Earth Science Chapters 10 & 11. Chapter 10- Earth & Its Moon Lesson 1- Earth’s Seasons Objective-...
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Transcript of Earth Science Chapters 10 & 11. Chapter 10- Earth & Its Moon Lesson 1- Earth’s Seasons Objective-...
Earth ScienceChapters 10 & 11
Chapter 10- Earth & Its Moon
Lesson 1- Earth’s SeasonsObjective- In this lesson, we will learn how
the Tilt (position) of the Earth’s Axis will cause seasons
Earth’s Tilted Axis
Earth rotates constantly on its axis It takes almost 24 hours
for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis (equal to one day)
As Earth spins, different parts of it face and turn away from the Sun.This creates day and
night
As Earth spins on its axis, it also revolves around the Sun.
One full trip around the Sun is a Revolution It takes about 365 days, or 1 yr.
Earth’s orbit is in an ellipse shapeBecause of Earth’s tilted axis, some areas
experience severe seasons, while others (near equator) do not.
SolsticesThere are two solstices
throughout the year.Winter Solstice- December 21 or
22First day of WinterLeast amount of daylight all year
Summer Solstice- June 21 or 22Beginning of summer in N.
HemisphereLongest amount of daylight all year
Equinoxes- Periods of daylight are equal
Autumnal Equinox-September 22 or 23First day of Fall
Vernal EquinoxMarch 20 or 21First day of Spring
SeasonsAll places on Earth
have four seasons.Places near the Poles
have lower average temperatures than places near the EquatorThis is caused by
amount of sunlight the area receives
Lesson 2- Earth’s Moon
The Moon• The moon is a natural
satellite that revolves around the Earth
• It is ¼ the size of Earth
• Mass is 80 times lighter than Earth’s
• It has less gravity than Earth
Viewing the Moon
The moon seems so large because it is closest to Earth than any other object in space. ( it’s actually smaller than Earth)
Moon doesn’t produce any light. Sun reflects light off its surface
Moon revolves around Earth, while it rotates on an axis.Takes 27 and 1/3 days to revolve, and rotate once
around Earth.Same side of the Moon ALWAYS faces the Earth.
Phases of the Moon
One side of the Moon (half) is always lit by the Sun.The different shapes
created by the visible light are Moon Phases
Different parts of the Moon’s lit side are visible on EarthTakes about one month
to complete one Moon phase cycle.
Phases of the Moon
New Moon- the Moon is between Earth and the Sun. Because its lighted side is facing away from Earth, the Moon appears dark when viewed from Earth.
Waxing Crescent- appears after the new Moon phase. The sunlit portion is increasing, but less than half.
The first quarter and third quarter moons (both often called a "half moon"), happen when the moon is at a 90 degree angle with respect to the Earth and Sun. So we are seeing exactly half of the moon illuminated and half in shadow.
Waxing Gibbous- After the first quarter, the sunlit portion is still increasing, but now it is more than half.
At a full moon, the Earth, Moon, and Sun are in approximate alignment, just as the new moon, but the moon is on the opposite side of the earth, so the entire sunlit part of the moon is facing us. The shadowed portion is entirely hidden from view.
http://www.moonconnection.com/moon_phases_calendar.phtml
Waning Gibbous- After the full moon (maximum illumination), the light continually decreases.
Following the third quarter is the waning crescent, which decreases until the light is completely gone -- a new moon.
EclipsesEclipses
An Eclipse occurs when one object passes into the shadow of another object
In order for one to occur, Earth, Sun and the Moon must all be aligned
During a Total Eclipse, two types of shadows formUmbra- smaller, darker area, in PenumbraPenumbra- Larger, lighter area
Solar EclipseSolar Eclipse
Occurs when the moon passes between the Sun and Earth
Moon casts a shadow on EarthDuring the DayMoon blocks out the
sunlight.Sun appears Black
Lunar EclipseLunar Eclipse
Takes place when the Earth passes directly between the Sun and Moon.
Moon moves into Earth’s shadowOccurs at night/duskMoon appears to be a
reddish color
Chapter 11- Exploring Space
Lesson 1- The Solar System
The Sun and Its Neighbors
The Sun and the bodies that orbit around it make up the solar system.
Sun is largest in solar systemEarth is one of eight planets in
the solar system.Scientists believe that the solar
system is about 4.6 billion years old.
The strong gravitational force of the Sun holds all other objects in their orbits.
MoonsThere are about 140
moons in the solar system.
Some moons have their own atmosphere, unlike Earth’s moon.
All are held in orbit by the gravity of their planet.
Asteroids
A small rocky object that orbits the Sun.
Most are in a band between Jupiter and Mars, called the asteroid belt.
There are many theories about how asteroids formed.
CometsSmall bodies made of dust, ice and frozen
gases.Orbit the Sun in long elliptical orbits.A Coma is a glowing region formed from
gases and dust of frozen solids.Tail of a comet always faces away from
the Sun.
Famous CometsHalley’s Comet- short-
period comet that orbits the Sun about every 76 years. Visible from Earth
again in 2061Hale-Bopp Comet-
Long-period comet, takes about 2500 years to orbit the Sun.
Meteors and MeteoritesMeteors are small chunks of matter that enter
into Earth’s atmosphereMost burn up in the atmosphere, never striking Earth
When many are visible at once, this is called a Meteor shower
A meteor that does strike Earth is called a MeteoriteWhen large ones strike Earth, they form impact craters
Lesson 2- What are the Planets Like?
The Inner Planets
Inner Planets are rocky and small
There are 4 inner planetsMercury- smallest and
closest to the Sun. Side facing the Sun is
very hot, facing away from the sun is very cold.
Many craters on the surface
Venus
Venus- is the second planet from the SunThick atmosphere of
clouds made of sulfuric acid.
Hot temperatures on surface
Extreme atmospheric pressure
Earth
Earth- 3rd planet from the SunOnly planet known to
have liquid waterAtmosphere and
oceans make it the only planet in solar system known to support life
Mars
Mars- 4th planet from the SunKnown as the Red
PlanetSmaller than Earth but
same amount of land area.
Home to largest volcano in the solar system
Planet most like EarthMost explored planet,
Mars Expedition Rovers
Outer Planets
There are four outer planetsMost are huge and made of gasesThey have many moons and one or more
rings.Pluto (dwarf planet) is the only exception
Jupiter
5th planet from the Sun, and one of the brightest objects in the sky
Biggest and most massive planet in the solar system
Famous for its Great Red Spot, a gigantic storm system
More than 60 moons.
Saturn6th planet from the
SunBest known for its
rings, mostly made of ice particles
Least dense of all planetsHolds more than 30
moons in its orbit
Uranus7th planet from the SunAxis is tilted so much,
it looks like it on its side
Consists mostly of gases
11 rings, and 27 moons
High amount of methane give it the greenish color
Neptune
8th planet from the Sun
Has 11 moons, Largest moon is TritonNeptune is getting
closer to Triton, and will probably collide in the next 100 million yrs.
Coldest surface in the solar system
Pluto
Farthest from the SunRecently (2006)
discovered as a Dwarf Planet
Very coldHas one moon called
CharonUnlike other outer
planets:Small, icy, rocky
Exploring SpaceOptical telescopes are used to
explore solar systemThe space shuttle takes equipment
and people into spaceSpace stations stay in space for
long periods of time, astronauts can live, sleep and conduct experiments
Space Probe- spacecraft that carries special instruments into space launched into Earth’s upper
atmosphere Mars Rover- explored Mars, taking
pictures and samples
Lesson 3- What Are Stars Like?
Earth’s Star: the SunStar- large sphere of glowing gases
Defined by its size and temperatureSun is a yellow star made mostly of
hydrogen and heliumA light-year (Ly)- used to measure outside
of the solar systemDistance light travels in about 1 yr.
Magnitude- brightness of a starStars closer to Earth appear brighter
Constellations- arranged patterns of starsBig Dipper
A Star is Born
Stars begin as rotating clouds of gas called nebulas
Cloud rotates faster and forms first stage to a star called a protostar
Main Sequence star- continues to release energy, w/ nuclear reactionsHottest, brightest stars are blue or white in colorMedium sized are yellow or orangeDimmest and coolest are Red.
Sun is a medium star, halfway through its life cycle
Red Giant Phase- after a main sequence White Dwarf phase a. Medium sized stars move here b. Beginning of dying stage, starts to
run out of “fuel” c. Becomes a black dwarf- star that
gives off NO LIGHT
Supernova a. A very massive star that will explode
from its center.
o Larger remnants will become a Black hole i. powerful gravitational pull, and
collapses onto itselfo Smaller masses will become a Neutron
star i. dense, rapidly spinning star
Galaxies
Enormous system of gases, dust and stars held together by gravity
Most stars have 2 main parts- Bulge Halo
Milky Way
Galaxy of our solar system
Spiral Galaxy
More than 200 billion stars
Types of Galaxies
Spiral Galaxy- has a bulge, disk and halo, and arms that extend
Elliptical Galaxy- Shaped like a flattened ball Brighter in the center
Irregular Galaxies no real shape or structure large regions of hydrogen gas and hot star