Earthquakes and Plate Tectonics · Development of Continental Drift • Lots of people had noticed...
Transcript of Earthquakes and Plate Tectonics · Development of Continental Drift • Lots of people had noticed...
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Earthquakes and Plate TectonicsEarthquakes and Plate Tectonics
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Global Problems in GeologyGlobal Problems in Geology
Distribution of Continents
Mid-ocean Ridges
Trenches
Orogenic BeltsOrogenic Belts
• Deformation
• Metamorphism
• Volcanism
• Earthquakes
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Development of Continental Development of Continental
DriftDrift
• Lots of people had noticed that the
coastlines of Africa and South America are
similar
• Frank Taylor (1910) • Frank Taylor (1910)
• Alfred Wegener (1912) Die Entstehung
Der Kontinente Und Ozeane
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JigsawJigsaw--Puzzle Fit of Puzzle Fit of
ContinentsContinents
• Continental Fit
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Fit of Fit of
Continents Continents
Across the Across the
AtlanticAtlanticAtlanticAtlantic
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Atlantic 65 m.y. agoAtlantic 65 m.y. ago
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Present Day AtlanticPresent Day Atlantic
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Wegener’s Wegener’s
TheoryTheory
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Theory of Plate TectonicsTheory of Plate Tectonics
Plate TectonicsPlate Tectonics
Plate BoundariesPlate BoundariesPlate BoundariesPlate Boundaries
Causes of Plate TectonicsCauses of Plate Tectonics
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What is Plate TectonicsWhat is Plate Tectonics
• The Earth’s crust and upper
mantle are broken into
sections called platessections called plates
• Plates move around on top of
the mantle like rafts
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The LithosphereThe Lithosphere
The crust and the upper layer of the
mantle together make up a zone of rigid,
brittle rock called the Lithosphere.
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The Asthenosphere
The asthenosphere is the semi-rigid part of the middle mantle that flows like hot asphalt under a heavy heavy weight.
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Plate TectonicsPlate Tectonics
• The Earth’s crust is divided into 12 major plates which are moved in various directions.
• This plate motion causes them to collide, pull apart, or scrape against each other.apart, or scrape against each other.
• Each type of interaction causes a characteristic set of Earth structures or “tectonic” features.
• The word, tectonic, refers to the deformation of the crust as a consequence of plate interaction.
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The The LithosphericLithospheric PlatesPlates
The crust of the Earth is broken into many pieces
called plates. The plates "float" on the soft, semi-rigid asthenosphere.
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What is the What is the LithosphereLithosphere??
• The crust and part of the upper
mantle = lithosphere
–100 km thick –100 km thick
–Less dense than the material
below it so it “floats”
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What are tectonic plates made of?What are tectonic plates made of?
• Plates are
made of rigid
lithosphere.lithosphere.
The lithosphere is made
up of the crust and the
upper part of the mantle.
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What lies beneath the tectonic plates?What lies beneath the tectonic plates?
• Below the
lithosphere lithosphere
(which makes
up the tectonic
plates) is the
asthenosphere.
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What is the What is the AsthenoshereAsthenoshere??
• The plastic layer below the
lithosphere = asthenosphere
• The plates of the lithosphere• The plates of the lithosphere
float on the asthenosphere
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2 Types of Plates2 Types of Plates
• Ocean plates - plates below
the oceans
• Continental plates - plates • Continental plates - plates
below the continents
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Plate BoundariesPlate Boundaries
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• Divergent
Three types of plate boundary
• Convergent
• Transform
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Divergent BoundariesDivergent Boundaries
• Boundary between two plates
that are moving apart or rifting
� �� �
• RIFTING causes SEAFLOOR
SPREADING
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• Divergent boundaries are also present
– under continents during the early stages
– of continental breakup
Divergent BoundariesDivergent Boundaries
�� Beneath a Beneath a continent, continent, continent, continent,
�� magma wells magma wells up, and up, and
�� the crust is the crust is initially initially �� elevated, elevated,
�� stretched stretched
�� and thinnedand thinned
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• The stretching produces fractures and rift valleys.
Rift ValleyRift Valley
�� During this During this stage, stage,
�� magma typicallymagma typically�� magma typicallymagma typically
�� intrudes into the intrudes into the fracturesfractures
�� and flows onto and flows onto the valley floorthe valley floor
�� Example: East Example: East African Rift African Rift ValleyValley
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Features of Divergent Features of Divergent
BoundariesBoundaries• Mid-ocean ridges
• rift valleys
• fissure volcanoes• fissure volcanoes
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Divergent Boundaries
• Spreading ridges
– As plates move apart new material is erupted to
fill the gap
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Convergent BoundariesConvergent Boundaries
• Boundaries between two
plates that are colliding
� �� �
• There are 3 types…
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ContinentContinent--Continent BoundaryContinent Boundary
• Two approaching continents are initially – separated by ocean floor that is being
subducted
– under one of them, which, thus, has a volcanic arc
• When the 2 continents collide �� Its density Its density • When the 2 continents collide
– the continental lithosphere cannot subduct�� Its density Its density is too low,is too low,
�� although although one one continent continent may partly may partly slide under slide under the otherthe other
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Type 1Type 1
• Ocean plate colliding with a less dense continental plate
• Subduction Zone: where the less dense plate slides under less dense plate slides under the more dense plate
• VOLCANOES occur at subduction zones
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Andes Mountains, Andes Mountains,
South AmericaSouth America
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Type 2Type 2
• Ocean plate colliding with
another ocean plate
• The less dense plate slides • The less dense plate slides
under the more dense plate
creating a subduction zone
called a TRENCH
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Aleutian Islands, AlaskaAleutian Islands, Alaska
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Type 3Type 3
• A continental plate colliding
with another continental plate
• Have Collision Zones:• Have Collision Zones:
–a place where folded and thrust
faulted mountains form.
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The 6,000-km-plus journey of the India
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CARTOON SECTION SHOWING INDIA ASIA COLLISION
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Island Arc-Continent Collision Mountain BuildingCollision Belts
Continent-Continent Collision Mountain Building
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Transform Fault BoundariesTransform Fault Boundaries
• Boundary between two plates
that are sliding past each other
• EARTHQUAKES along faults• EARTHQUAKES along faults
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San Andreas Fault, CASan Andreas Fault, CA
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Causes of Plate Causes of Plate
TectonicsTectonicsTectonicsTectonics
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Convection CurrentsConvection Currents
• Hot magma in the Earth
moves toward the surface,
cools, then sinks again.cools, then sinks again.
• Creates convection currents
beneath the plates that cause
the plates to move.
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Plate MovementPlate Movement
• “Plates” of lithosphere are moved around by
the underlying hot mantle convection cells
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