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Transcript of East Asia
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East Asia
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ChinaChina
JapanJapanN.KoreaN.Korea
S.KoreaS.Korea
TaiwanTaiwan
Communist bloc
Capitalist economy
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Introduction Cultural unity
Legacy of Chinese civilization/Empire Confucianism, Chinese writing system
Ideological division in the second half of 20th century Capitalist economy: Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong Communist bloc: China, North Korea
Core areas of the world economy
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Environmental Geography
Resource Pressures in a Crowded Land
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Insular Insular belt:belt:Mainland:Mainland: geologically activegeologically active
geologically stablegeologically stable Plate boundaryPlate boundary
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Japan’s physical environment
85%85% mountain mountain
Limited areas ofLimited areas of alluvial plains alluvial plains
Prone to earthquake,Prone to earthquake, volcano volcano
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Taiwan’s environment
Rugged Central/Eastern region
Alluvial West
Also prone to seismic activities
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Chinese environments
Yangtze R.
Huang He
North North China PlainChina Plain
Sichuan Sichuan BasinBasin
Xi BasinXi Basin
flatrugged
Loess Loess PlateauPlateau
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Landscape regions of China
More accessible
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Korean landscapes
Mountainous North and East
scattered alluvial basins in South and West
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Temperate climates
Humid summer Dry winter
monsoon
Typhoon in the summer
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Three Gorges Dam
Yangtze R.Yangtze R.
Three Gorges Three Gorges DamDam
BenefitsBenefits Prevent floodingPrevent flooding Generate electricityGenerate electricity
CostsCosts Jeopardize endangered speciesJeopardize endangered species Inundate a major scenic attractionInundate a major scenic attraction Displace inhabitantsDisplace inhabitants
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Flooding in Northern China
Huang He (Yellow River)
North North China PlainChina Plain
Loess Loess PlateauPlateau
Devastating flood
Upstream erosion Upstream erosion
sediment load accumulationsediment load accumulation
rise of lake level rise of lake level
floodingflooding
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Pollution exporting How do you think Japan’s environment is? It’s relatively clean considering large pop and industrialization Why?
Relocating dirtier factories in wealthier countries to poorer countries due to high cost of production and its strict environmental laws
As a result, pollution is displaced to poorer countries
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Population and Settlement
A Realm of Crowded Lowland Basins
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East Asia, along with South Asia, is the most densely populated, and most populous region
High population density, but low natural growth Low fertility in China “one-child” policy Population loss and aging in Japan
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The lowlands in East Asia are among the most intensely used portions
Dense settlements in lowlandsDense settlements in lowlands
Light inhabitation in uplandsLight inhabitation in uplandsNorth China North China PlainPlain
Sichuan Sichuan BasinBasin
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Agricultural regions in China
Rice
Wheat, millet, sorghum
Abundant precipitation
Arid climates
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Subterranean housing in Loess Plateau
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Settlement and agricultural patterns in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan
Highly urban Among the most densely populated countries Crowded into the alluvial plains or basins Major food importers
Global resource procurement pattern Japan is virtually self-sufficient in rice
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Settlement and agricultural patterns in China and North Korea
Relatively rural These countries have long been self-sufficient in
food, but recentlyChina is moving towards food imports due to the rapid
industrialization
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Major cities in East Asia
Shanghai
Beijing
Taipei
SeoulTokyo
Hong Kong
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Major cities in East Asia
ChinaShanghai: economic centerBeijing: political center
Seoul (South Korea), Taipei (Taiwan)Characterized by urban primacy
Japanese citiesCharacterized by superconurbation
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Urban concentration in Japan
SuperconurbationSuperconurbation
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Cultural Coherence and Diversity
A Confucian Realm?
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East Asia is one of the world’s more unified cultural regions
Ancient Chinese civilization in isolation from other civilizations
Writing systemsChinese characters
Belief systemsConfucianism, Buddhism
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The Chinese writing system Ideographic writing
Each symbol represents an idea rather than a sound
Chinese writing system spread when the Chinese Empire expanded
Korean modifications Replaced by its own alphabetic system in 1400s
Japanese modifications Chinese characters (kanji) mixed with hiragana, katakana
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Belief systems
6c B.C.
IndiaBuddhism 2c A.D.
Theravada:
Mahayana:
South, Southeast Asia
ChinaConfucianismConfucianism
6c B.C. Korea, Japan
China, Korea, Japan, Vietnam
2c B.C.ChinaTaoism
Zen
Shinto (Japan)
Geomancy
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The Confucian legacy Confucius’s philosophy aimed at generating social
stability (6th century B.C.)
Deference for authority authoritarian government Emphasis on education (meritocracy) advantage in
competition in global economy
Confucianism in Japan was not as important as it was on the mainland
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Secularism in East Asia
East Asia is one of the most secular regions of the world
Confucianism as a philosophy rather than a faith Mahayana Buddhism is nonexclusive Most of Shinto-observing Japanese are not devout Marxist orthodoxy in communist states
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The language geography of East AsiaThe language geography of East Asia
KoreanKoreanJapaneseJapanese
Han Chinese who Han Chinese who speak Mandarinspeak Mandarin
: Non-Han Chinese who Non-Han Chinese who speak distinct languagesspeak distinct languages
•AustronesianAustronesian•Taiwanese (FTaiwanese (Fujianese)ujianese)•MandarinMandarin
Han Chinese who Han Chinese who speak language speak language closely related to closely related to MandarinMandarin
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Geopolitical Framework
The Imperial Legacies of China and Japan
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Centrality of China (until 1800s) Japanese Empire (in the first half of 20th century) Political split by Cold War rivalries (after WWII)
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The Evolution of China
For most of the past 2000 years, the Chinese Empire was Earth’s wealthiest and most powerful state
1800 B.C.
Chinese civilization
200 B.C.
The first political unification
1800s A.D.
Decline in power
The Chinese Empire failed to keep pace with the technological progress of Europe in the 1800s
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The historical extent of China (200s B.C. ~ 1800s)
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China in the 1800s
1840s
Opium Wars
Hong Kong ceded to British
1850s
Northernmost Manchuria annexed to Russia
1900
China divided into “spheres of influence”: European power
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The Rise of Japan
Sino-Ja
pane
se W
ar
Taiwan
cede
d to J
apan
Russo
-Japa
nese
War
1868
Meij
i Res
torati
on1895 1905 1910
Annex
ed K
orea
1931
Conqu
ered M
anch
uria
1941
Attack
ed U
.S. p
acifi
c
fleet
in Pea
rl Harb
or
1945
End of
WW
II
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Postwar geopolitics
Division of Korea1945 ~ 1950
North occupied by the Soviet Union; South occupied by U.S.
Korean War (1950~53) Korea became a divided country with two governments
Division of ChinaCivil conflict between nationalists and communists
ended with the Chinese Revolution (1949), forcing the nationalists to retreat to Taiwan
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Geopolitical issues in East Asia Global
Cold War : communist bloc capitalist economyKorean DMZ, Taiwan-China tensions
End of Cold War: U.S. China
Regional: Border dispute China India, Southeast Asia, Russia
Local: Autonomy in China Autonomous regions in China (eg. Tibet, Xinjiang) Former colonies returned to China (eg. Hong Kong, Macau)
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The demilitarized zone in Korea
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Geopolitical issues in East Asia
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Economic and Social Development
An Emerging Core of the Global Economy
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The Japanese economic system The newly industrialized countries Chinese development
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Disparities between capitalist and communist bloc Rapid economic growth in the second half of 20th century Increasingly, East Asia function as a global economic core
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Guandong, and Shanghai are relatively well connected to the global economy while interior portions of China are isolated from the world economy
Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan, and South Korea are highly integrated into global economic networks
East Asia’s global ties
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Let’s compare the economic system of Japan to that of U.S.
Role of private sector
U.S. Japan Role of bureaucracy
Firms are significantly influenced by investors
Flexibility
Loose relationship between employers and employees
Interconnection between a group of companies
Tighter relationship between employers and employees
Stability
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Let’s compare the social system of Japan to that of U.S.
Low
U.S. JapanHighBasic living cost
Social condition
Unemployment
Crime rate
Illiteracy rate
Poverty level
High
High
High
High
Low
Low
Low
Low
Civil libertiesWork hourDiscrimination
Short LongLow High
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The Rise of South Korea In the 1960s, government initiated a program of export-led
economic growth Government-business ties
Chaebol (large industrial conglomerates) Economic transformation
inexpensive consumer goods heavy industrial products high-tech equipment
Economic development has been achieved at the expense of political and social development Pressure for democratization in the late 1980s
Newly industrialized countries:
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Taiwan and Hong Kong Taiwan
Taiwanese government guided the economic development of the country
Organized around small to mid-size family firms High-tech business; Close overseas economic connections
Hong Kong One of the most laissez-faire economic systems in the world (little
government control) One of the world’s most important trading ports Business services, banking, and telecommunication; Close
overseas economic connections
Newly industrialized countries:
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Chinese development Under the communist rule, the economy was nearly stagnant
“Great Leap Forward”, “Cultural Revolution” Capitalist openings in the late 1970s
Gradual economic reform while political system remain the same Special Economic Zones (SEZs)
Attract foreign investment with minimal state interference Mostly located in the coastal region Brought huge success shown in economic growth since 1990s
Joined WTO in 2001
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Economic and social differentiation in China
The benefits of economic growth have not been evenly The benefits of economic growth have not been evenly distributed throughout the country distributed throughout the country
Booming coastal regionBooming coastal region
Impoverished Interior ChinaImpoverished Interior China
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In general, high social indicator despite the poverty in China and North Korea
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China’s population quandary
“One-child” policy in the 1980s Has reduced its growth rate
TFR 1.8, RNI 0.9 But generated social tensions and human-rights
abusesGrowing gender imbalance through abortion and
female infanticide
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Child-care facilities in China
High female labor High female labor force participation in force participation in ChinaChina
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Demographic change in China
In-migrationHigh fertility
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The position of women in East Asia
Women have historically had a relatively low position in East AsiaFoot binding in the premodern China
Advanced career opportunities remain limited for womenDrop in marriage rate in Japanese women