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Transcript of Earthwork
2
EARTHWORKPREFACE
• As a module of the Integrated Design Project course for the Bachelor of Civil Engineering programme, Faculty of Civil Engineering, UiTM, Shah Alam
This program provides basic overview of all aspects of Earthwork planning and design, guidelines, legislative and regulatory requirements
Preparation for life…
3
EARTHWORKPREFACE
• UNDERSTANDING the subject of Civil Engineering in wider perspective, inter-relation with other subjects influencing the performance of Engineering works and challenges.
Benefit
• ACQUIRRING cutting edge practical design knowledge & skills that last forever in the world of ever-changing infrastructural engineering.
• GAINING LEVERAGE by demonstrating knowledge of engineering in a multi-disciplinary context.
• DEVELOPING your engineering knowledge significantly and permanently.
• PROVIDING your dashing factor (distinguish factor) for better chance of employment upon graduation.
• EXPAND your employment versatility in an ever-changing marketplace.
• WINNING at the office and in daily job with the power of practical skill.
• ADVANCING your career as an Engineer.
5
EARTHWORKINTRODUCTION
Earthworks are engineering works created through the moving of massive quantities of soil or unformed rock.
1Definition of Earthwork
July 2009 6
6
Purpose of Earthwork
EARTHWORKINTRODUCTION1
To obtain balance cut & fill – Economical & Practical Design
July 2009 7
7
Purpose of Earthwork
EARTHWORKINTRODUCTION1
To obtain balance cut & fill – Economical & Practical Design
Cut
Fill
Cut
Cut
Fill
2
EARTHWORK
9
2 MASTERPLAN & DESIGN GUIDING PRINCIPLE
To establish the overall earthworks for the viability of the project and to assist on planning of landuse, compliance with prevailing guidelines and laws.
Objectives
• Enhance Early Scoping
• Minimize Scope Changes
• Provide base platforms & Layout Plan
• Costs Plan
• Reduce Conflicts/ Disputes
10
EARTHWORK
Controlled Earthwork
1Typical Earthwork Development –
Compliance
Slopes turfed
Silt trap / rubbish trap
Centralised facility
MASTERPLAN & DESIGN GUIDING PRINCIPLE
11
EARTHWORK
Uncontrolled Earthwork
1Typical Earthwork Development – Non-
Compliance
Earth not graded
No sediment / silt trap
MASTERPLAN & DESIGN GUIDING PRINCIPLE
12
12
Development Masterplan
Ggreen / Forest
Institution
Industrial
Residential
Existing Development
Commercial
N
• Development Landuse determined by Masterplanner
• Engineer to advise on platform & drainage pattern and other aspects of engineering
• Engineer to balance cut & fill design (wherever possible)
• Engineer to minimise import earth
• Engineer to establish Term Of Reference
• Engineer to establish Specification
• Engineer to obtain approvals
• Engineer to supervise construction
EARTHWORK2
Typical Development MasterplanLayout
MASTERPLAN & DESIGN GUIDING PRINCIPLE
13
EARTHWORK2Infrastructure Influencing Earthwork
Design
Detention Pond – 3% to 5% of area
MASTERPLAN & DESIGN GUIDING PRINCIPLE
Main Stream
DRAINAGE SYSTEM
14
EARTHWORK2Infrastructure Influencing Earthwork
Design
MASTERPLAN & DESIGN GUIDING PRINCIPLE
- Generally flat area with only prominent highest ground
-Gravity Flow Water Supply is most possible
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
ROAD SYSTEM - Max 9% of road gradient
16
Confirm Site Location
EARTHWORK PRELIMINARY DESIGN 3
Typical Cadestral Plan – Obtained from Land Survey Department
Identificationof correct site &Project Boundary“CRUCIAL”
• Obtain CP from Survey Dept.
• Check lot numbers
• Check boundaries
17
Obtaining Confirmed Requirements & Data
EARTHWORK3
• Approved Development Layout Masterplan
• Development Order
• Topographical Survey
• Highest Flood Level
• Soil Investigation
• Local Guidelines
Architect or Town Planner / JPBD
Local Council
Land Surveyor
DID
Geotechnical Engineer
Local Council / Authority / Agency
PRELIMINARY DESIGN
18
Site Reconnaissance
EARTHWORK
• Mandatory site visit
• To confirm site location and development boundaries
• To familiarize with the site geographical condition
• To identify adjacent development, Access, etc.
• To observe & assess site constraints
• To have general idea of existing & future design system
• To gather information about flooding history
3 PRELIMINARY DESIGN
19
Assess Site Constraints / Issues
Sg. Balok at Coastal Road
EARTHWORK3
Low laying areas &Flooding issueRaise platform or earth bunding?
Main river system, No pollution permittedControl flows from development
Tidal influence
Swampy areaSoft soil
PRELIMINARY DESIGN
20
Objectives
Sg. Balok at Coastal Road
EARTHWORK
SOIL INVESTIGATION
3
• To identify general sub-soil profile i.e. suitability
• To provide detail picture of soil stratigraphy & geological settings i.e. extend of soft & hard underlayings, ground water
• To obtaining representative geotechnical parameters of various sub-soil strata for engineering design i.e. N-Values
PRELIMINARY DESIGN
22
Design Guiding Principles
Sg. Balok at Coastal Road
EARTHWORK DETAIL DESIGN4
• Integrate the design platform levels with existing developments.
• Design platform levels shall tie in with the roads.
• All Slope formations shall be kept within the plot boundaries.
• Achieve an almost balanced cut and fill volume within the development
• Establishing preliminary platform levels based on development scheme requirements, infrastructure and utilities.
23
Design Procedure
EARTHWORK DETAIL DESIGN4• Design Criteria
• Study Project Layout (Development Plan)
• Study Project Survey Drawing In Conjunction With Dev Plan
• Propose Platform Levels
• Compute Volume of Cut & Fill
• Propose Retaining Structure
24
Design Procedure
EARTHWORK DETAIL DESIGN4
• Study Project Layout (Development Plan)
• Study Project Survey Drawing In Conjunction With Dev Plan
• Propose Platform Levels
• Compute Volume of Cut & Fill
• Propose Retaining Structure
• Design Criteria
25
Design Criteria
Sg. Balok at Coastal Road
EARTHWORK DETAIL DESIGN4• Clearing, grubbing, stripping top soil, cut & fill, compact, trimming, turfing, soil test for FGL
• Embankment in swamp or soft ground, Height ≥ 1.5m, cross-slopes ≤ 1V : 3H
• Gradient for cut slope, 1 : 1.2
• Gradient for fill slope, 1 : 2
• Height of slopes, 3m intervals with toe, berm & intercepting drains
• Layers of 300mm intervals, compacted to 95% (Cohesive soil) or 100% (Cohesionless soil) of max Dry Density. Ref BS1377 – 4.5kg rammer method
Inteceptor
Berm
Toe
3m
3m
1
3
1
1.2
1
2
28
Design Procedure
EARTHWORK DETAIL DESIGN4
• Design Criteria
• Study Project Survey Drawing In Conjunction With Dev Plan
• Propose Platform Levels
• Compute Volume of Cut & Fill
• Balancing Cut & Fill Volume
• Study Project Layout (Development Plan)
30
Design Procedure
EARTHWORK DETAIL DESIGN4
• Design Criteria
• Study Project Layout (Development Plan)
• Propose Platform Levels
• Compute Volume of Cut & Fill
• Propose Retaining Structure
• Study Project Survey Drawing In Conjunction With Dev Plan
31
Assessment of Available Survey Information
EARTHWORK DETAIL DESIGN4Slopes direction
Slopes direction
Slopes direction
Potential highGround for WaterSupply Tank
Swampy+2m to 3m
Hilly 80m
Existing+5m to 9m
Existing+5.5m
Existing+3m
Cut
Fill
32
Design Procedure
EARTHWORK DETAIL DESIGN4
• Design Criteria
• Study Project Layout (Development Plan)
• Study Project Survey Drawing In Conjunction With Dev Plan
• Compute Volume of Cut & Fill
• Propose Retaining Structure
• Propose Platform Levels
33
Purpose of Platform
EARTHWORK DETAIL DESIGN4
• To avoid minor & major floods
• To protect safety of lives & properties
• To provide sufficient gradient for Sewerage & Drainage
• To avoid unnecessary earthwork
• Good Engineering Practice & Planning
• Increase value of property
• Peace in mind
34
Conceptual Platform
EARTHWORK DETAIL DESIGN4
Platform Level to be above Highest Flood Level (HFL) or Major Flood Level
Major Flood Level in 100 years Flood Cycle
35
Assessment of Minimum Platform Level
EARTHWORK DETAIL DESIGN4• Say, HFL = 2.2 m ODL
• Freeboard = 1.0m
• Drainage Gradient = 1.5m
• Recommended Min. Platform Level = 4.7m ODL
Highest Flood Level (JPS record or ever known)
Freeboard = +1m
Highest Flood Level = +2.2m ODL
Water body
Proposed Platform Level Formation
Min.
Max.
Drainage grad.
36
Cut area
Fill area
Notes:1. All levels are in meter O.D.L
• Min Platform Level = 4.7m
Follow drainagepattern
Proposed Platform Levels
EARTHWORK DETAIL DESIGN4
Highest Platform LevelDetermined by Cut & Balance Analysis
37Notes:1. All levels are in meter O.D.L
Proposed Platform Levels
Typical Cross-Sections
EARTHWORK DETAIL DESIGN4
39
Design Procedure
EARTHWORK DETAIL DESIGN4
• Design Criteria
• Study Project Layout (Development Plan)
• Study Project Survey Drawing In Conjunction With Dev Plan
• Propose Platform Levels
• Propose Retaining Structure
• Compute Volume of Cut & Fill
40
Design Procedure
EARTHWORK DETAIL DESIGN4Principle
• To obtain balance cut & Fill (If possible)
• Too much access cut material – Difficult to dispose
• Too much fill material - Difficult to obtain borrow source & Cost
41
Design Procedure
EARTHWORK DETAIL DESIGN4Methods
• Grid System Method
• Large area or excavation
• Using area method calculation
• Land development
• Computer software – triangulation interpolation (more accurate & ease of modeling)
• Require spot levels survey
• Cross-section Method
• Longitudinal “strip” profile
• Used for road, pipeline, drainage constructions
• Require strip survey
42
EARTHWORK DETAIL DESIGN4Proposed Platform Levels
Volume of Cut & Fill
A
B
C
D
E
F
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 GRID SYSTEM METHOD
• To obtain large area of excavation
• Square rectangular and levels at each cross-sections established
• Establish datum
• Calculate volume of existing ground
• Calculate volume of proposed platform
• Difference s constitute cut or fill volume
43
EARTHWORK DETAIL DESIGN4Proposed Platform Levels
Methodology Volume of Cut & Fill
A
B
C
D
E
F
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Average areas of column grids 1 & 2
Average areas of row grids A & B
X
X
Existing levels& proposed levelsBased on spots &interpolation
X = 10m for accuracy (undulating areas)X = 5m gives accurate figures (undulating areas)X ≥ 10m for flat areasX ≥ 50m for large area / Masterplan purposes
Typical assumption
44
EARTHWORK DETAIL DESIGN4
Proposed Platform Levels
Volume of Cut & Fill
Grid System
1 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10A E 10 10 10 8 8 5 5 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3
P 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 510 C 250 175 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F 0 0 0 -212.5 -275 -275 -300 -250 -200P 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 5 5 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5E 10 10 10 9 9 5 5 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3E 10 10 10 9 9 5 5 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3P 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 5 5 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
10 C 325 300 212.5 0 0 0 0 0 0F 0 0 0 -25 -250 -250 -247.5 -245 -195P 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9E 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 5 5 3 3 5 5 3 3 4 4 4E 10 10 19 10 10 9 9 5 5 3 3 5 5 3 3 4 4 4P 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9
10 C 325 500 225 50 0 0 0 0 0F 0 0 0 0 -150 -150 -115 -105 -80P 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7E 9 8 8 7 7 7 7 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5E 9 8 8 7 7 7 7 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5P 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7
10 C 250 162.5 137.5 75 25 0 0 30 30F 0 0 0 0 0 0 -10 0 0P 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7E 9 8 8 7.5 7.5 8 8 7 7 7 7 5 5 5 5 5 5 5E 9 8 8 7.5 7.5 8 8 7 7 7 7 5 5 5 5 5 5 5P 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7
10 C 225 162.5 137.5 137.5 162.5 100 15 30 30F 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0P 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5.5 5.5 5 5 5 5 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7
F E 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
All dimensions are in meters Total Area = AcresTotal Cut = CuMSpoil @ 20% = CuMAvailable Fill = CuMTotal Fill = CuMTo import Fill = CuMAccess Cut = CuM
E
2 3 4 5 8 9
B
C
D
6 7
Nil
50.024,072.50
814.503,258.003,335.0077.00
Legend
E ExistingP ProposedC CutF Fill
45
Design Procedure
EARTHWORK DETAIL DESIGN4
• Design Criteria
• Study Project Layout (Development Plan)
• Study Project Survey Drawing In Conjunction With Dev Plan
• Propose Platform Levels
• Compute Volume of Cut & Fill
• Propose Retaining Structure
46
Purpose of Earth Retaining Structure
EARTHWORK DETAIL DESIGN4
Active Wedge
OriginalGroundSurface
Backfill
• To stabilise engineering slopes
Active Wedge
OriginalGroundSurface
Backfill • To provide safety and protect lives & properties
• To protect engineering slopes collapses & erosion
• To provide split of levels at tight earthwork
55
Governing Law
EARTHWORK AUTHORITY Compliance & Approvals5
Earthworks regulation and approval is under the jurisdiction of Local Council.
56
Submission Checklist
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Copy of Letter of Appointment As Consulting Engineer
Copy of D.O. Letter from Planning Dept.
Copy of Land Title / S & P Agreement
Earthwork Plan (duly endorsed by PE) / Erosion & Sedimentation Control Plan (ESCP)
Copy of Approved D.O. Plan / Development Layout by Architect
Copy of Quit Rent of Current Year
Site Photos of present condition
Copy of Approval Letter From JKR For Road SystemOr Prove Of Submission
Copy of Approval Letter From JPS For Drainage SystemOr Prove Of Submission
Copy of Approval Letter of Main Infra / Main Earthwork (if app.)
Copy of Geological Mapping (for hill dev) & Erosion Control Plan Report
EARTHWORK5 AUTHORITY Compliance & Approvals
57
Submission Process Flow
EARTHWORK5SUBMITTING
PERSON
JPS
JKR
PTG
LC
Approval
No
Yes
OSC One Stop Centre
AUTHORITY Compliance & Approvals
59
Earthwork Construction
EARTHWORK6 CONSTRUCTION
• Identification of project site
• Planning of temporary drainage system
• Access and wash through location
• Detention ponds / silt traps
• Project office & facility
• Construction of Hoarding
• Observe all laws pertaining to construction
• Plan, design, manage all temporary works
• Earthwork construction & supervision
60
Earthwork Construction
EARTHWORK6 CONSTRUCTION
• Review costruction programme
• Control & Monitor
61
Quality Control
EARTHWORK6 CONSTRUCTION
• General Instruction• Construction Drawings• Specifications Contract Document• Bills of Quantities• Compliance to Authority’s requirement
• Compaction 95% max of dry density @ BS 1377 Building footprints, roads & services corridor, runways, etc
• Compaction 75% Building footprints but to allow Suspended Floor slab design Area not subject to buildings construction i.e fields, landscape, etc
• Each layer ≤ 200mm thick
• For road sub-base, soaked CBR value ≥ 30 for 95% consolidation
Site Supervision to comply ;
70
EARTHWORK6 CONSTRUCTION
Installation of Geomembrane to prevent ground contamination @ solid waste disposal
74
Inspection & As-Built Documents
EARTHWORK7 POST - CONSTRUCTION
• Engineer to carry out confirmatory Soil Investigation to verify full compliance i.e. Compaction, Soil Stabilization, etc.
• Land Surveyor to survey As-Built earthworks platforms to verify full compliance pertaining to FGL or PL.
• Land Surveyor & Engineer to certify As-Built survey drawings
• Engineer Review Construction Drawings & Correct to As-Built Drawings
• Engineer updating As-Built information not covered i.e. Authority’s requirement not spelt out in Construction Drawings, V.O.
• Engineer to ensure all mandatory dues to Authority are complied
• Engineer arranged mandatory inspections with JPS, JKR, LC, etc to facilitate handing over works & recommendation for CCC
75
CCC Process Flow
EARTHWORK7 POST - CONSTRUCTION
SUBMITTING PERSON (SP)
JPS
JKR
PTG
LC
Recommendation
No
Yes
PSP Issue CCC PSP Principal Submitting Person
76
Post - CCC
EARTHWORK7 POST - CONSTRUCTION
• Issue Certificate Of Completion & Compliance
• Defects Liability Period. Generally 1 to 1.5 years
• Issue Certificate of Completion After Defects
• Final Account
• Total Completion of Project