. Ebola

haemorrhagic fever. Lancet. 2011 Mar 5;377(9768):849-62.

 Isaacson, M; Sureau, P; Courteille, G; Pattyn, SR;. Clinical Aspects of Ebola Virus Disease at the Ngaliema Hospital, Kinshasa, Zaire, 1976. Retrieved 2009-07-08.

http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/lecture-20-animal-viruses/deck/1405769.

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