EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENTS

By Ankita toro Anusha KulkarniMegha akkiMeghana ijariPoornima p badigerRafiya parveenShilpa j

introduction• Construction equipments are one of the very important

resources of modern-day construction, especially in infrastructure projects. Such projects utilize equipments for most of the works including earthmoving operations, aggregate production, concrete production and its placement, and so on. In fact, one cannot think of any major construction activity without the involvement of construction equipment.

• . There are different types of construction equipments suitable for different activities in a construction project. The choice of construction equipment defines the construction method, which in a way leads to the determination of time and cost for the project.

EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENTS

EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENTS IS USED IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY TO :• TO SHIFT AMOUNTS OF EARTH • TO DIG FOUNDATIONS AND LANDSCAPE AREAS

TYPES OF EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENTS INCLUDE ..• POWER SHOVELS • BACKHOE• SCRAPERS• BULLDOZERS• DUMPERS• GRADERS• TRENCHERS• LOADERS

Power shovel

• Power Shovels are used primarily to excavate earth and load it into trucks or tractor pulled wagons or onto or onto conveyor belts.

• They are capable of excavating all classes of earth, except solid rock, without prior loosening, like in quarries, mines in any road projects etc.

• Power shovels are considered as basic tool for excavating the materials and loading.

• They may be mounted on crawler tracks, in which case they are referred to as crawler mounted shovels. Such shovels have very low travel speeds.

• However, they may be mounted an rubber-tired wheels. Single-engine self-propelled units are powered and operated from excavator cab. The non-self-propelled units mounted on the rear of tracks, which are referred to as truck-mounted, have separate engines for operating them.

block, boom, boom point sheaves and bucket.

• The basic parts of a power shovel include the mounting, cab, boom, dipper stick and bucket or dipper and under carriage unit.

• Power unit• Under carriage unit• Hoist and loading assembly: It

is used for hoisting the dipper and loading the material into predetermined place.

• It essentially consists of rigid boom and dipper stick which is strongly built to withstand impact loading while excavation. To operate shovel in favorable condition i.e. economically, it will be necessary to reduce the depth of penetration of dipper face.

Basic parts of power shovels

CONSTRUCTION & WORKING OF POWER SHOVEL

Old new

• Suitable for close range of work• Capable of digging very hard materials,• can remove big sized boulders.• It is used in various types of jobs such as digging in gravel

banks, clay pits, digging cuts in road works, road-side berms, etc.

Applications of power shovels

Backhoe• A backhoe , also called a rear actor or back actor , is a piece

of excavating equipment or digger consisting of a digging bucket on the end of a two – part articulated arm .they are typically mounted on the back of a tractor or front loader

• The section of the arm closest to the vehicle is known as the boom, and the section which carries the bucket is known as the dipper or dipper stick

• The boom is attached to the vehicle through a pivot known as kingpost, which allows the arm to slew left and right ,usually through a total of around 200 degrees . Modern backhoes are powered by hydraulics

• It is the most suitable machine for digging below the machine level, such as, trenches, footings, basements etc.

• It can be efficiently used to dress or trim the surface avoiding the use of manual effort for dressing the excavated the surface.

Applications of backhoe

Bull dozer

• A bulldozer is a large powerful tractor, also called as crawler tractor (track type or chain type) (track laying) (continuous tracked tractor) equipped with a substantial (large) metal plate (known as a blade) in front used to push large quantities of soil, sand, rubble, or other such material (flattens areas of ground) during construction or conversion work and typically equipped at the rear with a claw-like device (known as a ripper) to loosen densely compacted materials.

• The term "bulldozer" is often used erroneously to mean any heavy equipment (sometimes a loader and sometimes an excavator),but precisely, the term refers only to a tractor (usually tracked) fitted with a dozer blade.

The heavy blade attached to the tractor pushes the material from one place to another.The tractor can be of the crawler or the wheeled type.Classification of bull dozer 1. Position of bladesBull dozers in which the blade perpendicular to the direction of movementAngle dozers in which the blade is set at an angle with the direction of movement.2. Based on mountings

Wheel mountedCrawler mounted

3. Based on the controlCable controlledHydraulically controlled

bulldozers -trackedIn such Crawler tractors, there is endless chain or track in place

of pneumatic wheels. They are distinguished by a large ground contact area and

therefore have a good track adhesion; Such crawler tractors show a high cross-country power, and

are capable of developing high pull.

Bulldozers / Tracked or 'crawler' tractors. • They are generally used in farms where soils are difficult to cultivate, such as heavy clays, or where seasons are shorter and wet conditions predominate. • More power can be transmitted to the drawbar than wheeled tractors.• Maintenance costs are however higher than for wheeled tractors. • Also, unlike wheeled tractors, they must be

transported from field to field by a 'low loader'. • High powered, high speed tracked tractor that runs on rubber tracks and can be driven on the road are also available. • This model may make the tracked tractor more popular in future.

Tracked tractors have power ratings of 65-700 HP.

BULLDOZERS -TRACKED

another type of bulldozer is the wheeled bulldozer, which generally has four wheels driven by a 4-wheel-drive system and has a hydraulic, articulated steering system.

the blade is mounted forward of the articulation joint, and is hydraulically actuated.

BULLDOZERS- WHEELED

Wheeled Bulldozer

Bull dozers are mainly used for the following operations1.For spreading the earth fill2.For opening up pilot roads through mountainous and rocky terrains.3.Clearing construction sites.4.Maintaining haul roads5.Clearing land from the trees and stumps6.back-filling trenches at construction sites by dragging the earth from one place to another

APPLICATIONS

a tool or device used for scraping, especially for removing dirt, paint, or other unwanted matter from a surface. orThe scraper is a large piece of equipment used in mining, construction, agriculture and other earthmoving applications. The rear part has a vertically moveable hopper (also known as the bowl) with a sharp horizontal front edge.

Scrapers

• Scrapers are the result of a compromise between the best loading and the best hauling machines.

• Scrapers are used to scrap the ground, load it simultaneously, then transport it over a distance, dump at the desired place and then spread or layered.

• The ability of these machines to deposit their loads in uniformly thick layer will facilitate the succeeding spreading operation

• On the return trips to borrow pits the cutting blades of scrapers may be lowered enough to remove high spots, thereby assisting in maintaining the haul roads.

• Thus, scrapers are designed to dig, load, haul, dump and spread. Therefore sometimes it is called “Carryall.

• It essentially consists of a large scoop provided with cutting edge. The scoop is in the form of bucket on hollow container, which is known as bowl or body.

• The scoop can excavate, transport and dump the material wherever required.

• The cutting edge of scoop does the excavate work and the excavated material goes on collecting in howl from the front gate.

• The material is transported to the site of dumping and is taken out from the tailgate of the bowl. Then facilitate the succeeding spreading operations to required and uniform thick layer.

Types of ScrapersScrapers may be broadly classified into two main categories

1) Crawler — tractor scraper2) Wheel — tractor scraper.

a) Single — engineb) Twin — enginec) Two — bowl tandemd) Elevating Scrapers.

DUMPERS

A dumper is a vehicle designed for carrying bulk material, often on building sites.Dumper is also known as Dump truck. The motor vehicle which is specially designed & constructed for carrying the heavy loads under various operations conditions can be called as Dumpers.These are meant for carrying rocks, coal, minerals, aggregate and other materials in construction works. Dumper may be ON road Vehicle or OFF road vehicle. ON road Dumpers generally used in normal roads such as in road construction, while OFF road means, vehicle is used apart from good words, i.e. in terrains like in dam construction mines etc.

DUMPERS

The constructional features of Dumper is similar to that heady duty truck, except a high strength container or trolley is mounted at back side of the Cabin and Hydraulic assisted load raising and lowering facility is provided for dumping material in the trolley.

Some dumpers may have 2 hydraulic cylinders and the size of rear wheel and number of rear axles may vary with load carrying capacity and mode of operations.

Suspension at front is of rigid elliptical type and at rear heavy duty leaf springs are provided to absorb high impact loading under severe operating conditions.

Container for dumper is specially constructed to withstand ill handlings. Heavy duty air cleaner, filter, share proof mountings of all instruments, dust proof electrical systems and cushion mountings for radiator may present in some dump trucks.

Dumpers play important vole in dam construction, road making, mining etc. for carrying materials and dumping at required place quickly and conveniently.

graders

•A grader, also commonly reffered to as a road grader, a blade , a maintainer, or a construction machine with a long blade used to creat a flat surface.

•Typical models have three axles, with the engine and cab situated above the rear axles at one end of the vehicle and third axle at the front end of vehicle, with the blade inbetween.

Uses•Used to prepare the base course to create a wide flat surface for the asphalt to be placed on.

•Used to set native soil foundation pads to finish grade prior to the construction of large buildings.

trenchers

•TRENCHERS ARE SIMILAR TO EXCAVATORS IN THE EARTH, BREAKING SOIL AND ROCK, AND REMOVE IT FROM THE GROUND.

•TRENCHERS DIFFER FROM THE EXCAVATORS , IN THAT THE SOIL IS REMOVED IN ONE CONTINOUS MOVEMENT.

USESUSED FOR DIGGING TRENCHES FOR PIPES.