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Transcript of EarthMaterial
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FI-6121 System Dr. Linus Pasasa p 1
FI-6121 System Fisis
Bumi
Lecturer: Dr. Linus Pasasa
Earth Material
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FI-6121 System Dr. Linus Pasasa p 2
Definitions
mineral-(1) a naturally occurring inorganic element or compoundhaving an orderly internal structure and characteristic
chemical composition, crystal form, and physical
properties.
(2) a naturally occurring solid that has a
specific chemical composition in a periodically repeating
arrangement of atoms.
rock- an aggregate of one or more minerals
atom-
element-a substance that cannot be broken down into other
substances by ordinary chemical means.
the smallest possible particle of an element that still
retains the properties of that element.
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Chemical Composition of the Earth
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Comosition o! the Crust
" Ei#ht elements $o%y#en $&'()* silicon$2+() aluminum* iron* calcium*
so,ium* otassium an, ma#nesium)!orm the ul o! the minerals in thecrust.
"/here are o0er no3n minerals
4 5 mineral is a natural occurrin# sustancethat is inor#anic* has ,enite chemicalcomosition* an, is crystalline
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7rou o! Minerals
" Silicate- most imortant #rou- e%amles4 8uart9* !el,sar $orthoclase* la#ioclase)* Mica
$Biotite Musco0ite)* amhiole* yro%ene* oli0ine
" Caronate- calcite" Sul,es- #alena yrite
" Sul!ates- #ysum
" ;%i,es- hematite
" Phoshate- aatite
"
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SilicatesThe Silicon-Oxygen Tetrahedron
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Silicates
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Quartz
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Orthoclase Feldspar
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Muscovite Mica
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Hornblende
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Olivine
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Mineral Physical
characteristic" Color
" Strea
" Luster"
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Earth Materials
>ocs area##re#ation o!minerals* usuallyma,e o! t3o ormore minerals
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>ocs
"/hree ma?or roctyes4 I#neous
4 Se,imentary
4 Metamorhic
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The Rock Cycle
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The Rock Cycle
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I#neous >ocs
" I#neous rocs are rocs that !orm !rommolten material @ ma#ma
"/he molten roc is ma#ma 3hen it isstill 3ithin the earth an, La0a 3hen ite%ose, on the earthAs sur!ace
igneous - formed from fire
plutonic - formed at depth
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I#neous >ocs
" I#neous $i#nus @ re)
" Forme, !rom the coolin# o! molten roc
$ma#mala0a)* a rocess calle,crystalli9ation.
4 Slo3 coolin# lar#er crystals ,ense roc
4 >ai, coolin#
small crystals li#hter roc
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FI-6121 System Dr. Linus Pasasa p 2
"/3o classes o! i#neous rocs
4 intrusi0e: !orme, insi,e the Earth
4 e%trusi0e: !orme, at EarthAs sur!ace
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Lava coolsasExtrusive(volcanic )rock
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AA lava advancing over older Pahoihoi flow
(two varieties of basalt lava)
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Gabbro
Rhyolite porphyry
Andesite
Coarse grained
Porphyritic
Fine-grained
Texturesof IgneousRocks
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Properties of Igneous Rocks
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I#neous Intrusi0e >ocs" Cools slo3ly $thousan,s o! years)
" isile crystals
" E%amles
- #ranite - ,iorite -#aro
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I#neous E%trusi0e >ocs" Cools rai,ly - e%ose, to sur!ace
" =o 0isile crystals
" E%amles
- rhyolite - an,esite-asalt
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Igneous RocksBowen's Reaction Series
basalt
graniterhyolite
dioriteandesite
gabbro
IntrusiveExtrusive
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Some uniue roc tyes
Pumice $0esicular)
- sometimes so li#ht it oatsG;si,ian
4 #lassy* Hcur0e,A !racturin#
4 use, !or arro3hea,s y =ati0e
5mericans
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Obsidian (Basalt Glass)
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Granite and Rhyolite
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Basalt hand Specimen
Basaltthin section
B ltf
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Basalt fromperidotite
by partial melting
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Andesite from
basalt by
Fractional
Crystallization
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Typical Igneous Intrusions
Know: Batholith and Dike
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E%ose, Batholiths
Sierra Nevada, CA
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Sills an, Dies
Dike: rand Canyon, A!
ranite sill in schistDike: Coast "anges, BC
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Sills an, Dies
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I#neous E%trusi0e
Lan,scaes
olcanic nec an, ,ie:Shiroc* =M
olcanic cones* osi,iano3: Mono Craters* C5
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Sedimentary Rocks
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Sedimentary RocksDefinitions
deposition - the laying-down of rock-forming material by any
natural agent.
deposit - Earth material of any type that has accumulated
through the activities of water, wind, ice, or other
agents, such as precipitation.
depositional environment - the location in which deposition occurs
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eatherin# an, Mass
astin#" eatherin# is the rea,o3n o!
roc or chemical ,ecomosition o!
roc* thus t3o tyes o! 3eatherin#:Physical $Mechanical) an,Chemical
" Physical" Chemical
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Physical 3eatherin#
" Frost action
" Salt action
" Jnloa,in#
" Plants
" 5nimals
"
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Chemical 3eatherin#
" ;ther than the roc itsel!* 3ater isthe most imortant sustance
nee,e, !or chemical 3eatherin#"
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Mass astin#
"/he ,o3n3ar, mo0ement o! earthmaterial un,er the inuence o! #ra0ity
" Classie, ase, on material tye*0elocity* 3ater content
"/yes o! Mass astin#4 Fall
4 Flo3
4 Slum
4 Sli,e
4 Cree- this occurs imercetily
Theweatheringofgranite
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The weathering of graniteto sediment
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Weathered Granodiorite
Sdi R k
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Sedimentary RocksGrain Size: The Udden-Wentworth Scale
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Sedimentary RocksSiliciclastic Sedimentary Rocks
conglomeratesandstone siltstone
breccia
graywacke
shale
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Sedimentary RocksCarbonates and evaporitess
Carbonates Evaporites
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Sedimentary RocksChemical Sedimentary Rocks
CarbonatesBioclastic Limestoneschalkcoquinacoraline limestone
Inorganic Limestonesoolitic limestonetravertinetufa
Evaporitesanhydrite
rock gypsumrock salt
coquina
chalk
ooliticlimestone
anhydrite
CaSO4
rock salt
NaCl
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Ooids in an Oolitic limestone
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Chert nodules in limestone
Sedi#entary
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Co#paction Ce#enting
Sedi#entary
"ocks
$or#ation
"elative A%undance %y
Type
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FI-6121 System Dr. Linus Pasasa p 54Sandstone &larger grains'
Shale &(ine grains'
)i#estone &CaC*+
'
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here ,o Se,imentary
>ocs FormKTerrestrial
environments(non-marine)
>i0ers an, oo,lains$u0ial en0ironment)
Laes Deserts $aeolian
en0ironment)
Marineenvironments
Continental shel!
Continental sloean, rise $,ee
sea !ans) 5yssal lain
Beach an,arrier islan,s
Metamorphic Rocks
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Metamorphic Rocks
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Metamorphic Rocks
Unmetamorphosed-granite
Metamorphosed-Gneiss
M t hiR k
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Metamorphic RocksProgressive Metamorphism
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Quartzite
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Marble
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Metamorhic >ocs
neiss &%road (oliation'
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hich Type-
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hich Type-
Sedi#entary . li#estone and shale
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hat type-
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FI-6121 System Dr. Linus Pasasa p 65hat type- /eta#orphic . A#itso0
neiss, reenland, *ldest known rocks
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FI-6121 System Dr. Linus Pasasa p 66hat type-
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FI-6121 System Dr. Linus Pasasa p 67hat type- Sedi#entary . Sandstone in
1tah
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hat type-
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hat type- 23trusive Igneous ."eunion Island, S4 5aci(ic
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hat type-
/orro "ock, CA
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hat type-
Intrusive Igneous
/orro "ock, CADevil6s Tower, yo#ing
/he >oc Cycle
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/he >oc Cycle
!e"t #ee$ t%pi&'
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Soil" H5n, the Lor, 7o, !orme, man $3oman) o! ,ust
$soil) !rom the #roun,..an, out o! the #roun, theLor, 7o, !orme, e0ery east..ir,A
" Soil: ,enitions ,een,s on the el,
" Soil is the uer layer$s) o! the earth in3hich ne roc articles an, or#anic
material ro0i,e the asis !or lant li!e$inor#anic or#anic li0in# thin#s)
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hy ,iNerent Soils
" Fi0e ma?or en0ironmental !actors in soil!ormation
" S @ !$C>;P)/4 S @ soil4 F @ !unction
4 C @ climate
4 > @ relie! $too#rahy)4 ; @ or#anism $lants animals)
4 P @ arent materials
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Soil role
" Layerscolors in soil @ soil role
" Pe,on @ -D reresentation o! soil
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Soil Horizons
" Soil Prole
4 Di0i,e, into three 9ones or hori9ons" ;- accumulation o! ,ecayin# matter $inclu,e, in 5
hori9on)
" A- 9one o! Elu0iations
" B- 9one o! Illu0iation
" C- transition 9one et3een solum or true soil an,arent material
4 Solumor true soil is ma,e u o! 5 B hori9ons
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Soil Proerties
" Color 4 lac* #ray* ro3n* yello3* lue* #reen* re,*3hite
4 Blac in,icates the resence o! or#anic $humic)
matter i.e. !ertile soil4 >e, in,icates the resence o! iron comoun,s
"/e%ture4 Si9e o! in,i0i,ual #rains:
4#ra0el* san,* silt an, clay4 $#ra0el is not consi,ere, here)
4 loamy soil* silty clay*
clayey san,
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Soil Proerties
" Structure4 Crumy* #ranular*
4 locy* columnar*4 rismatic* an, laty
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Soil Proerties
" Chemistry
4
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Pe,o#enic >e#imes
" Lateri9ation $!erraliti9ation)
" Po,9oli9ation
" 7lei9ation
" Calcication
" Salini9ation
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Soil Classication
" Soil ;r,ers4 ;%isols 4 hea0y leachin# euatorialtroics
4 Jltosols- clay accumulation euatorialtroics
4 ertisols.. /roicssutroics4 5lsols.. 5ccumulation o! clay suhumi,s
4 So,osols- col, moist climates
4 Mollisols- suhumi,- semiari,..cherno9em..rairie
4 5ri,isols- ,ry climates
4