EBENEZER HOWARD - GARDEN CITY REPORT

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SIR EBENEZER HOWARD PRESENTED BY- SHAMALI KATHER HARSHADA SASAWADE IMRAN SAYYED

Transcript of EBENEZER HOWARD - GARDEN CITY REPORT

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SIR EBENEZER HOWARD

PRESENTED BY-SHAMALI KATHER

HARSHADA SASAWADEIMRAN SAYYED

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SIR EBENEZER HOWARD• Sir Ebenezer Howard born as the son

of a shopkeeper in the City of London

on 29th of January 1850.

• After schooling, he took on a number

of clerical posts.

• In 1871, he emigrated to the frontier country

of America to become a Farmer.

• He subsequently spent four years living in Chicago,

witnessing it’s rebuilding following the great fire.

• It was during this time, he began to contemplate

ways to improve cities.

• Sir Ebenezer Howard the English founder

of the garden city movement, is known for

his publication To-Morrow: A Peaceful Path to

Real Reform (1898), the description of a

utopian city in which people live

harmoniously together with nature.

• This book offered a vision of towns free of

slumps and enjoying the benefits of both

town (such as opportunity, amusement and

high wages) and country (such as beauty,

fresh air and low rents )

TO-MORROW

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GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT: The Origin –

•Howard was heavily influenced by the utopian visions of Edward Bellamy and his publication Looking Backward (1888).

•Sir Ebenezer Howard is known for his publication Garden Cities of To-morrow (1898), the description of a utopian city in which people live harmoniously together with nature.

•The ideas put forth in To-morrow were a synthesis of his personal experiences and the works of others.

•The publication resulted in the founding of the garden city movement, that realized several Garden Cities in Great Britain at the beginning of the 20th century.

•The first garden cities proposed were Letchworth and Welwyn in 1903 and 1920 respectively.

• Strong community• Ordered development• Environmental quality

Core garden city principles

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GARDEN CITIES OF TOMORROW : THE BOOK –

• This book offered a vision of towns free of slums and enjoying the benefits of both town (such as opportunity, amusement and good wages) and country (such as beauty, fresh air and low rents).

• He illustrated the idea with his famous Three Magnets diagram which addressed the question 'Where will the people go?', the choices being 'Town', 'Country' or 'Town-Country'.

• It proposed the creation of new suburban towns of limited size, planned in advance, and surrounded by a permanent belt of agricultural land.

•These Garden cities were used as the model for many suburbs.•Howard believed that such Garden Cities were the perfect blend of city and nature. •The towns would be largely independent, managed by the citizens who had an economic interest in them, and financed by ground rents on the Georgist model.•The land on which they were to be built was to be owned by a group of trustees and leased to the citizens.

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the three magnets diagram (below) makes three points:- town life has good and bad characteristics - country life has good and bad characteristics - town-country life can have all the good things about life in towns and life in the country - without any of the bad things.

POSITIVE ASPECTS

NEGATIVE ASPECTS

• Social opportunity.

• Closing out of nature.

• Isolation of crowds.

• High rents & prices.

• Places of amusement.

• Foul air and Murky sky.

• Chances of employment.

• Slums & gin palaces.

• High money wages.

• Costly drainage.

• Well-lit streets.

TOWNPOSITIVE ASPECTS

NEGATIVE ASPECTS

• Beauty of nature.

• Lack of society

• Land lying idle.

• Hands out of work.

• Wood, meadow, forest.

• Trespassers beware.

• Fresh air.

• Low wages.

• Low rents.

• Lack of drainage.

• Abundance of water.

• Lack of amusement.

• Bright sunshine.

• No public spirit.

• Need for reform.

COUNTRY

THE THREE MAGNETS - The People,

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COMBINATION OF BOTH ASPECTS

Beauty of nature- peace all-over the places.Social opportunity- cumulative growth.

Fields and parks of easy access- equal chances.Low rents- high wages.Low rates- plenty to do.Low prices- no sweating.

Field for enterprise- flow of capital.Pure air and water- good drainage.

Bright homes & gardens- no smoke, no slums.Freedom- Co-operation.

TOWN-COUNTRY

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GARDEN CITY PRINCIPLE

GARDEN CITY DATAS

• Central City: Area: 12000 acres. Population : 58000 people• Agglomeration Cities: Area: 9000 acres Population: 32000 people• Distance between central main

city and the agglomeration: ~10km

.

Assumed data-•A total of 6000 acre estate•1000 acres, purely for the central garden city as a home for 30000 people.•Surrounding the central city 5000 Acres of land is retained for agriculture and home for 2000 people, with cow pastures, farmlands, and welfare services.

The original Garden City concept by Ebenezer Howard, 1902.

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• Circular city growing in a radial manner or pattern.• Divided into six equal wards, by six main Boulevards that

radiated from the central park/garden.• Civic institutions (Town Hall, Library, Hospital, Theatre,

Museum etc. ) are placed around the central garden.• The central park enclosed by a crystal palace acts as an arcade

for indoor shops and winter gardens.• The streets for houses are formed by a series of concentric

ringed tree lined avenues.• Distance between each ring vary between 3-5km .• A 420 feet wide , 3 mile long, Grand avenue which run in the

center of concentric rings , houses the schools and churches and acts as a continuous public park.

CONCEPTUAL LAYOUT

• All the industries, factories and warehouses were placed at the periferal ring of the city.

• The municipal railway was placed in another ring closer to the industrial ring , so that the pressure of excess transport on the city streets are reduced and the city is connected to the rest of the nation.

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GARDEN CITY PRINCIPLE IN PRACTICEGARDEN CITY PRINCIPLE IN PRACTICE

• The first Garden City evolved out of Howard’s principles is Letchworth Garden City designed by Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker in 1903.

• The second one to evolve was Welwyn Garden City designed by Louis de Soissons and Frederic Osborn in 1920.

• Another example was Radburn City designed by Clarence Stein and Henry Wright in 1928.

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LATCHWORTHLATCHWORTH

• Letchworth, officially Letchworth Garden City, is a town in Hertfordshire, England, with a population of 33,600

• It was designed by Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker.

• Letch worth – 35 miles from London

• Land of 3822 acres• Reserved Green belt- 1300 acres• Designed for a maximum of 35000

population• In 30 years – developed with

15000 population & 150 shops, industries.

An Analysis

Latchworth Garden City- Arrangement from top.

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Latchworth- A New Vision

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WELWYNWELWYN

• Welwyn Garden City  is a town within the Borough of Welwyn Hatfield in Hertfordshire, England.

• It is located approximately 19 miles from Kings Cross and 24 miles from London.

• On 29 April 1920 a company, Welwyn Garden City Limited, was formed to plan and build the garden city, chaired by Sir Theodore Chambers. Louis de Soissons was appointed as architect and town planner and Frederic Osborn as secretary.

.

An Analysis

Welwyn Garden City- Arrangement from top.

•Land of 2378 acres•Designed for a maximum of 40000 population•In 15 years – developed with 10000 population & 50 shops, industries.

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• Personalization of Homes in Welwyn with varying roofline, texture and composition for each house.

• Streets are designed so as to give the concept of a Neighborhood unit.

• Separation of the pedestrian walkways from the main roads gives a sense of natural beauty.

• Open and green spaces are Given on a large scale.

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RADBURN, NEW JERSEYRADBURN, NEW JERSEY

• Radburn was planned by architects Clarence Stein and Henry Wright in 1928.

• It is America’s first garden community, serving as a world wide example of the harmonious blending of private space and open area.

• Radburn provided a prototype for the new towns to meet the requirements for contemporary good living.

• Radburn was designed to occupy one square mile of land and house some 25,000 residents.

• However, the Great Depression limited the development to only 149 acres.

• Radburn created a unique alternative to the conventional suburban development through the use of cul-de-sacs, interior parklands, and cluster housing. RADBURN CONSISTS OF-

• Residential areas

• 149 acres of interior parks,

• Walkways.

• 2 swimming pools,

• 4 tennis courts,

• 2 playgrounds,

• Archery plaza and a school,

• 2 outdoor basketball courts

• A community center, which houses administrative offices, library, gymnasium, clubroom and service and maintenance areas.

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Housing blocks

Plaza building the shoping center

•Ebenezer Howard’s Garden City concept shows us a place where genuine urban activities are carried at human scale.•The garden city introduced the use of greenbelts that have served many uses including the preservation of agricultural and rural life, nature and heritage conservation, recreation, pollution minimization, and growth management.•Garden city tradition endowed urban planning with a social and community dimensions.•The garden city idea however, showed how both industrial estates and collective retailing spaces could be used within a comprehensive planning approach to serve public purposes.

CONCLUSION:-