Ebola Taxonomy

EBOLA DISASTERA total of 2,615 Ebola infections and 1,427 deathshighest case fatality rates of any human virus, 88%

ETYMOLOGYFirst recorded outbreak at,Yambuku in democratic republic of congo (EBOLA RIVER)

VIRUS (Latinvirulentus) Viruses do not contain enzymes for energy production or protein synthesis. smallinfectious agentthat replicates only inside the livingcellsof other organisms

STROKES YEARREGIONS AFFECTEDDISCRIPTIONFIRST1976Democratic republic of congo (ZAIRE) & sudanFirst outbreak of Ebola. Hemorrhagic feverSECOND1989Reston ,Virginiamysterious outbreak. (initially diagnosed as Simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV)) among a shipment of crab-eating macaque monkeys imported from the Philippines. named Reston ebolavirus (REBOV)THIRD2014WEST AFRICA-affecting Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia and Nigeria.

largest outbreak to the date

3 Reasons EBOLA should never come to india

High rate of spread: spreads very quickly from one human to another hence extremely dangerous in a densely populated country like oursLack of healthcare services: Healthcare services in our country are abysmal to say the least. The doctor-patient ratio is skewed beyond beliefLack of hygiene: as Ebola spreads by saliva,we are well aware of spitting in india

Sudan(SUDV)Group: Group V (-)sense RNAOrder: MononegaviralesFamily: FiloviridaeGenus: Ebolavirus Bundibugyo(BDBV)Tai forest(TAFV)Formerly Cote d-Ivoire

SpeciesZaire ebola(EBOV)

The most dangerousReston(RESTV)

Non-humansEbola Taxonomy

STRUCTURESingle-stranded, linear, non-segmentedFilamentous - shape of U or 6Coiled, toroid, or branched19 kb length,60-80 nm in diameterNegative-sense enveloped RNA (3 to 5 direction)Spikes appearance8 sub-genomic mRNA proteins: 7 structural and 1 nonstructural

Ebola PathogenesisEnters Bloodstreamskin, membranes,open wounds Cell Leveldocks with cell membraneViral RNA released into cytoplasm production new viral proteinsNew viral genomesrapidly coated in protein create cores Viral coresstack up in cellmigrate to the cell surfaceProduce trans-membrane proteinsPush through cell surfaceBecome enveloped by cell membrane

ssRNA- Genome Mutations Capable of rapid mutation very adaptable to evade host defenses and environmental change

ebolaAttach to wallsLeakage of blood and serum into surrounding tissueWbcs attackWbcs dissolveChemical releasedPro-inflammatory cytokinesPro coagulantsAlso releasedBlood vessels more damagedPermanent bleedingEntire body leaks and dissolves7TransmissionEnvironment to Human :Fruit bats-natural reservoirGorilla, chimpanzee, monkey, porcupine, duiker

Human to human :Direct contact Contaminated medical equipmentTraditional burial ritualsMedical workers Survivors(via semen for 2 months)

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS 1 Early symptoms :Influenza(fatigue,fever,headache,joint & abdominal pain)Vomiting,diarrheaLoss of appetiteSore throat,chest pain,hiccups,shortness of breath, trouble swallowingWeaknessMaculopular rash(50% cases)Myalgia(muscular pain or tenderness),back painMucosal redness of the oral cavitySIGNS AND SYMPTOMS2 Acute symptoms :Bleeding from puncture sites and mucous membrane(eg.nose,gums and gastrointestinal tract)Internal and subcutaneous bleedinganuria(absence of urine formation)raddening of eyes,bloody vomitImpaired blood clottingMultiple organ dysfunction syndrome which leads to death

the patients will have Diarrhea Pharyngitis. the inflammation of the throat and eye. causes severe damage to the skin. attacks every tissue and organ of the body except the skeletal muscles and bones. can attack the connective tissues that are rapidly multiplying in collagen.causes small blood clots to form in the bloodstream of the patient and forms red spot on the skin Spontaneous bleeding then occurs from body orifices and gaps in the skin

EFFECT OF EBOLA12EHF & EVD EHF ( EBOLA HEMORRHAGIC FEVER ) : Internal and External Bleeding occurs Genital swelling Increased feeling of pain in the skin Rash over the entire body that often contains blood Roof of mouth looks red

EVD ( EBOLA VIRUS DISEASE ) : Bleeding does not occurEbola in non-human primatesnon-human primates have been a source of infection for humansEbola outbreaks from the EBOV and TAFV species have been observed in chimpanzees and gorillas.RESTV has caused severe EVD outbreaks in macaque monkeys (Macaca fascicularis).RESTV viruses have been detected during several outbreaks of a deadly disease in pigs in Peoples Republic of China and Philippines.COUNTRY YEAREBOLAVIRUS SPEICES CASES DEATHCASE FATALITYDRC, UGANDA 2012BUNDIBUGYO,SUDAN885056.81%DRC, UGANDA 2007BUNDIBUGYO,ZAIRE41322454.23%UGANDA 2000SUDAN42522453%DRC 1995ZAIRE31525481%COTE D`LOVIRE,GOBANA 1994TAI FOREST,ZAIRE533158.50%SUDAN 1979SUDAN342265%SUDAN, DRC 1976ZAIRE31828088%CHRONOLOGY OF EBOLA VIRUS DISEASE OUTBREAKS

: DRC- DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO

Table ebola outbreaks,2014 (by who)DRCGuineaLiberiaNigeriaSierra leone24 cases,13 deaths.607 cases,406 deaths.1082 cases,624 deaths.16 cases, 5 deaths. 910 cases, 392 deaths.

DRC= democratic republic of congoAnti-Fluenza:AviganZMapp (JAPAN)combination of antibodies (inactivate ebola virus)is effective in primates, studies in humans yet to be done(effectively treat 43% of animals challenged with the Ebola virus)WHO has given an ethical green light to the use of these experimental therapies (testing on 2nd august)would provide a medical tool to discourage the use of Ebola virus as an agent of bioterrorismPREVENTION OF EBOLAAvoid contact with other infected humans,animals or objectsRaising awareness by IEC &BCCReducing human to human transmission by use of PPESafe disposal of the deadActive surveillance Contact tracing & monitoring Reporting /NotificationPRECAUTIONSUse Standard PrecautionsRoutine Hand washingHandle and Dispose of Shar Instruments SafelyCook meat thoroughlyEnvironment Cleaning

FIVE TYPES OF HAND HYGEINE

ISOLATION PROCEDURESSelect Site for the Isolation Area Isolation area must consist of : 1)An isolated toilet 2)Adequate ventilation 3)Screened windowsPlan How to Arrange the Isolation Area

Gather Recommended Supplies Bed and mattress, Plastic sheeting, One thermometer, Covered container , Screens or other barriers

Plan Disinfection for VHF-Contaminated items using

1)Ordinary Household Bleach 2)Soap and Clean Water 3)Sterilization

Set Up Changing Rooms for patient-care staff

Place Security Barrier Around Isolation Area

TREATMENTNo specific treatment available but experimental ones areFrequent dehydration and oral rehydration with solutions containing electrolytes or intravenous fluids. Maintaining oxygen status and blood pressureReplacing lost bloodTreating other infections if they occur

Timely treatment of ebola is difficult due to difficult diagnosisVACCINESNo licensed vaccine for EVD is available. Several vaccines are being tested, but none are available for clinical use.

Obtain to obtain samples and study the disease in remote areas where outbreaks occur.A high degree of biohazard containment is required for laboratory studies and clinical analysis.Difficulty in making vaccinesEffects On indiaOn Tuesday 27 August 112 Indian citizens and 4 Nepalese citizens had landed from Liberia. 1 had fever symptoms and had been quarantined.others were screened for Ebola and also quarantined. passengers travelling from affected countries will be tracked for at least a month (IDSP).773 passengers are being tracked for Ebola Virus. Effects On indiaa total of 44,700 Indians are living in different countries hit by Ebola. a deadly virus that has claimed 932 lives so far300 are CRPF personnel deployed in Liberia for UN peacekeeping operations.500 Indians were in the Republic of Guinea, 3,000 in Liberia and 1,200 in Sierra Leone, from where the maximum cases have been reported.Nigeria has a much larger presence of nearly 40,000 Indian citizens.

bioterrorismnatural outbreaks of Ebola hemorrhagic fever in Africa alarmed global health experts.raises questions about human accessibility to the virus and human usages of the virus for harmful purposes.then terrorist groups could use the recent outbreak of Ebola in Africa to their advantage. By using the Ebola virus as a biological weapon.This prospect is worthy of consideration : 1.due to the history of terrorist attacks by different groups in the area. 2.the potential for these groups to obtain Ebola in the field 3.the lack of political capacity in the region and global will to develop a vaccine. 4.the pathogens natural occurrence in the region.Although deadly, Ebola is notoriously unstable when removed from a human or animal host, making weaponization of the virus unlikely. bioterrorismThe possibility of a deliberate outbreak in East Africa is a global health and security issueterrorists could harness the virus as a powder, load it into a bomb, and then explode the bomb in a highly populated area. It could cause a large number of horrific deaths. - Peter Walsh"The thing about Ebola is that it's not easy to work with, It would be difficult to weaponize. - Dr. Robert Leggiadro Prepared by:-SaiShankar muraliAlok kumar aryaMahendra chaudaryNilesh damaAashish doshiMayur godage121500212150041215009121501212150161215019