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Chapter 1

 Introduction to Planet“Earth” 

Essentials of Oceanography

7th Edition

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Geography of the oceans

Earth’s oceans:

Cover 70.8% of Earth’s surfaceAre interconnected (“world ocean”)

ave hu!e si"e and volu#e (as a reservoir$

contain 7% of Earth’s water)

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The four principal oceans

&acific

Atlantic

'ndian

Arctic

&lus:

outhern orAntarcticcean

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Comparing oceans to the

continents

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Comparing depth of the oceans

to elevation on land 

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 Early exploration of the oceans

&acific

navi!ators eoled

#an1 re#ote

islands

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 Early exploration of the oceans

Advance#ents of Euroean navi!ators

&hoenicians e3lored the 4editerranean eaand 5e1ond

&1theas develoed #ethod to deter#ine latitude

Eratosthenes calculated circu#ference of Earth

&tole#1 roduced #a that shows 6nown land

surrounded 51 lar!el1 une3lored oceans

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 Early exploration of the oceans

he i6in!s

e3lored the 9orth Atlantic

and

esta5lished

#an1 colonies

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 Early exploration of the oceans

urin! the A!e of iscover1$ Colu#5us and4a!ellan #a6e ;ourne1s of e3loration

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The scientific method 

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Origin of the olar ystem and

 EarthCloud of !as

and sace

dust (ne5ula)

 5e!an to

contract

a5out /.2

 5illion 1ears

a!o

The Nebular Hypothesis*i!ure +,+-

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Origin of the olar ystem and

 Earth&rotolanets were created fro# the ne5ula

&rotoearth was initiall1 ho#o!enous:>ar!er in si"e than toda1’s Earth

ad lots of volcanic activit1

 9o continents or oceans 9o life

 

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 !ensity stratification

&rotoearth e3eriences densit1 stratification

ensit1 ? how heav1 so#ethin! is for its si"eensit1 stratification causes hi!h densit1

#aterial to sin6 while low densit1 #aterial rises

i!h densit1 #aterial ? roc6 #aterial and #etals

>ow densit1 #aterial ? !ases

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 !ensity stratification creates a

layered Earth

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Origin of the oceans

As a result of

densit1stratification$

water for the

oceans is

out!assed fro#

inside Earth*i!ure +,+/

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Origin of the atmosphere

ensit1 stratification caused Earth’s earl1

at#oshere (water vaor and car5ondio3ide) to 5e out!assed fro# inside Earth

he initial at#oshere was rich in h1dro!en

and heliu#

Earth’s resent at#oshere is rich in

nitro!en and o31!en

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 Photosynthesis releases oxygen

to the atmosphere

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Origin of life on Earthtanle1 4iller’s

e3eri#ent

si#ulatin!

conditions of an

earl1 Earth

showed that life

 ro5a5l1 5e!an

in the oceans

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 "a#or events in Earth$s

development 

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 End of Chapter 1

Essentials of Oceanography

7th Edition