Diffusion in Earth’s Deep Interior: Insights from High-Pressure Experiments
Earth’s Deep Carbon Cycle
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Transcript of Earth’s Deep Carbon Cycle
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Earth’s Deep Carbon CycleMarc Hirschmann
University of Minnesota
COMPRES, June, 2006
Thanks to:
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Raj Dasgupta
+ Neil Smith, Nikki Dellas(undergrad researchers)
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Mantle20%
Oceans80%
Oceans20%
Mantle80%
88 ppm 1400 ppmH2O Concentration in Mantle
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The Carbon CycleLong-Term Carbon Cycle
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Carbon Flux in & out of the Mantle
(Alt & Teagle, 1999;Sleep & Zahnle, 2001; Jarrard, 2003)
(Total surface carbon=7 X 1022 g)
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Flux of Subducted Carbon
(Kerrick & Connolly, 2001; Jarrard, 2003)
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Flux of Subducted Carbon
(Yaxley & Green, 1994;Kerrick & Connolly, 2001;
Connolly, 2005; Goran et al., 2006)
Carbonates remain as
refractory phase in the residue as crust dehydrates
(Molina & Poli, 2000)
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Partial melting of carbonated eclogite (eclogite + CO2) is likely to control the depth of release of crustal
carbon in the mantle
Release of Subducted Carbon – how, where ?
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Solidus Detection – Carbonated Eclogite
Subsolidus Supersolidus
Dasgupta et al. (2004) - EPSL
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Solidus of Carbonated Eclogite (SLEC1)
Dasgupta et al. (2004) - EPSL
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Deep Cycling of Carbon
(Yasuda et al., 1994;Hirschmann, 2000;
van Keken et al., 2002;Peacock et al., 2003)
Dasgupta et al. (2004) - EPSL
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Fate of Carbonated Eclogite inUpwelling Mantle
Deep Melting of Carbonated
Eclogite
May account for seismic low-velocity
zone atop the 410 km discontinuity
(e.g., Song et al., 2004)Dasgupta et al. (2004) - EPSL
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If carbonated eclogite melts very deep, solidus of peridotite + CO2 controls loci ofCarbon storage and release
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Solidus of Carbonated Peridotite (PERC)
Dasgupta & Hirschmann (2006) - Nature
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Peridotite Solidus – H2O versus CO2
Dasgupta & Hirschmann (in revision) - AmMin
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Solidus of Mantle Peridotite with trace CO2
Dasgupta & Hirschmann (2006) - Nature
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Seismic Evidence of Deep Melting ?
MELT Experiment beneath EPR
Hammond&Toomey (2003)
Gu et al. (2005)
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Deep Melting Beneath Mid-Ocean Ridges
Dasgupta & Hirschmann (2006) - Nature
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Deep Melting of Peridotite + CO2 – implication for mantle geochemistryDasgupta & Hirschmann (2006) - Nature
Res
idue
De p
l et io
n
Increasing Compatibility
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Fraction of Mantle Undergoing Deep Melting
1 1018 g of mantle/ yr
3 1018 g of mantle/ yr
75% of the mantle/ Ga
25% of the mantle/ Ga
Dasgupta & Hirschmann (2006) - Nature
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Solidus of Carbonated Peridotite (PERC)
Dasgupta & Hirschmann (2006) - Nature
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Trace amounts of H2O enhance melting….
Hirth & Kohlstedt, 1996; Asimow & Langmuir, 2003
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Origin of Chemical Lithosphere and Volatile induced Melting of PeridotiteHirth & Kohlstedt (1996)
Aubaud et al., 2004
Peridotite Dehydration is aided by Partial Melting
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Deep Carbonated Silicate Melting Beneath Ridges
Transition from
carbonatite to carbonated
silicate melts at 3 GPa
Silicate Melting is
enhanced in presence of carbonates
Dasgupta & Hirschmann (submitted)
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Deep Carbonated Silicate Melting & H2O Extraction Beneath Ridges
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Oxygen fugacity of Transition Zone Is likely to be highly reducing
McCammon, Science, 2005
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Redox Melting:
C + O2 +
Mg2SiO4
->
MgCO3 (melt) +
MgSiO3
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Channels on Venus
Up to 7000 km long!Most assume these are lava channelsBasalts, komatiites or carbonatites?
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Conclusions•The biosphere exists by permission of the mantle
•Carbonated silicate melting is likely in many or all loci hydrous silicate melting in the mantle, with possibly key effects
•The distribution of oxidized and reduced carbon in the mantle remains uncertain.
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Bezos & Humler, 2005
Ferric/ferrous iron in MORB glasses
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Effect of Variable CO2 on the Solidus of Mantle Peridotite
Dasgupta & Hirschmann (2006) - Nature
Solidus of Mantle Peridotite with 120-1200
ppm CO2 is likely to be ~50 °C less than PERC
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Influence of Na on Carbonated Peridotite Solidus