Earth’s energy balance Earth’s climate system Glacial cycles Natural variability Volcanic...
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Transcript of Earth’s energy balance Earth’s climate system Glacial cycles Natural variability Volcanic...
![Page 1: Earth’s energy balance Earth’s climate system Glacial cycles Natural variability Volcanic eruptions.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070401/56649f1b5503460f94c30144/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Introduction to Climate Change
Part I: Earth’s Climate System
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Contents
Earth’s energy balance
Earth’s climate system
Glacial cycles
Natural variability
Volcanic eruptions
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Earth’s Energy Balance
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Incoming vs. Outgoing
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Imbalance in the Balance
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Energy Excess and Deficit
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Incoming Radiation
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Outgoing Radiation
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Incoming – Outgoing Radiation
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Average Temperature
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Earth’s Energy Balance
• Key terms:– Radiation (long wave vs. short wave)– Albedo– Convection, conduction, latent heat– Greenhouse effect
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The Earth’s Climate System
Earth’s Energy Balance
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Atmospheric Layers
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
Exosphere
0-15km
50-85km
15-50km
100-400km
>400km
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Equator
30˚S
60˚S
HadleyCell
FerrelCell
Polar Cell
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Oceanic Circulation
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The Earth’s Climate System
• Key Terms– Atmospheric layers (e.g. Troposphere and
Stratosphere)– Hadley cell– Oceanic currents
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Glacial and Solar Cycles
The Earth’s Climate System
Earth’s Energy Balance
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Milankovitch Cycles
AphelionPerihelion
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Milankovitch Cycles
23.5˚N
23.5˚S
22.1˚-24.2˚
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Milankovitch Cycles
13,000 years13,000 years
PolarisVega
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A Cyclical Pattern
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Click to edit Master title styleSolar Variability
Sunspot
Plage
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Glacial and Solar Cycles
• Key terms:– Milankovitch cycles
• Eccentricity– Aphelion– Perihelion
• Obliquity• Precession
– Sunspots• Plages
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Natural Variability
Glacial and Solar Cycles
The Earth’s Climate System
Earth’s Energy Balance
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What is the difference between weather & climate?
100 108
1010
104
104
Meters
Se
con
ds 106
(Week)
(Hour)
108
(Year)
102
(Minute) Turbulence
Tornadoes
Thunderstorms
TropicalCyclones
El Niño-Southern Oscillation
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El Niño-Southern Oscillation
Neutral
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El Niño-Southern Oscillation
El Niño /Warm event
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El Niño-Southern Oscillation
La Niña /Cool event
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El Niño-Southern Oscillation
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Natural Variability
• Key terms:– Weather vs. Climate– El Niño-Southern Oscillation– Scales: time and spatial
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Climate and Volcanoes
Natural Variability
Glacial and Solar Cycles
The Earth’s Climate System
Earth’s Energy Balance
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Volcanic Eruptions
H2OCO2 SO2 H2
COH2S
HClHF
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Volcanic Eruptions
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Global Temperatures and Volcanic Eruptions
NOAA ESRL
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Let’s recap…
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Key lessons and processes
Earth’s radiation is balanced through incoming (solar) and outgoing (longwave) radiation
The atmosphere plays a role through greenhouse gases
Earth’s climate can be affected by changes in the chemical composition of the atmosphere and changes in solar radiation
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References and additional resources
• Broecker, Wallace S. 1991. The great ocean conveyor. Oceanography 4(2): 79-89.
• Broecker, Wallace S. 1982. Glacial to interglacial changes in ocean chemistry. Progress in Oceanography 11(2): 151-197.
• Kump, Lee R., James F. Kasting, and Robert G. Crane. 2010. The earth system. Prentice Hall, San Francisco, U.S.A.
• McCormick, M. Patrick, Larry W. Thomason, and Charles R. Trepte. 1995. Atmospheric effects of the Mt Pinatubo eruption. Nature 373.6513: 399-404.
• [USGS] Unites States Geological Survey. Volcanic Gases and Their Effects. Available from: http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/hazards/gas/index.php (accessed February 20, 2014).