Calculating the elastic modulus from nanoindentation and microindentation reload curves
Earth’s Plates. Stress-Strain Curves Elastic Limit.
Transcript of Earth’s Plates. Stress-Strain Curves Elastic Limit.
![Page 1: Earth’s Plates. Stress-Strain Curves Elastic Limit.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc172497959413d8ee8f2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Earth’s Plates
![Page 2: Earth’s Plates. Stress-Strain Curves Elastic Limit.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc172497959413d8ee8f2/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Stress-Strain Curves
Elastic Limit
![Page 3: Earth’s Plates. Stress-Strain Curves Elastic Limit.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc172497959413d8ee8f2/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The Donath deformation apparatus
Confining pressure in nature is supplied by the pressure exerted by the weight of interconnected pore fluids
(hydrostatic pressure) and the overlying rockmass (lithostatic pressure). Here it is supplied by pumping up fluid pressure.
![Page 4: Earth’s Plates. Stress-Strain Curves Elastic Limit.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc172497959413d8ee8f2/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Calculating Axial Stress
What we know is the load or force that is being applied (F) and the cross sectional
area of the (A).
= F / A
We keep track of a pair of numbers:, e - axial strain and; - axial stress and plot
them in x,y space (respectively).
![Page 5: Earth’s Plates. Stress-Strain Curves Elastic Limit.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc172497959413d8ee8f2/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Effect of Temperature on Strength
![Page 6: Earth’s Plates. Stress-Strain Curves Elastic Limit.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc172497959413d8ee8f2/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Limestone become progressivley more ductile at higher confining presures
![Page 7: Earth’s Plates. Stress-Strain Curves Elastic Limit.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc172497959413d8ee8f2/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
rocks, like the fence, will deform in different ways, depending uponthe properties of the rock and the nature of the applied stress
Dobras Falhas
![Page 8: Earth’s Plates. Stress-Strain Curves Elastic Limit.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc172497959413d8ee8f2/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Geologia Estrutural estudo da “arquitetura da Terra” ….examinação de rochas deformadas
DEFORMAÇÃO: mudanças em locação, orientação, forma, volume
Dúctil brittle (breaks)
from: Davis and Reynolds, 1996
![Page 9: Earth’s Plates. Stress-Strain Curves Elastic Limit.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc172497959413d8ee8f2/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Conceitos GeológicosTIPOS DE FALHAS
![Page 10: Earth’s Plates. Stress-Strain Curves Elastic Limit.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc172497959413d8ee8f2/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Earth’s Plates. Stress-Strain Curves Elastic Limit.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc172497959413d8ee8f2/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Earth’s Plates. Stress-Strain Curves Elastic Limit.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc172497959413d8ee8f2/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
General Nature of Shear Fractures
• Shear fractures form from slip parallel to the face of the joint.
• They are about the same size and scale as joints, occur in
parallel sets, with spacings that are a function of the strength of the rock - as in regular joints.
• The surfaces are actually very small-displacement faults, that
are often adorned by slickenlines.
![Page 13: Earth’s Plates. Stress-Strain Curves Elastic Limit.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc172497959413d8ee8f2/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The apex of the acute angle points in the
direction of shortening
Slickenlines indicate movement direction.
![Page 14: Earth’s Plates. Stress-Strain Curves Elastic Limit.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc172497959413d8ee8f2/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Plumose Structure
![Page 15: Earth’s Plates. Stress-Strain Curves Elastic Limit.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc172497959413d8ee8f2/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
CONCEITOS GEOLÓGICOSTIPOS DE FALHAS
![Page 16: Earth’s Plates. Stress-Strain Curves Elastic Limit.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc172497959413d8ee8f2/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
TIPOS DE FALHASFalhas Normais e Inversas
Seção vertical de uma falha normal Zona de omissão indica movimentoextensional
Seção vertical de uma falha inversaÁrea de repetição indica movimentos compressivos
![Page 17: Earth’s Plates. Stress-Strain Curves Elastic Limit.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc172497959413d8ee8f2/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Falhas Transcorrentes
Movimentos senestral – bloco da esquerda avança
Movimentos destral – bloco da direita avança
![Page 18: Earth’s Plates. Stress-Strain Curves Elastic Limit.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc172497959413d8ee8f2/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
CA Tectonic Elements
![Page 19: Earth’s Plates. Stress-Strain Curves Elastic Limit.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc172497959413d8ee8f2/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Offset Ditch, Hollister, CA - 1975
![Page 20: Earth’s Plates. Stress-Strain Curves Elastic Limit.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc172497959413d8ee8f2/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Offset Ditch, Hollister, CA - 1992
![Page 21: Earth’s Plates. Stress-Strain Curves Elastic Limit.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc172497959413d8ee8f2/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Sistema de falhas normais simétricos e assimétricos
Rotational
Nonrotational
![Page 22: Earth’s Plates. Stress-Strain Curves Elastic Limit.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc172497959413d8ee8f2/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Earth’s Plates. Stress-Strain Curves Elastic Limit.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc172497959413d8ee8f2/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Earth’s Plates. Stress-Strain Curves Elastic Limit.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc172497959413d8ee8f2/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Stress-Strain Curves
Elastic Limit
![Page 25: Earth’s Plates. Stress-Strain Curves Elastic Limit.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc172497959413d8ee8f2/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Earth’s Plates. Stress-Strain Curves Elastic Limit.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc172497959413d8ee8f2/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Stress-Strain
![Page 27: Earth’s Plates. Stress-Strain Curves Elastic Limit.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc172497959413d8ee8f2/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Fold Elements
![Page 28: Earth’s Plates. Stress-Strain Curves Elastic Limit.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc172497959413d8ee8f2/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Palmdale, CA Road Cut
![Page 29: Earth’s Plates. Stress-Strain Curves Elastic Limit.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc172497959413d8ee8f2/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Shear stress and strain
![Page 30: Earth’s Plates. Stress-Strain Curves Elastic Limit.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc172497959413d8ee8f2/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Photo credit: G. Mattioli
![Page 31: Earth’s Plates. Stress-Strain Curves Elastic Limit.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc172497959413d8ee8f2/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Steeply Dipping Beds,Pt. Arena, Ca
![Page 32: Earth’s Plates. Stress-Strain Curves Elastic Limit.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc172497959413d8ee8f2/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Medidas de campo