Earth´s surface and maps Maps Cartographic projections Map content Mgr. Matúš Dobeš, 2006.

Earth´s surface and mapsEarth´s surface and maps

MapsMaps

Cartographic projectionsCartographic projections

Map contentMap content

Mgr. Matúš Dobeš, 2006

MapsMaps

MapsMaps

CartographyCartography = science studying = science studying possibilities how to display globular possibilities how to display globular shape of the Earth to the flat drawing shape of the Earth to the flat drawing areaarea

Map Map = = cartographic work and cartographic work and together with the globe represents together with the globe represents the world around usthe world around us

Historical maps

MapsMaps

A map A map provides graphic, transparent, provides graphic, transparent, distorted miniature of the Earth´s distorted miniature of the Earth´s surface by using captions (marks), surface by using captions (marks), symbols and colourssymbols and colours..

MMaps are used by geographers, aps are used by geographers, geologists, foresters, constructers, geologists, foresters, constructers, tourists, navigators, fliers, etc.tourists, navigators, fliers, etc.

Various maps

MapsMaps

Earth´s surface is very complex Earth´s surface is very complex (complicated) =(complicated) =>> it´s needed to it´s needed to simplify it simplify it ==> > generalizationgeneralization..

Air and satellite surveyAir and satellite survey are the most are the most basic ways how to obtain pictures of basic ways how to obtain pictures of the Earth. Basic field data important the Earth. Basic field data important for cartographers = for cartographers =

LocationLocation AltitudeAltitude DimensionsDimensions

Map generalization

MapsMaps

Map types according to themeMap types according to theme:: map plansmap plans topographic mapstopographic maps geographic mapsgeographic maps

Every map includes also geographic Every map includes also geographic grid (geographic coordinates) grid (geographic coordinates) created by latitude (parallels) and created by latitude (parallels) and longitude (meridians)longitude (meridians)

Map scaleMap scale

the relation between the map the relation between the map distance and reality =distance and reality => > 1 : m1 : m

1 : 501 : 50,,000 means that 1 cm on the 000 means that 1 cm on the map represents 50,000 cm in reality, map represents 50,000 cm in reality, in other words 500 m or 0,5 kmin other words 500 m or 0,5 km

Map scaleMap scale

Map types according to map scaleMap types according to map scale large-scale mapslarge-scale maps (great focus (great focus

representing small area with many representing small area with many details)details)

e.g. 1 : 50 000 (tourist map)e.g. 1 : 50 000 (tourist map) medium-scale mapsmedium-scale maps

e.g. 1 : 500 000 (autoroute map)e.g. 1 : 500 000 (autoroute map) small-scale mapssmall-scale maps (small focus (small focus

representing large area with few representing large area with few details), details),

e.g. 1 : 10 000 000 (world map)e.g. 1 : 10 000 000 (world map)


= = methods of displaying the Earth´s methods of displaying the Earth´s surface = surface = projectionsprojections

i.e. transferring 3D (world) to 2D i.e. transferring 3D (world) to 2D (map) =(map) => > distortionsdistortions


conform projectionsconform projections = angles are the = angles are the same =same => appropriate for navigation, > appropriate for navigation, flights, etc.flights, etc.

equivalent projectionsequivalent projections = areas are = areas are the samethe same

equidistant projectionsequidistant projections = distances = distances are the same =are the same => the larger the area, > the larger the area, the greater the distortionthe greater the distortion


= all the objects shown on the map = all the objects shown on the map by signs and symbols =by signs and symbols => > physical physical and political mapsand political maps

TTopographic contentopographic content VVertical segmentation ertical segmentation = = altitudealtitude

(hypsometry) (hypsometry) ==> > contourscontours – lines – lines joining points with the same altitude joining points with the same altitude ==> positive altitude (above sea > positive altitude (above sea level) and negative altitude (below level) and negative altitude (below sea level)sea level)


HHorizontal segmentationorizontal segmentation = = planimetryplanimetry = all points, lines and = all points, lines and symbols representing vegetation, symbols representing vegetation, settlements, etc. using different settlements, etc. using different colourscolours


TThematic contenthematic content = points, lines = points, lines and areas using special symbols and and areas using special symbols and colours for special purposes colours for special purposes ==> > thematic mapsthematic maps, e.g. ecological, , e.g. ecological, climatic, urban, population, etc.climatic, urban, population, etc.

legendlegend (description) – inseparable (description) – inseparable part of all mapspart of all maps

Thank You for Your attentionThank You for Your attention

Earth´s surface and maps Maps Cartographic projections Map content Mgr. Matúš Dobeš, 2006.

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