Earthsciencetable_dados Planeta Terra

7/31/2019 Earthsciencetable_dados Planeta Terra

1/15

Energy gained during melting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 calories/gram

Energy released during freezing . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 calories/gram

Energy gained during vaporization . . . . . . . . 540 calories/gram

Energy released during condensation . . . . . 540 calories/gram

Density at 3.98C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.00 gram/milliliter

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

15

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

cm

RADIOACTIVEISOTOPE

DISINTEGRATIONHALF-LIFE

(years)

Carbon-14

Potassium-40

Uranium-238

Rubidium-87

C14

K40

U238

Rb87

N14

Pb206

Sr87

5.7 103

1.3 109

4.5 109

4.9 1010

Ar40

Ca40

MATERIAL SPECIFIC HEAT(calories/gram C)

Water

Dry air

Basalt

Granite

Iron

Copper

Lead

solid

liquid

gas{

0.5

1.0

0.5

0.24

0.20

0.19

0.11

0.09

0.03

2001 EDITIONThis edition of the Earth Science Reference Tables should be used in theclassroom beginning in the 20002001 school year. The first examinationfor which these tables will be used is the January 2001 RegentsExamination in Earth Science.

Specific Heats of Common MaterialsRadioactive Decay Data

Percent deviationfrom accepted value

Eccentricity of an ellipse

Gradient

Density of a substance

deviation (%) = 100

eccentricity=distance between foci

length of major axis

difference from accepted value

accepted value

gradient =change in field value

distance

density =mass

volume

Rate of change rate of change =change in field value

time

EQUATIONS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

The University of the State of New York THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Albany, New York 12234 www.nysed.gov

Earth Science Reference Tables

EURYPTERUS

Properties of Water

New York State Fossil

(Revised November 2006)


2/152 Earth Science Reference Tables 2001 Edition (Revised November 20

TUGHILL

PLATEAU

THECATSKILLS

ALLEGHENYPLATEAU

LAKE

ERIE

LAKEONTARIO

ADIRONDACK

MOUNTAINS

ST.LAWRENC

ELO

WLANDS

ERIEONTARIOLOWL

ANDS

(PLAINS)

GRENVILLEPROVINCE

(HIGHLANDS)

NEW

E

NGLA

NDPR

OVI

NCE

(HIG

HLA

NDS)

INTERIORLOWLANDS

TACONICM

OUNTAINS

NEWAR

K

LOWLA

NDS

HUDS

ONHIGHLANDS

MAN

HATTAN

PRONG

CHAMPLAINLOWLANDS

Ge

neralizedLandscapeRegi

onsofNewY

orkState

APPAL

ACHI

AN

PL

ATEAU(U

PLANDS)

ATLA

NTIC

COA

STAL

PLAIN

HU

DSON

MOHAW

KLOWLANDS

KEY

Majo

rGeographicProvinceBoundary

Land

scapeRegionBoundary

State

Boundary

InternationalBoundary

N


3/15

N

Earth Science Reference Tables 2001 Edition (Revised November 2006)

GeneralizedBedrockGeologyofNewY

orkState

modifiedfrom

GEOLOGICALSURVEY

NEW

YORKSTATEMUSEUM

1989

NiagaraRiver

GEOLOGICALP

ERIODSANDERASINNEW

YORK

CRETACEOUS,TERTIAR

Y,PLEISTOCENE

(Epoch)weaklyconsolidatedtounconso

lidatedgravels,sands,andclays

LATETRIASSIC

andEAR

LYJURASSIC

conglomerates,redsandstones,redshales,

anddiabase(inPalisadesSill)

PENNSYLVANIAN

andMISSISSIPPIAN

conglomerates,sandstones,andshales

DEVONIAN

limestones,shales,sandstones,andconglomerates

SILURIAN

Silurianalsocontainssalt,

gypsum,

andhematite.

ORDOVICIAN

limestones,shales,sandstones,anddolostones

CAMBRIAN

CAMBRIAN

andEARLYO

RDOVICIAN

sandstonesanddolostones

ModeratelytointenselymetamorphosedeastoftheHudsonRiv

er.

CAMBRIAN

andORDOVI

CIAN

(undifferentiated)quartzites,dolostones,marbles,andschists

Inten

selymetamorphosed;includesportionsoftheTaconicSequenceandCortlandtComplex.

TACONIC

SEQUENCEsa

ndstones,shales,andslates

Sligh

tlytointenselymetamorphosedrocksofCAMBRIAN

throughMIDDLEORDOVICIAN

ages.

MIDDLE

PROTEROZOIC

gneisses,quartzites,andmarbles

Linesaregeneralizedstructuretrends.

IntenselyMeta

morphosedRocks

MIDDLE

PROTEROZOIC

anorthositicrocks

(regionalmetam

orphisma

bout1,000m.y.a.)

}}

}

}

}

Dominantly

Sedimentary

Origin

Dominantly

Metamorpho

sed

Rocks

LO

NG

I

SLAND

SOUND



SurfaceOceanCurrents


5/15


TectonicPlates

Philippine

Plate

Fiji

Plate

Mid-AtlanticRidge

Sandwich

Plate

KEY:

DivergentPlateBoundary

(usuallybrokenbytransform

faultsalong

mid-oceanridges)

ConvergentPla

teBoundary

(Subductio

nZone)

TransformP

lateBoundary

(TransformF

ault)

ComplexorUncertain

PlateBoundary

RelativeMotion

atPlat

eBoundary

Mantle

HotSpot

M i d O

R i d

overrid

ing

plat

e

subducting

plat

e



Cem

enta

tion

BurialDeposition

Compaction

Wea

thering

&

Eros

ion

Metamor

phism

SEDIMENTARYROCK

Weathering&Erosion

Weathe

ring& E

rosio

n

Melting

METAMORPHICROCK

IGNEOUSROCK

Me

l

ting

(Upl

if

t)

Solid

ifica

tion

Heat an

d/or Pressure

(Uplift)

Melting

(Uplift)

Heatand/or

Pressure

Metamo

rphism

Erosion

MAGMA

SEDIMENTS

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

100.0

10.0

1.0

0.1

0.01

0.001

0.0001

0.00001

STREAM VELOCITY (cm/sec)

PARTICLED

IAMETER

(cm)

*This generalized graph shows the water velocity needed tomaintain, but not start, movement. Variations occur due todifferences in particle density and shape.

BOULDERS

COBBLES

PEBBLES

SAND

SILT

CLAY

25.6 cm

6.4 cm

0.2 cm

0.006 cm

0.0004 cm

Rock Cycle in Earths Crust

Scheme for Igneous Rock Identification

Relationship of TransportedParticle Size to Water Velocity

Pyroxene(green)

Amphibole(black)

Biotite(black)

Potassiumfeldspar

(pink to white)

(RelativebyVolume)

MINERALCOMPOSITION

Quartz(clear towhite)

CHARACTERISTICS

MAFIC (Fe, Mg)

HIGH

DARK

FELSIC (Al)

LOW

LIGHT

GRAINSIZE

TEXTURE

Pumice

INTRUSIVE

(Plutonic)

EXTRUSIVE

(Volcanic)

ENVIRONM

ENTOFFORMATION

Plagioclase feldspar(white to gray)

Olivine(green)

COMPOSITION

DENSITY

COLOR

100%

75%

50%

25%

0%

100%

75%

50%

25%

0%

IGN

EOUSROCKS

Non-

crystalline

GlassyBasaltic Glass

Obsidian(usually appears black)

lessthan

1mm Fine

BasaltAndesiteRhyolite

1mmto

10mm

CoarsePeri-dotite

GabbroDioriteGranite

Pegmatite

10mm

or

larger

VeryCoarse

Scoria

Vesicular(gas

pockets)

Dunite

Non-vesicular

Non-vesicular

Vesicular Basaltic Glass

VesicularBasalt

Vesicular Rhyolite VesicularAndesite


7/15


INORGANIC LAND-DERIVED SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

COMPOSITIONTEXTURE GRAIN SIZE COMMENTS ROCK NAME MAP SYMBOL

Rounded fragments

Angular fragmentsMostly

quartz,

feldspar, and

clay minerals;may contain

fragments of

other rocks

and minerals

Pebbles, cobbles,and/or bouldersembedded in sand,silt, and/or clay

Clastic

(fragmental)

Very fine grain

Compact; may split

easily

Conglomerate

Breccia

CHEMICALLY AND/OR ORGANICALLY FORMED SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Crystalline

Halite

Gypsum

Dolomite

Calcite

Carbon

Crystals from

chemical

precipitates

and evaporites

Rock Salt

Rock Gypsum

Dolostone

Limestone

Coal

. . . . .. . . .

Sand

(0.2 to 0.006 cm)

Silt(0.006 to 0.0004 cm)

Clay(less than 0.0004 cm)

Sandstone

Siltstone

Shale

Fine to coarse

COMPOSITIONTEXTURE GRAIN SIZE COMMENTS ROCK NAME MAP SYMBOL

Varied

Varied

Varied

Microscopic to coarse

Varied

Cemented shellfragments or precipitates

of biologic origin

From plant remains

. . . . .. . . .

Bioclastic

FOLIATED

NONFOLIATED

Fine

Fineto

medium

Mediumto

coarse

RegionalLow-grademetamorphism of shale

Platy mica crystals visible frommetamorphism of clay orfeldspars

High-grade metamorphism;some mica changed to feldspar;segregated by mineral typeinto bands

Slate

Schist

Gneiss

Metamorphism of quartzsandstone

Metamorphism oflimestone or dolostone

Pebbles may be distortedor stretched

MICA

QUARTZ

FELDSPAR

AMPHIBOLE

GARNET

PYROXENE

COMPOSITIONTEXTUREGRAINSIZE COMMENTS ROCK NAME

TYPE OFMETAMORPHISM

Metaconglomerate

Quartzite

Marble

Coarse

Fineto

coarse

Quartz

Calcite and/ordolomite

Various mineralsin particlesand matrix

(Heat andpressureincreasewith depth)M

INERAL

ALIGNMENT

BAND-

ING

Contact(Heat)

Various rocks changed byheat from nearbymagma/lava

HornfelsVariableFine

Regional

or

Contact

MAP SYMBOL

Foliation surfaces shiny frommicroscopic mica crystals

Phyllite

Scheme for Metamorphic Rock Identification

Scheme for Sedimentary Rock Identification


8/15



4

3

2

1

0

PRESSURE

(millionsofatmospheres)

MID-ATLAN

TIC

RIDGE

LITHO

SPHE

RE

CRUST

RIGID

MANTLE

C A S C A D E S

TR E N C H

12.713.0

9.912.1

3.35.5

3.0 oceanic crust2.7 continental crust

DENSITY (g/cm3)

0 2000 4000 6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0

DEPTH (km)

TEM

PERATURE

(C)

1000 3000 5000

6000MANTLE

ATLA

NTIC

OCEAN

NORTH

AMERIC

A

MOHO

INNER

CORE

IRON&NICKE

L

OUT

ERCORE

(IRON

?)

ASTHENOSPHERE(PLA

STIC

MANT

LE)

EARTHS CENTER

STIFFER

MANT

LE

MELTING

POINT

??

?

?????

?

PARTIAL MELTING OFULTRAMAFIC MANTLE

MELTIN

G

POINT

ACTU

ALTE

MPER

ATUR

E

OCEAN

PACIFIC

Inferred Properties of Earths Interior


10/15

24

23

22

21

20

19

18

17

16

1514

13

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

EPICENTER DISTANCE (103

km)

TRAVELTIME(minutes)

P

9 10

S

Earth Science Reference Tables 2001 Edition (Revised November 2006) 1

Average Chemical Compositionof Earths Crust, Hydrosphere, and Troposphere

ELEMENT(symbol)

CRUST HYDROSPHERE TROPOSPHERE

Oxygen (O)

Silicon (Si)

Aluminum (Al)

Iron (Fe)Calcium (Ca)

Sodium (Na)

Magnesium (Mg)

Potassium (K)

Nitrogen (N)

Hydrogen (H)

Other

46.40

28.15

8.23

5.634.15

2.36

2.33

2.09

0.66

Percent byMass

Percent byVolume

Percent byVolume

Percent byVolume

94.04

0.88

0.48

0.491.18

1.11

0.33

1.42

0.07

33.0

66.0

1.0

21.0

78.0

1.0

Earthquake P-wave and S-wave Travel Time


11/15

1

33 28

24 21

18

1412

10 7

5 3

1

14

68

10

1214

1619

2123

25

2729

2

36

28

2218

1412

8 6

3

11

36

8

1113

1517

1921

23

2527

0

2018

1614

12

10 8

6 4

20

2

46

810

12

1416

1820

2224

26

2830

20

1816

1412

1086

42

02

4

68

1012

14

16

182022

24

2628

30

3

29

2217

13 9

6

41

14

6

911

1315

1720

22

2426

4

29

2015

11

7 4

21

4

69

1114

1618

20

2224

5

24

17

117

52

1

47

912

1416

18

2123

6

1913

9 5

2

14

710

1214

17

1921

7

21

14 9

5

21

47

1012

15

1719

8

14

9

51

24

810

13

1618

9

28

16

10 6

22

58

11

1416

10

1710

52

36

9

1114

11

17

10 5

12

6

912

12

1910

51

3

710

13

19

10 5

0

48

14

1910

4

15

15

18

9

31

Difference Between Wet-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Temperatures (C)

Difference Between Wet-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Temperatures (C)Dry-BulbTempera-ture (C)

128

40

4855

6166

71

7377

7981

83

85

868788

8889

90

9191

9292

92

9393

2

11

2333

41

4854

5863

67

70

727476

7879

80

8182

8384

85

8686

0100

100

100100

100100

100

100100

100100

100

100

100100100

100100

100

100100

100100

100

100100

20

1816

1412

10 8

6

4 2

02

4

68

1012

14

1618

2022

2426

28

30

3

13

2032

3745

51

56

596265

6769

71

7274

7576

77

7879

4

11

2028

36

42

465154

5760

62

6466

6869

70

7172

5

111

20

27

353943

4850

54

5658

6062

64

6566

6

6

14

222833

3841

45

4851

5355

57

5961

7

101724

2833

37

4044

4649

51

5355

8

613

1925

29

3336

4042

45

4749

9

4

1016

21

2630

3336

39

4244

10

28

14

1923

2730

34

3639

11

1

7

1217

2125

28

3134

12

1

611

1520

23

2629

13

5

1014

18

2125

14

49

13

1720

15

4

9

1216

Dry-BulbTempera-ture (C)

12 Earth Science Reference Tables 2001 Edition (Revised November 20

Dewpoint Temperatures (C)

Relative Humidity (%)


12/15

Weather Map Symbols


110

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

10

20

30

40

50

220

200

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

20

40

60

380

370

360

350

340

330

320

310

300

290

280

270

260

250

240

230

220

Fahrenheit Celsius Kelvin

Water boils

Human bodytemperature

Roomtemperature

Ice melts

Temperature

196

+19/

.25

28

27

Amount of cloud cover(approximately 75% covered)

Barometric pressure(1019.6 mb)

Barometric trend(a steady 1.9-mb risethe past 3 hours)

Precipitation(inches past 6 hours)

Wind direction

(from the southwest)

Temperature (F)

Present weather

Visibility (mi)

Dewpoint (F)

Wind speed

(1 knot = 1.15 mi/hr)

12

whole feather = 10 knotshalf feather = 5 knots

total = 15 knots

Station Model

FreezingRain

Haze

Rain

FogSnow

Hail RainShowers

Thunder-storms

Drizzle

Sleet

Smog

SnowShowers

Air Masses

cA

cP

cT

mT

mP

continental arctic

continental polar

continental tropical

maritime tropical

maritime polar

Cold

Warm

Stationary

Occluded

Present Weather Front Symbols Hurricane

30.70

30.60

30.50

30.40

30.30

30.20

30.10

30.00

29.90

29.80

29.70

29.60

29.50

29.40

29.30

29.20

29.10

29.00

28.90

28.80

28.70

28.60

28.50

1040.0

1036.0

1032.0

1028.0

1024.0

1020.0

1016.0

1012.0

1008.0

1004.0

1000.0

996.0

992.0

988.0

984.0

980.0

976.0

972.0

968.0

oneatmosphere1013.2 mb

Pressure

millibars inches



30 N

60 N

60 S

30 S

0

S.W.WINDS

DRY

DRY

WET

N.E.

N.E.WINDS

S.E.WINDS

WET

DRY

WET

DRY

S.E.

N.W.WINDS

Polar Front

Subtropical

Jet Streams

Tropopause

Polar Front Jet Stream

Polar Front Jet Stream

Planetary Windand Moisture Beltsin the Troposphere

km 150

100

50

0

75

50

25

0

mi

Sea Level

Altitude

TemperatureZones

Thermosphere

Mesopause

Mesosphere

Stratopause

Stratosphere

TropopauseTroposphere

Temperature (C)

100 0 100

90 55 15 104

103

102

101

100

Pressure (atm)

AtmosphericPressure

0 20 40

Concentration(g/m3)

WaterVapor

Decreasing Wavelength

10010

10

4.0

1

05

109

108

107

106

105

104

103

102

101

101

102

103

0.0

00,0

00,0

00,1

0.0

00,0

00,0

01

0.0

00,0

00,0

1

0.0

00,0

00,1

0.0

00,0

01

0.0

00,0

1

0.0

00,1

0.0

01

0.0

1

0.1

1.0

10

100

1,0

00

cm

cm

Increasing Wavelength

Gamma rays x rays

Ultraviolet Infrared

Visible

Radio waves

Microwaves

Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red

Visible Light

4.3

1

05

4.9

1

05

5.3

1

05

5.8

1

05

6.3

1

05

7.0

1

05

Electromagnetic Spectrum

The drawing to the left shows

the locations of the belts near

the time of an equinox. The

locations shift somewhat with

the changing latitude of the

Suns vertical ray. In the

Northern Hemisphere, the belts

shift northward in summer and

southward in winter.

Selected Propertiesof Earths Atmosphere


14/15

SUN 27 days 1,392,000 333,000.00 1.4

MERCURY 57.9 88 days 59 days 0.206 4,880 0.553 5.4 0

VENUS 108.2 224.7 days 243 days 0.007 12,104 0.815 5.2 0

EARTH 149.6 365.26 days 23 hr 0.017 12,756 1.00 5.5 156 min4 sec

MARS 227.9 687 days 24 hr 0.093 6,787 0.1074 3.9 2

37 min23 sec

JUPITER 778.3 11.86 years 9 hr 0.048 142,800 317.896 1.3 16

50 min30 sec

SATURN 1,427 29.46 years 10 hr 0.056 120,000 95.185 0.7 1814 min

URANUS 2,869 84.0 years 17 hr 0.047 51,800 14.537 1.2 2114 min

NEPTUNE 4,496 164.8 years 16 hr 0.009 49,500 17.151 1.7 8

EARTHS 149.6 27.3 days 27 days 0.055 3,476 0.0123 3.3

MOON (0.386 from Earth) 8 hr


Object Mean Distance

from Sun(millions of km)

Period

of

Revolution

Equatorial

Diameter(km)

Mass(Earth = 1)

Eccentricity

of

Orbit

Period

of

Rotation

Density

(g/cm3)

Number

of

Moons

Solar System Data

RedDwarfs

1,000,000

10,000

100

1

0.01

0.0001

20,000 10,000 5,000 2,500

Red StarsYellow StarsWhite StarsBlue Stars

Temperature (C)

Luminosity(RelativetotheSun)

SmallStars

MassiveStars

BlueSupergiants

Rigel

Supergiants

Betelgeuse

Aldebaran

Red Giants

MainSequence

Alpha Centauri

Sun

White Dwarfs

Sirius

Color

+

+

Procyon B+

BarnardsStar

++

Polaris+

+

+

+

Luminosity and Temperature of Stars(Name in italics refers to star shown by a + )

Luminosity is the

brightness of stars

compared to the

brightness of our

Sun as seen from

the same distance

from the observer.


15/15

Properties of Common Minerals

HARD- COMMON DISTINGUISHINGLUSTER NESS COLORS CHARACTERISTICS USE(S) MINERAL NAME COMPOSITION*

black streak,greasy feel

very dense (7.6 g/cm3),gray-black streak

attracted by magnet,black streak

green-black streak,cubic crystals

red-brown streak

greasy feel

easily melted,may smell

easily scratchedby fingernail

flexible inthin sheets

cubic cleavage,salty taste

flexible inthin sheets

bubbleswith acid

bubbles with acidwhen powdered

cleaves in

4 directionscleaves in

2 directions at 90

cleaves at56 and 124

cleaves in2 directions at 90

cleaves in 2 directions,striations visible

commonly light greenand granular

glassy luster, may form

hexagonal crystals

glassy luster, often seen as redgrains in NYS metamorphic rocks

Graphite

Galena

Magnetite

Pyrite

Hematite

Talc

Sulfur

Gypsum

Muscovite Mica

Halite

Biotite Mica

Calcite

Dolomite

Fluorite

Pyroxene(commonly Augite)

Amphiboles(commonly Hornblende)

Potassium Feldspar(Orthoclase)

Plagioclase Feldspar(Na-Ca Feldspar)

Olivine

Quartz

Garnet(commonly Almandine)

silver togray

metallicsilver

black tosilver

brassyyellow

metallic silver orearthy red

white togreen

yellow toamber

white topink or gray

colorless toyellow

colorless towhite

black todark brown

colorlessor variable

colorlessor variable

colorless or

variable

black todark green

black todark green

white topink

white togray

green togray or brown

colorless or

variable

dark redto green

pencil lead,lubricants

ore oflead

ore ofiron

ore ofsulfur

oreof iron

talcum powder,soapstone

vulcanize rubber,sulfuric acid

plaster of parisand drywall

electricalinsulator

food additive,melts ice

electricalinsulator

cement,polarizing prisms

source ofmagnesium

hydrofluoric

acid

mineralcollections

mineralcollections

ceramicsand glass

ceramicsand glass

furnace bricksand jewelry

glass, jewelry,

and electronics

jewelry andabrasives

Nonm

etallicLuster

*Chemical Symbols: Al = aluminum Cl = chlorine H = hydrogen Na = sodium S = sulfur

C = carbon F = fluorine K = potassium O = oxygen Si = silicon

Ca = calcium Fe = iron Mg = magnesium Pb = lead Ti = titanium

= dominant form of breakage

C

PbS

Fe3O4

FeS2

Fe2O3

Mg3Si4O10(OH)2

S

CaSO42H2O

KAl3Si3O10(OH)2

NaCl

K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH)2

CaCO3

CaMg(CO3)2

CaF2

(Ca,Na) (Mg,Fe,Al)(Si,Al)2O6

CaNa(Mg,Fe)4 (Al,Fe,Ti

Si6O22(O,OH)2

KAlSi3O8

(Na,Ca)AlSi3O8

(Fe,Mg)2SiO4

SiO2

Fe3Al2Si3O12

12

2.5

5.56.5

6.5

16.5

1

2

2

22.5

2.5

2.53

3

3.5

4

56

5.5

6

6

6.5

7

7

Metallic

Luster

Either

CLEAVAGE

FRACTURE

(Selenite)

Earthsciencetable_dados Planeta Terra

Documents

Transcript of Earthsciencetable_dados Planeta Terra