eb I Rxe‰ewPÎ¨of Agricultural Education Programme, Written by Dr. S. M. Ruhul Amin, Edited by...

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SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

eb I Rxe‰ewPÎ¨

FOREST & BIODIVERSITY

BAE 2106

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eb I Rxe‰ewPÎ¨

FOREST & BIODIVERSITY

BAE 2106


SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

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(BON O JEEBABOICHITRA) FOREST & BIODIVERSITY

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Bon o Jeebaboichitra (Forest & Biodiversity), a 1-Credit Coursebook for the Bachelor of Agricultural Education Programme, Written by Dr. S. M. Ruhul Amin, Edited by Dr. Md. Abu Taleb (2nd edition), Dr. Md. Tofazzal Islam & Dr. A N M Aminoor Rahman (1st edition), Style Edited by Dr. Md. Tofazzal Islam, Published by Publishing, Printing & Distribution Division, Bangladesh Open University, Gazipur-1705. Bangladesh Open University. First edition : July, 1997, Second Edition : September, 2005. Printing Time: 2013, Computer Compose & D T P: Md. Al Amin (2nd edition), Md. Kazi Md.

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m¤úv`bv cwil`

Giasuddin (1st edition). Cover Design : Md. Monirul Islam. Illustration : Dr. A N M Aminoor Rahman and Raisul Islam Khan. Printed by: Al-Kader Offset Printers, 57 Rishikash Das Road, Dhaka-1100.

ISBN 984-34-5009-4

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any means without prior permission of the copyright holder.

ISBN 984-34-5009-4

Bangladesh Open University

Printed by: Al-Kader Offset Printers, 57 Rishikash Das Road, Dhaka-1100.

B A E 2106

eb I Rxe‰ewPÎ¨

FOREST AND BIODIVERSITY Òeb I Rxe‰ewPÎ¨Ó weGMGW †cÖvMÖv‡gi GKwU †Kvm©eB| G

†Kvm©eBwU `~iwk¶‡Yi QvÎ‡`i Dc‡hvMx K‡i iPbv Kiv

n‡q‡Q| †Kvm©eBwUi wewfbœ BDwb‡U eb I e‡bi ¸iyZ¡,

e‡bi aib, ebR e„‡¶i †ivM I †cvKvgvKo Ges Zvi

cÖwZKvi, Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ I cÖwZ‡ek cªf…wZi Ici ZvwË¡K I

e¨envwiK welq¸‡jv AZ¨šÍ mnRfv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv

n‡q‡Q|

m~wPcÎ

BDwbU 1 eb I e‡bi ¸iyZ¡ 1-20

cvV 1.1 e‡bi msÁv I aviYv 1

cvV 1.2 e‡bi A_©‰bwZK ¸iyZ¡ 8

cvV 1.3 e‡bi cwi‡ekMZ ¸iyZ¡ 13

eënvwiK

cvV 1.4 evsjv‡`‡ki gvbwP‡Î e‡bi Ae¯’vb 18

BDwbU 2 e‡bi aib 21-38

cvV 2.1 cvnvwo eb 21

cvV 2.2 g¨vb‡MÖvf eb 25

cvV 2.3 mgZjf~wgi eb 31

cvV 2.4 MÖvgxY eb 34

BDwbU 3 ebR e„‡¶i †ivM I †cvKvgvKo Ges Zvi cÖwZKvi 39-60

cvV 3.1 ebR e„‡¶i cÖavb cÖavb †ivM cwiwPwZ 39

cvV 3.2 ebR e„‡¶i cÖavb cÖavb †cvKvgvKo cwiwPwZ 45

cvV 3.3 ebR e„‡¶i cÖavb K‡qKwU †ivM I †cvKvgvK‡oi cÖwZKvi 49

eënvwiK

cvV 3.4 ebR e„‡¶i †ivM I †cvKvgvKo ch©‡e¶Y 56

BDwbU 4 Rxe‰ewPÎ I cÖwZ‡ek 61-79

cvV 4.1 Rxe‰ewP‡Îï ¸iyZ¡¡ 61

cvV 4.2 ebR, giyR I RjR cwi‡ek I Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ 65

cvV 4.3 Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ msi¶‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv 69

cvV 4.4 Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ web‡ó eb DRvo, g‡bvKvjPvi I KxUbvkK cÖ‡qv‡Mi

cÖfve

72

cvV 4.5 Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ msi¶‡Y b¨vkbvj cvK©, wPwoqvLvbv I †evUvwbK¨vj

Mv‡W©‡bi cÖfve

75

Z_¨m~Î 80

cvV wb‡ ©kbv

Òeb I Rxe‰ewPÎ¨Ó †Kvm©eBwU we‡klfv‡e K…wl I cjøx Dbœqb ¯‹zj Gi weGwRGW †cÖvMÖv‡gi QvÎ‡ì Rb¨

†jLv n‡q‡Q| Avcwb Rv‡bb, `~i wk¶‡Y wk¶‡Ki mve©¶wYK Dcw ’wZ †bB| ZvB cv‡Vi †Kv‡bv KwVb

welq †hb Avcbvi eyS‡Z Amyweav bv nq †mw`‡K `„wó †i‡LB †Kvm©eBwU †jLv n‡q‡Q| †Kvm©eBwUi Avw½K

I Dc ’vcbv ZvB cÖPwjZ cvVëB †_‡K wKQyUv wfbœ ai‡bi| †h‡nZz mivmwi wk¶‡Ki mvnvh¨ QvovB

†Kvm©eBwU Avcbv‡K wb‡R c‡o eyS‡Z n‡e, ZvB GwU Kxfv‡e co‡eb cÖ_‡gB Zv †R‡b wbb| G‡Z

†Kvm©eBwU co‡Z I eyS‡Z Avcbvi myweav n‡e|

eBwUi iƒc‡iLv

Òeb I Rxe‰ewPÎ¨Ó †Kvm©eBwU PviwU BDwb‡U wef³| cÖwZwU BDwb‡U GKvwaK cvV i‡q‡Q| cvV msL¨v

wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q cÖwZwU BDwb‡Ui welqe ‘i Ici wbf©i K‡i| BDwb‡Ui cvV¸‡jv‡K Avjv`v K‡i

mvRv‡bv n‡jI G‡ì g‡a¨ GKwU †hvMm~Î i‡q‡Q|

BDwb‡Ui f~wgKv

cÖwZwU BDwb‡Ui ïiy‡ZB i‡q‡Q GKwU f~wgKv| f~wgKvq BDwb‡Ui welqe ‘i D‡Ïk¨ Ges ¸iyZ¡ ms‡¶‡c

Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| BDwbUwU‡Z Kx Kx welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q ms‡¶‡c ZviI D‡jøL i‡q‡Q| G‡Z

Avcwb BDwb‡Ui ïiy‡ZB †R‡b hv‡”Qb cv‡Vi g~j Av‡jvP¨m~wP Kx?

cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨

j¶¨ Ki‡eb cÖwZwU cv‡Vi ïiy‡Z GK ev GKvwaK mywbw ©ó D‡Ïk¨ †`qv Av‡Q| cÖwZwU D‡Ïk¨‡K †K› ª

K‡iB cv‡Vi welqe ‘ mnRfv‡e eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q| cvV †k‡l cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv AR©b Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q

Kx bv Zv wb‡R wb‡RB g~j¨vqb Ki‡eb| GRb¨ cvV †k‡l ¯g~j¨vqb cÖkœ i‡q‡Q| G‡Z Avcwb cvVwU

KZUzKz eyS‡Z cvi‡jb Zv wba©viY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

AvBK‡bi eënvi

cv‡Vi welqe ‘ ‡jv GK „wó‡Z ey‡S †bqvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i †Kvm©eBwUi wewfbœ RvqMvq wewfbœ

ai‡bi cÖZxK ev AvBKb eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q, hv †`‡L Avcwb mn‡RB welqe ‘i Dc ’vcbv Ges Avcbvi

KiYxq Kx Zv eyS‡Z cvi‡eb| wb‡gœ G †Kvm©eB‡q eëüZ wewfbœ ai‡bi AvBK‡bi A_© wb‡`©k Kiv n‡jvÑ

= co~b I j¶¨ Kiyb

= Avewk¨K cvV/mvigg©

= cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨

= Qwe †`Lyb

= Abykxjb/P‚ovšÍ g~j¨vqb

= cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb

= DËigvjv

= Z_¨m~Î

e· wjLb

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Abykxjb

Avcwb cvVwU fv‡jvfv‡e eyS‡Z cvi‡Qb wK bv Zv hvPvB Kivi Rb¨ cv‡Vi gv‡S †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv RvqMvq

†`qv i‡q‡Q Abykxjb| Abykxjb¸‡jv Avcbv‡K mgvav Ki‡Z n‡e| Gme Abykxjb Avcbvi Ávb I `¶Zv

e„w×‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡e|

mvigg©

cÖwZwU cv‡VB mvigg© †`qv Av‡Q| mvigg© c‡o Avcwb wbw ©ó cv‡Vi welqe ‘ m¤ú‡K© AwZ mn‡RB aviYv

wb‡Z cvi‡eb|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb

cÖwZwU cv‡Vi †k‡l Avcwb KZUzKz eyS‡Z †c‡i‡Qb Zv hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ i‡q‡Q cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb| cvVwU

fv‡jvfv‡e †evSvi ci cv‡VvËi g~j¨vq‡bi cÖkœ ‡jvi DËi †`qvi †Póv Kiyb | AZci Avcbvi †`qv DËi

BDwbU †k‡l †`qv DË‡ii mv‡_ wgwj‡q wbb| me¸‡jv DËi mwVK n‡j cieZ©x cvV ïiy Kiyb, Ab¨_vq

cvVwU cybivq co~b|

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb

cÖwZ BDwb‡Ui †k‡l i‡q‡Q P~ovš— g~j¨vqb| G‡Z msw¶ß I iPbvg~jK cÖkœ Av‡Q| G cÖkœ ‡jvi DËi

ˆZwi Kivi †Póv Kiyb, hv Avcbv‡K cix¶vq fv‡jv djvdj Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡e| G‡¶‡Î Ab¨vb¨

Z_¨m~‡Îi mvnvh¨ wb‡Z cv‡ib| GQvov cÖ‡qvR‡b Avcbvi wUDU‡ii mv‡_I K_v ej‡Z cv‡ib| BDwb‡Ui

me¸‡jv cvV fv‡jvfv‡e co‡j P‚ovšÍ g~j¨vq‡bi cÖkœ ‡jv mgvav‡b †Kv‡bv Amyweav n‡e bv|

BDwbU 1 eb I e‡bi ¸iæZ¡

e‡bi m‡½ Kg‡ewk Avgiv mK‡jB cwiwPZ| mvaviYfv‡e eb ej‡Z MvQcvjv Øviv Av”Qvw`Z

we Í„Z GjvKv‡K eySv‡bv nq †hLv‡b wewfbœ cÖKvi RxeRš‘, cvwL, †cvKvgvKo cÖf…wZ

cÖvK…wZKfv‡e GKm‡½ emevm K‡i| gvbe mf¨Zvi weKv‡k eb GK wekvj m¤ú` fvÛv‡ii

f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i Avm‡Q| eb wQj Avw` gvby‡li Avkªq I Lv‡`ï Drm| eZ©gvbKv‡jI e‡bi

f‚wgKv Acwimxg| †Kv‡bv †`‡ki Av_©mvgvwRK Dbœqb Ges cwi‡ek msi¶‡Y e‡bi ¸iyZ¡

i‡q‡Q| †Kv‡bv †`‡k ebm¤ú‡ì KgwZ ev NvUwZ n‡j †m †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK AMÖMwZ we‡klfv‡e

evavMÖ ’ nq| KviY, RbM‡Yi wewfbœ Pvwn`v, h_v Nievwo I AvmevecÎ ˆZwi, Lv`¨ Drcv`b,

wkíKviLvbvq KuvPvgvj mieivn, †ijMvwo, †gvUiMvwo, jÂ, †bŠKv cÖf…wZ ˆZwii Rb¨ Kv‡Vi

Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z ebm¤ú‡ì IciB wbf©i Ki‡Z nq| GKBfv‡e ebm¤ú‡ì Ici wbf©i Ki‡Z

nq Ilya KviLvbvi KvuPvgvj, is, evwb©k, R¡vjvwb cÖf…wZ ˆZwii RbÏ| ZvQvov GKwU †`‡ki

mvgwMÖK AvenvIqv, Rjevqy cÖf…wZ ebR cwi‡ek Øviv wbqwš¿Z n‡q _v‡K| eb cÖvK…wZK Lv`¨wkí

wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i _v‡K| gvbyl I Ab¨vb¨ cÖvwYKzj cÖZ¨¶ wKsev c‡iv¶fv‡e Lv‡`ï Rb¨ eb I

ebm¤ú‡ì Ici wbf©ikxj| m‡Ÿ©vcwi eb cÖvK…wZK fvimvg¨ i¶v K‡i _v‡K|

G BDwb‡Ui wewfbœ cv‡V e‡bi msÁv I aviYv; A_©‰bwZK ¸iyZ¡; cwi‡ekMZ ¸iyZ¡ Ges

evsjv‡`‡ki gvbwP‡Î e‡bi Ae ’vb m¤ú‡K ZvwË¡K I eënvwiKmn msw¶ßfv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv

n‡q‡Q|

cvV 1.1 e‡bi msÁv I aviYv

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb

e‡bi msÁv D`vniYmn e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

e‡bi mvgwMÖK aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

e‡bi mvaviY cÖKvi‡f` wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|

e‡bi msÁv

mnRfv‡e eb n‡jv bvbv iKg MvQcvjvi mgv‡ivn| AvwfavwbK A‡_© Abvevw` Rwg‡Z myôz

eë¯’vcbvq Drcv`bgyLx e„¶ I cÖvwYm¤ú‡ì mgvnvi‡K eb e‡j| AZGe mvaviYfv‡e eb n‡jv

wewfbœ ai‡bi Dw™¢‡ì mgv‡ek †hLv‡b wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖvYx cÖvK…wZKfv‡e GK‡Î emevm K‡i|

AZGe, eb n‡jv GKwU cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` hv MvQcvjv Øviv Av”Qvw`Z we¯—„Z GjvKv Ges wewfbœ

cÖKvi RxeRš‘, cvwL, KxUcZ½ cÖf…wZ Gi Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask|

e‡bi aviYv

AvBbMZ w`K w`‡q e‡bi msÁv wfbœ iK‡gi| †hgb †Kv‡bv Rwg hv miKvi eb GjvKv wn‡m‡e

†NvlYv K‡i‡Qb Zv‡K ebf~wg ejv nq| Kv‡RB MvQcvjv †bB Ggb GjvKv‡KI ebf~wg ejv hv‡e

hw` miKvi †m GjvKv‡K ebf~wg wn‡m‡e †NvlYv w`‡q _v‡Kb| †hgb cve©Z¨ GjvKvq GK

ai‡bi eb Av‡Q hv‡K A‡kªwYfz³ eb ejv nq| G Rwg eë ’vcbvi `vwqZ¡ †Rjv cÖkvm‡Ki| G

Rwg‡Z cvnvwo AÂ‡ji †jv‡Kiv Szg Pvl K‡i _v‡K| cvnvwo GjvKvi RbmsL¨v e„w×i Kvi‡Y

Gme Rwg‡Z AZ¨waK Szg Pv‡li d‡j f‚wg¶q Ges ebm¤ú` DRvo n‡q †M‡Q| eZ©gv‡b

†mLv‡b MvQcvjvi msL¨v K‡g †M‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki me©‡gvU 2.56 wgwjqb †n±i (6.32 wgwjqb

GKi) ebf~wgi g‡a¨ 0.73 wgwjqb †n±i (1.80 wgwjqb GKi) ebf~wg G A‡kªwYfz³ eb|

(†bvU t 1 †n±i = 2.47 GKi)

BDwbU 1

eb I e‡bi ¸iyZ¡

Abvevw` Rwg‡Z myôz

eë ’vcbvq Drcv`bgyLx

e„¶ I cÖvwYm¤ú‡ì

mgvnvi‡K eb e‡j|

AvBbMZ w`K w`‡q e‡bi

msÁv wfbœ| MvQcvjvwenxb

GjvKv‡KI ebf~wg ejv

hv‡e hw` miKvi Zv ebf~wg

wn‡m‡e †NvlYv K‡ib|

eb I e‡bi ¸iyZ¡

¯‹zj Af& GwMÖKvjPvi GÛ iyi¨vj wW‡fjc‡g›U

2

e‡bi cÖavb fvMmg~n

we‡k¦ eb‡K cÖv_wgKfv‡e yfv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| h_v cÖvK…wZK eb I gvby‡li ˆZwi eb| wb‡¤œ

Zv D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv

1. cÖvK…wZK eb t †h eb cÖvK…wZK wµqvKjv‡ci d‡j A_©vr cÖvK…wZK wbq‡g M‡o I‡V Zv‡K

cÖvK…wZK eb e‡j| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvK…wZK e‡bi g‡a¨ fvIqvj I gaycy‡ii kvj ev MRvwi eb;

my›ìeb; e„nËi wm‡jU, PÆMÖvg, ev›ìevb, iv½vgvwU, LvMovQwo I K·evRv‡ii eb cÖf…wZ

D‡jøL‡hvM¨| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvK…wZK eb‡K Avevi Pvifv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgb

K. cvnvwo eb

L. g¨vb‡MÖvf (mangrove) A_v©r jeYv¤^y wKsev †jvbv cvwbi eb

M. fvIqvj I gaycy‡ii kvj ev MRvwi eb

N. Ab¨vb¨ eb

2. gvby‡li ˆZwi eb t †h eb gvbyl cwiKwíZfv‡e MvQ jvwM‡q m„wó K‡i‡Q Zv‡K Avgiv

gvby‡li ˆZwi eb e‡j _vwK| †hgb ivDRv‡bi ivevi eb; e„nËi wm‡jU, iv½vgvwU, ev›ìevb,

LvMovQwo I PÆMÖv‡gi †m¸b eb; DcK‚j AÂ‡ji euv‡ai eb cÖf…wZ|

†Kv‡bv †`‡ki AvenvIqv, Rjevqy I Ae¯’v‡bi wfwË‡Z †m †`‡ki ebvÂj M‡o I‡V| †m Kvi‡Y

bvwZkx‡Zvò, Pigfvevcbœ ev kxZcÖavb †`‡ki MvQcvjv GKiKg nq bv| eis wfbœ wfbœ iK‡gi

nq| Avevi GKB Rjevqy‡Z ¯’vb‡f‡` G‡KK RvqMvq G‡KK ai‡bi MvQ †`Lv hvq| G‡`‡ki

me RvqMv‡Z GKB ai‡bi MvQ †`Lv hvq bv| †hgb my›ìeb GjvKvi †jvbv cvwb AÂ‡j †h

MvQ R‡b¥ (†hgb my›`wi) Zv Ab¨ RvqMvq R‡b¥ bv| Abyiƒcfv‡e, Avgv‡ì evwoi Av‡kcv‡k

†hme MvQcvjv Av‡Q (†hgb Avg, KvuVvj) Zv Avevi my›ìe‡b †bB|

e‡bi aib

we‡k¦ wewfbœ ai‡bi eb i‡q‡Q| wewfbœfv‡e Gme e‡bi †kªwYwefvM Kiv n‡q _v‡K| †hgb

†fŠ‡MvwjK Ae ’v‡bi wfwË‡Z, eënv‡ii wfwË‡Z cÖf…wZ| †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae ’v‡bi wfwË‡Z eb‡K

DògÛjxq eb, bvwZkx‡Zvò eb, Pigfvevcbœ eb, kxZcÖavb AÂ‡ji eb cÖf…wZ‡Z fvM Kiv

hvq| ZvQvov eënv‡ii wfwË‡Z eb‡K ¸wo ev wU¤vi eb (Timber forest), DW eb (Wood forest) cÖf…wZ‡Z fvM Kiv hvq|

¯’vb I we¯Í„wZ‡f‡` evsjv‡`‡ki ebvÂj‡K Pvifv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v

1. cvnvwo eb (Hill forest)

2. g¨vb‡MÖvf ev jeYv¤^y ev †jvbv cvwbi eb (Mangrove forest)

3. mgZjf‚wgi eb (Plainland forest)

4. MÖvgxY eb (Village forest)

cvnvwo eb

PÆMÖvg, K·evRvi, iv½vgvwU, LvMovQwo, ev›ìevb I wm‡jU wefv‡Mi wewfbœ †Rjvi cvnvwo

AÂ‡j †h ai‡bi eb †`Lv hvq Zv‡K cvnvwo eb e‡j| †m¸b, Mvgvi, MR©b, Pvcvwjk cÖf…wZ G

AÂ‡ji cÖavb MvQ| G AÂ‡ji wbPz GjvKvq cvIqv hvq Rviyj, wnRj, gv›`vi, wcUvwj cÖf…wZ

PÆMÖvg, K·evRvi, iv½vgvwU,

LvMovQwo, ev›ìevb I wm‡jU

wefv‡Mi wewfbœ †Rjvi cvnvwo

AÂ‡ji eb‡K cvnvwo eb

e‡j|

†Kv‡bv †`‡ki AvenvIqv,

Rjevqy I Ae ’v‡bi

wfwË‡Z †m †`‡ki ebvÂj

M‡o I‡V|

we‡k¦ eb‡K yfv‡M fvM Kiv

n‡q‡Q| †hgb cÖvK…wZK I

gvby‡li ˆZwi eb|

’vb I we Í„wZ‡f‡` G‡`‡ki

ebvÂj Pvifv‡M wef³|

h_v 1. cvnvwo eb, 2.

g¨vb‡MÖvf ev jeYv¤y eb, 3.

mgZjf‚wgi eb I 4. MÖvgxY

eb|

eb I e‡bi ¸iyZ¡


3

cÖRvwZi MvQ| cvnvwo eb cÖvq 0.67 wgwjqb †n±i RvqMv Ry‡o we¯Í„Z| G ebvÂ‡ji cÖvq 75%

cÖvK…wZKfv‡e m„ó|

wPÎ 1 t cvnvwo eb

g¨vb‡MÖvf ev †jvbv cvwbi eb

e„nËi Lyjbv A_©vr Lyjbv, ev‡MinvU I mvZ¶xiv †Rjv Ges K·evRvi †Rjvi P‡Kvwiqvq mg~‡ ªi

†RvqvifvUvhy³ †jvbv cvwb AÂ‡j †h eb †`Lv hvq Zv‡K g¨vb‡MÖvf ev jeYv¤^y eb e‡j|

wek¦weL¨vZ my›`ieb g¨vb‡MÖvf eb| evsjv‡`‡ki my›`ieb we‡k¦i g‡a¨ GKK fzL‡Û me‡P‡q eo

jeYv¤y eb| G e‡bi cÖavb MvQ my›`wi| ZvQvov i‡q‡Q †MIqv, Mivb, †KIov, KuvKov, ay›`j,

evBb, †MvjcvZv, †nuZvj BZ¨vw`| G eb cÖvq 0.59 wgwjqb †n±i GjvKv Ry‡o we¯Í„Z|

e„nËi Lyjbv I

K·evRv‡ii P‡Kvwiqvq

mgy‡ ªi †RvqvifvUvhy³

†jvbv cvwb AÂ‡j †h eb

†`Lv hvq Zv‡K g¨vb‡MÖvf

ev jeYv¤y eb e‡j|

eb I e‡bi ¸iyZ¡


4

wPÎ 2 t g¨vb‡MÖvf ev jeYv¤^y eb

mgZjf‚wgi eb

MvRxcy‡ii fvIqv‡ji Mo; Uv½vBj I gqgbwms‡ni gaycy‡ii Mo; w`bvRcyi I iscyi †Rjvi

kvjeb‡K mgZjf‚wgi eb ejv nq| Gme e‡bi cÖavb e„¶ n‡jv kvj| Ab¨vb¨ Mv‡Qi g‡a¨

KoB, nj y, ni‡MvRv, evu`ijvwV D‡jøL‡hvM¨| kvjeb g~jZ cÖvK…wZKfv‡e M‡o I‡V| G eb‡K

MRvwi ebI ejv nq|

wPÎ 3 t mgZjf‚wgi eb

MÖvgxY eb

emZevwo I Gi Av‡kcv‡ki Lvwj RvqMvq †h mg Í MvQcvjv †`Lv hvq Zv wb‡qB ˆZwi nq

MÖvgxY eb| mvaviYZ †`‡ki Pvwn`vi cÖvq 80% KvV, R¡vjvwb KvV Ges euv‡ki Pvwn`v G ai‡bi

MÖvgxY eb ev emZevwo n‡Z †gUv‡bv nq| †`‡ki cÖvq 0.27 wgwjqb †n±i Rwg‡Z G ai‡bi

ebvÂ‡ji we Í„wZ| Avg, Rvg, KvuVvj, wjPz, wkï, KoB, †gnMwb, bvwi‡Kj, mycvwi, Zvj, †LRyi,

euvk I Ab¨vb¨ eûwea MvQ MÖvgxY e‡b i‡q‡Q|

MvRxcy‡ii fvIqv‡ji Mo,

Uv½vBj I gqgbwms‡ni

gaycy‡ii Mo, w`bvRcyi I

iscyi †Rjvi kvjeb‡K

mgZjf‚wgi eb ejv nq|

emZevwo I Gi Av‡kcv‡ki

Lvwj RvqMvq †hme MvQcvjv

†`Lv hvq Zv wb‡qB ˆZwi nq

MÖvgxY eb|

eb I e‡bi ¸iyZ¡


5

wPÎ 4 t MÖvgxY eb

Abykxjb (Activity) t evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ ai‡bi e‡bi cÖavb cÖavb Mv‡Qi bvg wjwce× Kiyb|

evsjv‡`‡k e‡bi cwigvY

evsjv‡`‡k ebf~wgi cwigvY †gvU f‚wgi 17.8% (A_©vr 2.56 wgwjqb †n±i)| G ebf~wgi g‡a¨

1.49 wgwjqb †n±i (A_©vr 10.3%) eb Awa`ß‡ii AvIZvaxb, 0.73 wgwjqb †n±i (A_©vr

5.1%) A‡kªwYfz³ eb hv †Rjv cÖkvm‡Ki AvIZvaxb, 0.27 wgwjqb †n±i (A_©vr 1.9%)

i‡q‡Q e¨w³gvwjKvbvaxb MÖvgxY eb Ges 0.07 wgwjqb †n±i (A_©vr 0.05%) GjvKv Ry‡o Pv I

ivevi evMvb i‡q‡Q| wPÎ 5-G ebf~wg I Ab¨vb¨ f~wgi cwigvY †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q (d‡i÷ gv÷vi

cø vb-1993)|

wPÎ 5 t evsjv‡`‡k ebf‚wg, K…wl Rwg, knivÂj, Rjvf‚wg I Ab¨vb¨ Rwgi kZKiv cwigvY (%)

evsjv‡`‡k ebf‚wgi cwigvY cÖvq 17.8% n‡jI Zv mviv‡`‡k mgfv‡e we Í„Z bq| AwaKvsk

ebf‚wg †`‡ki c~e© I `w¶Yc~e©vÂj Ges `w¶YcwðgvÂ‡j Aew ’Z| we ÍxY© cwðg I

DËicwðgvÂ‡j ebf‚wgi cwigvY LyeB Kg| cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ i¶vi Rb¨ G cwigvY eb LyeB

AcÖZzj| Kv‡RB e‡bi cwigvY evov‡bvi c`‡¶c †bqv cÖ‡qvRb|

17.80

64.20 8.60

6.50 3.40

ebf‚wg K…wlRwg knivÂj Rjvf‚wg Ab¨vb¨

evsjv‡`‡ki ebf~wgi cwigvY

†gvU f‚wgi 17.8%| G

ebf~wgi 10.3% eb

Awa`ß‡ii AvIZvaxb,

5.1% A‡kªwYfz³ eb, 1.9%

MÖvgxY eb Ges 0.05%

GjvKv Ry‡o Pv I ivevi

evMvb|

eb I e‡bi ¸iyZ¡


6

mvigg© t Abvevw` Rwg‡Z myôz eë¯’vcbvq Drcv`bgyLx e„¶ I cÖvwYm¤ú‡ì mgvnvi‡K eb

e‡j| Z‡e AvBbMZ w`K w`‡q e‡bi msÁv wfbœ| MvQcvjv †bB Ggb GjvKv‡KI ebf~wg ejv

hv‡e hw` miKvi †NvlYv K‡ib| we‡k¦ eb‡K cÖv_wgKfv‡e yfv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgb 1.

cÖvK…wZK eb I 2. gvby‡li ˆZwi eb| †Kv‡bv †`‡ki AvenvIqv, Rjevqy I Ae¯’v‡bi wfwË‡Z

†m †`‡ki ebvÂj M‡o I‡V| evsjv‡`‡ki ebf~wgi cwigvY †gvU f‚wgi 17.8%| G ebf~wgi

10.3% eb Awa`ß‡ii AvIZvaxb, 5.1% A‡kªwYfz³ eb, 1.9% MÖvgxY eb Ges 0.05%

GjvKv Ry‡o Pv I ivevi evMvb| ’vb I we Í„wZ‡f‡` G‡`‡ki ebvÂj Pvifv‡M wef³| h_v 1.

cvnvwo eb, 2. g¨vb‡MÖvf eb, 3. mgZjf‚wgi eb, 4. MÖvgxY eb| PÆMÖvg, iv½vgvwU, LvMovQwo,

ev›ìevb I e„nËi wm‡jU †Rjvi cvnvwo AÂ‡j i‡q‡Q cvnvwo eb| e„nËi Lyjbv I K·evRvi

†Rjvi P‡Kvwiqvq mgy‡`ªi †RvqvifvUvhy³ †jvbv cvwb AÂ‡j †`Lv hvq g¨vb‡MÖvf eb|

MvRxcy‡ii fvIqv‡ji Mo; Uv½vBj I gqgbwms‡ni gaycy‡ii Mo; w`bvRcyi I iscyi †Rjvi

kvjeb‡K mgZjf‚wgi eb e‡j| emZevwo I Gi Av‡kcv‡ki Lvwj RvqMvi MvQcvjv wb‡q m„wó

nq MÖvgxY eb|

eb I e‡bi ¸iyZ¡


7

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 1.1

mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK wPý () w`b|

1| ebR cwi‡ek wK wb‡q M‡o I‡V?

K) ïay MvQcvjv wb‡q

L) MvQcvjv I Z…YjZv wb‡q

M) we ÍxY© GjvKv Ry‡o eb wb‡q

N) MvQcvjv, Z…YjZv, RxeRš‘, cvwL, KxUcZ½ cÖf…wZ wb‡q

2| cÖvK…wZK eb‡K Kqfv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q?

K) `yB fv‡M

L) wZb fv‡M

M) Pvi fv‡M

N) cuvP fv‡M

3| fvIqvj I gaycy‡ii kvj ev MRvwi eb †Kgb ai‡bi eb?

K) gvby‡li ˆZwi eb

L) AfqviY¨

M) cÖvK…wZK eb

N) cvnvwo eb

4| MÖvgxY eb †_‡K Avgv‡`i †`‡k kZKiv KZ fvM KvV I euv‡ki Pvwn`v wgUv‡bv n‡q

_v‡K?

K) cÖvq 100 fvM

L) cÖvq 80 fvM

M) cÖvq 60 fvM

N) cÖvq 50 fvM

5| evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxY e‡bi cwigvY KZ?

K) 0.27 wgwjqb †n±i

L) 0.35 wgwjqb †n±i

M) 0.30 wgwjqb †n±i

N) 0.41 wgwjqb †n±i

6| evsjv‡`‡k ebf‚wgi cwigvY †gvU f‚wgi kZKiv KZ fvM?

K) 10.1 fvM

L) 15.2 fvM

M) 17.8 fvM

N) 20.1 fvM

eb I e‡bi ¸iyZ¡


8

cvV 1.2 e‡bi A_©‰bwZK ¸iyZ¡


Kv‡Vi cÖavb Dr‡mi bvg ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

AvmevecÎ I bvbv cÖKvi hš¿cvwZ ˆZwi‡Z ebm¤ú‡ì Ae`vb eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

R¡vjvwb wn‡m‡e ebm¤ú‡ì ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

wk‡íi KuvPvgvj mieiv‡n e‡bi ¸iæZ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

†flR Dw™¢‡ì cÖavb Drm wn‡m‡e e‡bi Ae`vb wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|

gvby‡li Kg©ms¯’vb, Lv`¨, cywó, ê‡`wkK gy`ªv AR©b, ch©Ub wkí, eb¨v wbqš¿Y I Ab¨vb¨

Kg©Kv‡Û e‡bi A_©‰bwZK ¸iæZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

eb Ges ebm¤ú` Avgv‡ì Rxeb‡K mevi Aj‡¶¨ cÖwZw`b, cÖwZ gyn~‡Z© wecyjfv‡e mg„× K‡i

P‡j‡Q| gvwUi Mfx‡i jy°vwqZ Mv‡Qi wkKo †_‡K ïiy K‡i m‡e©v”P P‚ovi cÎwU ch©šÍ Avgv‡ì

Rxe‡b Ae`vb †i‡L P‡j‡Q| Avgv‡ì Rxebavi‡Yi DcKi‡Yi A‡bK wKQyB eb †_‡K Drcbœ|

Avgv‡ì Nievwo, Awdm-Av`vjZ, ¯‹zj-K‡jR ev wek¦we`¨vj‡qi †hw`‡KB `„wó w`Bbv †Kb,

me©ÎB †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv ebm¤ú‡ì Dcw ’wZ †Pv‡L co‡e| cÖavbZ KvV, R¡vjvwb, wkíKviLvbvi

KuvPvgvj, Lv`¨km¨, kvKmewR, †flR Dcv`vb BZ¨vw` eb †_‡K AvniY Kiv nq| GQvov eb

So, R‡jv”Q¡vm, eb¨v, Abve„wó BZ¨vw` y‡hv©M †_‡K RbRxeb i¶v K‡i _v‡K| eb Ges ebm¤ú`

†_‡K †h ai‡bi A_©‰bwZK DcKvi cvIqv hvq wb‡P Zv msw¶ßfv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

KvV

KvV Avgv‡ì ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi cÖwZwU gyn~‡Z© cÖ‡qvRb| K…l‡Ki jv½j-†Rvqvj †_‡K ïiæ K‡i

bvbv ai‡bi K…wl hš¿cvwZ, AvmevecÎ, Nievwo ˆZwii cÖavb DcKiY n‡jv KvV| GQvovI

b`xc‡_i hvbevnb †bŠKv †_‡K ïiæ K‡i mgy`ªMvgx wekvj RvnvR Ges ¯’jc‡_i hvbevnb

†VjvMvwo, wiKkv †_‡K ªyZMvgx †ijMvwo I †i‡ji wúcvi ˆZwii Ab¨Zg cÖavb DcKiY KvV|

w`qvkjvB‡qi KvwV I ev· †_‡K ïiæ K‡i wewfbœ cÖKvi wRwbmcÎ KvV w`‡q ˆZwi Kiv nq|

ê`y¨wZK jvB‡bi LuywUmn wewfbœ cÖKvi LuywUi Rb¨ Avek¨K nq Kv‡Vi| GQvovI cÖwZw`‡bi

eënvh© A‡bK wRwbmB KvV w`‡q ˆZwi| Avi G Kv‡Vi cÖavb DrmB n‡jv eb|

wPÎ 6 t m`¨KvUv KvV eënv‡ii Rb¨ ïKv‡bv n‡”Q

R¡vjvwb

Avgv‡ì Rxebavi‡Yi

DcKi‡Yi A‡bK wKQyB

eb †_‡K Drcbœ|

K…l‡Ki jv½j-†Rvqvj I

Ab¨vb¨ K…wl hš¿cvwZ,

AvmevecÎ, Nievwo, wewfbœ

ai‡bi hvbevnb, w`qvkjvB‡qi

KvwV I ev·, ê y¨wZK LuywU

cÖf…wZ ˆZwii Rb¨ Avgiv g~jZ

Kv‡Vi Ici wbf©ikxj|

eb I e‡bi ¸iyZ¡


9

mviv‡`‡k hZ KvV Drcvw`Z nq, Zvi cÖvq 65% eëüZ nq R¡vjvwb KvV wn‡m‡e| Avevi wewfbœ

R¡vjvwbm~‡Îi g‡a¨ Mv‡Qi cvZv, KvV, KvVKqjv I K…wl dm‡ji AeëüZ Askmg~n R¡vjvwb

wn‡m‡e me©vwaK eëüZ n‡q _v‡K| cjøx AÂ‡ji Rbmvavi‡Yi R¡vjvwbi cÖavb Drm n‡jv

MvQcvjv| ZvB MvQcvjv Avgv‡ì RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z GK ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb ivL‡Q|

wk‡íi KuvPvgvj

†`‡ki fvwi wkíKviLvbv¸‡jvi wekvj GK Ask M‡o I‡V‡Q ebm¤ú‡ì Ici wfwË K‡i|

†hgb KY©dzjx KvM‡Ri wgj, †iqb KviLvbv, wm‡j‡Ui gÛ KviLvbv, Lyjbv wbDRwcÖ›U KviLvbv,

w`qvkjvB KviLvbv cÖf…wZ| Abyiƒcfv‡e KzwUiwk‡í eëüZ KuvPvgv‡jiI weivU Ask Avm‡Q ebR

DcKiY, †hgb euvk, †eZ I wewfbœ jZv‡bv MvQ †_‡K| GKw`‡K wewfbœ ebR DcKiY Gme

wkíKviLvbv Pvjy ivL‡Q, Ab¨w`‡K Gme wkíKviLvbv RbM‡Yi Kg©ms¯’v‡bi †¶‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y©

f‚wgKv ivL‡Q| j¶ j¶ kªgRxex gvbylmn A‡bK †ckvRxex I we‡klÁ Gme wkíKviLvbvq

wb‡qvwRZ i‡q‡Qb| A_©vr cÖZ¨¶ Ges c‡iv¶fv‡e ebm¤ú` RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv

cvjb Ki‡Q|

†flR

e‡bi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Mv‡Qi wkKo, evKj ev cvZv

†_‡K im †ei K‡i Zv w`‡q ˆZwi n‡”Q wewfbœ

ai‡bi Ilya, ivmvqwbK c`v_©, †Zj, iO, evwb©k,

ivevi BZ¨vw`| KweivwR, Avqy‡e©w` Ges †nvwgI

wPwKrmvi cÖvq hveZxq KvuPvgvj msM„nxZ nq eb

†_‡K| ivmvqwbK Dcv`v‡b ˆZwi cÖmvab mvgMÖxi

¶wZKi cÖfv‡ei d‡j Aaybv ebR Dcv`vb †_‡K

ˆZwi cÖmvab mvgMÖx wek¦Ry‡o RbwcÖqZv AR©b Ki‡Z

ïiy K‡i‡Q| ZvQvov eb †_‡KB Avm‡Q DrK…ógv‡bi

gay I †gvg|

cÖvK…wZK cÖwZi¶v ey¨n

Avgv‡ì †`‡k cÖvqB So R‡jv”Q¡v‡mi d‡j cÖPzi

†jvK AvnZ I wbnZ nq| Nievwo, Mevw`cï,

djg~j I dmjmn †`‡ki wewfbœ m¤ú‡ì Acwimxg

¶wZ mvwaZ nq| eb Øviv cÖvK…wZK cÖwZi¶v †`qvj

m„wói gva¨‡g †`k‡K SoSÅv, U‡Y©‡Wv, R‡jv”Q¡vm

BZ¨vwì ¶wZ †_‡K eûjvs‡k i¶v Kiv m¤¢e|

Abyiƒcfv‡e, eb¨v cÖvqB Avgv‡ì †`‡k AmsL¨

evwoNi, Mevw`cï I wecyj cwigvY Lv`¨km¨ fvwm‡q

wb‡q hvq| eb m„wói gva¨‡g †`k‡K eb¨vi Ac~iYxq

¶wZi nvZ †_‡K i¶v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Gfv‡e eb

Øviv cÖvK…wZK cÖwZi¶v ey¨n ˆZwi K‡i †`‡ki

A_©bxwZ‡K wecyj ¶wZ †_‡K i¶v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

wPÎ 7 t wbg GKwU g~jëvb †flR e„¶

wPÎ 8 t cÖvK…wZK cÖwZi¶v ey¨n m„wó‡Z DcK‚jxq eb

†`‡ki eû wkíKviLvbv,

†hgb KY©dzjx KvM‡Ri

wgj, †iqb KviLvbv,

wm‡j‡Ui gÛ KviLvbv, Lyjbv

wbDRwcÖ›U KviLvbv cÖf…wZ

Pj‡Q ebR KuvPvgv‡ji Ici

wfwË K‡i|

eb Øviv cÖvK…wZK cÖwZi¶v

†`qvj m„wó K‡i †`k‡K

SoSÅv, U‡Y©‡Wv, R‡jv”Qvm

BZ¨vwì ¶wZ †_‡K

eûjvs‡k i¶v Kiv m¤¢e|

mviv‡`‡k Drcvw`Z Kv‡Vi

65% R¡vjvwb KvV wn‡m‡e

eëüZ nq|

Mv‡Qi wkKo, evKj, cvZv

ev Ab¨vb¨ Ask †flR

DcKi‡Yi cÖavb Drm|

eb I e‡bi ¸iyZ¡


10

wewea Kg©Kv‡Û e‡bi Ae`vb

eb RxeRš‘i wbivc` Avevm¯’j| e‡b evmKvix

eb¨cÖvYx, †hgb evN, nwiY, evbi, nvwZ,

ebweovj, eb¨ ïKi, wewfbœ ai‡bi cvwL, mvc,

e¨vO, Kzwgi, ¸Bmvc I Ab¨vb¨ mixm„c, †gŠgvwQ

I Ab¨vb¨ KxUcZ½ cÖf…wZ ebm¤ú` msi¶‡Y

¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| ebm¤ú`

A‡bK †jv‡Ki RxweKvi Ab¨Zg cÖavb

Aej¤b, †hgb R¡vjvwb KvV, gay, †nvMjv

cvZv, †MvjcvZv cÖf…wZ msMÖn K‡i eû †jvK

RxweKv wbe©vn K‡ib| eb SoZzdvb I eb¨v

†_‡K i¶v K‡i| e‡bi g~jëvb KvV, gay,

cïcvwL, †flR MvQcvjv we‡`‡k ißvwb K‡i

ê‡`wkK gy`ªv AR©b Kiv hvq| ZvQvov eb

ch©Ub wk‡íi cÖmv‡i cÖavb f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|

Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Avgiv wbðqB Abyaveb

Ki‡Z cvwi †h, eb Ges ebm¤ú` Avgv‡ì

e¨w³MZ, cvwievwiK Ges RvZxq Rxe‡bi GK

Acwinvh© Abyl½| Avgv‡ì e¨w³MZ Ges

RvZxq A_©bxwZi wekvj GK Ask ebm¤ú‡ì

Ici wbf©ikxj| AZGe wbwØ©avq ejv hvq †h,

Avgv‡ì RvZxq Rxe‡b e‡bi A_©‰bwZK ¸iæZ¡

Acwimxg|

wPÎ 10 t my›ìe‡bi gyÝxMÄ n‡Z cv‡i GKwU PgrKvi ch©Ub †K›`ª

wPÎ 9 t †gŠgvwQ my›ìe‡bi Ab¨Zg A_©‰bwZK m¤ú`

eb RxeRš‘i wbivc`

Avevm ’j| e‡bi g~jëvb

KvV, gay, cïcvwL,

†flR MvQcvjv we‡`‡k

ißvwb K‡i ê‡`wkK gy ªv

AR©b Kiv hvq|

eb I ebm¤ú` Avgv‡ì

e¨w³MZ, cvwievwiK I

RvZxq Rxe‡bi GK Acwinvh©

Abyl½|

eb I e‡bi ¸iyZ¡


11

Abykxjb (Activity) t Avcbvi g‡Z e‡bi cÖavb A_©‰bwZK ¸iæZ¡ Kx? hyw³mn Zv wjwce×

Kiæb|

mvigg© t eb I ebm¤ú` Avgv‡ì Rxeb‡K mevi Aj‡¶¨ cÖwZ gyn~‡Z© mg„× K‡i P‡j‡Q|

Avgv‡ì Rxebavi‡Yi DcKi‡Yi A‡bK wKQyB eb †_‡K Drcbœ| K…l‡Ki jv½j-†Rvqvj I

Ab¨vb¨ K…wl hš¿cvwZ, AvmevecÎ, Nievwo, wewfbœ ai‡bi hvbevnb, w`qvkjvB‡qi KvwV I ev·,

ê`y¨wZK LuywU cÖf…wZ ˆZwii Rb¨ Avgiv Kv‡Vi Ici wbf©ikxj| mviv‡`‡k Drcvw`Z Kv‡Vi cÖvq

65% R¡vjvwb wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq| Mv‡Qi wkKo, evKj, cvZv ev Ab¨vb¨ Ask †flR DcKi‡Yi

cÖavb Drm| †`‡ki eû wkíKviLvbv, †hgb KY©dzjx KvM‡Ri wgj, †iqb KviLvbv, wm‡j‡Ui gÛ

KviLvbv, Lyjbv wbDRwcÖ›U KviLvbv cÖf…wZ Pj‡Q ebR KuvPvgv‡ji Ici wfwË K‡i| eb Øviv

cÖvK…wZK cÖwZi¶v †`qvj m„wói gva¨‡g †`k‡K SoSÅv, U‡Y©‡Wv, R‡jv”Q¡vm BZ¨vwì ¶wZ †_‡K

eûjvs‡k i¶v Kiv m¤¢e| eb †_‡K gay, R¡vjvwb KvV, †nvMjv cvZv, †MvjcvZv BZ¨vw` msMÖn K‡i

A‡bK †jvK RxweKv wbe©vn K‡i _v‡K| Kv‡RB eb I ebm¤ú` Avgv‡ì e¨w³MZ, cvwievwiK

Ges RvZxq Rxe‡bi Acwinvh© Abyl½|

eb I e‡bi ¸iyZ¡


12



1| †`‡ki ebm¤ú‡ì Ici wfwË K‡i Kx M‡o I‡V?

K) eo eo Nievwo

L) wkíKviLvbv

M) hvZvqvZ eë¯’vi AeKvVv‡gv

N) wk¶v cÖwZôvb

2| eb †`‡ki A‡bK †jv‡Ki Rb¨ Kx?

K) Avkªq ’j

L) cÖwZi¶vi cÖavb Dcvq

M) RxweKvi Ab¨Zg cÖavb Aej¤b

N) †ivMevjvB †_‡K i¶vi Dcvq

3| KzwUi wk‡í eëüZ KuvPvgv‡ji cÖavb Ask Kx?

K) euvk I †eZ

L) †eZ I jZv‡bv MvQ

M) evuk, †eZ I jZv‡bv MvQ

N) eo eo e„¶

4| RxeRš‘i cÖavb wbivc` Avkªq¯’j †Kvb&wU?

K) evwoNi

L) eb

M) †¶ZLvgvi

N) cvnvwo GjvKv

5| KweivwR, Avqy‡e©w` I †nvwgI Ilya wk‡íi cÖavb KuvPvgvj †Kv_v †_‡K cvIqv hvq?

K) eb †_‡K

L) KjKviLvbv †_‡K

M) †¶ZLvgvi †_‡K

N) emZevwo †_‡K

eb I e‡bi ¸iyZ¡


13

cvV 1.3 e‡bi cwi‡ekMZ ¸iyZ¡


Rjevqyi Ici e‡bi cÖfve wKiƒc Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

cÖvK…wZK y‡hv©M cÖwZ‡iv‡a e‡bi f‚wgKv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

evqygÛj‡K weï× ivLv I cwi‡ek msi¶‡Y e‡bi f‚wgKv Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ msi¶‡Y e‡bi Ae`vb wjL‡Z I ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

wPËwe‡bv`‡b e‡bi Ae`vb eywS‡q wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|

eb Kxfv‡e cwi‡ek‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i

eb Kxfv‡e Avgv‡ì A_©bxwZ‡K mg„× K‡i P‡j‡Q Zv Avgiv cvV 1.2 †_‡K †R‡bwQ| A_©‰bwZK

¸iæZ¡ QvovI eb bxi‡e Ges A`„k¨fv‡e gvbylmn c„w_ex‡Z wePiYkxj mKj cÖvYxi †eu‡P _vKvi

Rb¨ me©vwaK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb Aw·‡Rb wbqwgZ mieivn K‡i P‡j‡Q| GQvovI GwU gvbylmn

mKj cÖvYxi Rxebavi‡Yi Rb¨ Dchy³ cwi‡ek m„wói †¶‡Î GK AwZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb

K‡i P‡j‡Q| eb kã `~lY I cvwb ~lY †iv‡a ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| eb gvwUi De©iZv

Ges f‚Mf© ’ cvwbi Íi e„w×‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| GQvovI eb eb¨v, SoR‡jv”Q¡vm, aywjSo BZ¨vw`

†iv‡a mnvqZv K‡i| GLv‡b cwi‡ek msi¶‡Y e‡bi D‡jøwLZ ¸iæZ¡¡mg~n mwe¯Ív‡i eY©bv Kiv

n‡q‡Q|

K. Rjevqyi Ici e‡bi cÖfve

Avgiv Rvwb †h, †Kv‡bv GjvKvi Rjevqy H GjvKvi gvwU, f‚cÖK…wZ, b`b`x, mgy‡ ªi ˆbKU¨

m‡e©vcwi ebvÂj Øviv wbqwš¿Z n‡q _v‡K| eb e¨ZxZ Ab¨vb¨¸‡jvi mvgwMÖK cwieZ©b mvab

gvby‡li c‡¶ m¤¢e bq| wKš‘ gvbyl ebvÂj eë¯’vcbvi gva¨‡g Rjevqy w¯’wZkxj ivL‡Z ev

cwieZ©b NUv‡Z cv‡i| eb Kxfv‡e Rjevqyi Ici cÖfve we¯Ívi Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv wb‡P ms‡¶‡c

wee„Z n‡jv

eb cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek kxZj, my›ì, g‡bvig I ¯v¯’ Ki iv‡L|

e‡bi MvQ cÖ‡¯^ ‡bi gva¨‡g Rjxq ev‡®úi cwigvY e„w× K‡i e„wócvZ NUvq|

eb gvwU‡Z ˆRec`v_© mieivn K‡i f‚wgi De©iZv evovq|

eb Pigfvevcbœ AvenvIqv‡K mgfvevcbœ K‡i †Zv‡j|

eb evqyi MwZ‡eM wbqš¿Y K‡i|

eb cvwbPµ (Hydrological cycle) wbqš¿Y K‡i|

eb MÖxb nvDR B‡d± (Green house effect) †iva K‡i|

eb cÖvYxi †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨

me©vwaK ¸iZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb

Aw·‡Rb wbqwgZ mieivn

K‡i P‡j‡Q|

ebvÂj eë ’vcbvi

gva¨‡g Rjevqy

w ’wZkxj ivLv ev

cwieZ©b NUv‡bv hvq|

eb I e‡bi ¸iyZ¡


14

L. cÖvK…wZK y‡hv©M

eb cÖvK…wZK y‡h©v‡Mi Avk¼v Ges ¶q¶wZi

cwigvY n«vm K‡i| MvQcvjv Kve©b-WvB-

A·vBW MÖnY K‡i Ges evqy‡Z Aw·‡Rb †Q‡o

w`‡q evqyi Dcv`v‡bi fvimvg¨ i¶v K‡i| eb

gvwU¶q I f‚wgaŸm †iva K‡i Ges So,

R‡jv”Q¡v‡mi ZxeªZv n«vm K‡i| eb gvwU¶q

†iva K‡i e‡j b`b`x bve¨ _v‡K I eb¨v Kg

nq|

M. evqygÛj weï× ivLv I cwi‡ek

msi¶Y

eb Aw·‡Rb ˆZwii KviLvbv

evqygÛ‡j wbw ©ó cwigvY Aw·‡Rb I Kve©b-WvB-A·vBW i‡q‡Q| gvbylmn mKj cÖvYx

k¦vmcÖk¦v‡mi mgq Aw·‡Rb MÖnY K‡i Ges Kve©b-WvB-A·vBW Z¨vM K‡i| hw` †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y

evqygÛ‡ji wbw ©ó Kve©b-WvB-A·vB‡Wi cwigvY †e‡o hvq, Z‡e Zv c„w_ex‡Z gvbylmn mKj

cÖvwYKz‡ji Rxebavi‡Yi Rb¨ gvivÍK SuywKc~Y© n‡q uvovq| MvQ gvby‡li cwiZ¨³ Kve©b-WvB-

A·vBW MÖnY K‡i Ges Av‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖ‡qvRbxq Aw·‡Rb ˆZwi K‡i Zv evZv‡m

†Q‡o †`q| eb evqygÛ‡ji Aw·‡Rb I Kve©b-WvB-A·vB‡Wi fvimvg¨ Z_v cwi‡ek msi¶‡Y

AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|

eb evqy‡kvaK

MvQ ïay †h cÖvYxi cwiZ¨³ Kve©b-WvB-A·vBWB ï‡l wb‡”Q Zv bq| Avgv‡`i evqygÛ‡j †f‡m

†eov‡”Q AZ¨šÍ ¶z`ªvwZ¶z`ª aywjKbv, QvB, †iYy Ges wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii ivmvqwbK M¨vm| wewfbœ

wk‡íi eR© I hvbevn‡bi Kv‡jv †auvqvB g~jZ Gm‡ei Drm| Gm‡ei Kvi‡Y gvby‡li mvaviY

A¨vjvwR©mn K¨vÝvi †ivM ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i| e‡bi MvQ Gme QvB, aywjKYv, †iYy I welv³

ivmvqwbK M¨v‡mi A‡bKLvwb †kvlY K‡i wb‡q cwi‡ek‡K weï× iv‡L| wKš‘ evqygÛ‡j Gme

QvB, aywjKYv, †iYy I welv³ ivmvqwbK M¨v‡mi cwigvY AvksKvRbK nv‡i e„w× cv‡”Q weavq

AcÖZzj MvQcvjv Zvi m‡½ Zvj wgwj‡q cwi‡ek‡K weï× ivL‡Z cvi‡Q bv| d‡j e‡bi MvQ

wb‡RB GLb Gm‡ei Øviv ¶wZMÖ¯Í n‡”Q Ges GKB mv‡_ gvby‡li Rb¨I Zv gvivÍK SuywKc~Y© n‡q

IV‡Q|

eb evqy kxZjKvix

MÖxb nvDm cÖwZwµqvi d‡j evqygÛ‡ji DòZv µgvMZ †e‡o P‡j‡Q| evqygÛ‡ji DòZv µgvMZ

e„w×i d‡j ce©Z‡kªYx KZ…©K a‡i ivLv ei‡di A‡bKLvwb M‡j hv‡e Ges cvwbi AvqZb e„w×

cv‡e| d‡j mgy‡`ª cvwbi D”PZv †e‡o hv‡e Ges Kvjµ‡g mgZj I wbæf‚wg cwi‡ewóZ †`kmg~n

mgy‡`ªi wb‡P Zwj‡q hv‡e| GKBmv‡_ AwZe„wó I Abve„wói AvksKvI †`Lv †`‡e wewfbœ AÂ‡j|

d‡j A‡bK cÖvYx I Dw™¢ cÖRvwZ wejyß n‡q hv‡e|

MÖxb nvDm cÖwZwµqvi Ab¨Zg cÖavb KviY n‡”Q wek¦Ry‡o wewfbœ fvwi wkí †_‡K wbM©Z Kve©b-

WvB-A·vBW, wg‡_b, †K¬v‡iv-†d¬v‡iv-Kve©b M¨vm| G wZbwUi g‡a¨ Kve©b-WvB-A·vBWB

evqygÛ‡j me‡P‡q †ewk e„w× cv‡”Q| AZGe mn‡RB Aby‡gq †h, evqygÛ‡j Kve©b-WvB-

A·vB‡Wi cwigvY wbqš¿‡Yi g‡a¨ ivLvi Rb¨ mnR Dcvq †ei Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| G‡¶‡Î e‡bi

f‚wgKvB me©vwaK|

wPÎ 11 t cÖK…wZK y‡hv©M cÖwZ‡iv‡a DcK‚jxq AÂ‡j ebvqb

e‡bi MvQ evZv‡m †f‡m

†eov‡bv QvB, aywjKYv, †iYy

I welv³ ivmvqwbK M¨vm

†kvlY K‡i cwi‡ek weï×

iv‡L|

eb evqygÛ‡ji DòZv

e„w×i Rb¨ `vqx wewfbœ

ai‡bi M¨vm wbqš¿‡Yi

gva¨‡g evqygÛj‡K kxZj

ivL‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡Q|

eb evqygÛ‡ji Aw·‡Rb

I Kve©b-WvB-A·vB‡Wi

fvimvg¨ Z_v cwi‡ek

msi¶‡Y AZ¨šÍ ¸iyZ¡c~Y©

f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|

eb gvwU¶q I f‚wgaŸm †iva

K‡i Ges So, R‡jv”Q¡v‡mi

ZxeªZv n«vm K‡i|

eb I e‡bi ¸iyZ¡


15

GQvovI MvQ †_‡K cÖwZw`b cÖPzi cwigv‡Y Rjxq ev®c evqygÛ‡j wg‡k hv‡”Q| cÖ‡¯`‡bi gva¨‡g

GKwU eo MvQ Mi‡gi w`‡b cÖvq 1816 wjUvi (400 M¨vjb) ch©šÍ cvwb ev‡®c cwiYZ Ki‡Z

cv‡i| d‡j, evqy‡K kxZj ivL‡Z, we‡kl K‡i Mi‡gi w`‡b, Mv‡Qi f‚wgKv AZzjbxq|

Abykxjb (Activity) t eb Kxfv‡e evqygÛj‡K kxZj iv‡L Zv wb‡Ri fvlvq eywS‡q wjLyb|

eb Rxe‰ewP‡Îï msi¶K

c„w_exi mKj RxeB ci¯ú‡ii Ici Kg‡ewk wbf©ikxj| d‡j cÖvYx I Dw™¢ RM‡Zi w`‡K

ZvKv‡j we¯§‡qi mv‡_ †`Lv hvq †h, G‡ì G‡Ki cÖ‡qvR‡b A‡bï m„wó n‡q‡Q| D`vniY¯iƒc

ejv hvq, nwiY bv _vK‡j my›ìe‡bi i‡qj †e½j UvBMvi †eu‡P _vK‡Z cvi‡Zv bv| Avevi

my›ìeb bv _vK‡j evN ev nwiY wKQyiB Aw ÍZ¡ _vK‡Zv bv| Abyiƒcfv‡e wewfbœ †cvKvgvKo bv

_vK‡j A‡bK cvwL †eu‡P _vK‡Z cvi‡Zv bv| myZivs c„w_ex‡Z Aw ÍZ¡kxj cÖ‡Z¨K Dw™¢ I cÖvYx

cÖRvwZi †eu‡P Ges wU‡K _vKvi Rb¥MZ AwaKvi I cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q| Avevi G Dw™¢ I cÖvYx

cÖRvwZ¸‡jv cÖZ¨¶ Ges c‡iv¶fv‡e gvby‡li Kj¨v‡YB wb‡qvwRZ i‡q‡Q| eb mKj Dw™¢ I

cÖvYx cÖRvwZi †eu‡P _vKvi †¶‡Î AZ¨šÍ mnvqK f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|

K- my›ìe‡bi †KIovMvQ I evbi

Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ msi¶‡Yi gva¨‡g

eb mKj Dw™¢ I cÖvYx

cÖRvwZi †eu‡P _vKvi †¶‡Î

mnvqK f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q|

eb I e‡bi ¸iyZ¡


16

L- my›ìe‡bi wPÎv nwiY

wPÎ 12 (K, L) t my›ìe‡bi †KIov MvQ, evbi I nwiY Rxe‰ewP‡Îï Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask

wPËwe‡bv`‡b e‡bi cÖfve

gvbyl KvR Ki‡Z Ki‡Z GK mgq gvbwmKfv‡e Aembœ n‡q c‡o| gvby‡li G Aemv` `~i Kivi

Rb¨ bvbvcÖKvi †Ljvayjv, cÖwZ‡hvwMZv, ågY, eb‡fvRb BZ¨vw` Av‡qvRb Kivi cÖ‡qvRb n‡q

c‡o| Dc‡iv³ wPËwe‡bv`‡bi Rb¨ e‡bi Qvqv‡ewóZ cwi‡ek, wbg©j evqy, b`b`x, e„¶ivwR,

ey‡bvdzj, eb¨cÖvYx cÖf…wZ AvKl©Yxq DrK…ó Dcv`vb| Kv‡RB eb wPËwe‡bv`‡bi Rb¨ êwPÎ¨c~Y©

cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek|

wPÎ 13 t ey‡bvdzj wPËwe‡bv`‡bi Ab¨Zg Drm

eb wPËwe‡bv`‡bi Rb¨

êwPÎ¨c~Y© cÖvK…wZK

cwi‡ek|

eb I e‡bi ¸iyZ¡


17

wPÎ 14 t eb åg‡Y cÖPzi Avb›` cvIqv hvq



1| ebvÂj eë¯’vcbvi gva¨‡g gvbyl Kx Ki‡Z cv‡i?

K) f‚cÖK…wZi cwieZ©b

L) b`b`xi cwieZ©b

M) Rjevqyi w ’wZkxjZv ev cwieZ©b

N) Rjevqyi cwieZ©b

2| e‡bi MvQcvjv evqy‡Z Aw·‡Rb †Q‡o Kx‡mi fvimvg¨ i¶v K‡i?

K) cwi‡e‡ki

L) evqyi Dcv`v‡bi

M) cvwLi wbivc` Avev ’‡ji

N) cÖvK…wZK y‡h©v‡Mi

3| eb Kxfv‡e e„wócvZ NUv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i?

K) e‡bi MvQ cÖ‡¯^ ‡bi gva¨‡g R¡jxq ev‡®ci cwigvY e„w× Kivi d‡j

L) e‡bi MvQ R¡jxq ev®c AvKl©‡Yi gva¨‡g

M) e‡bi MvQ Rjevqy I evqyi MwZ‡eM wbqš¿Y Kivi d‡j

N) e‡bi MvQ Av‡jvKms‡kølY Kivi d‡j

mvigg© t gvbyl ebvÂj eë¯’vcbvi gva¨‡g Rjevqy w ’wZkxj ivL‡Z ev cwieZ©b NUv‡Z cv‡i|

cÖvYxKzj †eu‡P _vKvi cÖavb Dcv`vb Aw·‡Rb wbqwgZ mieivn K‡i P‡j‡Q eb| GQvovI eb kã

I cvwb ~lY †iv‡a Ges gvwUi De©iZv, f‚Mf© ’ cvwbi Íi e„w×‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| eb gvwU¶q I

f‚wgaŸm †iva K‡i Ges So I R‡jv”Q¡v‡mi ZxeªZv n«vm K‡i| evqygÛ‡ji Aw·‡Rb I Kve©b-

WvB-A·vB‡Wi fvimvg¨ Z_v cwi‡ek msi¶‡Y AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| e‡bi MvQ

evZv‡m †f‡m †eov‡bv QvB, aywjKYv, †iYy I welv³ ivmvqwbK M¨v‡mi A‡bKLvwb †kvlY K‡i

cwi‡ek‡K weï× iv‡L| evqygÛ‡ji DòZv e„w×i Rb¨ `vqx wewfbœ ai‡bi M¨vm, †hgb Kve©b-

WvB-A·vBW, wg‡_b, †K¬v‡iv-†d¬v‡iv-Kve©b cÖf…wZ wbqš¿‡Yi gva¨‡g evqygÛj‡K kxZj iv‡L| eb

Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ msi¶‡Yi gva¨‡g mKj Dw™¢ I cÖvYx cÖRvwZi †eu‡P _vKvi †¶‡Î mnvqK f‚wgKv

cvjb K‡i| e‡bi Qvqv‡ewóZ cwi‡ek, wbg©j evqy, b`b`x, e„¶ivwR, ey‡bvdzj, eb¨cÖvYx BZ¨vw`

wPËwe‡bv`‡bi Rb¨ êwPÎ¨c~Y© cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek|

eb I e‡bi ¸iyZ¡


18

eb I e‡bi ¸iyZ¡


19

e¨venvwiK

cvV 1.4 evsjv‡`‡ki gvbwP‡Î e‡bi Ae¯’vb

G Abykxjb †k‡l Avcwb

evsjv‡`‡ki gvbwPÎ Gu‡K Zv‡Z wewfbœ ai‡bi e‡bi Ae¯’vb wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

cÖvmw½K Z_¨

evsjv‡`‡k Pvi ai‡bi eb i‡q‡Q| †hgb cvnvwo eb, g¨vb‡MÖvf eb, mgZjf‚wgi eb I MÖvgxY

eb| PÆMÖvg, K·evRvi, iv½vgvwU, LvMovQwo, ev›`ievb I wm‡jU wefv‡Mi wewfbœ †Rjvq cvnvwo

eb †`Lv hvq| Lyjbv, ev‡MinvU, mvZ¶xiv I K·evRvi †Rjvi P‡Kvwiqvq g¨vb‡MÖvf eb

Aew ’Z| MvRxcyi, Uv½vBj, gqgbwmsn, w`bvRcyi I iscyi †Rjvi kvjeb wb‡qB mgZjf‚wgi

eb| evsjv‡`‡ki †h †Kv‡bv AÂ‡jB emZevwo I Gi Av‡kcv‡k MÖvgxY eb †`Lv hvq|

wPÎ 15 t evsjv‡`‡ki gvbwP‡Î wewfbœ ai‡bi e‡bi (MÖvgxY eb ev‡`) Ae ’vb

eb I e‡bi ¸iyZ¡


20

DcKiY

†Uªwms †ccvi, †cwÝj, ivevi (Eraser), †¯‹j, †Rgm wK¬c BZ¨vw`|

Kv‡Ri avc

Avcbvi †Kvm©eB‡q cÖ Ë evsjv‡`‡ki eb GjvKv wb‡ ©wkZ gvbwPÎwU fv‡jvfv‡e ch©‡e¶Y

Kiyb|

Gevi †Kvm©eB‡qi gvbwP‡Îi Dci †Rgm wK¬c w`‡q †Uªwms †ccviwU fv‡jvfv‡e AvUKvb|

†cwÝj w`‡q gvbwPÎwU †Uªwms †ccv‡i AvuKzb|

gvbwP‡Î wewfbœ †Rjvi mxgvbv wb‡ ©k Kiæb Ges wewfbœ ai‡bi eb GjvKv wPwýZ Kiæb|

G‡¶‡Î wewfbœ ai‡bi eb GjvKv‡K Avjv`vfv‡e kYv³ Kivi j‡¶¨ †cwÝj w`‡q Avjv`v

wb‡ ©kK (Legend) AvuKzb|

gvbwPÎwU wPwýZ (Leveling) Kiæb|

Gevi e¨envwiK LvZvi m‡½ gvbwPÎwU mshy³ Kiæb I cy‡iv cÖwµqvwU avivevwnKfv‡e LvZvq

wjLyb I wUDUi‡K †`wL‡q ¯v¶i wbb|

eb I e‡bi ¸iyZ¡


21

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb BDwbU 1

msw¶ß I iPbvg~jK cÖkœ

1| eb ej‡Z Kx eySvq?

2| eb KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx?

3| cÖvK…wZK eb I gvby‡li ˆZwi e‡bi `ywU K‡i D`vniY w`b|

4| evsjv‡`‡ki eb‡K Kq fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q I Kx Kx?

5| e‡bi A_©‰bwZK ¸iæ‡Z¡i cÖavb w`K Kx Kx?

6| eb¨cÖvYx Kxfv‡e eb msi¶Y K‡i _v‡K?

7| e‡bi cwi‡ekMZ ¸iæ‡Z¡i †cÖ¶vc‡U Rjevqyi Ici Gi cÖfve Kx Kx?

8| eb Kxfv‡e cwi‡ek‡K weï× ivL‡Z mnvqZv K‡i?

9| e‡bi A_©‰bwZK ¸iæ‡Z¡i weeiY w`b|

10| eb‡K †Kb Aw·‡Rb ˆZwii KviLvbv e‡j?

DËigvjv BDwbU 1

cvV 1.1

1| N 2| M 3| M 4| L 5| K 6| M

cvV 1.2

1| L 2| M 3| M 4| L 5| K

cvV 1.3

1| M 2| K 3| K

BDwbU 2 e‡bi aib

evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡ì g‡a¨ eb AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© m¤ú`| evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ AÂj I

Zvi cwi‡e‡ki Ici wbf©i K‡i e‡bi aib, GgbKx ebvÂ‡ji e„‡¶i g‡aÏ wewfbœZv cwijw¶Z

nq| e‡bi DcKvwiZv Acwimxg| ebm¤ú` †_‡K Avgiv Nievwo, AvmevecÎ, K…wl hš¿cvwZ

cÖf…wZ ˆZwii Rb¨ KvV †c‡q _vwK| ZvQvov eb †_‡K R¡vjvwb, euvk, †eZ, †nvMjv, Qb,

†MvjcvZv, †flR Dw™¢ Ges wkíKviLvbvi KvuPvgvj †c‡q _vwK| eb cÖvK…wZK fvimvg¨ eRvq

iv‡L I Avgv‡ì‡K cÖvK…wZK y‡hv©M †_‡K i¶v K‡i| †Kv‡bv †`‡ki cÖvK…wZK fvimvg¨ i¶vi

Rb¨ e‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv i‡q‡Q| RbmsL¨v `ªyZMwZ‡Z e„w×i Kvi‡Y MvQcvjv †K‡U ebf‚wgi

cwigvY Kwg‡q †djv n‡”Q| ¯’vb I we¯Í…wZ‡f‡` evsjv‡`‡ki eb‡K Pvi fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|

h_v cvnvwo eb, g¨vb‡MÖvf ev jeYv¤^y eb, mgZjf‚wgi eb Ges MÖvgxY eb|

G BDwb‡Ui wewfbœ cv‡V G Pvi ai‡bi e‡bi êwkó¨, Ae ’vb, we Í…wZ, Ae`vb cÖf…wZi Ici

we ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

cvV 2.1 cvnvwo eb


cvnvwo e‡bi we¯Í…wZ Ges m¤ú‡ì cwigvY wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|

cvnvwo e‡bi e„¶ivwR Ges eb¨cÖvYx m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

cvnvwo e‡bi eZ©gvb ebvqb Kg©KvÛ ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

cvnvwo e‡bi ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

cvnvwo e‡bi we¯Í…wZ Ges m¤ú‡ì cwigvY

PÆMÖvg, K·evRvi, ev›ìevb, iv½vgvwU, LvMovQwo Ges e„nËi wm‡jU AÂ‡ji cve©Z¨ GjvKvq

†h cÖvK…wZK eb i‡q‡Q Zv‡KB cvnvwo eb wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv n‡q _v‡K| G AÂj¸‡jvi †gvU

cvnvwo e‡bi AvqZb 0.67 wgwjqb †n±i| G e‡bi 11% i‡q‡Q PÆMÖvg I K·evRvi †Rjvq,

78% i‡q‡Q ev›ìevb, iv½vgvwU I LvMovQwo †Rjvq Ges 9% i‡q‡Q wm‡jU, mybvgMÄ,

†gŠjexevRvi I nweMÄ †Rjvq| GKwU mgx¶v †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, cvnvwo e‡b †gvU

Kvôm¤ú‡ì cwigvY cÖvq 28,32,059 NbwgUvi (`k †KvwU NbdzU)| D‡jøL¨ †h, G m¤ú‡`

†Kej 30-36 †m. wg. (12-14 BwÂ) e¨vmwewkó MvQ‡K AšÍfz©³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| 10 †m. wg. (4

BwÂ) ev Z ya© e¨vmwewkó Mv‡Qi wn‡me †Kej †ivwcZ Mv‡Qi msL¨v wbiƒc‡Yi Rb¨ ivLv n‡q‡Q|

(†bvU t 1 NbwgUvi = 35.31 NbdzU)

1985-Õ86 mv‡j cvnvwo eb †_‡K 2,74,709.7 NbwgUvi (97.0 j¶ NbdzU) KvV Ges cÖvq

8,15,633 NbwgUvi (2.88 †KvwU NbdzU) R¡vjvwb AvniY Kiv n‡q‡Q| Abyiƒcfv‡e 1986-Õ87

mv‡j AvniY Kiv n‡q‡Q cÖvq 1,47,267 NbwgUvi (52.0 j¶ NbdzU) KvV Ges cÖvq

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wg. e„wócvZ n‡q _v‡K Ges GLvbKvi DòZv cÖvq 34

0

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e‡bi aib


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wecyj cwigvY gay Ges †gvg AvniY Kiv n‡q _v‡K| ZvQvov grm¨, wPswo Ges kvgyKm¤ú‡Ì

my›ìeb AZ¨šÍ m¤§„×| my›ìeb Ges Acivci DcK‚jxq g¨vb‡MÖvf eb AwePjfv‡e †`k‡K eb¨v,

So Ges R‡jv”Qv‡mi cÖPÛZv †_‡K i¶v K‡i Avm‡Q| eZ©gv‡b my›ìeb †`Lvi Rb¨

†`kwe‡`‡ki eû ch©UK Avm‡Q| my‡hvMmyweav e„w× Ges myôz eë¯’vcbvq GLv‡b ch©Ub wkí M‡o

Zzj‡Z cvi‡j G †_‡K miKvi cÖPzi ê‡`wkK g~`ªv AR©b Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

Abykxjb (Activity) t g¨vb‡MÖvf e‡bi êwkó¨vejx I m¤ú`mg~n wjwce× Kiæb|

mvigg© t cZz©MxR Mangue Ges Grove wg‡j Mangrove k‡ãi DrcwË| Gi A_© †h e‡b GKwU

¯Zš¿ cÖRvwZi MvQ Svo †eu‡a R‡b¥| G †jvbv R‡ji e‡bi cÖavb êwkó¨ n‡”Q GLv‡b wKQy we‡kl

ai‡bi MvQ R‡b¥ hv Ab¨vb¨ ebvÂ‡j †`Lv hvq bv| my›ìeb we‡k¦i me©e„nr g¨vb‡MÖvf eb hv

evsjv‡`‡ki `w¶YcwðgvÂj Ges fvi‡Zi cwðge‡½i M½v b`xi †gvnbvq cÖvq 10 j¶ †n±i

GjvKv Ry‡o we¯Í…Z| my›ìe‡b cÖvq 330 cÖRvwZi g¨vb‡MÖvf Dw™¢ , 120 cÖRvwZi gvQ, 8 cÖRvwZi

DfPi cÖvYx, 50 cÖRvwZi mixm„c, 270 cÖRvwZi cvwL, 42 cÖRwZi Íb¨cvqx cÖvYx Ges 60

cÖRvwZi wPswo I KvuKovRvZxq cÖvYx i‡q‡Q| GLvbKvi cÖavb Dw™¢ n‡jv my›`wi, †MIqv, Mivb,

evBb, KvuKov, cïi, ay›`j, Avgyi, †KIov, †MvjcvZv BZ¨vw`| my›ìe‡b wek¦weL¨vZ i‡qj †e½j

UvBMvi evm K‡i| my›ìe‡bi 65% GjvKv 70% e„¶, 30% GjvKv 30-70% e„¶ Ges 5%

GjvKv 30% Gi Kg e„¶ Øviv Av”Qvw`Z| K·evRv‡ii †UKbvd †_‡K ewikvj Ges cUzqvLvjxi

DcK‚jxq AÂ‡j g¨vb‡MÖvf e‡bi MvQ, h_v †KIov, KvuKov, evBb BZ¨vw` jvMv‡bv n‡”Q|

my›ìe‡bi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| G eb †_‡K cÖvß KvV, †MvjcvZv, gay, †gvg, gvQ, wPswo, kvgyK

cÖf…wZi Ici eû †jvK RxweKv wbev©n K‡i|

my›ìe‡bi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| G

eb †_‡K cÖvß KvV, †MvjcvZv,

gay, †gvg, gvQ cÖf…wZi Ici

eû †jvK RxweKv wbev©n K‡i|

e‡bi aib




1| c~e© †_‡K cwð‡g my›ìe‡bi we Í…wZ KZUzKz?

K) ei¸bv †_‡K ev‡MinvU

L) mvZ¶xiv †_‡K ev‡MinvU

M) Lyjbv †_‡K cUzqvLvjx

N) mvZ¶xiv †_‡K ewikvj

2| DcK‚jxq ebe„‡¶i Ab¨Zg êwkó¨ Kx?

K) Mv‡Qi wkKo Lye j¤v

L) Mv‡Qi cvZv Lye Kg _v‡K

M) Mv‡Qi evKj cvZjv nq

N) MvQ jeYv³ cvwb‡Z RxebaviY Ki‡Z cv‡i

3| my›ìe‡bi cÖavb e„¶ †Kvb&wU?

K) Mivb

L) my›`wi

M) †MIqv

N) †KIov

4| †Kvb& e‡b i‡qj †e½j UvBMvi cvIqv hvq?

K) mgZjf‚wgi e‡b

L) cvnvwo e‡b

M) my›ìe‡b

N) DcK‚jxq e‡b

e‡bi aib


cvV 2.3 mgZjf~wgi eb


mgZjf wgi e‡bi we Í…wZ D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

mgZjf~wgi eb †_‡K cÖvß e„¶ m¤ú‡K© wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|

G e‡bi eZ©gvb Ae¯’v Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

mgZjf‚wgi e‡bi m¤ú‡ì cwigvY ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

mgZjf‚wgi e‡bi ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

mgZjf~wgi e‡bi we¯Í„wZ

MvRxcy‡ii fvIqv‡ji Mo; Uv½vBj I gqgbwms‡ni gaycy‡ii Mo wb‡q mgZjf‚wgi e‡bi †K› ªxq

AÂj Ges iscyi I w`bvRcyi †Rjv wb‡q DËivÂj MwVZ n‡q‡Q| †gvU 0.49 j¶ †n±i AÂj

Ry‡o G mgZjf~wgi e‡bi we Í…wZ| G eb¸‡jv‡K A‡b‡K kvjebI e‡j _v‡Kb, KviY G

eb¸‡jv‡Z cÖavbZ kvj MvQB R‡b¥ _v‡K| cªvK…wZfv‡e M‡o IVv G eb QvovI AviI cÖvq

14.58 nvRvi †n±i Rwg‡Z bZyb K‡i ebvqb Kiv n‡q‡Q|

mgZjf‚wgi e‡bi AZxZ Ae¯’v

mgZjf‚wgi eb ev kvjeb 1950 mvj ch©šÍ c~e©Zb Rwg`vi †kªwYi †jv‡Ki gvwjKvbvaxb wQj|

1950 mv‡j c~e©evsjv miKvi GK ÔG‡±i (Act)Õ e‡j Rwg`vix cÖ_v evwZj K‡i G e‡bi myôz

eë¯’vcbvi `vwqZ¡ miKv‡ii ivR¯ wefv‡Mi Aax‡b b¨¯Í K‡ib| †`k wefv‡Mi mgq G e‡bi

ebRm¤ú` DRvo ïiæ nq; e‡bi Av‡kcv‡ki †jvKRb B”Qvg‡Zv MvQ †K‡U †bqv ïiæ Kivq

mgZjf‚wgi AwaKvsk eb e„¶k~b¨ n‡q c‡o Ges A‡bK RwgI †e`Lj n‡q c‡o| ZvQvov

¯vaxbZvi AeëwnZ c‡i h‡_”Q Ges A‰eafv‡e e„¶ wba‡bi d‡j mgZjf~wgi Gme e‡bi

AeY©bxq ¶wZ mvwaZ n‡qwQj| cieZ©x‡Z 1972 mv‡j Gme eb †_‡K †Kv‡bv cÖKvi e„¶ wbab

m¤ú~Y© wbwl× †NvlYv Kiv n‡qwQj|

G e‡bi eZ©gvb Ae¯’v

miKvixfv‡e eZ©gv‡b Gme eb †_‡K †Kv‡bv e„¶ KZ©b Kiv nq bv| eb wefvM eb Dbœq‡bi Rb¨

¯’vbxq †jvKR‡bi Askx`vwi‡Z¡i wfwË‡Z G‡MÖvd‡iw÷ª ev K…wlebvqb I DWjU evMvb m„wói

gva¨‡g G mg¯Í †e`Lj Rwgi wKQyUv miKv‡ii Aax‡b Avb‡Z m¶g n‡q‡Qb| G c×wZ‡Z

1950 mv‡j c~e©evsjv

miKvi GK G‡±i e‡j

Rwg`vix cÖ_v evwZj K‡i

mgZjf‚wgi e‡bi myôz

eë ’vcbvi `vwqZ¡ miKv‡ii

ivR¯ wefv‡Mi Aax‡b b¨ Í

K‡ib|

fvIqvj I gaycy‡ii Mo Ges

iscyi I w`bvRcyi †Rjvi eb

wb‡q mgZjf‚wgi eb MwVZ|

mgZjf‚wgi e‡b AvbygvwbK

32% e„¶ Av”Qv`b i‡q‡Q|

e‡bi aib


wPÎ 22 t mgZjf‚wgi e‡b eZ©gvb ebvqb

mdjZv Avb‡Z n‡j GLbI A‡bK mgm¨v i‡q †M‡Q hv AbwZwej‡¤ mgvavb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| G

mgm¨v¸‡jvi g‡a¨ MÖnY‡hvM¨ †fvM`Lj¯Z¡ ’vqxwfwË‡Z wba©viY, Avw_©K msKU, Rwgi Abye©iZv,

K…wldmj ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq KvwiMwi wb‡ ©kbvi Afve BZ¨vw` Ab¨Zg| G mg Í mgm¨v

mgvav‡bi j‡¶¨ miKvi B‡Zvg‡a¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡¶c Z_v bxwZgvjv cÖbqY K‡i‡Qb| GKwU

AvšÍR©vwZK ms ’vi Rixc †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, Gme e‡b eZ©gv‡b AvbygvwbK kZKiv 32 fvM

e„¶ Av”Qv`b i‡q‡Q| cÖvK…wZKfv‡e M‡o DVvi gva¨‡g kvj ev MRvwi Mv‡Qi cvkvcvwk mvgvwRK

ebvq‡bi gva¨‡g eZ©gv‡b Avg, Rvg, KvuVvj, Rviæj, kxjKoB, AvgjwK, e‡niv, BDK¨vwjÞvm,

AvKvkgwb cÖf…wZ cÖRvwZi e„¶I †ivcY Kiv n‡”Q|

wPÎ 23 t mgZjf‚wg‡Z K…wlebvqb

m¤ú‡ì cwigvY

GLvbKvi e„¶m¤ú‡ì cwigvY wbY©‡qi Rb¨ KL‡bv †Kv‡bv cÖKvi Rixc Pvjv‡bv nq wb, ZvB

cÖK…Z m¤ú‡ì cwigvY Rvbv hvq bv| Z‡e Abygvb Kiv n‡q _v‡K †h, mgZjf~wgi Gme e‡b

wecyj cwigvY e„¶m¤ú` i‡q‡Q|

mgZjf‚wgi e‡bi ¸iæZ¡

mgZjf~wgi eb †_‡K cÖvß kvj MvQ evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgvÂ‡j Nievwo wbg©v‡Yi Ab¨Zg cÖavb

DcKiY LuywU wn‡m‡e eëüZ n‡q _v‡K| GQvovI G kvj MvQ †_‡K wecyj cwigvY R¡vjvwb

cvIqv hvq| G e‡b wkqvj, mRviæ, evNWvkv, ebweovj, †ewR cÖf…wZ cÖvYx †`Lv hvq| ZvQvov

KvK, †`v‡qj, NyNy Ges AviI bvbv cÖRvwZi cvwL †`Lv hvq| GQvovI i‡q‡Q wewfbœ ai‡bi mvc,

wMiwMwU, KxUcZ½ BZ¨vw`|

mvigg© t MvRxcy‡ii fvIqv‡ji Mo; Uv½vBj I gqgbwms‡ni gaycy‡ii Mo wb‡q mgZjf‚wgi

e‡bi †K›`ªxq AÂj Ges iscyi I w`bvRcyi AÂj wb‡q DËivÂj MwVZ| 1950 mv‡j c~e©evsjv

miKvi GK ÔG‡±i (Act)Õ e‡j Rwg`vix cÖ_v evwZj K‡i G e‡bi myôz eë¯’vcbvi `vwqZ¡

miKv‡ii ivR¯ wefv‡Mi Aax‡b b¨¯Í K‡ib| mgZjf‚wgi e‡b eZ©gv‡b AvbygvwbK 32% e„¶

Av”Qv`b i‡q‡Q| mgZjf‚wgi e‡bi cÖavb e„¶ kvj| mgZjf~wgi Gme e‡b wecyj cwigvY

e„¶m¤ú` i‡q‡Q| mgZjf‚wgi e‡bi kvj KvV LyuwU wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq| GLv‡b eû cÖRvwZi

eb¨cÖvYx, cvwL I KxUcZ½ †`Lv hvq|

mgZjf~wgi Gme e‡b

wecyj cwigvY e„¶m¤ú`

i‡q‡Q|

mgZjf‚wgi e‡bi kvj

KvV LyuwU wn‡m‡e eëüZ

nq|

e‡bi aib




1| mgZjf‚wgi e‡bi cwigvY KZ?

K) 0.49 j¶ †n±i

L) 0.59 j¶ †n±i

M) 0.69 j¶ †n±i

N) 0.79 j¶ †n±i

2| mgZjf‚wgi e‡bi cÖavb e„¶ †Kvb&wU?

K) †m¸b

L) kvj

M) ARy©b

N) MR©b

3| mgZjf‚wgi cÖK…Z e„¶v”Qv`b kZKiv KZ fvM?

K) 32

L) 50

M) 60

N) 75

4| miKvi Kxfv‡e wKQy cwigvY `LjK…Z ebf‚wg D×vi K‡i‡Qb?

K) K…wlebvq‡bi gva¨‡g

L) DWjU evMvb m„wói gva¨‡g

M) K…wlebvqb I DWjU evMvb m„wói gva¨‡g

N) UvKv cÖ v‡bi gva¨‡g

e‡bi aib


cvV 2.4 MÖvgxY eb


MÖvgxY eb Kx Zv wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|

MÖvgxY e‡bi m¤ú‡ì cwigvY ej‡Z I wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|

MÖvgxY e‡bi e„¶ Av”Qv`b I MvQcvjv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

MÖvgxY e‡bi ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

MÖvgxY eb

evsjv‡`‡k Ggb GKwU MÖvgI cvIqv hv‡e bv

†hLv‡b †Kv‡bv MvQ †bB| MvQ Qvov MÖvgxY Rxeb

AKíYxq| GQvovI mvgvwRK ebvqb Kg©m~Pxi

Af‚Zc~e© mvd‡jï d‡j Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †hme

GjvKvq MvQcvjv Kg wQj, GLb †mLv‡bI cÖPzi

MvQcvjv Rb¥v‡Z ïiæ K‡i‡Q| MÖvgxY eb ej‡Z

mvaviYZ evwoi Avw½bv, evwoi Pvwicvk ev gv‡Vi

cv‡ki MvQcvjv‡KB eySvq| GQvovI iv Ívi yav‡i,

†ij jvB‡bi cv‡k¦© miKvix I †emiKvix ms ’vi

D‡`¨v‡M mvdj¨RbKfv‡e ebvqb Kiv n‡”Q|

m¤ú‡ì cwigvY

wPivPwiZfv‡e MÖvgxY ebB n‡”Q AvmevecÎ

wbg©v‡Yi KvV Ges R¡vjvwbi Ab¨Zg cÖavb Drm|

†Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Z_¨ †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h,

Kvôm¤ú‡ì †gvU cÖ‡qvR‡bi kZKiv 80 fvMB

MÖvgxY eb †_‡K cvIqv hvq| MÖvgxY eb mgx¶v

cÖwZ‡e`b †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxY

e‡b me©‡gvU cÖvq 54,71,537.8 NbwgUvi

e„¶m¤ú` i‡q‡Q|

e„¶ Av”Qv`b

wew”Qbœ Ges mviv‡`kRy‡o Qwo‡q wQwU‡q _vKv m‡Z¡I MÖvgxY eb cÖ‡Z¨K AÂ‡jB wKQy wKQy e„¶

Av”Qv`b m„wó K‡i _v‡K| cwiKíbv Kwgk‡bi GKwU Z_¨ †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, mviv‡`k Ry‡o

MÖvgxY eb Øviv m„ó e„¶ Av”Qv`‡bi G cwigvY cÖvq 2.71 j¶ †n±i| e„¶ wbab bv K‡i wekvj G

e„¶m¤ú‡ì Drcv`bB hw` eënvi Kiv n‡Zv, Zvn‡j cÖwZ eQi cÖvq 5,46,587.4 NbwgUvi

KvV Ges cÖvq 22,00,509.7 NbwgUvi R¡vjvwb AvniY Kiv †h‡Zv|

MÖvgxY e‡bi MvQcvjv I cÖvYx

MÖvgxY eb A‡bK cÖRvwZi MvQcvjvq mg„×| G‡ì g‡a¨ Avg, Rvg, KuvVvj, wjPz, KoB, wkgyj,

evejv, wRMv, wbg, AvgiæR, †MvjvcRvg, Mve, †jey, K`g, m‡d`v, Zvj, †LRyi, bvi‡Kj,

mycvwi, euvk, †eZ, Ab¨vb¨ jZv‡bv MvQ BZ¨vw` †`Lv hvq| MÖv‡gi gvbyl e„¶ †ivc‡Yi mgq Gi

eûwea eënv‡ii w`‡K j¶¨ iv‡Lb| d‡j Gme MvQ †_‡K Zviv GKvav‡i cywó, KvV, R¡vjvwb

wPÎ 24 t MÖvgxY e‡b e„¶‡ivcb

MÖvgxY eb ej‡Z mvaviYZ

evwoi Avw½bv, evwoi

Pvwicvk ev gv‡Vi cv‡ki

MvQcvjv‡KB eySvq|

MÖvgxY ebB n‡”Q

AvmevecÎ wbg©vY I

R¡vjvwb Kv‡Vi Ab¨Zg

cÖavb Drm|

mviv‡`kRy‡o MÖvgxY eb Øviv

m„ó e„¶ Av”Qv`‡bi cwigvY

cÖvq 2.71 j¶ †n±i|

MÖvgxY e‡b mvaviYZ

Avg, Rvg, KuvVvj, wjPz,

KoB, wkgyj, evejv,

wbg, euvk, †eZ, Zvj,

†LRyi, bvi‡Kj, mycvwi

BZ¨vw` MvQ †`Lv hvq|

e‡bi aib


Ges KzwUiwk‡í e¨env‡ii mvgMÖx †c‡q _v‡Kb| GLv‡b D‡jøL _v‡K †h, iv Ívi `yav‡i KoB,

wkï, wbg, wkgyj, evejv, †gnMwb, GKvwkqv, †iBb wUª BZ¨vw` MvQcvjvI †ivcY Kiv n‡q _v‡K|

K- †`v‡qj L- w`‡b Kvbv

wPÎ 25 (K, L) t MÖvgxY e‡bi cvwL

wPÎ 26 t MÖvgxY e‡bi wMiwMwU

MÖvgxY e‡bi ¸iyZ¡

R¡vjvwb mieiv‡ni cÖavb Drm n‡jv MÖvgxY eb| MÖvgxY e‡bi Ici wbf©i K‡i †`‡ki ’v‡b ¯’v‡b

M‡o D‡V‡Q wewfbœ ai‡bi wkí, d‡j eû †jv‡Ki Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó n‡”Q| euvk, †eZ I

Ab¨vb¨ jZv‡bv Mv‡Qi Ici wbf©i K‡i †`‡ki wewfbœ ’v‡b M‡o D‡V‡Q wewfbœ ai‡bi KzwUiwkí|

Gme KzwUiwkí †`‡ki eû †jv‡Ki, we‡kl K‡i bvix mgv‡Ri A_© DcvR©‡bi Ab¨Zg cÖavb

Dcvq| ZvQvov MÖvgxY e‡b cÖPzi MvQcvjv _vKvq cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ i¶v n‡”Q Ges emZevwoi

MÖvgxY eb R¡vjvwb mieiv‡ni

cÖavb Drm| euvk, †eZ I

Ab¨vb¨ jZv‡bv Mv‡Qi Ici

wbf©i K‡i †`‡ki wewfbœ

’v‡b M‡o D‡V‡Q wewfbœ

KzwUiwkí|

e‡bi aib


Ni¸‡jv SoSÄv n‡Z i¶v cv‡”Q| MÖv‡gi †jvKRb emZevwo n‡Z AvnwiZ evuk, †eZ wewµ K‡i

A_© DcvR©b Ki‡Q|

Abykxjb (Activity) t MÖvgxY eb †_‡K Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ I Gi e¨envi wjLyb|

mvigg© t MÖvgxY eb ej‡Z mvaviYZ evwoi Avw½bv, evwoi Pvwicvk ev gv‡Vi cv‡ki

MvQcvjv‡KB eySvq| MÖvgxY ebB n‡”Q AvmevecÎ wbg©vY Ges R¡vjvwb Kv‡Vi Ab¨Zg cÖavb

Drm| mviv‡`k Ry‡o MÖvgxY eb Øviv m„ó e„¶ Av”Qv`‡bi cwigvY cÖvq 2.71 j¶ †n±i| MÖvgxY

e‡b mvaviYZ Avg, Rvg, KuvVvj, wjPz, KoB, wkgyj, evejv, wRMv, wbg, Zvj, †LRyi, bvi‡Kj,

mycvwi, euvk, †eZ, Ab¨vb¨ jZv‡bv MvQ BZ¨vw` †`Lv hvq| MÖvgxY e‡b wkqvj, †ewR, mRviy,

MÜ‡MvKzj, ebweovj, †g‡QvevN, evNWvk, ¸Bmvc, wMiwMwU, wewfbœ ai‡bi mvc, bvbv cÖRvwZi

cvwL I KxUcZ½ i‡q‡Q| euvk, †eZ I Ab¨vb¨ jZv‡bv Mv‡Qi Ici wbf©i K‡i †`‡ki wewfbœ

¯’v‡b M‡o D‡V‡Q wewfbœ ai‡bi KzwUiwkí| MÖvgxY eb cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ I SoSÄv †_‡K

emZevwo i¶v K‡i|

e‡bi aib




1| MÖvgxY e‡b e„¶v”Q`‡bi cwigvY KZ?

K) 2.21 j¶ †n±i

L) 2.51 j¶ †n±i

M) 2.71 j¶ †n±i

N) 2.91 j¶ †n±i

2| †`‡ki KvV I euvkm¤ú‡`i cÖ‡qvR‡bi kZKiv KZ fvM MÖvgxY eb †_‡K wgUv‡bv n‡q

_v‡K?

K) cÖvq 80 fvM

L) cÖvq 70 fvM

M) cÖvq 60 fvM

N) cÖvq 50 fvM

3| MÖvgxY eb †_‡K Kx cwigvY KvV AvniY Kiv nq?

K) 50,71,537.8 NbwgUvi

L) 45,57,137.8 NbwgUvi

M) 44,71,537.8 NbwgUvi

N) 56,72,438.3 NbwgUvi

e‡bi aib


P‚ovšÍ g~j¨vqb BDwbU 2


1| cvnvwo e‡bi cÖavb cÖavb êwkó¨¸‡jv Kx?

2| cvnvwo e‡bi cÖavb cÖavb e„¶ cÖRvwZi bvg wjLyb|

3| cvnvwo e‡bi A_©‰bwZK ¸iæZ¡ Kx Kx?

4| g¨vb‡MÖvf eb ej‡Z Kx ey‡Sb?

5| my›ìe‡bi we Í…wZi cwigvY KZ?

6| my›ìe‡bi e„‡¶i êwkó¨ Kx Kx?

7| DcK‚jxq e‡bi we¯Í…wZ I cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` wee„Z Kiæb|

8| mgZjf‚wgi e‡bi ¸iæZ¡ Kx Kx?

9| eo eo iv¯Ívi cv‡k Kx Kx e„¶ †ivcb Kiv n‡q _v‡K?

10| MÖvgxY e‡b KzwUiwk‡íi Kx Kx KuvPvgvj cvIqv hvq?

DËigvjv BDwbU 2

cvV 2.1

1| L 2| L 3| N 4| K

cvV 2.2

1| L 2| N 3| L 4| M

cvV 2.3

1| K 2| L 3| K 4| M

cvV 2.4

1| M 2| K 3| M

BDwbU 3 ebR e„‡¶i †ivM I †cvKvgvKo Ges Zvi cÖwZKvi

cÖwZwU RxeB RxebP‡µi †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv mg‡q †ivMvµvšÍ n‡Z cv‡i| Dw™¢ I Gi e¨wZµg

bq| Gme †ivM fvBivm, e¨vK‡Uwiqv, QÎvK, K…wg, ciRxex cÖvYx ev Dw™¢ Øviv n‡Z cv‡i|

GQvovI Lv‡`ï wewfbœ Dcv`vb Ges cvwbi Afve ev AvwaK¨ Ges Ab¨vb¨ AciRxexNwUZ

Kvi‡YI †iv‡Mi m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e K…wl dm‡ji †P‡q ebR e„‡¶i †ivMcÖwZ‡iva

¶gZv †ewk| Z‡e †hme ebR e„¶ evMvb m„R‡bi Rb¨ bvm©vwi‡Z Pviv Drcv`b Kiv nq Zv‡ì

A‡bK ai‡bi †ivM n‡Z cv‡i| Avevi cÖvK…wZK eb A_ev gvbyl KZ…©K m„wRZ ebvÂ‡jI A‡bK

†ivM †`Lv hvq| ebR e„¶ wewfbœ ai‡bi †cvKvgvKo ev KxUcZ½ ØvivI AvµvšÍ n‡q _v‡K|

A‡bK mgq †cvKvgvK‡oi AvµgY I e„‡¶i †ivM ebvÂ‡ji gvivZ¡K ¶wZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvB

ebR e„‡¶i wewfbœ †iv‡Mi KviY, cÖK…wZ, cÖwZ‡iva I cÖwZKv‡ii †h eë¯’v Avwe®‹…Z n‡q‡Q Zv

Avgv‡ì Rvbv ìKvi| Abyiƒcfv‡e, e„‡¶i ¶wZKi †cvKvgvK‡oi AvK…wZ, cÖK…wZ, RxebPµ

BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡j Avgiv G‡ì Avµg‡Yi nvZ †_‡K †`‡ki e„¶m¤ú` i¶v Ki‡Z

cvie| Gi d‡j †`‡ki cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki fvimvgÏ iw¶Z n‡e| eb I ebR wk‡í eû

†jv‡Ki Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM NU‡e Ges ebm¤ú` Øviv ˆZwi wRwblcÎvw` we‡`‡k ißvwb K‡i cÖPzi

ê‡`wkK gy`ªvI AR©b Kiv m¤¢e n‡e|

G BDwb‡Ui wewfbœ cv‡V ebR e„‡¶i cÖavb cÖavb †ivM; †cvKvgvK‡oi cwiwPwZ; cÖavb K‡qKwU

†ivM I †cvKvgvK‡oi cÖwZKvi; ebR e„‡¶i †ivM I †cvKvgvKo ch©‡e¶Y cÖf…wZ welq¸‡jv

ZvwË¡K I eënvwiKmn Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

cvV 3.1 ebR e„‡¶i cÖavb cÖavb †ivM cwiwPwZ


ebR e„‡¶i †ivM¸‡jv‡K Kq fv‡M fvM Kiv nq Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

ebR e„‡¶i †ivM¸‡jv msw¶ßfv‡e eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

AciRxex I ciRxexNwUZ †iv‡Mi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ciRxex Dw™¢ I ciRxex cÖvwYNwUZ †iv‡Mi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

QÎvKRvZxq wewfbœ †iv‡Mi bvg ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

ebR e„‡¶i wKQy mvaviY †iv‡Mi j¶Y, wPwKrmv I cÖwZ‡iva eë¯’v Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z

cvi‡eb|

ebR e„‡¶ †hme †ivM nq Zv‡ì `yfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v

K. AciRxexNwUZ †ivM t †hme †ivM †Kv‡bv RxevYy Øviv we Ívi jvf K‡i bv Zv‡ì‡K

AciRxexNwUZ †ivM ejv nq| †hgb †gŠwjK Lv`¨ Dcv`v‡bi ¯íZv ev Avwa‡Kï Kvi‡Y A_ev

wb¤œ ev D”P ZvcRwbZ Kvi‡Y m„ô †ivM A_ev gvwUi Av`ª©ZvRwbZ Ges `~wlZ evqyRwbZ †ivM|

L. ciRxexNwUZ †ivM t †hme †ivM †ivMRxevYy Øviv nq Zv‡ì‡K ciRxexNwUZ †ivM e‡j|

†hgb QÎvK, e¨vK‡Uwiqv, fvBivm, †cvKvgvK‡oi AvµgYRwbZ †ivM|

AciRxexNwUZ †ivM

BDwbU 3

ebR e„‡¶i †ivM I

†cvKvgvKo Ges Zvi

cÖwZKvi

†gŠwjK Lv`¨ Dcv`v‡bi ¯íZv

ev AvwaK¨, wb¤œ ev D”P Zvc,

Av ª©Zv, evqy ~lY cÖf…wZ Kvi‡Y

AciRxexNwUZ †ivM nq|

ebR e„‡¶i †ivM I †cvKvgvKo Ges Zvi cÖwZKvi

¯‹zj Af& GwMÖKvjPvi GÛ iæi¨vj wW‡fjc‡g›U

40

†gŠwjK Dcv`v‡bi ¯íZvRwbZ †ivM t gvwU‡Z †gŠwjK Dcv`v‡bi Afve n‡j Mv‡Qi ¯vfvweK

cÖwµqvi e¨NvZ N‡U| G‡Z Mv‡Qi cvZv ev d‡j bvbv ai‡bi DcmM© †`Lv hvq| †hgb cvZv

njy` ev weeY© n‡q hvq, Gi AvMv nq Zvgv‡U Ges G‡Z bvbv AvK…wZi `vM †`Lv hvq| dj S‡i

c‡o ev AvK…wZi cwieZ©b nq|

†gŠwjK Dcv`v‡bi AvwaK¨RwbZ †ivM t gvwU‡Z †gŠwjK Dcv`v‡bi AvwaKÏ †ivM m„wó K‡i

_v‡K| †hgb †evi‡bi Avwa‡K¨ cvZvq GK ai‡bi cPb (†bK‡ivwmm) †`Lv hvq| AwaK †evib

cÖ‡qv‡M Mv‡Qi g„ZzÏ NU‡Z cv‡i| Avevi AwaK bvB‡Uªv‡Rb cÖ‡qv‡Mi Kvi‡Y cvZv Sjmv‡bv

†ivM m„wó n‡Z cv‡i|

wb¤œ I D”P ZvcRwbZ †ivM t cÖ‡Z¨K Mv‡Qi GKwU wbw`©ó ZvcgvÎv m‡nï ¶gZv i‡q‡Q| AwZ

wbæ Zv‡c Mv‡Qi ‰ReivmvqwbK wµqv eÜ n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z cvZv S‡i c‡o, Pviv g‡i hvq,

Mv‡Qi evK‡j dvUj a‡i| AwZwi³ VvÛvq MvQ g‡iI †h‡Z cv‡i| Avgv‡ì †`‡k Aek¨ G

mgm¨v †bB| Abyiƒcfv‡e, D”P ZvcgvÎvI Mv‡Qi bvbv mgm¨vi m„wó K‡i| MvQ ïwK‡q hvIqv,

cvZv Sjmv‡bv, dj S‡i hvIqv ev †d‡U hvIqv BZ¨vw` D”P Zv‡ci Kvi‡YI m„wó nq|

gvwUi Av`©ªZvi Afve Ges Rjve×ZvRwbZ †ivM t gvwU‡Z Av`ª©Zv Kg n‡j PvivMvQ wkKo

gvwU‡Z ’vcb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| d‡j Pviv g‡i hvq| Avevi gvwU‡Z Rjve×Zv _vK‡jI A‡bK

cÖRvwZi MvQ euvP‡Z cv‡i bv| †hgb Bwcj-Bwcj, KuvVvj BZ¨vw`|

`~wlZ evqyRwbZ †ivM t hwÌ evqy cwi‡kva‡b Mv‡Qi GK weivU f~wgKv i‡q‡Q ZeyI AwZwi³

`~wlZ evZv‡m Mv‡Qi cvZvq ~wlZ e‡R©i GKwU Avei‡Yi m„wó nq| Gi d‡j Av‡jvKms‡kølY

cÖwµqv wewNœZ nq| d‡j Mv‡Qi ¯vfvweK e„w× nq bv| cvZv weeY© nq I civMvqb e¨nZ nq|

ciRxexNwUZ †ivM

ciRxexNwUZ †ivM RxevYy ev †cvKvgvKo Øviv we Í…wZ jvf K‡i| Gai‡bi †ivM‡K yfv‡M fvM

Kiv hvq, h_v 1. ciRxex Dw™¢ NwUZ †ivM Ges 2. ciRxex cÖvwYNwUZ †ivM| mvaviYZ

ciMvQv Dw™¢ , QÎvK, e¨vK‡Uwiqv I fvBivm‡K ciRxex Dw™¢ NwUZ †iv‡Mi AvIZvq aiv nq|

ciRxex cÖvwYNwUZ †iv‡Mi g‡a¨ K…wg, †cvKvgvK‡oi AvµgY BZ¨vw` D‡jøL‡hvM¨|

ciRxex Dw™¢ NwUZ †ivM

ciMvQv Dw™¢ t ebR e„‡¶i

D‡j&øL‡hvM¨ ciRxex Dw™¢ NwUZ

†iv‡Mi g‡a¨ Mvgv‡ii †jvivš’vm

AvµgY D‡jøL‡hvM¨| Mvgvi AwZ

g~jëvb KvV| G MvQ cvnvwo

ebvÂ‡j †`Lv hvq| G MvQ `ªyZ

ea©bkxj Ges DbœZgv‡bi KvV

Drcv`b K‡i e‡j Gi evMvb Kiv

nq| wKš‘ Mvgvi Mv‡Qi eqm 5-7

eQi n‡jB GK ai‡bi ciMvQv

Dw™¢ AvµgY K‡i Gi e„w×‡Z

e¨NvZ NUvq Ges Mv‡Qi e„w× †iva K‡i| Kvjµ‡g MvQ gviv hvq| GQvov wkï, †m¸b,

BDK¨vwjÞvm, my›`wi, †KIov, ivevi, KoB cÖf…wZ MvQmg~‡n †jvivš’vm AvµgY K‡i _v‡K|

wPÎ 27 t ebRe„‡¶ †jvivš’v‡mi (ciMvQv) AvµgY

g wU‡Z †gŠwjK Dcv`v‡bi

Af e n‡j Mv‡Qi ¯^vf weK

AwZ wb¤œ Zv‡c Mv‡Qi

‰ReivmvqwbK wµqv eÜ

n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i|

gvwU‡Z Av ª©Zv Kg n‡j

PvivMvQ wkKo gvwU‡Z

’vcb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

ciRxexNwUZ †ivM

RxevYy ev †cvKvgvKo

Øviv we Í…wZ jvf K‡i|

Mvgvi, wkï, †m¸b,

BDK¨vwjÞvm, my›`wi,

†KIov, ivevi, KoB

cÖf…wZ MvQmg~‡n †jvivš’vm

AvµgY K‡i _v‡K|



41

QÎvKNwUZ †ivM t bvm©vwi‡Z QÎv‡Ki AvµgY †ewk †`Lv hvq| QÎvK Mv‡Qi wkKo †_‡K ïiæ

K‡i KvÛ ch©šÍ †h †Kv‡bv ¯’vb AvµgY Ki‡Z cv‡i| gvwU‡Z †h QÎvK _v‡K Zv †_‡K W¨vw¤ús

Ad, DBjwUs (by‡qcov), wjd †bK‡ivwmm (cvZv cPb), K¨v¼vi, eøvBU, UcWvB (AvMvgiv)

BZ¨vw` †iv‡Mi m„wó nq| QÎvK Avµg‡Yi d‡j Mv‡Qi cvZvq bvbv AvK…wZi `vM ev cPb m„wó

nq| Pviv MvQ by‡q c‡o ev G‡Z cvwbi AfveRwbZ j¶Y †`Lv hvq|

e¨vK‡UwiqvNwUZ †ivM t e¨vK‡Uwiqv Øviv AvµvšÍ n‡j Mv‡Q †K¬v‡ivwmm, e„w× n«vm, DBjwUs,

†bK‡ivwmm, iU, K¨v¼vi, Mj BZ¨vw` †iv‡Mi j¶Y †`Lv hvq| KLbI KLbI Mv‡Qi cvZvq `vM

co‡Z †`Lv hvq|

wPÎ 28 t my›`wii K¨v¼vi †ivM

fvBivmNwUZ †ivM t fvBivm Øviv AvµvšÍ Mv‡Qi cvZvq nvjKv I Nb mey‡Ri †gvRvBK, cvZv

nj‡` nIqv, cvZv †KvuKov‡bv, cvZvq †MvjvKvi `vM, †bK‡ivwmm BZ¨vw` Dcm‡M©i m„wó nq|

fvBivm AvµvšÍ Mv‡Qi †ivM wPwKrmvq ev `g‡b GLbI †Kv‡bv Kvh©Ki Ilya Avwe®‹…Z nq wb|

DbœZgv‡bi exR e¨envi I †ivMvµvšÍ MvQ †`LvgvÎ Dc‡o I cywo‡q †d‡j G †ivM `g‡bi †Póv

Kiv nq|

ciRxex cÖvwYNwUZ †ivM

ebR e„‡¶i ciRxex cÖvwYNwUZ †iv‡Mi g‡a¨ cÖavbZ K…wg I KxUcZ½NwUZ †ivMB D‡jøL‡hvM¨|

bvbv cÖRvwZi K…wg I KxUcZ½ Mv‡Qi KvÛ I cvZvi im ev Ab¨vb¨ Dcv`vb †L‡q †eu‡P _v‡K|

A‡bK mgq K…wg I KxUcZ½ ev †cvKvgvK‡oi Avµg‡Y Mv‡Q †iv‡Mi j¶Y †`Lv hvq|

mvaviYZ im‡kvlK †cvKv, cvZv‡fvRx †cvKv, ïuqv‡cvKv, cvZv †gvPov‡bv †cvKv (wjd †ivjvi),

cvZv wQ ªKvix †cvKv, KvÛ wQ ªKvix †cvKv BZ¨vw` MvQ‡K AvµgY K‡i|

wKQy mvaviY †iv‡Mi j¶Y I cÖwZKvi

QÎvKRvZxq †ivM

fvBivm AvµvšÍ †ivM

wPwKrmvq ev `g‡b

GLbI †Kv‡bv Kvh©Ki

Ilya Avwe®‹…Z nq wb|

im‡kvlK, cvZv‡fvRx,

ïu‡qv‡cvKv, wjd †ivjvi,

cvZv wQ ªKvix, KvÛ

wQ ªKvix BZ¨vw` KxUcZ½

MvQ‡K AvµgY K‡i|

bvm©vwi‡Z QÎv‡Ki AvµgY

†ewk nq| QÎvK †_‡K

W¨vw¤ús Ad, DBjwUs,

K¨v¼vi, eøvBU, AvMvgiv

BZ¨vw` †ivM nq|



42

W¨vw¤ús Ad t W¨vw¤ús Ad m„wóKvix QÎvK Øviv exR I Pviv Df‡qB AvµvšÍ n‡Z cv‡i| exR

AvµvšÍ n‡j A¼z‡iv`Mg nq bv| Pviv AvµvšÍ n‡j gvwU‡Z X‡j c‡o| wkKo AvµvšÍ n‡j Pvivi

e„w× eÜ n‡q hvq| mvaviYZ exRZjvi gvwU `xN©w`b †fRv I mu¨vZmüv‡Z _vK‡j PvivMvQ G

†iv‡M AvµvšÍ nq| exR I gvwU †kvab K‡i exR ecb Ki‡j G †iv‡Mi AvµgY Kg nq| exR

†kva‡bi Rb¨ wfUv‡f·, WvB‡_b, K¨vcUvb I gvwU †kva‡bi Rb¨ digvjwWnvBW bvgK

ivmvqwbK ªe¨ eënvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| KzcÖvwfU ev †euv‡`©v wgkªY ev Wvqvw_b Gg-45 w`‡q

A¼z‡iv`Mg †Uª wfwR‡q wb‡qI G †ivM cÖwZ‡iva Kiv hvq|

g~j cPv †ivM t g~j cPv †ivM n‡j MvQ †bwZ‡q c‡o| G‡¶‡Î AvµvšÍ Pviv A_ev MvQ Zz‡j

cywo‡q †dj‡Z n‡e| Ab¨vb¨ Pvivi †Mvovq †euv‡`©v wg·vi, digvjwWnvBW ev digvwjb, KzcÖvwfU

ev Wvqvw_b Gg-45 QÎvKbvkK cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| mvaviYZ wkï Mv‡Q G †ivM †`Lv hvq|

AvMvgiv †ivM t G †iv‡M cÖ_‡g Mv‡Qi Dcwifv‡Mi KvÛ I cvZv g‡i hvq Ges c‡i cy‡iv

MvQUvB g‡i hvq| AvMvgiv †ivM AwaKvsk †¶‡Î K…wg, gvwUevwnZ QÎvK, fvBivm BZ¨vwì Øviv

n‡Z cv‡i| AvMvgiv †ivM QÎvK Qvov Ab¨vb¨ Kvi‡YI n‡Z cv‡i| Kv‡RB †iv‡Mi cÖK…Z KviY

wbY©‡qi ci cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡¶c wb‡Z n‡e| Mv‡Qi †Mvovq †euv‡`©v wgkªY, KzcÖvwfU, Wvqvw_b Gg-

45 cvwb‡Z wgwk‡q cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j G †ivM nq bv| G‡¶‡Î we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL¨ †h, my›ìe‡bi

eû msL¨K my›`wi MvQ fqven AvMvgiv †iv‡M AvµvšÍ| Gi KviY GLbI wbwY©Z nq wb e‡j †ivM

`g‡bi c`‡¶c †bqv hv‡”Q bv| Kv‡RB cÖwZKvi wn‡m‡e ax‡i ax‡i AvMvgiv me MvQ †K‡U e‡bi

evB‡i wb‡q Avmv n‡”Q| Ab¨w`‡K, euv‡ki AvMvgiv †ivM QÎvK Øviv nq e‡j QÎvKbvkK w`‡q G

†ivM cÖwZ‡iv‡aiI eë¯’v Kiv n‡q‡Q|

cvZvi `vM †ivM t Pviv Mv‡Qi cvZvq QÎv‡Ki Avµg‡Y wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii `vM co‡Z †`Lv hvq|

ZvB AvµvšÍ cvZv ¯vfvweK Av‡jvKms‡kølY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| d‡j Mv‡Qi ¯vfvweK e„w× e¨nZ

nq Ges A‡bK‡¶‡Î gvivI hvq| G †ivM `g‡b KzcÖvwfU, Wvqvw_b Gg-45, wi‡Wvwgj BZ¨vw`

cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq|

wPÎ 29 t K`‡gi cvZvi `vM †ivM (wjd eøvBU)

DBë †ivM t cvZv †bwZ‡q covB G †iv‡Mi cÖavb j¶Y| wkï Mv‡Q mvaviYZ G †ivM †`Lv

hvq| cÖwZKvi wn‡m‡e Mv‡Qi †Mvovq hv‡Z cvwb bv R‡g †m eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e Ges KzcÖvwfU,

†euv‡`©v wgkªY ev Wvqvw_b Gg-45 cvwbi mv‡_ wgwk‡q Mv‡Qi †Mvovq w`‡Z n‡e|

DBë †ivM mvaviYZ

wkï Mv‡Q †`Lv hvq|

exRZjvi gvwU `xN©w`b

†fRv I mu¨vZm¨v‡Z

_vK‡j PvivMvQ W¨vw¤ús

Ad †iv‡M AvµvšÍ nq|

AvMvgiv †iv‡M cÖ_‡g

Mv‡Qi Dcwifv‡Mi KvÛ

I cvZv Ges c‡i cy‡iv

MvQwUB g‡i hvq|



43

†cvKvgvKo ev KxUcZ½NwUZ †ivM t †cvKvgvKo ev KxUcZ½ bvm©vwi‡Z †QvU PvivMvQ †_‡K ïiy

K‡i eo MvQ ch©šÍ AvµgY Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avevi A‡bK †cvKv KvVI AvµgY K‡i ¶wZmvab

Ki‡Z cv‡i| †cvKvgvK‡oi AvµgY ’v‡bi gva¨‡g wewfbœ †iv‡Mi RxevYy Dw™¢ ‡`‡n cÖ‡ek

K‡i|



1| ebR e„‡¶i †ivM¸‡jv‡K Kq fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq?

mvigg© t ebR e„¶ AciRxex Ges ciRxexNwUZ wewfbœ †iv‡M AvµvšÍ n‡Z cv‡i|

AciRxexNwUZ †iv‡Mi g‡a¨ †gŠwjK Dcv`v‡bi ¯íZv I AvwaK¨RwbZ †ivM, wb¤œ ev D”P

ZvcRwbZ †ivM, gvwUi Av ª©Zv I Rjve×ZvRwbZ Ges evqyRwbZ †ivMB cÖavbZ †`Lv hvq|

ciRxex cÖvYx I Dw™¢ Df‡qi Kvi‡YB ciRxexNwUZ †ivM n‡Z cv‡i| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †jvivš’vm,

W¨vw¤ús Ad, DBjwUs, †bK‡ivwmm, K¨v¼vi, eøvBU, iU, Mj, AvMvgiv †ivM, †cvKvgvK‡oi

AvµgYRwbZ †ivM BZ¨vw`B cÖavb| Gme †iv‡Mi nvZ †_‡K MvQ‡K i¶v Kivi Rb¨ `gb

e¨e¯’vi Ici ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e|

KxUcZ½ bvm©vwi‡Z †QvU

PvivMvQ †_‡K ïiy K‡i

eo MvQ‡K ch©šÍ

AvµgY Ki‡Z cv‡i|



44

K) `yB

L) wZb

M) Pvi

N) cvuP

2| Mv‡Qi ciRxexNwUZ †ivM Kxfv‡e we Ívi jvf K‡i?

K) gvwU Øviv

L) †ivMRxevYy Øviv

M) wbæ ev D”P ZvcgvÎvi gva¨‡g

N) Av`ª©Zvi gva¨‡g

3| AciRxexNwUZ †ivM Kxfv‡e nq?

K) †gŠwjK Dcv`v‡bi ¯íZv/AvwaK¨, wb¤œ ev D”P Zvc ev `~wlZ evqy Øviv

L) QÎvK Øviv

M) fvBivm Øviv

N) e¨vK‡Uwiqv Øviv

4| cvZvq nvjKv I Nb mey‡Ri †gvRvBK †Kvb& ai‡bi †ivM?

K) QÎvKNwUZ

L) e¨vK‡UwiqvNwUZ

M) fvBivmNwUZ

N) AciRxexNwUZ

5| Mvgv‡ii †jvivš’vm †iv‡Mi KviY Kx?

K) QÎvK

L) fvBivm

M) e¨vK‡Uwiqv

N) ciMvQv



45

cvV 3.2 ebR e„‡¶i cÖavb cÖavb †cvKvgvKo cwiwPwZ


ebR e„¶ aŸsmKvix cÖavb cÖavb †cvKvgvK‡oi bvg ej‡Z I wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|

ebR e„¶ aŸsmKvix †cvKvgvKo `gb Kivi c×wZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

†cvKvi AvK…wZ I Avµg‡Yi aib †`‡L †ivM wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

†hme †cvKvgvKo ebR e„¶ AvµgY K‡i Mv‡Qi ¶wZmvab K‡i Zviv wewfbœ ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i|

¶wZi aib I Ae¯’vb‡f‡` G‡`i‡K cÖavbZ wb‡æv³ K‡qKwU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v

1. im‡kvlK †cvKv

2. cvZv‡fvRx †cvKv

3. cvZv ¸Uv‡bv †cvKv

4. gvRiv †cvKv

5. gvwU‡Z emevmKvix †cvKv

6. DB I wcucovRvZxq †cvKv

im‡kvlK †cvKv t Gme †cvKv imv‡jv cvZv, Kuywo, KvÛ cÖf…wZ AvµgY K‡i Ges †Kvl †_‡K

im †ei K‡i MvQ‡K ~e©j K‡i †d‡j| Giv mvaviYZ cvZvi wb‡Pi w`‡K AvµgY K‡i| AvµvšÍ

cvZvi Dcwifv‡M njy` `vM †`Lv hvq| cvZvi im ï‡l †bqvi d‡j Av‡ Í Av‡ Í cy‡iv cvZv S‡i

c‡o| w_ªcm, Nvm dwos, mvBwjW, A¨vwdW, wgwjevM G †kªwYi AšÍ©fz³| G †cvKv `g‡bi Rb¨

†gUvwm÷·, WvqvwRbb, †gjvw_qb, mywgw_qb, evmywWb BZ¨vw` KxUbvkK e¨envi Kiv nq|

wPÎ 30 t Bwcj-Bwcj Mv‡Q mvBwjW †cvKv (Heteropsylla cubena)

cvZv‡fvRx †cvKv t PvivMv‡Qi cvZv I KvÛ cvZv‡fvRx †cvKv Øviv AvµvšÍ nq| Nvm dwos,

†fvgov ev ¸e‡i †cvKv, weUj cÖf…wZ mvaviYZ cvZv‡fvRx nq| †m¸b, Mvgvi, KoB, mvwRbv,

†iBbwUª BZ¨vw` Mv‡Qi cvZv Gme †cvKv Øviv AvµvšÍ nq| wjb‡Wb, †K¬v‡ivWb, A¨vjwWªb,

†mwfb, wicKW©, †gjvw_qb Øviv Gme †cvKv `gb Kiv hvq|

im‡kvlK †cvKv Mv‡Qi

imv‡jv cvZv, Kuywo, KvÛ

AvµgY K‡i im †ei K‡i

†bq|

PvivMv‡Qi cvZv I KvÛ

cvZv‡fvRx †cvKv Øviv

AvµvšÍ nq|



46

cvZv ¸Uv‡bv †cvKv t GRvZxq †cvKv cvZv‡K wb‡Ri †`‡ni Pvicv‡k gy‡o †bq ev Kv‡Ûi m‡½

cvZv Rwo‡q evm K‡i| †hgb ïuqv‡cvKv| †h‡nZz G †cvKv¸‡jv cvZvi Avei‡Y evm K‡i ZvB

mivmwi KxUbvkK cÖ‡qvM K‡i G‡ì `gb Kiv KwVb| Kv‡RB G †cvKv `g‡bi Rb¨ ayqv

m„wóKvix KxUbvkK, †h¸‡jvi KxUcZ½ webó Kivi ¶gZv `xN© ’vqx †m¸‡jv eënvi Ki‡Z nq|

wjb‡Wb, †mwfb I †gjvw_qb G ai‡bi KxUbvkK|

wPÎ 31 t ïuqv‡cvKv

gvRiv †cvKv t G †cvKv †`L‡Z ïuqv‡cvKvi g‡ZvB| Giv Kv‡Ûi †fZ‡iB RxebPµ m¤úbœ K‡i

Ges Mv‡Qi ¶wZmvab K‡i| †h‡nZz Giv Kv‡Ûi †fZ‡i _v‡K ZvB KxUbvkK w`‡q G‡ì `gb

Kvh©Ki nq bv| †Kv‡bv Kv‡Û gvRiv †cvKv Avµg‡Yi mv‡_ mv‡_B †cvKv a‡i †g‡i †djvB G

†cvKv `g‡bi DËg cš’v|

wPÎ 32 t gvRiv †cvKv

cvZv ¸Uv‡bv †cvKv cvZv‡K

wb‡Ri †`‡ni Pvicv‡k gy‡o

†bq ev Kv‡Ûi m‡½ cvZv

Rwo‡q evm K‡i|

gvRiv †cvKv Kv‡Ûi wfZ‡iB

RxebPµ m¤úbœ K‡i|



47

gvwU‡Z emevmKvix †cvKv t GRvZxq †cvKvi g‡a¨ KvUzB †cvKv, MÖve, iæUIqvg© I KK& P¨vdvi

Ab¨Zg| G †cvKv¸‡jv RxebP‡µi GKwU Ask gvwU‡Z KvUvq Ges †m Ae¯’v‡ZB Mv‡Qi

wkK‡oi ¶wZ K‡i| G‡ì †ewkifvMB ˆbk‡fvRx| ivwÎKv‡j MZ© †_‡K †ei n‡q KvÛ I

wkK‡oi ms‡hvM ’‡j PvivMvQ †K‡U †d‡j| KLbI eo †cvKv Kv‡Ûi DcwifvM †K‡U †d‡j| G

ai‡bi †cvKv `g‡b wjb‡Wb, †nÞv‡K¬vi I WvBA¨vjwWªb we‡kl Kvh©Ki|

DB‡cvKv I wcucov t DB‡cvKv Pvivi g~j AvµgY K‡i| ïK‡bv †gŠmy‡g G‡ì AvµgY †ewk

nq| BDK¨vwjÞvm, AvKvkgwb, KoB, †m¸b, kvj, wkï, KvVev`vg, SvD cÖf…wZ MvQ DB‡cvKv

Øviv AvµvšÍ nq| wccov †e‡W jvMv‡bv kuvmhy³ Mv‡Qi exR †L‡q †d‡j| mKj Rv‡Zi KoB

Mv‡Qi Pvivi †¶‡ÎB wccov im ï‡l Pviv‡K †g‡i †d‡j| gvwU‡Z Pvivi wkKo, cPv Kv‡Vi

UzK‡iv BZ¨vw` †hb bv _v‡K †mw`‡K j¶¨ ivLv evÃbxq| †e‡W ev cwje¨v‡M WvBA¨vjwWªb-20

Bwm, †nÞv‡K¬vi-40 cvDWvi Ges †K¬v‡ivWb-40 cvDWvi eënv‡i DB‡cvKv I wccovi AvµgY

†iva Kiv hvq|

mvigg© t im‡kvlK, cvZv‡fvRx, cvZv ¸Uv‡bv, gvRiv cÖf…wZ †cvKvgvKo ebR e„¶‡K AvµgY

K‡i cÖf~Z ¶wZmvab K‡i _v‡K| GQvov gvwU‡Z emevmKvix wewfbœ †cvKv, DB I wccovRvZxq

†cvKvI ebR e„‡¶i ¶wZ K‡i| wewfbœ cÖKvi `gb eë ’v Ges Dchy³ KxUbvkK eënv‡ii

gva¨‡g Gme †cvKvi AvµgY †_‡K g~jëvb ebR e„¶ i¶v Kiv hvq|

gvwU‡Z emevmKvix †cvKvi

g‡a¨ KvUzB, MÖve, iyUIqvg©

I KK& P¨vdvi Ab¨Zg|

BDK¨vwjÞvm, AvKvkgwb,

KoB, †m¸b, kvj, wkï,

KvVev`vg, SvD cÖf…wZ MvQ

DB‡cvKv Øviv AvµvšÍ

nq|



48



1| ebR e„‡¶ †hme †cvKvgvKo AvµgY K‡i ¶wZmvab K‡i Zv‡`i cÖavbZ Kq fv‡M fvM

Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i?

K) 7 fv‡M

L) 8 fv‡M

M) 9 fv‡M

N) 10 fv‡M

2| †Kvb& †cvKv cvZv ¸wU‡q Avei‡Yi g‡a¨ evm K‡i?

K) ïuqv‡cvKv

L) KvUzB †cvKv

M) w_ªcm

N) A¨vwdW

3| †Kvb& ai‡bi †cvKv bvm©vwi †e‡W k¦vmhy³ exR †L‡q Pvivi cÖf~Z ¶wZmvab K‡i?

K) KvUzB †cvKv

L) KK& P¨vdvi

M) DB‡cvKv I wccov

N) ïuqv‡cvKv

4| †Kvb& †cvKv ivwÎ‡ejvq gvwUi MZ© n‡Z †ei n‡q PvivMv‡Qi KvÛ I wkK‡oi ms‡hvM¯’‡j

PvivMvQ †K‡U †d‡j?

K) KvUzB †cvKv

L) DB‡cvKv

M) gvRiv †cvKv

N) wgwj evM



49

cvV 3.3 ebR e„‡¶i cÖavb K‡qKwU †ivM I †cvKvgvK‡oi cÖwZKvi


bvm©vwi, cÖvK…wZK eb I m„wRZ evMv‡bi wewfbœ Mv‡Q †iv‡Mi Kvi‡Y I †cvKvgvK‡oi

Avµg‡Yi d‡j †h ¶wZ mvwaZ nq Zvi eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ebR e„‡¶i Mv‡Qi wewfbœ †ivM `gb eë¯’v wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|

ebR e„‡¶i wewfbœ ai‡bi †iv‡Mi j¶Y ej‡Z I wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|

ebR e„‡¶ AvµgYKvix wewfbœ iKg †cvKvgvKo †`‡L †ivM kYv³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

bvm©vwi, cÖvK…wZK eb I m„wRZ evMv‡bi Mv‡Qi wewfbœ †ivM I Zv‡ì `gb c×wZ

K. bvm©vwii PvivMv‡Qi †ivM

W¨vw¤ús Ad t G †iv‡Mi d‡j ex‡Ri A¼z‡iv`Mg nq bv A_ev PvivMv‡Qi KvÛ I wkK‡oi

ms‡hvM¯’‡j †f‡½ wM‡q Pviv by‡q c‡o| cvBw_qvg (Pythium sp.), g¨v‡µv‡dvwgbv

(Macrophomina sp.), †Kv‡j‡UvUªvBKvg (Colletotrichum sp.) -, wW‡c vwWqv (Diplodia sp.), wdD‡Rwiqvg (Fusarium sp.), ivB‡RvK‡Uvwbqv †mvjvbvB (Rhizoctonia solani) cÖf…wZ Øviv G

†ivM n‡Z cv‡i| gvwU‡Z Av ©ªZvi cwigvY †ewk n‡j ev ¶viZvi Avwa‡K¨ wKsev †Mve‡ii

cwigvY †ewk n‡j A_ev bvm©vwi‡Z Pviv Lye Nb n‡j G †ivM nq| Mv‡Qi †Mvovq †hb cvwb

Rg‡Z bv cv‡i Zvi eë ’v Kiv, gvwUi A¤øZ¡ (pH) 5-6 Gi g‡a¨ ivLv, bvm©vwi‡Z PvivMvQ Lye

Nb K‡i bv ivLv, 2% digvwjb eënvi Kiv, _vBivg, K¨vcUvb I Kcvi Aw·‡K¬vivBU eënvi

Kiv G †ivM `g‡bi DËg cš’v|

iyU iU ev wkKo cPv †ivM t Mvgvi bvm©vwi‡Z G †ivM †`Lv hvq| cÖ_‡g Mv‡Qi Pvivi e„w× n«vm

cvq Ges cvZvi iO ax‡i ax‡i Mvp meyR †_‡K nvjKv meyR i‡O cwiYZ nq| cieZ©x‡Z

PvivMv‡Qi KvÛ gi‡Z _v‡K Ges GK ch©v‡q m¤ú~Y© Pviv g‡i hvq| G †ivM wdD‡Rwiqvg

†mvjvbvB (Fusarium solani) bvgK QÎvK Øviv nq| wfUv‡U·, WvB‡_b, K¨vevUv, eªvwmKj,

Kcvi Aw·‡K¬vivBU cÖf…wZ QÎvKbvkK †ivMvµvšÍ Pvivi Av‡kcv‡ki gvwU‡Z wQUv‡bvi gva¨‡g G

†ivM `gb Kiv hvq|

†m¸‡bi iyU iU (wkKo cPv †ivM) t G †iv‡M †m¸b Pvivi wb‡Pi cvZv †_‡K ax‡i ax‡i giv

ïiy nq Ges µgvš‡q Dc‡ii w`‡K AMÖmi n‡Z _v‡K| †m¸‡bi wkKo fv‡jvfv‡e j¶¨ Ki‡j

†`Lv hv‡e cÖ_‡g my² wkKo¸‡jv g‡i hvq Ges ax‡i ax‡i gyj wkKo AvµvšÍ n‡q ev`vwg ev

Kvj‡P n‡q hvq| wmD‡Wv‡gvbvm †mvjv‡bwm‡qivg (Pseudomonas solanacearum) bvgK

e¨vK‡Uwiqv †m¸b Mv‡Qi Pviv‡Z G †ivM m„wó K‡i| †Kv‡bv e¨vK‡UwiqvbvkK Øviv G †ivM `gb

Kiv hvq bv| Z‡e gvwU‡Z cvwb R‡g _v‡K bv Ggb ’v‡b bvm©vwi Kiv n‡j G †ivM Kg nq|

cwi®‹vi-cwiQbœZv G †ivM `g‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i| AvµvšÍ bvm©vwi n‡Z AvµvšÍ MvQ wkKomn Zz‡j

cywo‡q †djv Ges cvwb eënvi Kg Ki‡j (Flooding) †ivM Qovq bv|

K`‡gi wkKo cPv †ivM t K`g Mv‡Q wkKo cPv †ivM Lye †ewk †`Lv bv †M‡jI hLb G

†iv‡Mi cÖv` f©ve nq ZLb mg Í Pviv GKmv‡_ gviv hvq| †Kvb& QÎv‡Ki Avµg‡Yi d‡j G †ivM

nq Zv mwVKfv‡e GLbI wbwY©Z nq wb| 2% digvwjb gvwU‡Z cÖ‡qvM K‡i G †ivM `gb Kiv

hvq|

W¨vw¤ús Ad †iv‡Mi d‡j

ex‡Ri A¼z‡iv`Mg nq bv

A_ev PvivMv‡Qi KvÛ I

wkK‡oi ms‡hvM ’‡j

†f‡½ wM‡q Pviv by‡q

c‡o|

Mvgvi bvm©vwi‡Z iyU

iU ev wkKo cPv

†ivM †`Lv hvq|

wkKo cPv †iv‡M †m¸b

Pvivi wb‡Pi cvZv †_‡K

ax‡i ax‡i giv ïiy n‡q

µgvš‡q Dc‡ii w`‡K

AMÖmi n‡Z _v‡K|

K`g Ges ivevi Mv‡QI

wkKo cPv †ivM †`Lv

†`q|



50

ivev‡ii wkKo cPv †ivM t †Kv‡bv PvivMvQ G †iv‡M AvµvšÍ n‡j PvivMv‡Qi cvZv ax‡i ax‡i

njy` eY© aviY K‡i ïwK‡q hvq| PvivMv‡Qi wkKo I Kv‡Ûi ms‡hvM¯’‡j nvjKv ev`vwg i‡Oi

cPb ïiy nq| wdD‡Rwiqvg (Fusarium sp.) bvgK GK ai‡bi QÎv‡Ki Øviv G †ivM nq|

Wvqv‡_b Gg-45 cÖ‡qv‡M G †ivM `gb Kiv hvq|

ivev‡ii AvMvgiv †ivM t G †iv‡Mi AvµgY n‡j PvivMv‡Qi (Kj‡gi) cvZv cÖ_‡g nvjKv

meyR I c‡i njy` e‡Y©i n‡q ïwK‡q gviv hvq| G †ivM †Kv‡bv QÎvK Øviv nq bv| bvm©vwi †eW

†_‡K cwje¨v‡M ’vbvšÍ‡ii mgq wkK‡o ch©vß cwigvY cvwb bv †c‡j Pvivq G †ivM nq|

wPÎ 33 t ivev‡ii AvMvgiv †ivM

†KIov Pvivi AvMvgiv †ivM t PvivMv‡Qi AvMv A_ev gvSvgvwS ¯’v‡b big Kv‡Ûi †Mvovq cPb

ïiy nIqvB G †iv‡Mi j¶Y| PvivMv‡Qi AvMv †_‡K ax‡i ax‡i cPb ïiy n‡q gviv hvq|

wK‡Uv‡gjv i¨vwd‡Riv (Chaetomella raphigera) bvgK QÎvK Øviv G †ivM nq| Wvqv‡_b Gg-

45 cÖ‡qvM K‡i G †ivM `gb Kiv hvq|

ivevi cvZvi `vM †ivM t ivevi Mv‡Qi Pvivq GK ai‡bi nj‡` ev`vwg `vM nq hv cieZx©‡Z

a~mi e‡Y©i n‡q KvM‡Ri g‡Zv †`Lv hvq| G `vM Av‡ Í Av‡ Í eo n‡q cvZv S‡i hvq|

KivB‡b‡¤úviv †Kwm‡Kvjv (Corynespora cassicola) Ges †njwgb‡_v‡¤úvwiqvg IivBwR

(Helminthosporium oryzae) bvgK QÎvK Øviv G †ivM nq|

L. cÖvK…wZK I m„wRZ e‡bi †ivM

my›`wi Mv‡Qi AvMvgiv †ivM t my›`wi Mv‡Qi AvMvi KwP WMv †_‡K giv ïiæ nIqv G †iv‡Mi

j¶Y| my›`ie‡bi wecyj cwigvY my›`wi MvQ G †iv‡M AvµvšÍ| G †iv‡Mi cÖK…Z KviY GLbI

D`NvwUZ nq wb| Z‡e wgVv cvwbi cÖevn n«vm, gvwUi jeYv³Zv e„w×, cwjgvwU R‡g k¦vmg~j

gvwUi wb‡P c‡o hvIqv, LwYRc`v‡_©i NvUwZ Ges QÎv‡Ki Avµg‡Yi mw¤§wjZ Kvi‡Y G †ivM

n‡Z cv‡i e‡j we‡klÁ‡`i aviYv| †h‡nZz G †iv‡Mi cÖK…Z KviY GLbI wbwY©Z nq wb ZvB

AvµvšÍ MvQ †K‡U †d‡j G †iv‡Mi we Ívi `gb Kiv m¤¢e e‡j aviYv Kiv nq|

wgVv cvwbi cÖevn n«vm,

gvwUi jeYv³Zv e„w×,

k¦vmgyj gvwUi wb‡P c‡o

hvIqv, LwYRc`v‡_©i

NvUwZ Ges QÎv‡Ki

Avµg‡Yi mw¤§wjZ Kvi‡Y

G †ivM n‡Z cv‡i|

ivevi I †KIov Mv‡Qi

Pvivq AvMvgiv †ivM †`Lv

hvq|



51

†KIov Mv‡Qi AvMvgiv †ivM t G †iv‡Mi j¶Y my›`wi Mv‡Qi AvMvgivi g‡ZvB| mvB‡Uv‡¤úviv

(Cytospora sp.) bvgK QÎvK Øviv †KIov Mv‡Q G †ivM nq|

evu‡ki cPb ev eøvBU †ivM t

ivRkvnx, PÆMÖvg, Kzwgjøv Ges wm‡jU

†Rjvq cÖavbZ fvjyKv I evwiqvjv

evu‡k G †ivM †`Lv hvq| G †iv‡Mi

d‡j evukSv‡oi evu‡ki Ko~j (bZzb

MRv‡bv evuk) gviv hvq|

A¨vKwi‡gvwbqvg w÷ª±vg

(Acremonium strictum) bvgK

QÎvK Øviv G †ivM nq| †iv‡M

AvµvšÍ Ko~j †K‡U †d‡j G †iv‡Mi

cÖv`yf©ve `gb Kiv hvq| evu‡ki cPb

ev eøvBU †ivM evsjv‡`‡ki me©Î

†`Lv hvq| GwU LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|

ebR e„‡¶i cÖavb K‡qKwU ¶wZKviK †cvKv I Zv‡`i cÖwZKvi

K. bvm©vwii PvivMv‡Qi †ivM

KvUIqvg© t G‡MÖvwUm Bcwmjb (Agrotis ipsilon) bvgK †cvKv‡K KvUIqvg© (Cutworm) ejv

nq| G †cvKv bvm©vwi‡Z PvivMv‡Qi cÖf‚Z ¶wZmvab K‡i| KvUIqvg© mvaviYZ w`‡bi †ejvq

3-8 †mw›UwgUvi gvwUi wb‡P M‡Z© jywK‡q _v‡K Ges iv‡Zi †ejvq gvwUi Dc‡i †ei n‡q Av‡m|

Gme †cvKv †QvU PvivMv‡Qi KvÛ †K‡U †d‡j| A‡bK mgq bZzb MRv‡bv cvZvI †L‡q †d‡j|

G ai‡bi †cvKv we‡klZ KwbdviRvZxq (bMœexR) Mv‡Qi ¶wZ K‡i| †h‡nZz KvUv PvivMv‡Qi

wb‡P G ai‡bi †cvKv _v‡K ZvB G †cvKv `g‡bi DËg cš’v n‡jv Mv‡Qi wbP †_‡K a‡i G‡b

†g‡i †djv| Gme †cvKv gvwUi wbP †_‡K †ei Kivi Rb¨ cvwb †mP w`‡Z nq| cvwb †mP w`‡j

†cvKv †ei n‡q Av‡m| 10 wjUvi cvwbi mv‡_ 35 wgwjwgUvi WvBA¨vjwWªb-20 Bwm wgwk‡q †fRv

gvwU‡Z cÖ‡qvM K‡i G †cvKv `gb Kiv hvq|

KK& P¨vdvi t KK& P¨vdvi (Cock chafers) bvgK mv`v LbbKvix Kxov (White grubs) ivevi,

†m¸b, evejv, cvBbRvZxq Mv‡Qi Pviv webó K‡i| wjD‡Kv‡dvwjm (Leucopholis sp.), †nv‡jvwUªwKqv (Holotrichia sp.) I A¨v‡bvgvjv (Anomala sp.) bvgK Kxov mv`v LbbKvix Kxov

wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| G Kxov 5 †m. wg. ch©šÍ eo n‡Z cv‡i Ges "C" AvK…wZi nq| Giv ïuqv‡cvKv

_vKv Ae ’vq gvwU‡Z Mv‡Qi Pvivi g~j †L‡q †d‡j| Giv 3-5 gv‡mi Pvivi gvwUi DcwifvM

†_‡K 5-10 †m. wg. wb‡Pi g~j wkKo †K‡U †d‡j| d‡j AvµvšÍ Pviv ïwK‡q hvq| eq¯‹ Kxov

eo Mv‡Qi cvZv Pz‡l †L‡q †d‡j| G LbbKvix Kxov AvµvšÍ Pvivi Av‡kcv‡kB _v‡K| gvwU Lyu‡o

A_ev Rj †mP w`‡q gvwUi wbP †_‡K G‡`i †ei K‡i nvZ w`‡q †g‡i †d‡j G Kxovi nvZ †_‡K

†invB cvIqv hv‡e| ZvQvov WvBA¨vjwWªb Bwm 10 wjUvi cvwb‡Z 40 wgwjwjUvi wgwk‡q †fRv

gvwU‡Z cÖ‡qvM K‡iI G Kxov `gb Kiv hvq|

wPÎ 34 t evu‡ki eøvBU †ivM

KK& P¨vdvi bvgK mv`v

LbbKvix Kxov ivevi,

†m¸b, evejv, cvBbRvZxq

Mv‡Qi Pviv webó K‡i|

ivRkvnx, PÆMÖvg, Kzwgjøv

I wm‡jU †Rjvq cÖavbZ

fvjyKv I evwiqvjv evu‡k

eøvBU †ivM †`Lv hvq|

G‡MÖvwUm Bcwmjb bvgK

†cvKv‡K KvUIqvg© e‡j|



52

DB‡cvKv Ges wcucov t bvm©vwi‡Z Ges †QvU PvivMv‡QB DB‡cvKv Ges wccov AvµgY K‡i

_v‡K| ï®‹ †gŠmy‡gB G‡ì AvµgY †ewk †`Lv hvq| KviY, G‡ì cvwbi Pvwn`v †ewk _vKvi

Kvi‡Y PvivMv‡Qi wkKo †_‡K cvwb I Lv`¨ MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| I‡Wvb‡UvUviwgm (Odontotermis sp.) Ges gvB‡µv‡m‡ivUviwgmRvZxq (Microcerotermis sp.) DB‡cvKv †m¸b, kvj,

BDK¨vwjÞvm cÖf…wZ Mv‡Qi Pviv webó K‡i _v‡K| wccov A‡bK mgq bvm©vwi †e‡Wi exR †L‡q

†d‡j bvm©vwii cÖf‚Z ¶wZmvab K‡i| G‡ì cÖwZKv‡ii Rb¨ bvm©vwi ˆZwii mgq gvwU n‡Z cPv

ev webó Kv‡Vi UzKiv, AveR©bv cÖf…wZ cwi®‹vi K‡i Pviv jvMv‡Z n‡e| ZvQvov bvm©vwii cwiPh©vi

mgq Pvivi †Mvov hv‡Z ¶wZMÖ ’ bv nq †mw`‡K j¶¨ ivL‡Z n‡e| KviY, KvUv ev fv½v As‡k

DB‡cvKvi AvµgY Kivi cÖeYZv _v‡K| exR ecb Kivi c ‡e© exRZjvi gvwU †kvab K‡i G

†cvKvi Avµg‡Yi nvZ n‡Z i¶v cvIqv †h‡Z cv‡i| ZvQvov WvBA¨vjwWªb-20 Bwm 10 wjUvi

cvwb‡Z 35 wgwjwjUvi wgwk‡q AvµvšÍ bvm©vwi‡Z cÖ‡qvM K‡i G‡ì `gb Kiv hvq|

wµ‡KUm& t wµ‡KUm& Ges †gvj wµ‡KUm& †cvKv giv cvZv ev gvwUi M‡Z© evm K‡i| Giv

bvm©vwii Pviv Ges †ivwcZ Pvivi ¶wZ K‡i| eª vKwUªUªvBcm& †cvi‡Ub‡Uvmvm (Bractrytrypes portentosus) I jvBK&‡Ub †÷Bb (Lichten stein) PvivMv‡Qi wkKo iv‡Î †K‡U †d‡j Ges Zv

LvIqvi Rb¨ gvwUi M‡Z© †U‡b wb‡q hvq| MÖvB‡jvUvcjv Avwd«Kvbv (Gryllotapla africana) Ges

†Uª‡WKUvBjv (Tradactylla sp.) bvgK wSuwSu †cvKv gvwUi wb‡P MZ© K‡i bvm©vwii PvivMvQ we‡kl

K‡i †m¸b, wkï, SvD, BDK¨vwjÞvm, Pv I iveviRvZxq MvQ Dcwo‡q †d‡j| †cvKv evm K‡i

Ggb M‡Z© cvwb †X‡j w`‡j MZ© †_‡K Gme †cvKv †ei n‡q Av‡m| ZLb G‡ì a‡i †g‡i †d‡j

G †cvKvi AvµgY n‡Z i¶v cvIqv hvq| ZvQvov 10 wjUvi cvwb‡Z 40 wgwjwjUvi WvBA¨vjwWªb

Bwm wgwk‡q gvwU‡Z cÖ‡qvM K‡i G †cvKv `gb Kiv hvq|

cvZv‡fvRx ev cvZv‡kvlK †cvKv (Defoliator) t wµ‡q‡Uv‡ivUvm (Creatorotus sp.) bvgK

†cvKv KoB Ges BDK¨vwjÞvm PvivMv‡Qi cvZv †L‡q cÎk~b¨ K‡i †`q| d‡j Pvivi Lv`¨ cÖ ‘Z

cÖwµqvq weNœ m„wó nq I Pvivi ¶wZ mvwaZ nq| A‡bK †¶‡Î Pviv gviv hvq| G †cvKv `g‡bi

Rb¨ †jevBwmW, †gjvw_qb Ges mywgw_qb AvµvšÍ Mv‡Qi Dci †¯úÖ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

L. cÖvK…wZK eb I m„wRZ ebvÂ‡j †cvKvi AvµgY I cÖwZKvi

†m¸‡bi cvZv‡fvRx †cvKv t nvBweøqv wcD‡qiv (Hyblaea puera) bvgK †cvKv Øviv mvaviYZ

†m¸b Mv‡Qi cvZv I kvLvcjøe AvµvšÍ n‡q _v‡K| G †cvKvi cÖvßeq¯‹ jvf©v cvZvi meyR Ask

m¤ú~Y© †L‡q †d‡j wkiv I Dcwkiv¸‡jv Aewkó iv‡L| d‡j MvQ njy` n‡q hvq Ges Lv‡`ï

Afv‡e gviv hvq| G †cvKv `g‡bi Rb¨ †m¸b evMv‡bi Ab¨vb¨ MvQ, †h¸‡jv G †cvKvi

RxebP‡µi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb, †K‡U †d‡j AvµgY iwnZ Kiv hvq|

†m¸‡bi K¨v¼vi †cvKv t j¤v wkshy³ WvB‡n¤§vm mviwfbvm (Dihammus cervinus) bvgK

†cvKvi Kxov KvÛ wQ ª K‡i Mv‡Qi ¶wZmvab K‡i| G †cvKv R‡b¥i ci n‡ZB †m¸b Mv‡Qi

evKj wQ ª K‡i evK‡ji wb‡P K¨vw¤qvg †_‡K Lv`¨ MÖnY K‡i I †mLv‡b GKwU bvjv ˆZwi K‡i|

cieZ©x‡Z AvµvšÍ ’v‡b K¨v¼vi m„wó nq| K¨v¼vi¯’‡j KvÛ ye©j n‡q c‡o hv nvjKv evZv‡m

†f‡½ c‡o| AvµvšÍ KvÛ †K‡U †d‡j †cvKvi we Ívi †iva Kiv hvq| ZvQvov wKD‡iUi ev

dzivWb Mv‡Qi †Mvovi Pviw`‡Ki gvwU‡Z wQwU‡q w`‡qI †cvKvi AvµgY †iva Kiv hvq| Mvgvi I

†m¸b MvQ cvkvcvwk jvMv‡j G †iv‡Mi cÖv`yf©ve †ewk †`Lv hvq e‡j G `ycÖRvwZi MvQ cvkvcvwk

bv jvwM‡qI †cvKvi AvµgY n‡Z i¶v cvIqv hvq|

j¤v wkshy³ WvB‡n¤§vm

mviwfbvm bvgK †cvKvi

Kxov KvÛ wQ ª K‡i

†m¸bMv‡Qi ¶wZmvab

K‡i|

bvm©vwi‡Z Ges †QvU PvivMv‡QB

DB‡cvKv I wccov AvµgY

K‡i| ï®‹ †gŠmy‡gB G‡ì

AvµgY †ewk †`Lv hvq|

wµ‡KUm& I †gvj wµ‡KUm&

bvm©vwii I †ivwcZ Pvivi we‡kl

K‡i †m¸b, wkï, SvD,

BDK¨vwjÞvm, Pv, iveviRvZxq

MvQ cÖf…wZi ¶wZ K‡i|

wµ‡q‡Uv‡ivUvm bvgK

†cvKv KoB Ges

BDK¨vwjÞvm PvivMv‡Qi

cvZvi ¶wZmvab K‡i|

nvBweøqv wcD‡qiv bvgK

†cvKv Øviv mvaviYZ †m¸b

Mv‡Qi cvZv I kvLvcjøe

AvµvšÍ n‡q _v‡K|



53

wPÎ 35 t †m¸‡bi K¨v¼vi †ivM

Mvgv‡ii cvZv‡fvRx †cvKv t µ¨vm‡c‡Wv›Uv (Craspedonta sp.) bvgK GK ai‡bi †cvKv

cÖ_‡g cvZv Ges c‡i bZzb kvLvcjøe †L‡q Mvgvi Mv‡Qi ¶wZmvab K‡i| el©vi ïiæ‡ZB G‡`i

AvµgY ïiæ nq Ges 3-4 gv‡mi g‡a¨B MvQ cvZvk~b¨ n‡q c‡o| †ewk AvµvšÍ MvQ cvZvk~b¨

n‡q gviv hvq| †eªKvB‡gwiqv bvgK GK cÖKvi ciRxex cÖvYx evMv‡b e¨envi K‡i G †cvKvi

AvµgY n‡Z cÖwZKvi cvIqv hvq|

†gnMwbi cvZv‡fvRx †cvKv t wncwmdvBUv †ivev÷v (Hypsiphyta robusta) †gnMwb Mv‡Qi

cvZv †L‡q ax‡i ax‡i Kv‡Ûi g‡a¨ Xz‡K c‡o| G †cvKvi Kxov A‡bK mgq Mv‡Qi dzj I dj

AvµgY K‡i| AvµvšÍ kvLvcÖkvLv `ye©j n‡q c‡o Ges c‡i gviv hvq|

kv‡ji nvU©DW (mviKvV) wQ`ªK †cvKv t †nvc‡jvwmivw¤m ¯úvBwbKiwbm (Hoplocerambys spinicornis) kvjMv‡Qi mviKvV AvµgY K‡i webó K‡i| mvaviYZ G †cvKv KvUv kvj MvQ

A_ev kvj Mv‡Qi giv Ges ye©j As‡k wWg cv‡o| AvµvšÍ ’vb †_‡K AvVvRvZxq im wbM©Z

nq| AvµvšÍ MvQ ax‡i ax‡i `ye©j n‡q gviv hvq|

wkgy‡ji kvLv wQ`ªK †cvKv t UwbKv wbwf‡divbvi (Tonica niviferana) Kxov wkgyj Mv‡Qi

kvLv wQ ª K‡i kvLvcjø‡ei kx‡l© bvjv ˆZwi K‡i| G wQ ª w`‡q im ev AvVv‡jv c`v_© wbM©Z nq|

AvµvšÍ ¯’vb †_‡K Mv‡Qi Dc‡ii Ask ax‡i ax‡i g‡i hvq| Gi cÖwZKv‡ii Rb¨ 1. aviv‡jv

KivZ w`‡q AvµvšÍ kvLvcÖkvLv †K‡U †dj‡Z n‡e, 2. KvUv¯’v‡b †euv‡`©v wg·vi jvMv‡Z n‡e, 3.

el©vKv‡j MvQ KvUv eÜ ivL‡Z n‡e Ges 4. AvµvšÍ MvQ †K‡U †dj‡Z n‡e|

†KIovi KvÛ wQ`ªK †cvKv t DcK‚jxq ebvÂ‡ji cÖvq kZKiv 50 fvM MvQ G †cvKv Øviv

AvµvšÍ nq| wRI‡Riv KbdviUv (Zewjera conferta) I K¨vjwdqv wjb‡Uvjv (Calfia lintola) Kxov †KIov Mv‡Q AvµgY K‡i KvÛ wQ ª K‡i Mv‡Qi cÖf‚Z ¶wZmvab K‡i| G †cvKv Mv‡Qi

KvÛ I kvLvcÖkvLv †f` K‡i Kv‡Ûi Mfx‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i| d‡j Kv‡Û GKwU bvjv ˆZwi nq|

µ¨vm‡c‡Wv›Uv bvgK GK

ai‡bi †cvKv cÖ_‡g cvZv

Ges c‡i bZzb kvLvcjøe

†L‡q Mvgvi Mv‡Qi

¶wZmvab K‡i|

UwbKv wbwf‡divbvi jvf©v

wkgyjMv‡Qi kvLv wQ`ª

K‡i kvLvcjø‡ei kx‡l©

bvjv ˆZwi K‡i|

wRI‡Riv KbdviUv I

K¨vjwdqv wjb‡Uvjvi Kxov

†KIov Mv‡Qi KvÛ wQ ª

K‡i cÖf‚Z ¶wZmvab

K‡i|



54

AvµvšÍ MvQ `ye©j n‡q c‡o Ges cÖej evZv‡m †f‡½ c‡o| 6-10 eQi eq‡mi MvQ G †cvKv

Øviv †ewk AvµvšÍ nq|

wPÎ 36 t †KIovi KvÛ wQ`ªK †cvKv

wkï, KoB I Mvgvi Mv‡Qi cvZv‡fvRx †cvKv t †cø‡Kvc‡Uiv wi‡d¬·v (Plecoptera reflexa)

bvgK †cvKvi meyR Kxov wkï Mv‡Qi big KwP cvZvi im I cvZv †L‡q †d‡j| d‡j Mv‡Qi

¯vfvweK e„w× ¶wZMÖ ’ nq| eo Mv‡Qi Zzjbvq †QvU MvQB †ewk AvµvšÍ nq| WvBA¨vjwWªb-20

Bwm 10 wjUvi cvwb‡Z 25 wgwjwjUvi wgwk‡q Avµvš Mv‡Q †¯úÖ K‡i †cvKvi AvµgY †iva

Kiv hvq|

mvigg© t W¨vw¤ús Ad, iæU iU, AvMvgiv †ivM, cvZvi `vM †ivM cÖf…wZi Kvi‡Y bvmv©wii wewfbœ

ai‡bi PvivMvQ, †hgb Mvgvi, †m¸b, K`g, ivevi, †KIov cÖf…wZi e¨vcK ¶wZ nq| bvmv©wii

Pvivi Gme †ivM `g‡bi Rb¨ c~e© †_‡KB wewfbœ `gb eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv DwPZ| cÖvK…wZK I

m„wRZ evMv‡bi †iv‡Mi g‡a¨ my›`wi I †KIovi AvMvgiv †ivM Ges evu‡ki cPb †ivMB cÖavb|

my›ìe‡bi eû msL¨K my›`wi MvQ eZ©gv‡b AvMvgiv †iv‡M AvµvšÍ| Gme †ivMe¨vwa QvovI

bvm©vwi, cÖvK…wZK I m„wRZ evMv‡b wewfbœ iK‡gi KxUcZ½ AvµgY K‡i cÖf~Z ¶wZmvab K‡i|

Dchy³ `gb eë ’v I KxUbvk‡Ki eënv‡ii gva¨‡g Gme KxUcZ‡½i Avµg‡Yi nvZ †_‡K

g~jëvb ebR e„¶ i¶v Kiv hvq|

†cøKc‡Uiv wi‡d¬·v †cvKvi

Avµg‡Y wkï, KoB I

Mvgvi Mv‡Qi ¯vfvweK e„w×

¶wZMÖ ’ nq|



55



1| g~j ev wkKo cPv †iv‡Mi cÖwZKvi Kx?

K) Mv‡Qi †Mvovq cvwb Rg‡Z bv †Ìqv

L) Mv‡Qi †Mvovq mvi I cvwb †Ìqv

M) QÎvKbvkK Ilya cÖ‡qvM Kiv

N) Mv‡Qi †Mvovi gvwU AvjMv K‡i †Ìqv

2| Mvgvi bvm©vwi‡Z g~j cPv †ivM Kx Kvi‡Y msMwVZ nq ?

K) QÎvKRwbZ Kvi‡Y

L) e¨vK‡UwiqvRwbZ Kvi‡Y

M) fvBivmRwbZ Kvi‡Y

N) Ab¨vb¨ Kvi‡Y

3| DBj&U (Wilt) †iv‡Mi j¶Y Kx?

K) cvZv ïwK‡q hvIqv

L) cvZv †bwZ‡q cov

M) cvZv g‡i hvIqv

N) cvZv S‡o hvIqv

4| †Kvb& wQ ªK †cvKv wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ el©vKv‡j MvQ KvUv eÜ ivL‡Z nq?

K) †m¸‡bi Kv‡Ûi wQ ªK †cvKv

L) kvjMv‡Qi nvU© iU †cvKv

M) wkgy‡ji kvLv wQ`ªK †cvKv

N) evejvi †¯‹j †cvKv



56

e¨envwiK

cvV 3.4 ebR e„‡¶i †ivM I †cvKvgvKo ch©‡e¶Y

G Abykxjb †k‡l Avcwb

ebR e„‡¶i ¶wZKi †cvKvgvKo wPb‡Z cvi‡eb|

ebR e„‡¶i ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †ivMmg~n kYv³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

cÖvmw½K Z_¨

Avcbvi †Kvm©eB‡qi BDwbU 3 Gi cvV 3.1, 3.2 I 3.3 fv‡jvfv‡e c‡o ebR e„‡¶i †ivM I

†cvKvgvKo m¤ú‡K© Ávbjvf Kiæb Ges †m Av‡jv‡K ebR e„‡¶i †ivM I †cvKvgvKo ch©‡e¶Y

Kiæb|

DcKiY

Avcbvi †Kvm©eB I Ab¨vb¨ mnvqK cyw ÍKv, K¨v‡giv, wdj¥, e¨vUvwi BZ¨vw`|

wPÎ 37 t mvBwjW †cvKv

wPÎ 38 t ïuqv‡cvKv



57

wPÎ 39 t KvÛ wQ`ªK †cvKv

wPÎ 40 t gvRiv †cvKv



58

wPÎ 41 t my›`wii K¨v¼vi †ivM

wPÎ 42 t K`‡gi cvZvi `vM †ivM

wPÎ 43 t ivev‡ii AvMgiv †ivM



59

wPÎ 44 t †m¸‡bi K¨v¼vi †ivM

wPÎ 45 t evu‡ki eøvBU †ivM

Kv‡Ri aviv

wUDUi ev †Kv‡bv eb we‡klÁ A_ev †Kv‡bv ebKgx© whwb ebR e„‡¶i mvaviY †ivM I

†cvKvgvKo †P‡bb, Zvu‡K wb‡q Avcbvi wbKU ’ eb GjvKv cwi`k©‡b hvb| hw` Kvnv‡KI

bv cvb Z‡e Avcbvi †Kvm©eBwU m‡½ wb‡q eb cwi`k©‡b hvb|

†Kvm©eB c‡o Avcwb †h ZvwË¡K avibv jvf K‡i‡Qb eb cwi`k©‡b Zv ev¯Í‡e cÖ‡qvM K‡i

ebR e„‡¶i †ivM I †cvKvgvKomgyn kYv³ Kiæb| G e¨vcv‡i cÖ‡qvR‡b Avcbvi

wUDUi/eb Kg©KZ©v A_ev Ab¨ KviI mvnvh¨ wbb|

†ivM I †cvKvi bgybv msMÖn Kiæb | †hme †¶‡Î bgybv msMÖn Kiv m¤¢e bq †m‡¶‡Î

K¨v‡giv _vK‡j iwOb Qwe Zzjyb|

†ivM I †cvKvi bgybv A_ev Qwe wb‡q Avcbvi wUDU‡ii mv‡_ Avjvc K‡i bgybv

kYv³KiY wbwðZ †nvb|

cÖwZwU bgybvi wPÎ AsKb Kiæb Ges kYv³Kvix ˆewkó¨mg~n Avcbvi e¨envwiK LvZvq

wjLyb|



60



1| ebR e„‡¶i †ivM¸‡jvi †kªwYwefvM Kiæb |

2| ciRxex Dw™¢ Ges ciRxex cÖvwYNwUZ †ivM¸‡jvi bv‡gi ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kiæb |

3| †jvivš’vm †ivM Kx? †Kvb& †Kvb& ebR e„‡¶i †jvivš’vm †ivM nq?

4| AvMvgiv †iv‡Mi j¶Y Kx? †Kvb& †Kvb& Mv‡Q †Kvb& eq‡m AvMvgiv †ivM †`Lv †`q?

5| cÖvK…wZK I m„wRZ evMv‡b †Kvb& †Kvb& †cvKvgvKo AvµgY K‡i?

6| DB‡cvKv I wcucov †Kvb& †Kvb& ebR e„‡¶i Pviv webó K‡i?

7| bvmv©wii PvivMv‡Qi wewfbœ †iv‡Mi bvg wjLyb|

8| ÔW¨vw¤ús AdÕ ev g~j cPv †iv‡Mi cÖwZKviKvix Ilya Kx Kx?

9| †m¸‡bi K¨v¼vi †iv‡Mi cÖwZKvi Kx Kx?

10| cÖvK…wZK I m„wRZ ebvÂ‡j †cvKvgvK‡oi AvµgY Kxfv‡e cÖwZ‡iva Kiv hvq Zv eY©bv

Kiæb |

DËigvjv BDwbU 3

cvV 3.1

1| K 2| L 3| K 4| M 5| N

cvV 3.2

1| K 2| K 3| M 4| K

cvV 3.3

1| K 2| K 3| M 4| M

BDwbU 4 Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ I cÖwZ‡ek

Avgv‡ì Pvicv‡k Avgiv AmsL¨ Rxe †`L‡Z cvB| Gi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q AwZ ¶z`ª †_‡K ïiæ K‡i

wekvj eo Dw™¢ I cÖvYx| Gme Dw™¢ I cÖvYxKz‡ji Ici cwi‡e‡ki weivU cÖfve i‡q‡Q| ZvB

mKj Dw™¢ ev cÖvYx me¯’v‡b †`Lv hvq bv| †hgb my›ìe‡bi jeYv³ gvwU‡Z †h

g¨vb‡MÖvfRvZxq MvQ †`Lv hvq Zv cvnvwo ebvÂ‡j †`Lv hvq bv| †Zgwbfv‡e my›ìe‡bi weL¨vZ

i‡qj †e½j UvBMviI cve©Z¨ ebvÂ‡j †`Lv hvq bv| MvRxcyi I gaycy‡ii kvjMvQI cve©Z¨

PÆMÖv‡g †`Lv hvq bv| ivRkvnx‡Z †h iKg dRwj Avg Drcbœ nq, †`‡ki Ab¨vb¨ AÂ‡j Ggb

my¯v`y Avg Drcbœ nq bv| G †_‡K †evSv hvq wewfbœ cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡k wewfbœ ai‡bi †hme

Dw™¢ ev cÖvYx Zv‡ì Avevm †e‡Q †bq Zvi cÖwZwUi GKwU ¯Zš¿ êwkó¨ _v‡K| Giƒcfv‡e

wewfbœ Rx‡ei mgš‡q M‡o IVv Rxe m¤úÖ vq Ges †m Rxe‰ewP‡Îï wbqvgK n‡jv cwi‡ek|

G BDwb‡Ui wewfbœ cv‡V Rxe‰ewP‡Îï ¸iæZ¡; ebR, giæR I RjR cwi‡ek I Rxe‰ewPÎ¨;

Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ msi¶‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv; Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ aŸs‡m eb DRvo, g‡bvKvjPvi I KxUbvkK

cÖ‡qv‡Mi cÖfve Ges Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ msi¶‡Y b¨vkbvj cvK©, wPwoqvLvbv I †evUvwbK¨vj Mv‡W©‡bi

cÖfve m¤ú‡K© ms‡¶‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

cvV 4.1 Rxe‰ewP‡Îï ¸iyZ¡


cªwZ‡ek i¶vq Rx‡ei f‚wgKv Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Rxe‰ewP‡Îï RvZxq I AvšÍ©RvwZK ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v K‡i wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|

wPËwe‡bv`‡bi †¶‡Î Rxe‰ewP‡Îï ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

cªwZ‡ek i¶vq Rx‡ei f‚wgKv

wbw ©ó GjvKvq wewfbœ Rxe I Roe ‘i g‡a¨ †h wbweo m¤úK© Zv‡KB cÖwZ‡ek ev B‡Kvwm‡÷g

(Ecosystem) e‡j| †hgb g¨vb‡MÖvf eb GKwU B‡Kvwm‡÷g| hw` G ai‡bi GKwU

B‡Kvwm‡÷‡g we‡kl †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y †Kv‡bv GKwU cÖvYx ev Dw™¢‡ì msL¨vi gvivZ¡K AebwZ N‡U

Z‡e †m‡¶‡Î cy‡iv B‡Kvwm‡÷g ûgwKi m¤§yLxb n‡q co‡e| †hgb eZ©gv‡b my›ìe‡b wecyj

msL¨K my›`wi MvQ AvMvgiv †iv‡M AvµvšÍ nIqvq †m GjvKvi B‡Kvwm‡÷g AvR gvivZ¡K ûgwKi

m¤§yLxb| G †iv‡Mi mwVK KviY wbwY©Z bv n‡jI aviYv Kiv n‡”Q †h, gvwUi jeYv³Zv e„w× Ges

Kv‡ji weeZ©‡b gvwUi Dcwifv‡M cwj Rgvi Kvi‡Y my›`wi Mv‡Q G mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| wVK

†Zgwbfv‡e my›ìe‡b †h nwiY Ges evN i‡q‡Q Zv‡ì msL¨vi g‡aÏ GKwU mgšq i‡q‡Q| hw`

†Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y ev‡Ni msL¨v n«vm cvq Zvn‡j nwi‡Yi msL¨v †e‡o hv‡e Ges Zviv my›ìe‡bi

cÖ‡qvRbxq MvQcvjvi cvZv ev evKj †L‡q Mv‡Qi ¶wZmvab Ki‡e| Avevi nwi‡Yi msL¨v K‡g

†M‡j A‡bK †QvU †QvU AcÖ‡qvRbxq Mv‡Qi msL¨v †e‡o wM‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq Mv‡Qi cÖRbb I e„w×‡Z

e¨vNvZ NUv‡e| Kv‡RB cÖwZwU Dw™¢ I cÖvYxi GKwU wbw ©ó msL¨v I Zv‡ì g‡a¨ mgšq

cÖ‡qvRb|

Avgiv Av‡iv GKUz m~²fv‡e j¶¨ Ki‡j †`L‡Z cve Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ Avgv‡ì K…wl‡ZI GK weivU

f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| Avgv‡ì cÖavb dmj avb| avb Pv‡li mgq Rwg‡Z bvbv ai‡bi

†cvKvgvK‡oi AvµgY nq Ges Bu`yiI A‡bK km¨ †L‡q †d‡j| Rwg‡Z A‡bK mvc I e¨vO

_v‡K| Zviv Gme †cvKvgvKo I Bu`yi a‡i Lvq| Kv‡RB cÖK…wZi cÖwZwU cÖvYxB †Kv‡bv bv

BDwbU 4

Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ I cÖwZ‡ek

wbw ©ó GjvKvq wewfbœ Rxe I

Roe ‘i g‡a¨ †h wbweo m¤úK©

Zv‡K cÖwZ‡ek ev B‡Kvwm‡÷g

e‡j| †hgb g¨vb‡MÖvf eb

GKwU B‡Kvwm‡÷g|

Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ Avgv‡ì K…wl‡ZI

GK weivU f‚wgKv cvjb

K‡i|



62

†Kv‡bvfv‡e Avgv‡ì DcKvi K‡i hv‡”Q| Avi ZvB G cÖRvwZ¸‡jvi †hb wejywß bv N‡U †mw`‡K

†Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e| eb DRvo nIqvi Kvi‡Y AvRKvj e‡bi KxUcZ½ km¨‡¶‡Z †ewk P‡j

G‡m‡Q| ZvB G‡ì nvZ n‡Z km¨ i¶vi Rb¨ KxUbvkK eënvi Ki‡Z n‡”Q| d‡j A‡bK mgq

DcKvix cÖvYxI aŸsm n‡q hv‡”Q |

Rxe‰ewP‡Îï RvZxq I AvšÍR©vwZK ¸iyZ¡

evsjv‡`k Rxe‰ewP‡Îï fvÛvi wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| G‡`‡k Kg‡ewk cÖvq 5000 cÖRvwZi Dw™¢`,

500 cÖRvwZi gvQ, 19 cÖRvwZi DfPi cÖvYx, 124 cÖRvwZi mixm„c, 579 cÖRvwZi cvwL I 125

cÖRvwZi ÷Zb¨cvqx cÖvYx i‡q‡Q| G‡KK cÖRvwZi Dw™¢ ev cÖvYx n‡Z Avgiv G‡KK ai‡bi

DcKiY cvB| Gme DcKiY ïay †h Avgv‡ì ˆ`bw›`b Pvwn`v †gUv‡”Q Zv bq, A‡bK‡¶‡Î

G¸‡jvi AvšÍ©RvwZK ¸iæZ¡I i‡q‡Q| we‡k¦ Ggb A‡bK Ilya i‡q‡Q hv Dw™¢ wbh©vm n‡ZB ˆZwi

nq| c„w_exi A‡bK DbœZ †`‡k Gme Ily‡ai KvuPvgvj †bB e‡j Zv‡ì‡K Avgv‡ì Ici wbf©i

Ki‡Z nq| evsjv‡`‡k av‡biI Kg‡ewk cÖvq 3000 f¨vivBwU (variety) i‡q‡Q| M‡elK‡ì

Kv‡Q Gme f¨vivBwU AZ¨šÍ †jvfbxq, KviY cÖ‡Z¨K f¨vivBwUi g‡a¨ wKQy bv wKQy fv‡jv ¸Y

Av‡Q| †KŠwj cÖ‡KŠkj (Genetic engineering) ev cÖRbb (breeding) cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g

êÁvwbKMY †Póv K‡ib †ewkifvM fv‡jv ¸‡Yi mgš‡q ¯’vb Dc‡hvMx RvZ ev f¨vivBwU D™¢veb

Ki‡Z| Kv‡RB Rxe‰ewP‡Îï †h †Kej RvZxq ¸iæZ¡ Av‡Q Zv bq, AvšÍ©RvwZK †¶‡ÎI Gi

¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg|

wPËwe‡bv`b I Rxe‰ewPÎ¨

Avgiv hLb Kg©e¨¯ÍZvq K¬všÍ n‡q DwV ZLb Qy‡U hvB †Kvjvnjgy³ †Kv‡bv wbR©b GjvKvq, we‡kl

K‡i ebvÂ‡j| Gme wbR©b GjvKvq Avb‡›ì Ab¨Zg w`K bZzb bZzb wKQy MvQcvjv ev cïcvwL|

A_©vr Avgiv Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ Ae‡jvK‡bi Rb¨B †mLv‡b Qy‡U hvB| Rxe‰ewP‡Î¨ mvaviY gvby‡li

AvMÖ‡ni K_v we‡ePbv K‡iB miKvi b¨vkbvj cvK©, †evUvwbK¨vj Mv‡W©b I wPwoqvLvbv m„wó

K‡i‡Qb| G‡Z GKw`‡K †hgb miKv‡ii A_© DcvR©b n‡”Q Ab¨w`‡K Kg©e¨¯Í gvby‡li

wPËwe‡bv`b Ges wkï‡ì wk¶vi †¶ÎI ˆZwi n‡q‡Q| wkïiv wewfbœ Dw™¢ I cÖvYxi m‡½ cwiwPZ

nIqvi my‡hvM cv‡”Q|

evsjv‡`k Rxe‰ewP‡Îï fvÛvi|

G‡`‡k Kg‡ewk cÖvq 5000

cÖRvwZi Dw™¢ , 500 cÖRvwZi

gvQ, 19 cÖRvwZi DfPi cÖvYx,

124 cÖRvwZi mixm„c, 579

cÖRvwZi cvwL I 125 cÖRvwZi

Íb¨cvqx cÖvYx i‡q‡Q|

wPËwe‡bv`b, Kg©ms ’vb Ges

A_© DcvR©‡bI Rxe‰ewP‡Îï

¸iæZ¡ i‡q‡Q| Rxe‰ewP‡Î¨

mvaviY gvby‡li AvMÖ‡ni

Kvi‡YB b¨vkbvj cvK©,

†evUvwbK¨vj Mv‡W©b I

wPwoqvLvbv m„wó Kiv n‡q‡Q|



63

wPÎ 46 t eb ågY wPËwe‡bv`‡bi Ab¨Zg gva¨g

wewfbœ ai‡bi wPËwe‡bv`b †K› ª M‡o Zz‡j †`kxq I AvšÍ©RvwZK ch©UK AvK…ó K‡i cÖPzi A_©

DcvR©b Kiv m¤¢e nq| Gai‡bi wPËwe‡bv`b †K‡› ªi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡jv w`bvRcy‡ii

ivgmvMi, ewikv‡ji gvaecvkv, PÆMÖv‡gi d‡qR †jK, iv½vgvwUi KvßvB †jK, K·evRv‡ii

mgy`ª ˆmKZ, wm‡j‡Ui ˆRšÍvcyi, my›ìe‡bi wnib c‡q›U BZ¨vw`| GQvov cvK©, wPwoqvLvbv,

†evUvwbK¨vj Mv‡W©b ’vcb Ges weij cÖRvwZi RxeRš‘ msi¶‡Yi eë ’v K‡i

wPËwe‡bv`bKvix‡ì AvK…ó Kiv hvq| G‡Z cÖPzi A_© DcvR©b Kiv hvq Ges eû †jv‡Ki

Kg©ms¯’vbI nq|

wPÎ 47 t d‡qR †j‡Ki †mŠ›`‡h© wPË we‡gvwnZ nq

ê‡`wkK gy`ªv AR©b

ebm¤ú` w`‡q ˆZwi wkíRvZ ªe¨, †hgb eb¨ RxeRš‘i Pvgov n‡Z e¨vM, RyZv, jZv‡bv Mv‡Qi

Avuk w`‡q Mw`, KvV w`‡q AvmevecÎ, euvk I KvV n‡Z KvMR, †flR MvQMvQov n‡Z Ilya, KvV

I Dw”Qó AveR©bv n‡Z cvi‡U· Ges bvbv iK‡gi ªe¨vw` ißvwb K‡i cÖPzi ê‡`wkK gy`ªv AR©b

Kiv m¤¢e n‡”Q| †mmv‡_ eû †jv‡Ki Kg©ms¯’v‡bi eë¯’vI n‡”Q | †m Kvi‡Y Rxe‰ewP‡Îï

msi¶Y Ges Dbœqb NUv‡bv GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb|

mvigg© t wbw`©ó GjvKvq wewfbœ Rxe I Roe¯‘i wbweo m¤úK©B B‡Kvwm‡÷g| †hgb g¨vb‡MÖvf

eb GKwU B‡Kvwm‡÷g| cÖwZwU B‡Kvwm‡÷‡gi wewfbœ Dw™¢ I cÖvYxi msL¨vi g‡a¨ mgšq _vKv

cÖ‡qvRb| evsjv‡`k Rxe‰ewP‡Îï fvÛvi wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| G‡`‡k Kg‡ewk cÖvq 5000 cÖRvwZi

Dw™¢ , 500 cÖRvwZi gvQ, 19 cÖRvwZi DfPi cÖvYx, 124 cÖRvwZi mixm„c, 579 cÖRvwZi cvwL

I 125 cÖRvwZi Íb¨cvqx cÖvYx i‡q‡Q| RvZxq I AvšÍR©vwZK †¶‡Î G Rxe‰ewP‡Îï ¸iæZ¡

Acwimxg| êwPÎ¨gq RxeRš‘ G‡`‡ki cwi‡ek i¶vi cvkvcvwk eû †jv‡Ki Kg©ms¯’vb,

ê‡`wkK gy`ªv AR©b, wPËwe‡bv`b cÖf…wZ‡Z we‡kl Ae`vb ivL‡Q|

eb¨ RxeRš‘i gva¨‡g ê‡`wkK

gy ªv AR©b Ges †mmv‡_ eû

†jv‡Ki Kg©ms ’vbI n‡”Q |



64



1| AvRKvj e‡bi KxUcZ½ km¨‡¶‡Z P‡j Avmvi Avmj KviY †Kvb&wU?

K) e‡b wbivc‡` _vK‡Z cvi‡Q bv

L) e‡b KxUcZ‡½i Lv`K msL¨v †e‡o hv‡”Q

M) eb DRvo nIqvq Rb¨

N) e‡b †ewk †ewk KxUbvkK Ilya e¨envi n‡”Q

2| e‡bi †Kvb& `ªe¨wU KvMRwk‡í KvuPvgvj wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq?

K) euvk I KvV

L) KvV, jZv‡bv I Avukhy³ Dw™¢

M) KvV I Dw”Qó AveR©bv

N) jZv‡bv Dw™¢

3| Kg©e¨¯Í gvbyl wPËwe‡bv`‡bi Rb¨ †Kvb& ai‡bi RvqMv cQ›` K‡ib?

K) †Kvjvnjgy³ wbR©b Qvqv‡ewóZ ebvÂj †hLv‡b MvQcvjv I cïcvwL cvIqv hvq

L) b`xi wKbviv

M) †Lvjv AvKv‡ki wbP

N) †Kv‡bv evwoi Avw½bv

4| evsjv‡`‡k Kg‡ewk cÖvq KZ cÖRvwZi Dw™¢ i‡q‡Q?

K) 3000

L) 4000

M) 5000

N) 6000

5| evsjv‡`‡k Kg‡ewk cÖvq KZ cÖRvwZi gvQ i‡q‡Q?

K) 300

L) 400

M) 500

N) 600



65

cvV 4.2 ebR, giæR I RjR cwi‡ek Ges Rxe‰ewPÎ¨


evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ ebvÂ‡ji cwi‡ek eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

giæR I RjR cwi‡ek Kx Ges †mLv‡b †Kvb& ai‡bi Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ we`¨gvb Zv ej‡Z I

wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|

ebR cwi‡ek I Rxe‰ewPÎ¨

Av‡MB ejv n‡q‡Q Avgv‡ì †`‡k

Pvi ai‡bi eb i‡q‡Q| h_v

cvnvwo eb, g¨vb‡MÖvf eb,

mgZjf~wgi eb Ges MÖvgxY eb|

cvnvwo e‡b KLbI Rjve×Zv nq

bv| KviY, G eb mgZjf~wg †_‡K

A‡bK Dc‡i Aew ’Z| wZbwU

cve©Z¨ †Rjv, h_v iv½vgvwU,

LvMovQwo I ev›ìevb Ges PÆMÖvg,

K·evRvi, wm‡jU, nweMÄ, mybvgMÄ

I †gŠjfxevRvi †Rjvi cvnvwo

GjvKvq cvnvwo eb †`Lv hvq|

Gme GjvKvi gvwU †Kv_vI jvj‡P

Gu‡Uj, †Kv_vI wPKb evwj, Avevi

†Kv_vI Df‡qi wgkªY| ’v‡b ’v‡b

K¼igq I gv‡S gv‡S evwjqvwo

cv_ihy³| Gme GjvKvi cÖavb MvQ

MR©b, Mvgvi, †Zjmyi, KoB,

†gnMwb, †m¸b BZ¨vw`| wbPz mu¨vZmu¨v‡Z GjvKvq Rviæj, wcUvwj, eiæb I wnRj cvIqv hvq|

cÖvYx‡ì g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q nvwZ, wPZvevN, †g‡QvevN, ebweovj, fvjøyK, nwiY, DjøyK, wewfbœ ai‡bi

evbi I nbygvb, ¸B, wewfbœ ai‡bi mvc, wewfbœ cÖRvwZi cvwL, KxUcZ½ BZ¨vw`| Gme GjvKvi

gvwU A¤øxq| mgy`ªc„ó n‡Z Gme f‚wg †ek Dc‡i Aew ’Z nIqvq GLv‡b cÖPwjZ Pvlvev` nq bv|

GK mgq Gme GjvKvq mxwgZ msL¨K cvnvwo †jvK Qvov †Kv‡bv †jvKRbI wQj bv ej‡jB

P‡j| cvnvwo †jv‡Kiv Gme GjvKvq we‡kl GK c×wZ‡Z Pvlvev` K‡i hv‡K SzgPvl e‡j|

SzgPvl n‡jv cvnvwo GjvKvq MvQcvjv †K‡U mvgwqK Pvlvev` †hLv‡b GKm‡½ avb I Ab¨vb¨

k‡mï exR cy‡Z †`qv nq| ch©vqµ‡g †mLv‡b cÖ_‡g avb I c‡i Ab¨vb¨ km¨ Drcvw`Z nq|

wKš‘ Rwg AmgZj nIqvi Kvi‡Y Ges †mLv‡b †m‡Pi cvwb bv _vKv‡Z e„wói IciB G ai‡bi

Pvlvev` wbf©ikxj| gvwU‡Z hZw`b De©iZv _v‡K ZZw`b GKwU wbw ©ó Rwg‡Z Pvlvev` K‡i|

c‡i cvnvwoiv H GjvKv cwiZ¨vM K‡i bZzb †Kv‡bv GjvKvq hvq Ges GKB c×wZ‡Z Pvlvev`

K‡i| AZx‡Z cÖvq 20 eQi cici GKB GjvKv‡Z †jvKRb Pvlvev‡ì Rb¨ wd‡i AvmZ Ges

G‡Z cvnv‡o bZzb K‡i MvQcvjv R‡b¥ gvwUi De©iZv wd‡i AvmZ| wKš‘ cvnvwo GjvKv‡ZI

RbmsL¨v `ªyZ e„w×i d‡j eZ©gv‡b 3-5 eQ‡ii g‡a¨B GKB GjvKv‡Z †jvKRb‡K wd‡i Avm‡Z

n‡”Q e‡jB wewfbœ cvnvwo MvQ Rb¥v‡bvi my‡hvM cv‡”Q bv Ges GKBmv‡_ mswkøó cÖvYxKzjI

Zv‡ì Avevm¯’j nvwi‡q †dj‡Q| d‡j Rxe‰ewP‡Îï G AmvgÄm¨Zvi Kvi‡Y cÖvK…wZK fvimvg¨

webó n‡”Q | mv¤úÖwZK GK mgx¶vq †`Lv †M‡Q, cvnvwo GjvKvi wewfbœ Mv‡Qi g‡a¨ AšÍZ

25wU AvR cÖvq wejyß|

wPÎ 48 t cvnvwo e‡bi DjøyK

evsjv‡`‡k Pvi ai‡bi eb

i‡q‡Q| †hgb cvnvwo eb,

g¨vb‡MÖvf eb, mgZjf‚wgi

eb I MÖvgxY eb|

cvnvwo e‡bi gvwU †Kv_vI

jvj‡P Gu‡Uj, †Kv_vI wPKb

evwj, Avevi †Kv_vI Df‡qi

wgkªY| G e‡bi cÖavb MvQ

MR©b, Mvgvi, †Zjmyi, KoB,

†gnMwb, †m¸b BZ¨vw`| nvwZ,

wPZvevN, fvjyK, DjøyK, evbi,

¸Bmvc, wewfbœ ai‡bi cvwL,

KxUcZ½ cÖf…wZ cÖavb cÖvYx|



66

cÖvK…wZKfv‡e Lyjbv, ev‡MinvU I mvZ¶xivq my›ìeb A_v©r †jvbv cvwbi eb †`Lv hvq| Gme

e‡bi cÖavb Dw™¢ n‡jv my›`wi, †KIov, KvuKov, cïi, evBb, Mivb, ay›`j, †MIqv, †nuZvj,

†MvjcvZv BZ¨vw`| cÖvYx‡ì g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q wek¦weL¨vZ i‡qj †e½j UvBMvi ev †WvivKvUv evN,

†g‡Qv evN, ebweovj, wPÎv nwiY, eb¨ ïKi, ARMi, wewfbœ ai‡bi mvc, eb †gviM, wewfbœ

ai‡bi cvwL, †gŠgvwQ, wewfbœ ai‡bi KxUcZ½ cÖf…wZ| GQvov gvwUi jeYv³Zvi Ici wfwË K‡i

cUzqvLvjx, ei¸bv I ewikv‡ji mgy`ªZxieZ©x GjvKv, †bvqvLvjx I j¶xcy‡ii mvMi ZxieZ©x

GjvKv Ges PivÂj, PÆMÖvg I K·evRv‡ii mgy ª ZxieZ©x GjvKv Ges PivÂjmg~‡ni DcK‚‡j

e¨vcK g¨vb‡MÖvf ebvqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gme GjvKvi cÖavb MvQ n‡jv †KIov I evBb| Gme

GjvKvi gvwU Gu‡Uj ev †`vAvuk, K`©gv³, †jvbv I ¶vihy³|

mgZjf‚wgi e‡bi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q MvRxcyi, Uv½vBj, gqgbwmsn, w`bvRcyi I iscy‡ii kvjeb|

Gme e‡bi gvwU cÖavbZ †jŠncÖavb, Gu‡Uj, jvj‡P I A¤øhy³| Gme gvwU A¤øxq| Gme AÂ‡ji

cÖavb e„¶ n‡jv kvj, KuvVvj Ges mv‡_ †`Lv hvq nj`y, KoB BZ¨vw`| Gme AÂ‡j evNWvk,

†g‡QvevN, ebweovj, wkqvj, evbi, nbygvb, mRviæ, wewfbœ ai‡bi mvc, ¸B, wewfbœ cÖRvwZi

cvwL, KxUcZ½ cÖf…wZ cÖvYx †`Lv hvq|

MÖvgxY eb evsjv‡`‡ki me©ÎB Qwo‡q Av‡Q| MÖvgxY e‡b mvaviYZ Avg, Rvg, KvuVvj, wjPz, KoB,

wkgyj, Zvj, †LRyi, bvi‡Kj, mycvwi, †MvjvcRvg, m‡d`v, evejv, wRMv, wbg, evuk, †eZ BZ¨vw`

MvQ †`Lv hvq| Gme e‡b evNWvk, wkqvj, mRviæ, MÜ‡MvKzj, ebweovj, †g‡QvevN, ¸B, wewfbœ

ai‡bi mvc, eû cÖRvwZi cvwL I KxUcZ½ †`Lv hvq|

giæR cwi‡ek I Rxe‰ewPÎ¨

evsjv‡`‡k giæR cwi‡ek †bB| Z‡e evsjv‡`‡ki DËivÂ‡j fviZ KZ…©K †Ìqv dviv°v evu‡ai

d‡j b`b`xi cvwbcÖevn AwZgvÎvq K‡g hvIqv‡Z GLv‡b K…wlKvR e¨vnZ n‡”Q| ZvQvov gvbyl

R¡vjvwb wn‡m‡e eënv‡ii Rb¨ MvQcvjv †K‡U †djv‡Z Gme GjvKvi ZvcgvÎv e„w× †c‡q‡Q Ges

AvenvIqvI µgvMZ giæf‚wgi g‡Zv n‡Z P‡j‡Q| ZeyI cÖK…Z A‡_© Gme GjvKvq giæR

cwi‡ek weivR Ki‡Q bv| KviY, GLv‡b e„wócv‡Zi cwigvY GLbI eQ‡i cÖvq 1500 wg. wg.|

ivRkvnx, bv‡Uvi, bIMuv, beveMÄ, e¸ov †Rjvi Ki‡Zvqv b`xi cwðg fvM Ges w`bvRcyi

†Rjvi `w¶Yvsk Gme GjvKvi AšÍf©y³| GLvbKvi gvwU A¤øxq| G gvwU‡Z evejv, L‡qi, Avg,

wjPz, †iBbwUª fv‡jv R‡b¥| giæR cwi‡e‡ki Dw™¢‡ì cvZv I KvÛ mvaviY imv‡jv nq| giæcÖvq

f‚wg‡Z †hme Dw™¢ R‡b¥ †m¸‡jv n‡jv K¨vKUvm, evejv, AvK›`, dwbgbmv, kZg~wj, †LRyi,

wkqvjKvUv, SvD, Kiwe cÖf……wZ| GLv‡b wewfbœ ai‡bi mvc, ¸Bmvc, wkqvj, ey‡bv Bu`yi, †ewR,

ebweovj, wewfbœ cÖRvwZi cvwL BZ¨vw` cÖvYx †`Lv hvq|

RjR cwi‡ek I Rxe‰ewPÎ¨

b`xgvZ…K evsjv‡`‡ki kZKiv cÖvq 6.5 fvM Rj| my›ìe‡bi cy‡iv Ask Ry‡oB i‡q‡Q

b`xbvjv| my›ìeb n‡jv g¨vb‡MÖvf eb| GLvbKvi cÖavb MvQ my›`wi, †MIqv, †KIov, Mivb,

ay›`j, cïi, evBb, KvuKov, †nZvj, †MvjcvZv BZ¨vw`| G †jvbv R‡ji cÖavb cÖvYx n‡”Q Kzgxi,

Kv‡gvU, Wjwdb, wewfbœ cÖRvwZi gvQ, wPswo, wewfbœ cÖRvwZi RjR mvc, KxUcZ½ BZ¨vw`|

†bvbv cvwb QvovI wm‡j‡Ui wbPz GjvKvq wKQy eb i‡q‡Q| †mLv‡b cÖavbZ bjLvMovRvZxq NvmB

R‡b¥| Z‡e wKQy wKQy MvQI †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq| Gi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Rviæj, wnRj, Mvgvi, wcUvwj

BZ¨vw`|

evsjv‡`‡k giæR cwi‡ek

†bB| Z‡e DËivÂ‡j

fvi‡Zi div°v evu‡ai

d‡j b`b`xi cvwbcÖevn

AwZgvÎvq K‡g hvIqv‡Z

wKQyUv giæR cwi‡ek †`Lv

hv‡”Q| GZ`Â‡j evejv,

L‡qi, Avg, wjPz, †iBbwUª

cÖf…wZ fv‡jv R‡b¥|

my›ìe‡bi cy‡iv Ask Ry‡oB

†jvbvR‡ji cwi‡ek| G

QvovI wm‡j‡Ui wbPz

GjvKvq bjLvMovRvZxq

Nvm R‡b¥|

mgZjf‚wgi e‡bi gvwU

cÖavbZ †jŠncÖavb, Gu‡Uj,

jvj‡P I A¤øhy³| G e‡bi

cÖavb e„¶ kvj, KuvVvj

BZ¨vw`|

g¨vb‡MÖvf e‡bi cÖavb Dw™¢

my›`wi, †KIov, KvuKov, cïi,

evBb, Mivb, ay›`j, †MIqv,

†nuZvj, †MvjcvZv BZ¨vw`|

evN, nwiY, evbi, mvc,

†gŠgvwQ cÖavb cÖvYx|



67

wPÎ 49 t †MvjcvZv †jvbvR‡ji Ab¨Zg Dw™¢

mvigg© t evsjv‡`‡k Pvi ai‡bi eb i‡q‡Q| †hgb cvnvwo eb, g¨vb‡MÖvf eb, mgZjf‚wgi eb

I MÖvgxY eb| evsjv‡`‡ki ebR cwi‡e‡k wewfbœ ai‡bi Dw™¢ I cÖvYxi mgv‡ek †`Lv hvq|

Gme Dw™¢ I cÖvYx ebR cwi‡e‡ki Rxe‰ewPÎ¨‡K mg„× K‡i‡Q| evsj‡`‡k giæR cwi‡ek

†bB| Z‡e DËivÂ‡j fvi‡Zi dviv°v evu‡ai d‡j b`b`xi cvwbcÖevn AwZgvÎvq K‡g hvIqv‡Z

wKQyUv giæR cwi‡ek †`Lv hv‡”Q| b`xgvZ…K evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvq 6.5% RjfvM| cy‡iv my›`ieb

Ry‡oB i‡q‡Q RjR cwi‡ek| G RjR cwi‡ek Rxe‰ewP‡Î¨ AZ¨šÍ mg„×|



68



1| Mvgvi †Kvb& ai‡bi e‡bi Dw™¢ ?

K) cvnvwo GjvKvi

L) mgZjf‚wgi

M) DcK‚jxq AÂ‡ji

N) g¨vb‡MÖvf e‡bi

2| †Kvb& cwi‡e‡k Dw™¢‡`i cvZv I KvÛ imv‡jv nq?

K) RjR

L) ebR

M) giæR

N) RjR I giæR

3| †KIov †Kvb& ai‡bi e‡bi e„¶?

K) mgZjf‚wgi

L) cvnvwo GjvKvi

M) g¨vb‡MÖvf I DcK‚jxq e‡bi

N) MÖvgxY e‡bi

4| kvj †Kvb& ai‡bi e‡bi Dw™¢ ?

K) mgZjf‚wgi

L) cvnvwo GjvKvi

M) my›`ie‡bi

N) DcK‚jxq AÂ‡ji

5| †Kvb&wU giæR Dw™¢ ?

K) dwbgbmv

L) †nuZvj

M) wcUvwj

N) KvuVvj



69

cvV 4.3 Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ msi¶‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv


Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ msi¶‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ Ges Rx‡ei Avevm¯’‡ji g‡a¨ GKwU wbweo m¤úK© i‡q‡Q| cÖ‡Z¨K Avevm ’‡j

cÖvK…wZK wbq‡g GKwU wbw ©ó cwigvY Rxe Ae ’vb K‡i| wKš‘ gvbe mgv‡Ri cÖ‡qvR‡b Avgiv

hLb †Kv‡bv GKwU Dw™¢ ev cÖvYx‡K Zvi cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek †_‡K †ewk cwigv‡Y †fvM K‡i †dwj

ZLb †mLv‡b cÖvK…wZK fvimvg¨ webó nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| cvV 4.1-G my›ìe‡bi nwiY I

ev‡Ni msL¨vi mvgÄm¨Zvi K_v D‡jøL Kiv n‡qwQj| A_©vr hw` my›ìe‡b ev‡Ni msL¨v K‡g hvq

Z‡e nwi‡Yi msL¨v †e‡o hv‡e Ges Gi d‡j nwi‡Yi Lv`¨ Pvwn`v wgUv‡Z †h‡q Mv‡Qi msL¨v

K‡g hv‡e| d‡j cÖ‡qvRbxq msL¨K bZzb cÖR‡b¥i Avwef©ve n‡e bv| Avevi ev‡Ni msL¨v †e‡o

†M‡j nwi‡Yi msL¨v K‡g †h‡Z cv‡i| Gi d‡j wbw ©ó GjvKvq GKB Rv‡Zi AmsL¨ MvQ

MRv‡bvi m¤¢vebv _vK‡e Ges Giv gvwUi LwYR ª‡eï Rb¨ †ewk gvÎvq cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Ki‡e| d‡j

†Kv‡bv PvivMvQ my¯’fv‡e †eu‡P IV‡Z m¶g n‡e bv| Kv‡RB Rxe‰ewP‡Îï mgšq Ges Gi

msi¶Y AZxe ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq|

wbæwjwLZ Kvi‡Y Rxe‰ewP‡Îï msi¶Y GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb

cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ i¶vq Rxe‰ewP‡Îï msi¶Y Ab¯xKvh©|

Dw™¢ Avgv‡ì Lv`¨, Ilya, evm¯’vb ˆZwii miÄvg, R¡vjvwbmn wbZ¨cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb

mieivn K‡i Ges Rx‡ei evuPvi cwi‡ek M‡o †Zv‡j| G‡KK MvQ †_‡K Avgiv G‡KK

ai‡bi LwYRc`v_© I wfUvwgb cvB hv Avgv‡ì †ivMcÖwZ‡iva ¶gZv e„w×‡Z mnvqZv

K‡i| evm¯’vb ˆZwii RbÏ GKB ai‡bi KvV eënvi Kiv nq bv| †Kv‡bv KvV eënvi

Kiv nq ìRv ˆZwi‡Z, Avevi †Kv‡bv KvV AvmevecÎ ˆZwi‡Z| Kv‡RB cÖwZwU Kv‡Ri

Rb¨ wbw`©ó Kv‡Vi eënvi wbwðZ Ki‡Z cÖK…wZ‡Z cÖvß cÖ‡Z¨K Dw™¢‡ì msi¶‡Yi

cÖ‡qvRbxqZv i‡q‡Q| GKBfv‡e cÖwZwU cÖvYxI Avgv‡ì wewfbœfv‡e DcKvi K‡i _v‡K|

Kv‡RB G‡ì msi¶YI GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRbxq|

cÖ‡Z¨K cÖvYx ev Dw™¢‡ì †ivMcÖwZ‡iva ¶gZv ev Ab¨vb¨ ¸Yv¸Y GKiKg bq| GKB

cÖRvwZi wfbœ wfbœ Rx‡ei g‡aÏ êwPÎ¨Zv i‡q‡Q| cÖRbb cÖwµqvq Gme ¸Yvejxi

msi¶Y Ges eënvi AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRbxq|

we‡kl we‡kl wKQy Dw™¢ i‡q‡Q hviv we‡kl we‡kl †Kv‡bv cÖvYxi Avevm¯’j wn‡m‡e KvR

K‡i| ebf‚wg †_‡K MvQcvjv †K‡U eb DRvo nIqvi ìæb eb¨Rš‘, cvwL I KxUcZ‡½i

Avem¯’j webó n‡q hvq| GK mgq evsjv‡`‡ki A‡bK e‡bB evN I A‡bK ai‡bi

eb¨cÖvYx we`¨gvb wQj| eZ©gv‡b †ewkifvM e‡bB Giv wejyß| Kv‡RB Dw™¢ I

cÖvYxRM‡Zi fvimvg¨ i¶v‡_© Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ msi¶‡Yi we‡kl cÖ‡qvRbxqZv i‡q‡Q|

wewPÎ me Dw™¢ I cÖvYx †h †Kej cÖvK…wZK fvimvg¨ i¶v, Lv`¨, wk‡íi KvuPvgvj,

R¡vjvwb, Avmevec‡Îi KvV Ges Ab¨vb¨ Kv‡R eëüZ nq Zv bq, Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ cÖvK…wZK

†mŠ›`h© I A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bI ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| ZvB cvK©, wPwoqvLvbv,

†evUvwbK¨vj Mv‡W©b I Ab¨vb¨ wPËwe‡bv`b Kg©Kv‡ÛI Rxe‰ewP‡Îï AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©

f‚wgKv i‡q‡Q|

Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ cÖvK…wZK fvimvg¨

i¶v, Lv`¨, wk‡íi KvuPvgvj,

R¡vjvwb, KvV cÖf…wZ QvovI

cÖvK…wZK †mŠ›`h© I A_©‰bwZK

Dbœq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb iv‡L|

cÖ‡Z¨K Avevm ’‡j GKwU

wbw ©ó msL¨K Rxe Ae ’vb

Ki‡e| Gi e¨wZµg n‡j

cÖvK…wZK fvimvg¨ bó n‡e|

GKvi‡YB Rxe‰ewP‡Îï mgšq

I msi¶Y AwZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©

welq|

Dw™¢ Avgv‡ì Lv`¨, Ilya,

evm ’vb, Rx‡ei evuPvi cwi‡ek

I R¡vjvwbmn wbZ¨cÖ‡qvRbxq

Dcv`vb mieivn K‡i|

Kv‡RB cÖK…wZ‡Z cÖvß mKj

Dw™¢‡ì msi¶Y cÖ‡qvRb|

Dw™¢ I cÖvwYRM‡Zi

fvimvg¨ i¶v‡_© Rxe‰ewPÎ¨

msi¶‡Yi we‡kl

cÖ‡qvRbxqZv i‡q‡Q|



70

mvigg© t Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ I Rx‡ei Avevm¯’‡ji g‡a¨ wbweo m¤úK© i‡q‡Q| cÖvK…wZK wbq‡g cÖ‡Z¨K

Avevm¯’‡j GKwU wbw ©ó msL¨K Rxe Ae¯’vb K‡i| Gi e¨wZµg n‡j cÖvK…wZK fvimvg¨ bó n‡e|

Dw™¢ Avgv‡ì Lv`¨, Ilya, evm¯’vb, Rx‡ei evuPvi cwi‡ek I R¡vjvwbmn wbZ¨cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb

mieivn K‡i| Kv‡RB cÖK…wZ‡Z cÖvß mKj Dw™¢‡ì msi¶Y cÖ‡qvRb| Dw™¢ I cÖvwYRM‡Zi

fvimvg¨ i¶v‡_© Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ msi¶‡Yi we‡kl cÖ‡qvRbxqZv i‡q‡Q| Dw™¢‡ì g‡ZvB eb¨cÖvYxI

Avgv‡ì eû DcKvi K‡i| Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ cÖvK…wZK fvimvg¨ i¶v, Lv`¨, wk‡íi KvuPvgvj, R¡vjvwb,

Avmevec‡Îi KvV cÖf…wZ QvovI cÖvK…wZK †mŠ›`h© I A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bI ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb iv‡L|



71



1| Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ I Zv‡ì Avev¯’‡ji g‡a¨ †Kgb m¤úK© Av‡Q?

K) wbweo m¤úK©

L) Awbweo m¤úK©

M) ‰ewiZvi m¤úK©

N) †Kv‡bv m¤úK ©†bB

2| Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ msi¶Y Kivi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ Kx?

K) cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ i¶v Kiv

L) gvwUi LwYR ªe¨ e„w× Kiv

M) Kv‡Vi Pvwn`v wgUv‡bv

N) wk‡íi KvuPvgvj msMÖn Kiv

3| eb DRvo n‡j cÖvYx‡ì Kx ¶wZ nq?

K) Lv‡`ï Afve nq

L) wePi‡Yi mgm¨v nq

M) Avevm¯’j webó nq

N) cÖRb‡bi e¨vNvZ N‡U



72

cvV 4.4 Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ web‡ó eb DRvo, g‡bvKvjPvi I KxUbvkK cÖ‡qv‡Mi cÖfve


Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ aŸs‡m eb DRv‡oi cÖfve wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|

Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ aŸs‡m g‡bvKvjPv‡ii cÖfve Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ web‡ó KxUbvk‡Ki ¶wZKviK w`Kmg~n ej‡Z I wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|

eb DRvo I Rxe‰ewP‡Îï cÖfve

eb A‡bK cÖvYxi Avevm¯’j| NbemwZc~Y© evsjv‡`‡k cÖwZwbqZ ebf‚wg †K‡U Avevmf‚wg

I K…wlRwg‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv n‡”Q| eb DRv‡oi d‡j e‡bi e„‡¶ Avkªq MÖnYKvix

cïcvwL, KxUcZ½ Ab¨Î P‡j †h‡Z eva¨ n‡”Q A_ev Avevmf‚wgi weeZ©‡bi d‡j nq‡Zv

gvivI hv‡”Q| A‡bK cÖvYx eb GjvKv †Q‡o †jvKvj‡qi Av‡kcv‡k P‡j G‡m‡Q| gvby‡li

wkKv‡ii bvMv‡j G‡m covq gvbyl Zv‡ì aŸsm Ki‡Q| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv cÖvYxi Pvgov ev

nvo †_‡K g~jëvb `ªe¨vw` evbv‡bv hvq weavq Zv‡ì †g‡i Pvgov †bqv n‡”Q | eb

DRv‡oi d‡j Rxe‰ewP‡Î¨ g~jZ G ai‡bi weeZ©b NU‡Q|

cvnvwo AÂ‡j GLbI †ewkifvM †jvKRb‡K †ivMevjvB †_‡K gyw³ cvIqvi Rb¨ †flR

Dw™¢‡ì Ici wbf©i Ki‡Z nq| eb DRv‡oi d‡j wkíKviLvbvi KvuPvgv‡jiB †h †Kej

Afve n‡”Q Zv bq, cvnvwo AÂ‡j emevmKvix †jvKR‡bi Rb¨ †flR Dw™¢ I ` j©f

n‡q c‡o‡Q|

eb DRv‡oi d‡j cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ bó n‡”Q | evZv‡m ~l‡Yi cwigvY w`b w`b e„w×

cv‡”Q| Gi d‡j cÖvK…wZK wbq‡g †hme Dw™¢ ev cÖvYx †hLv‡b †h msL¨vq _vKvi K_v Zv

_vK‡Z cvi‡Q bv| d‡j B‡Kvwm‡÷‡g AmvgÄm¨Zv †`Lv w`‡”Q Ges Dw™¢ I cÖvYx

Df‡qi Aw ÍZ¡B msK‡Ui gy‡LvgywL n‡q co‡Q|

g‡bvKvjPvi I Rxe‰ewPÎ¨

g‡bvKvjPvi n‡jv gvby‡li Øviv K…wÎgfv‡e m„ó GKB cÖRvwZi Dw™¢ Øviv ‰Zwi eb| evsjv‡`‡k

1871 mvj †_‡K †m¸b evMvb m„wói gva¨‡g g‡bvKvjPv‡ii Avwef©ve N‡U‡Q| G ai‡bi eb

eë¯’vcbvi w`K †_‡K mnR Ges A_©‰bwZK w`K †_‡K jvfRbK| †hgb GKB ai‡bi MvQ

nIqv‡Z cÖwZwU Mv‡Qi ea©‡bi nvi cÖvq GKB, GKB mg‡q Gme MvQ KZ©b Kiv hvq Ges

eë¯’vcbvqI †Kv‡bv RwUjZv _v‡K bv| mvaviYZ e‡b MvQ jvMv‡bvi mgq Nb K‡i (2 wgUvi

`~‡i ~‡i) jvMv‡bv nq| Mv‡Qi e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ hLb Av‡jv Ges gvwUi LwYRc`v‡_©i Rb¨

cÖwZ‡hvwMZv †e‡o hvq ZLb gaëZ©x GK mvwi MvQ †K‡U †djv nq| cÖwZwU Mv‡Qi Mo e„w×

†gvUvgywU GKBiKg _v‡K| wKš‘ Rxe‰ewP‡Îï Rb¨ G ai‡bi eb †gv‡UB Dc‡hvMx bq| KviY,

hw` G ai‡bi eb cÎ‡gvPx nq Zvn‡j eQ‡ii †Kv‡bv GK mg‡q me cvZv S‡o wM‡q mswkøó

cÖvYx‡ì Avevm¯’j m¤ú~Y© webó n‡q hvq| ZvQvov †hme Dw™¢ Qvqvhy³ ’vb cQ›` K‡i ZvivI

g‡i hvq| GQvov g‡bvKvjPv‡ii gva¨‡g m„ó evMv‡b †h‡nZz GKB ai‡bi MvQ _v‡K Ges cÖwZwU

Mv‡Qi Pvwn`vI GKB iK‡gi nq ZvB gvwUi wb‡Pi As‡kI LwYRc`v‡_©i Rb¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv

cÖvK…wZK eb †_‡K †ewk _v‡K| Kv‡RB gvwU‡Z evMv‡bi Dw™¢‡ì Pvwn`vhy³ LwYRc`v‡_©i

NvUwZI †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| d‡j †m gvwU‡Z cybivq GKB ai‡bi evMvb Ki‡Z †M‡j Mv‡Qi e„w×

wVKg‡Zv nq bv| gvwU Zvi De©iZv kw³ nvwi‡q †d‡j Ges Rxe‰ewP‡Î¨ Gi cÖfve cwijw¶Z

nq|

eb eb¨cÖvYxi Avevm¯’j wKš‘

Avevmf‚wg I K…wl Rwgi Rb¨

†K‡U DRvo Kivq eZ©gv‡b

Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ ûgKxi m¤§yLxb

n‡q c‡o‡Q|

eb DRv‡oi d‡j cwi‡e‡ki

fvimvg¨ bó n‡”Q |

g‡bvKvjPvi n‡jv K…wÎgfv‡e

m„ó GKB cÖRvwZi Dw™¢ ,

†hgb †m¸b Øviv ‰Zwi

eb| G ai‡bi eb

eë ’vcbvi w`K †_‡K mnR

wKš‘ Rxe‰ewP‡Îï Rb¨

Aby‡cv‡hvMx| g‡bvKvjPv‡ii

d‡j gvwU Zvi De©iZv kw³

nvwi‡q †d‡j I Rxe‰ewP‡Î¨

Gi cÖfve c‡o|



73

KxUbvkK I Rxe‰ewPÎ¨

evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v `ª€ZMwZ‡Z evo‡Q| evowZ RbmsL¨vi Lv`¨ †hvMv‡bvi Rb¨ evowZ Rwg

cvIqvi my‡hvM †bB| ZvB dm‡ji Drcv`b evov‡bvi gva¨‡g gvby‡li Lv‡`ï eë ’v Kiv n‡”Q |

d‡j G‡`‡k dm‡ji Drcv`‡bi nvi eZ©gv‡b A‡bK¸Y †e‡o‡Q| djbkxj km¨ Drcv`‡b mvi

I KxUbvk‡Ki eënvi Acwinvh©| DbœZ Rv‡Zi k‡mï RvZ D™¢ve‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ bZyb bZyb

KxUcZ½ †`Lv hv‡”Q hv km¨‡K AvµgY K‡i bó K‡i †`q| ZvQvov DbœZ Rv‡Zi k‡mï

†ivMevjvB cÖwZ‡iva ¶gZv Kg weavq mn‡RB wewfbœ ai‡bi KxUcZ½ KZ…©K AvµvšÍ n‡”Q |

Gme KxUcZ½ `g‡bi Rb¨ KxUbvk‡Ki eënvi Acwinvh©| Rwg‡Z KxUbvkK w`‡j dm‡ji

¶wZKviK KxUcZ‡½i mv‡_ mv‡_ DcKvix A‡bK †cvKvgvKo Ges e¨vOI gviv hvq| d‡j

Rxe‰ewP‡Î¨ weeZ©b Av‡m| †hme †cvKvgvKo KxUbvkK mn¨ Kivi ¶gZv AR©b K‡i †d‡j,

Zviv AviI kw³kvjx n‡q Avevi km¨‡¶‡Z AvµgY K‡i| d‡j Ab¨vb¨ †cvKvgvKo gviv hvq|

dm‡ji Rwg‡Z cÖ‡qvMK…Z KxUbvkK cvwbevwnZ n‡q b`xbvjv, Lvjwej I cyKz‡i hvq|

KxUbvk‡Ki cÖfv‡e †mLv‡b gvQ I Ab¨vb¨ RjR cÖvYx I AbyRxe gviv hvq| Kv‡RB G ai‡bi

KxUbvkK eënv‡ii d‡j Rxe‰ewP‡Î¨ weeZ©b Av‡m|

mvigg© t eb eb¨cÖvYxi Avevm¯’j| wKš‘ Avevmf‚wg I K…wl Rwgi Rb¨ Zv †K‡U DRvo Kivi

d‡j Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ ûgKxi m¤§yLxb n‡q co‡Q| eb DRv‡oi d‡j cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ bó n‡”Q |

G‡Z Dw™¢ I cÖvYx Df‡qi Aw ÍZ¡B msK‡Ui gy‡LvgywL n‡q co‡Q| g‡bvKvjPvi n‡jv K…wÎgfv‡e

m„ó GKB cÖRvwZi Dw™¢ , †hgb †m¸b Øviv ‰Zwi eb| Gai‡bi eb eë¯’vcbvi w`K †_‡K

mnR wKš‘ Rxe‰ewP‡Îï Rb¨ Aby‡cv‡hvMx| GQvovI g‡bvKvjPv‡ii d‡j gvwU De©iZv kw³

nvwi‡q †djvq Rxe‰ewP‡Î¨ Zvi cÖfve cwijw¶Z n‡”Q | evsjv‡`‡ki µgea©gvb Rbkw³i Lv`¨

†hvMv‡Z D”P djbkxj km¨ Drcv`b Kiv n‡”Q | d‡j K…wÎg mvi I KxUbvk‡Ki eënvi

evo‡Q| G‡Z cwi‡ek ~lY evo‡Q hv Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ web‡ó ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv ivL‡Q|

evsjv‡`‡ki µgea©gvb

Rbkw³i Lv`¨ †hvMv‡Z

AwaK djbkxj km¨

Drcv`b Kiv n‡”Q | d‡j

K…wÎg mvi I KxUbvk‡Ki

eënvi evo‡Q| G‡Z

cwi‡ek ~lY evo‡Q hv

Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ aŸs‡m ¸iæZ¡c~Y©

f‚wgKv ivL‡Q|



74



1| Dw™¢ I cÖvYxi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i msKU †`Lv †`qvi cÖavb KviY Kx?

K) eb DRvo

L) wbwe©ev‡` Dw™¢ †K‡U †djv I cÖvYx nZ¨v

M) SoSÅv

N) KxUbvk‡Ki eënvi

2| g‡bvKvjPvi Kivi cÖavb ¶wZKi w`K Kx?

K) cÖvYxRM‡Zi Avevm¯’j webó nq

L) Rxe‰ewP‡Îï Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx bq

M) gvwU‡Z Lv‡`ï cwigvY K‡g hvq

N) gvwUi De©iZv nvwi‡q hvq

3| D”P djbkxj km¨ Drcv`‡b Kx‡mi eënvi Acwinvh© ?

K) mvi

L) KxUbvkK

M) mvi I KxUbvkK

N) cywó Dcv`vb



75

cvV 4.5 Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ msi¶‡Y b¨vkbvj cvK©, wPwoqvLvbv I †evUvwbK¨vj Mv‡W©‡bi

cÖfve


Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ msi¶‡Y b¨vkbvj cv‡K©i Ae`vb wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|

Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ msi¶‡Y wPwoqvLvbvi f‚wgKv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ msi¶‡Y †evUvwbK¨vj Mv‡W©‡bi cÖfve Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

RbmsL¨v e„w×mn wewfbœ Av_©mvgvwRK Kvi‡Y wek¦e¨vcx Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ bvbvfv‡e †jvc cv‡”Q| ZvB

K…wÎg Dcv‡q cwi‡ek m„wó K‡i weij cÖRvwZi wejyßcÖvq RxeRš‘ msi¶‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ bvbv ai‡bi

c×wZ I cÖwµqv Abykxjb Kiv n‡”Q | Gi g‡a¨ b¨vkbvj cvK©, wPwoqvLvbv, †evUvwbK¨vj Mv‡W©b

cÖf…wZ Ab¨Zg| wb‡P G¸‡jvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv

b¨vkbvj cv‡K©i Ae`vb

bvbv Kvi‡Y †hme Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ ûgwKi m¤§yLxb Ges cÖvq wejywßi c‡_ †m¸‡jv‡K a‡i ivLv hvq

†Kv‡bv GKwU GjvKv‡K b¨vkbvj cv‡K© iƒcvwšÍZ Kivi gva¨‡g| A_©vr cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡k M‡o

DVv Rxe‰ewPÎ¨‡K fwel¨r cÖR‡b¥i Kv‡Q Zz‡j a‡i ivLvi j‡¶¨ wewfbœ †`k ¯^-¯ cÖK…wZi

†cÖ¶vc‡U msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ cvK© ’vcb K‡i| evsjv‡`‡k MvRxcyi †Rjvi fvIqv‡j ÔfvIqvj

b¨vkbvj cvK©Õ ¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b i‡q‡Q kvj, KoB, KuvVvj, nj y, evìjvwVmn bvbv

ai‡bi Dw™¢ | cÖvYxi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q ebweovj, mRviæ, evNWvk, †ewR, eb‡gviM, KvVweovjx, bvbv

ai‡bi cvwL Ges mvc| eb wefv‡Mi fwel¨r cwiKíbvq wejyßcÖvq Dw™¢ I cÖvYxi cÖRvwZ I

cÖK…wZi myôz cwi‡ek wdwi‡q Avbvi j‡¶¨ evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvq 1% Rwg b¨vkbvj cvK© ev m¤ú~Y©

msi¶‡Yi AvIZvq Avbvi Kg©m~wP i‡q‡Q|

wPwoqvLvbv I Rxe‰ewPÎ¨

Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ msi¶‡Y wPwoqvLvbvi

f‚wgKv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| wPwoqvLvbvi g~j

D‡Ïk¨ wPËwe‡bv`b n‡jI †mLv‡b

wewfbœ cÖvYxi Rb¨ ¶z`ª ¶z`ª cwi‡ek

m„wói gva¨‡g wejyßcÖvq cÖvYxmg~n

msi¶Y Kiv nq Ges we‡kl we‡kl

†¶‡Î cÖRbb c×wZi gva¨‡g Zv‡ì

esk we¯Ívi Kwi‡q cÖK…wZ‡Z †Q‡o

†`qv nq| Kv‡RB wPwoqvLvbvq

†hme RxeRš‘ _v‡K e‡b Zv‡ì

Aw ÍZ¡ wejyß n‡jI †m¸‡jvi

cwi‡ek m„wói gva¨‡g cybivq

cÖvK…wZK e‡b m¤úÖmviY m¤¢e nq|

evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq wPwoqvLvbv ev

RyjywRK¨vj Mv‡W©b wgicy‡i Aew ’Z|

G wPwoqvLvbvq i‡qj †e½j UvBMvi,

wPÎ 50 t XvKv wPwoqvLvbvq evbi

Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ msi¶‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨

wPwoqvLvbv, b¨vkbvj cvK©,

†evUvwbK¨vj Mv‡W©b BZ¨vw`

m„wó Kiv n‡q‡Q| bvbv Kvi‡Y

wecbœ Rxe‰ewPÎ¨‡K a‡i ivLv

hvq †Kv‡bv GKwU GjvKv‡K

b¨vkbvj cv‡K© iƒcvwšÍZ Kivi

gva¨‡g|

wPwoqvLvbvi g~j D‡Ïk¨

wPËwe‡bv`b n‡jI wewfbœ

cÖvYxi Rb¨ ¶z ª ¶z ª cwi‡ek

m„wói gva¨‡g wejyßcÖvq

cÖvYxmg~n msi¶Y Kiv nq|



76

wPZv evN, nvwZ, evbi, nwiY, wmsn, fvjyK, jvjcvÛv, Uvwci, wewfbœ ai‡bi evNmn eû cÖRvwZi

¯Íb¨cvqx cÖvYx, cvwL, mvc I Ab¨vb¨ mixm„c i‡q‡Q| GLv‡b †h †Kej evsjv‡`‡ki cÖK…wZ‡Z

cvIqv hvq Ggbme cÖvYx Av‡Q Zv bq we‡`kx cÖvYxI i‡q‡Q| Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ QvovI Avgv‡`i wk¶vi

Rb¨ wPwoqvLvbv GK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|

wPÎ 51 t PÆMÖv‡gi d‡qR †jK wPwoqvLvbv

Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ msi¶‡Y †evUvwbK¨vj Mv‡W©‡bi f‚wgKv

Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ msi¶‡Y, we‡kl K‡i weij cÖRvwZi Dw™¢ msi¶‡Y, †evUvwbK¨vj Mv‡W©‡bi we‡kl

Ae`vb i‡q‡Q| †`‡k cÖvß hveZxq Dw™¢ mvaviYZ †evUvwbK¨vj Mv‡W©‡b _v‡K| Dw™¢

cÖRvwZmg~n msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cwi‡ekI †evUvwbK¨vj Mv‡W©‡b m„wó Kiv nq| ZvQvov

wPÎ 52 t wgicyi †evUvwbK¨vj Mv‡W©b

weij cÖRvwZi Dw™¢ msi¶‡Y

†evUvwbK¨vj Mv‡W©‡bi we‡kl

Ae`vb i‡q‡Q| Kv‡RB

wejyßcÖvq Dw™¢ mg~n GLv‡b

_vK‡j Zv †_‡K exR msMÖn K‡i

Dw™¢ ‰ewPÎ¨ msi¶Y Kiv hvq|



77

†evUvwbK¨vj Mv‡W©‡b we‡k¦i Ab¨vb¨ eû †`‡ki MvQcvjvI msi¶Y Kiv nq| ZvB †evUvwbK¨vj

Mv‡W©‡b wM‡q Avgiv †`kwe‡`‡ki A‡bK MvQcvjv I dzjd‡ji mv‡_ cwiwPZ n‡Z cvwi| Kv‡RB

wejyßcÖvq ev m¤ú~Y© wejyß Dw™¢ mg~n cÖvK…wZK ebvÂ‡j cvIqv bv †M‡jI †evUvwbK¨vj Mv‡W©‡b

_vK‡j Zv †_‡K exR msMÖn K‡i Avgiv Dw™¢ ‰ewPÎ¨ msi¶Y Ki‡Z cvwi| AZGe, Dw™¢

msi¶‡Y †evUvwbK¨vj Mv‡W©b AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|

mvigg© t Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ msi¶‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ b¨vkbvj cvK©, wPwoqvLvbv, †evUvwbK¨vj Mv‡W©b BZ¨vw`

m„wó Kiv n‡q‡Q| bvbv Kvi‡Y †hme Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ ûgwKi m¤§yLxb Ges cÖvq wejywßi c‡_

†m¸‡jv‡K a‡i ivLv hvq †Kv‡bv GKwU GjvKv‡K b¨vkbvj cv‡K© iƒcvwšÍZ Kivi gva¨‡g|

wPwoqvLvbvi g~j D‡Ïk¨ wPËwe‡bv`b n‡jI GLv‡b wewfbœ cÖvYxi Rb¨ ¶z`ª ¶z`ª cwi‡ek m„wói

gva¨‡g wejyßcÖvq cÖvYxmg~n msi¶Y Kiv nq| weij cÖRvwZi Dw™¢ msi¶‡Y †evUvwbK¨vj

Mv‡W©‡bi we‡kl Ae`vb i‡q‡Q| Kv‡RB wejyßcÖvq ev wejyß Dw™¢ mg~n †evUvwbK¨vj Mv‡W©‡b

_vK‡j Zv †_‡K exR msMÖn K‡i Avgiv Dw™¢ ‰ewPÎ¨ msi¶Y Ki‡Z cvwi|



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1| evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq b¨vkbvj cvK© †Kvb&wU?

K) fvIqvj b¨vkbvj cvK©

L) gaycy‡ii cvK©

M) w`bvRcy‡ii ivgmvMi

N) wgicy‡ii †evUvwbK¨vj Mv‡W©b

2| b¨vkbvj cv‡K©i cÖavb D‡Ï‡k¨ Kx?

K) Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ msi¶Y Z_v weij cÖRvwZi Dw™¢ I cÖvYx msi¶Y

L) A_© DcvR©b Kiv

M) wPËwe‡bv`b

N) cwi‡ek msi¶Y

3| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb wPwoqvLvbv †Kv_vq Aew¯’Z?

K) w`bvRcyi

L) PÆMÖvg

M) Uv½vBj

N) XvKv



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1| ebm¤ú` †_‡K †Kvb& †Kvb& wkí`ª‡eï KuvPvgvj cvIqv hvq?

2| †`‡ki K‡qKwU wPËwe‡bv`b †K‡›`ªi bvg D‡jøL Kiæb|

3| Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ ej‡Z Kx eySvq?

4| ebR cwi‡e‡ki wZbwU Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ D‡jøL Kiæb |

5| †flRm¤ú‡ì cÖ‡qvR‡b Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ msi¶‡Yi ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Kiæb|

6| Rxe‰ewP‡Îï ¸iæZ¡ wee„Z Kiæb |

7| evsjv‡`‡ki †cÖ¶vc‡U Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ msi¶‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Kiæb |

8| Rxe‰ewPÎ¨ web‡ó KxUbvk‡Ki cÖfve Av‡jvPbv Kiæb |

9| cÖvYx msi¶‡Y wPwoqvLvbvi Ae`vb Kx Kx?

10| weij cÖRvwZi Dw™¢ msi¶‡Y †evUvwbK¨vj Mv‡W©‡bi f‚wgKv Kx?

DËigvjv BDwbU 4

cvV 4.1

1| M 2| K 3| K 4| M 5| M

cvV 4.2

1| K 2| M 3| M 4| K 5| K

cvV 4.3

1| K 2| K 3| M

cvV 4.4

1| K 2| L 3| M

cvV 4.5

1| K 2| K 3| N



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eb I Rxe‰ewPÎ¨of Agricultural Education Programme, Written by Dr. S. M. Ruhul Amin, Edited by...

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Transcript of eb I Rxe‰ewPÎ¨of Agricultural Education Programme, Written by Dr. S. M. Ruhul Amin, Edited by...