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Y HOÏÏC CHC CHÖÙÖÙNG CÔNG CÔÙÙBS HOABS HOAØØNG LEÂ PHUNG LEÂ PHUÙÙCCBEBEÄÄNH VIENH VIEÄÄN NHI N NHI ÑÑOOÀÀNG 1NG 1
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
Trials MEDLINE BioMedical
Med
ical
Art
icle
s pe
r Yea
r
*"Kill as Few Patients as Possible" - Oscar London
Rule 31 Rule 31 ––Review the World Literature Review the World Literature Fortnightly*Fortnightly*
5,000?per day
1,400 per day55 per
day
27Kg of Guidelines
Indexing bias…MEDLINE
AllRCTs
AllRCTs
OngoingOngoing
CompletedCompleted
RCTs notidentified byMEDLINE
RCTs notidentified byMEDLINE
RCTsidentified byMEDLINE
RCTsidentified byMEDLINE
UnpublishedUnpublished
PublishedPublished
Abstracts,theses, etcAbstracts,theses, etc
JournalsJournals
MEDLINEjournals(c. 3 700)
1966
MEDLINEjournals(c. 3 700)
1966
Non-MEDLINEjournals
(c. 12 000)1966
Non-MEDLINEjournals
(c. 12 000)1966
MoMoäätt phphööôngông phaphaùùpp ññieieààuu tròtrò ñöñöôôïïcc chchöùöùngng minh minh cocoùùhiehieääuu quaquaûû -- ThThöïöïcc hahaøønhnh chuachuaåånn: 8 : 8 -- 13 13 naêmnaêm(Phillips,1998)(Phillips,1998)
70% 70% cacaùùcc phphööôngông phaphaùùpp ññieieààuu tròtrò: : chchööaa ññuuûû chchöùöùngng côcôùùchchöùöùngng minh minh totoáátt hônhôn khoângkhoâng ññieieààuu tròtrò(Chalmers,1993)(Chalmers,1993)
TreânTreân 12 12 trietrieääuu CTNC / Medline: CTNC / Medline: nghieânnghieân ccöùöùuu ññuuùùngng + + khoângkhoâng ññuuùùngng phphööôngông phaphaùùpp
KHAKHAÙÙI NIEI NIEÄÄM Y HOM Y HOÏÏC CHC CHÖÙÖÙNG CÔNG CÔÙÙ
……reduced reduced osmolarityosmolarity ORS with WHO standard ORS ORS with WHO standard ORS in children with acute in children with acute diarrhoeadiarrhoea
((--)6 / )6 / RCTsRCTs((--))((--)9 / intervention >< reduced )9 / intervention >< reduced osmolarityosmolarity ORSORS((--)6 / control group did not use (WHO) std. ORS)6 / control group did not use (WHO) std. ORS
((--)2 / not in children;)2 / not in children;((--)2 / no relevant outcomes reported;)2 / no relevant outcomes reported;2 excluded (2 excluded (Mexico 1988Mexico 1988, , Mexico 1990bMexico 1990b, , Mexico 1990aMexico 1990a).).
41 studies41 studies
20 remaining 20 remaining RCTsRCTs
13 remaining 13 remaining RCTsRCTs
14 studies met the inclusion criteria.14 studies met the inclusion criteria.
((Panama 1982Panama 1982, , USA 1982USA 1982).).
unscheduled IV fluid infusions, stool volume,
vomiting, hyponatraemia
Feed thickener for newborn infants Feed thickener for newborn infants with gastrowith gastro--oesophagealoesophageal refluxreflux
MEDLINE from 1966 to March 2004, MEDLINE from 1966 to March 2004, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library, Issue Trials (CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 2004).2, 2004).CINAHL from 1982 to December 2001, CINAHL from 1982 to December 2001, Conference and symposia proceedings published Conference and symposia proceedings published in Pediatric Research 1990 to 1994. in Pediatric Research 1990 to 1994. Conference proceedings for the ESPGAN and Conference proceedings for the ESPGAN and NASPGAN from 1994 to December 2001 NASPGAN from 1994 to December 2001
There is no evidence from RCTs to support or refute the efficacy of feedthickenersin newborn infants with GOR
Thu Thu heheïïpp khoakhoaûûngng cacaùùchch: : nghieânnghieân ccöùöùuu -- ththöïöïcc hahaøønhnh ??CaCaääpp nhanhaäätt cacaùùcc thathaøønhnh quaquaûû cucuûûaa cacaùùcc nghieânnghieân ccöùöùuu cocoùùgiagiaùù tròtrò vavaøøoo ththöïöïcc teteáá ??
Y HOY HOÏÏC CHC CHÖÙÖÙNG CÔNG CÔÙÙ
KHAKHAÙÙI NIEI NIEÄÄM Y HOM Y HOÏÏC CHC CHÖÙÖÙNG CÔNG CÔÙÙ
KHAKHAÙÙI NIEI NIEÄÄM Y HOM Y HOÏÏC CHC CHÖÙÖÙNG CÔNG CÔÙÙ
YHCC YHCC lalaøø vievieääcc ssöûöû duduïïngng cacaåånn thathaäänn, , roroûû raraøøngng, , ññuuùùngng ññaaéénncacaùùcc chchöùöùngng côcôùù totoáátt nhanhaáátt hiehieäänn cocoùù ññeeåå ñöñöaa rara quyequyeáátt ññònhònhchaêmchaêm sosoùùcc bebeäänhnh nhaânnhaân cucuïï thetheåå. .
KHAKHAÙÙI NIEI NIEÄÄM Y HOM Y HOÏÏC CHC CHÖÙÖÙNG CÔNG CÔÙÙ
ThThöïöïcc hahaøønhnh ddöïöïaa treântreân YHCC YHCC lalaøø ttííchch hôhôïïppssöïöï thathaøønhnh thathaïïoo laâmlaâm sasaøøngngvôvôùùiichchöùöùngng côcôùù laâmlaâm sasaøøngng beânbeân ngoangoaøøii totoáátt nhanhaáátt sasaüünn cocoùùttöøöø cacaùùcc nghieânnghieân ccöùöùuu heheää thothoáángngvavaøøcôcô ññòaòa, , ssöïöï mongmong ññôôïïii cucuûûaa bebeäänhnh nhaânnhaân
KHAKHAÙÙI NIEI NIEÄÄM Y HOM Y HOÏÏC CHC CHÖÙÖÙNG CÔNG CÔÙÙ
SSöïöï thathaøønhnh thathaïïoo laâmlaâm sasaøøngng– Kyõ naêng & söùc phaùn ñoaùn laâm saøng– Kinh nghieäm thöïc haønh laâm saøng
KHAKHAÙÙI NIEI NIEÄÄM Y HOM Y HOÏÏC CHC CHÖÙÖÙNG CÔNG CÔÙÙ
Chöùng côù laâm saøng beân ngoaøi– Nghieân cöùu laâm saøng thích hôïp– Nghieân cöùu laáy beänh nhaân laøm trung taâm veà caùc
lónh vöïc: tính ñuùng vaø chính xaùc cuûa xeùt nghieäm(daáu hieäu laâm saøng), ñoä maïnh cuûa caùc yeáu toá tieânlöôïng, hieäu quaû vaø an toaøn cuûa phöông phaùp ñieàutrò, phuïc hoài vaø döï phoøng.
– Thay theá caùc phöông phaùp chaån ñoaùn, ñieàu trò cuõbaèng phöông phaùp khaùc maïnh, chính xaùc, hieäuquaû vaø an toaøn hôn
THTHÖÏÖÏC HAC HAØØNH YHCCNH YHCC
Ñaët caâu hoûi veà thoâng tin caàn truy caäpTruy caäp thoâng tin coù giaù trò chöùng côùÑaùnh giaù ñoä maïnh chöùng côù cuûa thoâng tin coù ñöôïcAùp duïng vaøo thöïc teá laâm saøngLöôïng giaù hieäu quaû vieäc aùp duïng
Aware Accepted Applicable Able Acted on AgreedAdhered to
Systems(bottomline± ref)
Synopses(user summary of research)
Systematic Reviews and CATs(search; appraisal; synthesis)
UnsoundResearch
SoundResearch
3
1
2
4
© Elsevier Ltd 2005. Straus et al.: Evidence-based medicine
WAYS TO INCORPORATE EVIDENCE INTO PRACTICES
DoingDoingUsingUsing
ReplicatingReplicating
TRUY CATRUY CAÄÄP THOÂNG TIN P THOÂNG TIN Y HOY HOÏÏC CHC CHÖÙÖÙNG CÔNG CÔÙÙ
GIÔGIÔÙÙI HAI HAÏÏN THOÂNG TINN THOÂNG TIN
Usefulness = Relevance * Validity / Effort
CAÙC BÖÔÙC TRUY CAÄP THOÂNG TIN Y HOÏC CHÖÙNG CÔÙ CÔ BAÛN
1. Laøm roõ caâu hoûi laâm saøng vaø tìm caùc töø khoùatheo phöông phaùp PICO
2. Phaân loaïi vaán ñeà thaønh Ñieàu trò, Chaån ñoaùn, Tieân löôïng, Nguy cô,...
3. Choïn nguoàn döõ lieäu ñeå tìm kieám thoâng tin4. Thöïc hieän tìm kieám caùc töø khoùa ñaõ coù ñöôïc töø
böôùc 15. Giôùi haïn keát quaû coù ñöôïc töø böôùc 4 baèng caùch
keát hôïp vôùi böôùc 2.
PhPhööôngông phaphaùùpp PICOPICO
Patient or population(Beänh nhaân / Daân soá)
Moâ taû beänh nhaân (tuoåi, giôùi, chuûngtoäc, tieàn söû,...)
Intervention/ exposure (Can thieäp / Tieáp xuùc)
Vieäc xaûy ra hay ñaõ ñöôïc laøm : ñieàutrò, xeùt nghieäm chaån ñoaùn, phôinhieãm (VD: huùt thuoác laù thuï ñoäng)
Comparison(So saùnh)
So saùnh vôùi gì ? Khoâng so saùnh, placebo, loaïi can thieäp khaùc
Outcomes (Keát quaû, thöôøng laølaâm saøng)
Hieäu quaû cuûa can thieäp laø gì? Phaûiñaëc hieäu ( töû vong, tyû leä nhaäp vieän...)
BBööôôùùcc 11
In patients undergoing hip replacement, In patients undergoing hip replacement, to what extent is the risk of postto what extent is the risk of post--operative infection operative infection reduced by antimicrobial prophylaxis?reduced by antimicrobial prophylaxis?
PopulationPopulation patients undergoing hip patients undergoing hip replacement replacement
InterventionIntervention antimicrobial prophylaxis antimicrobial prophylaxis
ComparisonComparison placeboplacebo
OutcomeOutcome postpost--operative infection operative infection
BBööôôùùcc 11
FACETS
patients patients undergoing hip undergoing hip replacementreplacement
Hip replacement, Hip joint, hip Hip replacement, Hip joint, hip prothesisprothesis, , TotalTotal--hip replacement, totalhip replacement, total--joint replace..joint replace..Hip surgery, hip operation, Hip surgery, hip operation, acetabulumacetabulumhip hip arthroplastyarthroplasty,,……
antimicrobial antimicrobial prophylaxisprophylaxis
AntiAnti--infective agents, infection control, infective agents, infection control, antibiotics, antibiotic prophylaxis, antibiotics, antibiotic prophylaxis, antimicrobial, antiantimicrobial, anti--microbial, microbial, ultracleanultraclean, , hypersterilehypersterile
postpost--operative operative infection infection
Bacterial infections, Bacterial infections, postopertaviepostopertaviecomplications, surgical wound infections, complications, surgical wound infections, prothesisprothesis--related infections, sepsisrelated infections, sepsis
DRAW UP A LIST OF SYNONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AND SPELLING
VARIANTS WHICH MAY BE USED BY AUTHORS
FACETS
BBööôôùùcc 11
patients patients undergoing hip undergoing hip replacementreplacement
Hip replacement, Hip joint, hip Hip replacement, Hip joint, hip prothesisprothesis, , TotalTotal--hip replacement, totalhip replacement, total--joint replace..joint replace..Hip surgery, hip operation, Hip surgery, hip operation, acetabulumacetabulumhip hip arthroplastyarthroplasty,,……
antimicrobial antimicrobial prophylaxisprophylaxis
AntiAnti--infective agents, infection control, infective agents, infection control, antibiotics, antibiotic prophylaxis, antibiotics, antibiotic prophylaxis, antimicrobial, antiantimicrobial, anti--microbial, microbial, ultracleanultraclean, , hypersterilehypersterile
postpost--operative operative infection infection
Bacterial infections, Bacterial infections, postopertaviepostopertaviecomplications, surgical wound infections, complications, surgical wound infections, prothesisprothesis--related infections, sepsisrelated infections, sepsis
DRAW UP A LIST OF SYNONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AND SPELLING
VARIANTS WHICH MAY BE USED BY AUTHORSFACETS
BBööôôùùcc 11
patients patients undergoing hip undergoing hip replacementreplacement
Hip replacement, Hip joint, hip Hip replacement, Hip joint, hip prothesisprothesis, , TotalTotal--hip replacement, totalhip replacement, total--joint replace..joint replace..Hip surgery, hip operation, Hip surgery, hip operation, acetabulumacetabulumhip hip arthroplastyarthroplasty,,……
antimicrobial antimicrobial prophylaxisprophylaxis
AntiAnti--infective agents, infection control, infective agents, infection control, antibiotics, antibiotic prophylaxis, antibiotics, antibiotic prophylaxis, antimicrobial, antiantimicrobial, anti--microbial, microbial, ultracleanultraclean, , hypersterilehypersterile
postpost--operative operative infection infection
Bacterial infections, Bacterial infections, postopertaviepostopertaviecomplications, surgical wound infections, complications, surgical wound infections, prothesisprothesis--related infections, sepsisrelated infections, sepsis
DRAW UP A LIST OF SYNONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
AND SPELLING VARIANTS WHICH MAY BE USED BY
AUTHORSFACETS
BBööôôùùcc 11
patients patients undergoing hip undergoing hip replacementreplacement
Hip replacement, Hip joint, hip Hip replacement, Hip joint, hip prothesisprothesis, , TotalTotal--hip replacement, totalhip replacement, total--joint replace..joint replace..Hip surgery, hip operation, Hip surgery, hip operation, acetabulumacetabulumhip hip arthroplastyarthroplasty,,……
antimicrobial antimicrobial prophylaxisprophylaxis
AntiAnti--infective agents, infection control, infective agents, infection control, antibiotics, antibiotic prophylaxis, antibiotics, antibiotic prophylaxis, antimicrobial, antiantimicrobial, anti--microbial, microbial, ultracleanultraclean, , hypersterilehypersterile
postpost--operative operative infection infection
Bacterial infections, Bacterial infections, postopertaviepostopertaviecomplications, surgical wound infections, complications, surgical wound infections, prothesisprothesis--related infections, sepsisrelated infections, sepsis
DRAW UP A LIST OF SYNONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
AND SPELLING VARIANTS WHICH MAY BE USED BY AUTHORS
BBööôôùùcc 11
patients patients undergoing hip undergoing hip replacementreplacement
Hip replacement, Hip joint, hip Hip replacement, Hip joint, hip prothesisprothesis, , TotalTotal--hip replacement, totalhip replacement, total--joint replace..joint replace..Hip surgery, hip operation, Hip surgery, hip operation, acetabulumacetabulumhip hip arthroplastyarthroplasty,,……
antimicrobial antimicrobial prophylaxisprophylaxis
AntiAnti--infective agents, infection control, infective agents, infection control, antibiotics, antibiotic prophylaxis, antibiotics, antibiotic prophylaxis, antimicrobial, antiantimicrobial, anti--microbial, microbial, ultracleanultraclean, , hypersterilehypersterile
postpost--operative operative infection infection
Bacterial infections, Bacterial infections, postopertaviepostopertaviecomplications, surgical wound infections, complications, surgical wound infections, prothesisprothesis--related infections, sepsisrelated infections, sepsis
BBööôôùùcc 11
CAÙC BÖÔÙC TRUY CAÄP THOÂNG TIN Y HOÏC CHÖÙNG CÔÙ CÔ BAÛN
1. Laøm roõ caâu hoûi laâm saøng vaø tìm caùc töø khoùatheo phöông phaùp PICO
2.2. PhaânPhaân loaloaïïii vavaáánn ññeeàà thathaøønhnh ÑÑieieààuu tròtrò, , ChaChaåånnññoaoaùùnn, , TieânTieân llööôôïïngng, , NguyNguy côcô,...,...
3. Choïn nguoàn döõ lieäu ñeå tìm kieám thoâng tin4. Thöïc hieän tìm kieám caùc töø khoùa ñaõ coù ñöôïc töø
böôùc 15. Giôùi haïn keát quaû coù ñöôïc töø böôùc 4 baèng caùch
keát hôïp vôùi böôùc 2.
ÑÑOOÄÄ MAMAÏÏNH CUNH CUÛÛA CHA CHÖÙÖÙNG CÔNG CÔÙÙ
LoaLoaïïii II : : ttöøöø CT CT ññaaùùnhnh giagiaùù heheää thothoáángngLoaLoaïïii IIII : : ttöøöø íítt nhanhaáátt 1 CT NC 1 CT NC cocoùù ññooááii chchöùöùngng ngaãungaãu nhieânnhieânLoaLoaïïii IIIIII : : ttöøöø cacaùùcc NC NC ththöïöïcc nghienghieäämm, , khoângkhoâng ññooááii chchöùöùngngLoaLoaïïii IVIV : : ttöøöø cacaùùcc NC NC khoângkhoâng ththöïöïcc nghienghieäämmLoaLoaïïii VV : : ttöøöø quanquan ññieieååmm cacaùù nhaânnhaân, ca LS, ca LS
ÑOÄ MAÏNH CAÙC THIEÁT KEÁ NGHIEÂN CÖÙU CHO CAÙC LOAÏI CAÂU HOÛI LAÂM SAØNG
ClinicalExamination
Prospective, blind comparison to gold standard
DiagnosticTesting
Prospective, blind comparison to gold standard
Prognosis Cohort study > Case Control > Case SeriesTherapy Randomized control trial (RCT)Etiology / Harm Cohort study > Case Control > Case Series
Prevention RCT > Cohort study > Case Control >Case Series
BBööôôùùcc 22
TherapyTherapy Randomized control trial (RCT)Randomized control trial (RCT)
Caùc toång quan heä thoáng coù theå traû lôøi cho moïiloaïi caâu hoûi laâm saøng vôùi ñoä tin caäy cao nhaátneáu thöïc hieän ñuùng phöông phaùp
ÑOÄ MAÏNH CAÙC THIEÁT KEÁ NGHIEÂN CÖÙU CHO CAÙC LOAÏI CAÂU HOÛI LAÂM SAØNG
BBööôôùùcc 22
CAÙC BÖÔÙC TRUY CAÄP THOÂNG TIN Y HOÏC CHÖÙNG CÔÙ CÔ BAÛN
1. Laøm roõ caâu hoûi laâm saøng vaø tìm caùc töø khoùatheo phöông phaùp PICO
2. Phaân loaïi vaán ñeà thaønh Ñieàu trò, Chaån ñoaùn, Tieân löôïng, Nguy cô,...
3.3. ChoChoïïnn nguonguoàànn ddööõõ lielieääuu ññeeåå ttììmm kiekieáámm thoângthoâng tintin4. Thöïc hieän tìm kieám caùc töø khoùa ñaõ coù ñöôïc töø
böôùc 15. Giôùi haïn keát quaû coù ñöôïc töø böôùc 4 baèng caùch
keát hôïp vôùi böôùc 2.
PHAÂN LOAPHAÂN LOAÏÏI DI DÖÖÕ LIEÕ LIEÄÄUU
NGUYEÂN PHANGUYEÂN PHAÙÙTTÑÑAÕ AÕ ÑÖÑÖÔÔÏÏC C ÑÑAAÙÙNH GIANH GIAÙÙ–– GIAGIAÙÙ TRÒ TTRÒ TÖØÖØNG NGHIEÂN CNG NGHIEÂN CÖÙÖÙU U –– TOTOÅÅNG QUAN HENG QUAN HEÄÄ THOTHOÁÁNGNG
–– GUIDELINES GUIDELINES
–– KINH KINH ÑÑIEIEÅÅNN
DDÖÖÕ LIEÕ LIEÄÄU NGUYEÂN PHAU NGUYEÂN PHAÙÙTT
MEDLINE (MEDLINE (MEDlarsMEDlars onLINEonLINE))EMBASEEMBASECINAHL CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature)LILACS LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences) PsycInfo
DDÖÖÕ LIEÕ LIEÄÄU NGUYEÂN PHAU NGUYEÂN PHAÙÙTT
NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE: 18791960, MEDLARS (1960, MEDLARS (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System)TOTOÅÅ CHCHÖÙÖÙC DC DÖÖÔÔÙÙI DAI DAÏÏNG INDEX (NG INDEX (Medical Subject HeadingsMedical Subject Headings))
12 TRIE12 TRIEÄÄU RECORDSU RECORDS
4600 TÔ4600 TÔØØ BABAÙÙOO
CACAÄÄP NHAP NHAÄÄT MOÃI TUAT MOÃI TUAÀÀNN
86 % T86 % TÖØÖØ TIETIEÁÁNG ANH / ABSTRACTSNG ANH / ABSTRACTS
76% CO76% COÙÙ ABSTRACTABSTRACT
MEDLINE
TRUY XUATRUY XUAÁÁT DT DÖÖÕ LIEÕ LIEÄÄU TUU TUØØY THUOY THUOÄÄC TOC TOÅÅ CHCHÖÙÖÙC SÔC SÔÛÛ HHÖÖÕU DÕU DÖÖÕ LIEÕ LIEÄÄUU–– MIEÃN PHMIEÃN PHÍÍ & TRA& TRAÛÛ TIETIEÀÀNN
MEDLINE
DDÖÖÕ LIEÕ LIEÄÄU NGUYEÂN PHAU NGUYEÂN PHAÙÙTT
JOURNALJOURNAL
Abridged Index Abridged Index MedicusMedicus (AIM) Journal Titles (AIM) Journal Titles University of Texas Health Science Center at University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio Evaluating WebEvaluating Web--sitessites–– The URL: .ORG; .GOV & .DOH; .EDU & .ACThe URL: .ORG; .GOV & .DOH; .EDU & .AC–– Health Information Quality Assessment Tool, Health Information Quality Assessment Tool, –– Health On the Net Foundation:Health On the Net Foundation:
DDÖÖÕ LIEÕ LIEÄÄU NGUYEÂN PHAU NGUYEÂN PHAÙÙTT
DDÖÖÕ LIEÕ LIEÄÄU THU THÖÙÖÙ PHAPHAÙÙTT
CATCAT (Critical Appraised Topics)(Critical Appraised Topics)–– MoMoäätt hhììnhnh ththöùöùcc bbììnhnh babaùùoo–– ÑÑaaùùnhnh giagiaùù giagiaùù tròtrò cucuûûaa 1 1 babaøøii babaùùoo theotheo tieâutieâu
chuachuaåånn ññaõaõ ñöñöaa rara..–– NhoNhoùùmm chuyeânchuyeân vieânvieân cucuûûaa momoäätt trungtrung taâmtaâm–– FORMFORM
DDÖÖÕ LIEÕ LIEÄÄU THU THÖÙÖÙ PHAPHAÙÙTT
Critical Appraised TopicsCritical Appraised Topics
DATA REVIEWDATA REVIEW
SAMPLE
DDÖÖÕ LIEÕ LIEÄÄU THU THÖÙÖÙ PHAPHAÙÙTT
DDÖÖÕ LIEÕ LIEÄÄU THU THÖÙÖÙ PHAPHAÙÙTTToToåångng quanquan heheää thothoáángng–– ToToåångng quanquan TATAÁÁT CAT CAÛÛ tataøøii lielieääuu COCOÙÙ LIEÂN QUAN LIEÂN QUAN
theotheo momoäätt khuoânkhuoân maãumaãu ññònhònh sasaüünn–– ÑÑaaùùnhnh giagiaùù giagiaùù tròtrò cucuûûaa momoäätt vavaáánn ññeeàà–– NhoNhoùùmm chuyeânchuyeân vieânvieân
……reduced reduced osmolarityosmolarity ORS with WHO standard ORS ORS with WHO standard ORS in children with acute in children with acute diarrhoeadiarrhoea
((--)6 / )6 / RCTsRCTs((--))((--)9 / intervention >< reduced )9 / intervention >< reduced osmolarityosmolarity ORSORS((--)6 / control group did not use (WHO) std. ORS)6 / control group did not use (WHO) std. ORS
((--)2 / not in children;)2 / not in children;((--)2 / no relevant outcomes reported;)2 / no relevant outcomes reported;2 excluded (2 excluded (Mexico 1988Mexico 1988, , Mexico 1990bMexico 1990b, , Mexico 1990aMexico 1990a).).
41 studies41 studies
20 remaining 20 remaining RCTsRCTs
13 remaining 13 remaining RCTsRCTs
14 studies met the inclusion criteria.14 studies met the inclusion criteria.
((Panama 1982Panama 1982, , USA 1982USA 1982).).
unscheduled IV fluid infusions, stool volume,
vomiting, hyponatraemia
Meta-analysis
DDÖÖÕ LIEÕ LIEÄÄU THU THÖÙÖÙ PHAPHAÙÙTT
SYSTEMATIC REVIEWSYSTEMATIC REVIEW
The Cochrane Database of The Cochrane Database of Systematic ReviewsSystematic Reviews (3559) (3559) Database of Abstracts of Reviews of EffectsDatabase of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects(4795) (4795) The Cochrane Central Register of The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL)Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (415918) (415918)
GUIDELINES GUIDELINES DDÖÖÕ LIEÕ LIEÄÄU THU THÖÙÖÙ PHAPHAÙÙTT
Grades of Recommendation
A consistent level 1 studies
B consistent level 2 or 3 studies or extrapolations from level 1 studies
C level 4 studies or extrapolations from level 2 or 3 studies
D level 5 evidence or troublingly inconsistent or inconclusive studies of any level
Treating giant cell arteritis: Give steroids (A) immediately (D) at doses of at least 20 mg (C) daily (A).
SASAÙÙCH GIACH GIAÙÙO KHOAO KHOA
CD ROMCD ROM
ONLINEONLINE–– MD CONSULTMD CONSULT
–– OVIDOVID
–– STATREFSTATREF
–– UptodateUptodate
TEXTBOOKS
GUIDELINES / EBM
COCHRANE LIBRARY
DARE, HTA
CAT
CAÙC BÖÔÙC TRUY CAÄP THOÂNG TIN Y HOÏC CHÖÙNG CÔÙ CÔ BAÛN
1. Laøm roõ caâu hoûi laâm saøng vaø tìm caùc töø khoùatheo phöông phaùp PICO
2. Phaân loaïi vaán ñeà thaønh Ñieàu trò, Chaån ñoaùn, Tieân löôïng, Nguy cô,...
3. Choïn nguoàn döõ lieäu ñeå tìm kieám thoâng tin4.4. ThThöïöïcc hiehieäänn ttììmm kiekieáámm cacaùùcc ttöøöø khokhoùùaa ññaõaõ cocoùù ñöñöôôïïcc
ttöøöø bbööôôùùcc 115. Giôùi haïn keát quaû coù ñöôïc töø böôùc 4 baèng caùch
keát hôïp vôùi böôùc 2.
GIÔGIÔÙÙI HAI HAÏÏN THOÂNG TINN THOÂNG TIN
Sensitivity =No. relevant items in existence
No. relevant items found
Precision = No. relevant items found
Total no. items found
BBööôôùùcc 55
TIEÂU CHUATIEÂU CHUAÅÅN VAN VAØØNGNG
Anne Anne McKibbonMcKibbon at McMaster Universityat McMaster University10 TA10 TAÏÏP CHP CHÍÍ NONOÅÅI TIEI TIEÁÁNG 1983NG 1983--1991 1991 HandsearchingHandsearching
CategoryCategory Optimized Optimized forfor
Sensitivity/Sensitivity/SpecificitySpecificity²² PubMedPubMed equivalentequivalent³³
sensitivity 99%/74% "randomized controlled trial" [PTYP] | "drug therapy" [SH] | "therapeutic use" [SH:NOEXP] | "random*" [WORD]
specificity 57%/97% (double [WORD] & blind* [WORD]) | placebo [WORD]
sensitivity 92%/73%"sensitivity and specificity" [MESH] | "sensitivity" [WORD] | ("diagnosis" [SH] | "diagnostic use" [SH] | "specificity" [WORD]
specificity 55%/98% "sensitivity and specificity" [MESH] | ( "predictive" [WORD] & "value*" [WORD] )
sensitivity 82%/70%"cohort studies" [MESH] | "risk" [MESH] | ("odds" [WORD] & "ratio*" [WORD]) | ("relative" [WORD] & "risk" [WORD]) | ("case" [WORD] & "control*" [WORD])
specificity 40%/98% "case-control studies" [MH:NOEXP] | "cohort studies" [MH:NOEXP]
sensitivity 92%/73%"incidence" [MESH] | "mortality" [MESH] | "follow-up studies" [MESH] | "mortality" [SH] | prognos* [WORD] | predict* [WORD] | course [WORD]
specificity 49%/97% prognosis [MH:NOEXP] | "survival analysis" [MH:NOEXP]
PrognosisPrognosis
EtiologyEtiology
DiagnosisDiagnosis
TherapyTherapy
Table for Clinical Queries using Research Methodology Filters
MEDLINEPRO.COMMEDLINEPRO.COM
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