Earth Science

An Introduction

Aim

• What is Earth Science and how is it divided?

Earth Science

• Earth Science is the study of the Earth • We study the Earth in 4 separate sections• Geology: Study of the history, structure,

processes and composition of Earth’s solid surface down to the center

• Oceanography: Study of the oceans• Meteorology: Study of the Earth’s

atmosphere: weather and climate• Astronomy: Study of the Universe

Quantitative vs. Qualitative • Deals with numbers.

• Data which can be measured.

• Length, height, area, volume, weight, speed, time, temperature, humidity, sound levels, cost, members, ages, etc.

• Quantitative → Quantity

• Deals with descriptions. • Data can be observed but

not measured. • Colors, textures, smells,

tastes, appearance, beauty, etc.

• Qualitative → Quality

Example: Smells good, red cup, strong taste

Example: 12oz cup, temp 150 degrees Fahrenheit, cost $2.50

Observation Vs. Inference

Observation• An Observation is made using

your FIVE senses or an instrument • Taste• Touch• Smell• Sight• HearingThe Clouds are white is an

observation, WHY?

• It is an observation because you used your sense of Sight to make that statement

• Make an Observation using your five senses about something in the classroom, Write it down.

Inferences•An Inference is an Educated guess, based on your observations

•It will rain today. That is an inference WHY?

• It is an inference because it’s only a guess/prediction.

• The five senses were not used to determine that it WILL rain

If You said it IS raining, would it still be an inference?

Classification

• Scientists group together similar observations and inferences

• This makes the study of objects and events in the environment easier to understand

• This grouping is called CLASSIFICATION

Classification Systems

•Some classification systems that we study in Earth Science are planets, stars, rocks, minerals, storms

Scientific Method1. Ask a question (what are you curious about?)2. Hypothesis (Use what you know to make a

prediction) “I bet you it works this way..”3. Experiment 4. Method5. Observation and collection of data6. Analyze data7. Draw conclusion (Does it support your

hypothesis?)

What does it mean if you are asked to record your answer:

a. to the nearest tenth

b. to the nearest hundredth

c. to the nearest thousandth

one decimal place

two decimal places

three decimal places

Example: 0.1

Example: 0.01

Example: 0.001

Scientific Notation

• Scientific Notation is the scientists “shorthand”.

• A simple way to write a very small or large number

Standard form: 1250000

Scientific Notation: 1.25 X 106

Coefficient

exponent

Changing Scientific Notation to the actual number

• Look at the exponent. If any exponent is a positive number then I am going to move the decimal that number of spaces to the RIGHT!

1.2 x 10³

• If the exponent is negative. I will move the decimal that number of places to the LEFT!

1.2 x 10-³

Steps for Converting From:Standard Form to Scientific Notation

1. Identify the location of the decimal point 1250000.

2. Move the decimal point over to the left and stop before you come to the last number. Count how many spaces you move.

3. Round to the nearest hundredth. If the thousandths place is a 5 or greater round up/ if it’s less than 5 keep the digit the same. 1.25

4. Multiply this new digit by 10 and raise it to the power to the number of places that you moved the decimal.

1.25 x 10 6

5. If you moved the decimal to the left the exponent is positive.6. If you move the decimal to the right the exponent is negative.•

1 250,000.

Scientific Notation Practice

1. 145700 = _________2. 390000 = __________3. 6.5 x 104 = __________4. 0.006584 = __________5. 5.4 x 10-8 = ________

1.467 X 103

3.92 x 105

650006.584 x10-5 .000000054

Measurement• Length is measured with a

meter stick/ruler and has units of meters, centimeters or millimeters.

1cm= ____ mm10

Conversion

• 750 cm = ____ meters• 2.5 m = ____ mm• 4.3 m = ____ cm• 100 cm =____ m • 1 m = ______mm

Kids Hate Doing Math During Cool Movies meters decimeter centimeters millimeters

7.52500

430

11000

Large Small

1 10 100 1000

• Area is length x width and the units are cm2.

• Volume space object occupies (units are cm3 for solids and mL for liquids)

• for a regular solid like a block:

length x width x height

Volume of a regular solid

Volume of an irregular solid • For an irregular solid like a rock,

use theWater displacement method1. Add water to a graduated

cylinder and record2. Add the object to the

cylinder and record3. Subtract the original

volume of water from the water with the object in it

Reading a graduated cylinder

• You read the bottom of the meniscus

Answer: 21.5 mL

• What is the volume of the rock in the picture?

Empty graduated cylinder = 200 mL or cm3

Full graduated cylinder = 260 mL or cm3

260 mL – 200 mL =

60 mL or cm3

matter• Mass measures the amount of in an object. Units are grams

• Density measures the amount of matter that is crammed into an object.

This formula is on pg 1 of ESRT

density = massvolume

units are g/cm3

Density• What is the density of a mineral whose mass is 60 grams and

displaced 40mL of water? Record your answer to the nearest tenth

density = mass volume

D = 60 g = 40 mL 1.5 _g_

mL

What is the mass of a sample whose known density is 1.5g/mL and a volume of 15 mL?

Record your answer to the nearest tenth

Mass= 1.5_g_ x 15 mL mL

22.5g

Percent Deviation

• No measurement is perfect• Therefore there must contain

some errors• Errors occur for many different

reasons…– Write down a few reasons

you think errors may occur in taking measurements

%Deviation

• In science there are accepted values for certain measurements because nothing is perfect.

• Accepted values are determined and will be given to assist in figuring out the percent deviation of a measurement

• You can do this for all measurements!!!

So to determine use the Percent Deviation or % Error formula

• You need to memorize this formula it is not on the ESRT!!!

It will always be expressed as a %%

• If you find the density of an object to be 1.5g/mL and the accepted density is 1.25 g/mL what is the % deviation?

Deviation = 1.5g/mL – 1.25g/mL x 100 = 20% 1.25g/mL

Density

• Density measures the concentration of matter in an object

• On Page 1 of your ESRT you can find the Formula

• Write Down the Formula

• The Density of an object DOES NOT depend on the shape or size of the object as long as temperature and pressure remain the same

• If you cut a pencil in half each piece is the same density unless you change the temperature or pressure of the object

• Example: If I have a cube of graphite that has a mass of 44g and volume of 20 cm3 what is the density?

2.2g/ cm3 (float sink in water?)

• Next… I have a graphite ball that has a mass of 88g and volume of 40cm3, what is the density?

Your still working with the same object/material…Graphite!

2.2g/ cm3

The Density is the same for the two graphite objects

Why?

Physical Changes that affect Density

1.Pressure 2.Temperature3.Phase Change

affect the densities of substances especially those of gasses

1. Pressure and Density• Push molecules closer together and the

density will…. increaseImportant!!!! The space between the molecules is changing NOT THE MOLECULES!!!

Pressure continued…If the pressure of a gas increases, the molecules will come closer together and the density of the gas…

INCREASES

The ocean puts more pressure the _________ you are.

Deeper

3,100 feet of water compressed the tiny air bubbles inside the Styrofoam and turned a large cup into an espresso cup

Have you ever dove to the bottom of a swimming pool?

2. Temperature and Density

• Increasing the temperature of a substance (with some exceptions) ___________its density by increasing the volume of that substance.

decreases

A hot air balloon expands as you heat the air molecules inside the balloon, creating less pressure so the balloon can rise

• Heating the bottom of a fluid can result in convection of the heat to rise from bottom to top of the fluid due to the decrease of the density of the heated fluid.

3. Phase Change and density

• The Density of a substance changes with changes in its phase (solid, liquid, gas)

• Unlike Water every substance is most dense on it’s _________ form

• Water is the most dense as a _______solid

liquid

States of Matter

Solids• Most dense• Molecules are closest together• Definite shape and definite volume• Molecules are moving, but slowly

Liquid• Less dense than solid• Molecules are free to move apart• Definite shape, no definite volume• Take the shape of its container • Molecules are moving quickly

Gas• Least dense• Molecules are excited and spread out • No definite shape, no definite volume• Molecules are moving the fastest!!!

Effects on States of Matter and Temperature

http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/states-of-matter-basics

The Changing Environment

Change• CHANGE is when properties or

characteristics of anything have been altered

• A FIELD is something you can measure in the environment

• A field could be temperature, distance…think of 2 more fields

• What does MPH mean?

Rate Of Change• Miles Per Hour…it is how far you

travel in an hour. This is a rate of change

• Rate of change is how much something changes over a period of time

• Look for the rate of change formula on your ESRT

The temperature of a room cools off from 100 degrees Fahrenheit

to 85 degrees Fahrenheit in 5 hours. What is the rate of

change?

Rate of change = 15 degrees Fahrenheit5 hrs

3 degrees Fahrenheit/hr

Cyclic Changes

• Some changes occur in a pattern when they happen at the same time every time

• This is a CYCLIC CHANGE• Can you think of any

examples of this? Write them down

Graphing • Independent Variables: You (I) have

control over (example: time)• Dependent Variables: depends on

independent variable

Direct Relationship: As one variable increases, the other __________________.

Example: Pressure increase and density increases

Indirect Relationship:

As one variable increases, the other __________________

Example: Temperature increases and density decreases

Cyclic Relationship: As one variable increases, the other

Events that are cyclic are also ___________________

Example:Tides, moon phases

No Relationship: As one variable increases, the other __________________

State in words the relationship between air temperature and relative humidity.

As the air temperature increases, the relative humidity decreases

The data table below shows the amount of water vapor, in grams per cubic meter, that will saturate 1 cubic meter of air at different temperatures.

On the grid, construct a line graph of the data following the directions below.a Place the name of the correct variable along the y-axis. Include the correct units.b Mark an appropriate numerical scale showing equal intervals along the y-axis.c Plot the amount of water that will saturate 1 cubic meter of air at the temperatures shown in the data table. Connect the points with a smooth, curved line.

Mass (g) 25 50 75 100 125

Volume (cm3)

5 10 15 20 25

a. Graph the following data of a sample of a rockb. State the graphical relationshipc. What is the density?