Earth Geology• Earth’s geology is dominated by the processes of plate tectonics. This is UNIQUE...

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Earth Geology

Transcript of Earth Geology• Earth’s geology is dominated by the processes of plate tectonics. This is UNIQUE...

Page 1: Earth Geology• Earth’s geology is dominated by the processes of plate tectonics. This is UNIQUE to the Earth. • Earth’s crust and upper mantle are divided into plates. The

Earth

Geology

Page 2: Earth Geology• Earth’s geology is dominated by the processes of plate tectonics. This is UNIQUE to the Earth. • Earth’s crust and upper mantle are divided into plates. The

Earth

Page 3: Earth Geology• Earth’s geology is dominated by the processes of plate tectonics. This is UNIQUE to the Earth. • Earth’s crust and upper mantle are divided into plates. The

Earth

Page 4: Earth Geology• Earth’s geology is dominated by the processes of plate tectonics. This is UNIQUE to the Earth. • Earth’s crust and upper mantle are divided into plates. The

Earth

topography

red=mountain blue=depression

Page 5: Earth Geology• Earth’s geology is dominated by the processes of plate tectonics. This is UNIQUE to the Earth. • Earth’s crust and upper mantle are divided into plates. The

Earth’s surface looks different from other planets.

It seems to have defined ‘continents’.

Why is this?

Page 6: Earth Geology• Earth’s geology is dominated by the processes of plate tectonics. This is UNIQUE to the Earth. • Earth’s crust and upper mantle are divided into plates. The

The continents fit together!

Page 7: Earth Geology• Earth’s geology is dominated by the processes of plate tectonics. This is UNIQUE to the Earth. • Earth’s crust and upper mantle are divided into plates. The

After rearrangement,

rocks and mountain belts

match.

Page 8: Earth Geology• Earth’s geology is dominated by the processes of plate tectonics. This is UNIQUE to the Earth. • Earth’s crust and upper mantle are divided into plates. The

After rearrangement, past climates

seem to match (for example, by looking at geological evidence of glaciers, or swamps).

Glacial grooves

Page 9: Earth Geology• Earth’s geology is dominated by the processes of plate tectonics. This is UNIQUE to the Earth. • Earth’s crust and upper mantle are divided into plates. The

After rearrangement, fossils match.

Page 10: Earth Geology• Earth’s geology is dominated by the processes of plate tectonics. This is UNIQUE to the Earth. • Earth’s crust and upper mantle are divided into plates. The

The theory of continential drift was proposed by Alfred Wegener in the early 1900s to explain these observations.

Page 11: Earth Geology• Earth’s geology is dominated by the processes of plate tectonics. This is UNIQUE to the Earth. • Earth’s crust and upper mantle are divided into plates. The

The theory of continential drift was proposed by Alfred Wegener in the early 1900s to explain these observations.

However, his ideas weren’t popular. People said:

• How are you going to move entire continents?

• What force is strong enough to move continents?

• How can you move rocks across rocks?

Page 12: Earth Geology• Earth’s geology is dominated by the processes of plate tectonics. This is UNIQUE to the Earth. • Earth’s crust and upper mantle are divided into plates. The

Continental Drift Revived, 1940s & 1950s: Supported by Magnetism of rocks

Page 13: Earth Geology• Earth’s geology is dominated by the processes of plate tectonics. This is UNIQUE to the Earth. • Earth’s crust and upper mantle are divided into plates. The

•  The Earth has a magnetic field.

•  When molten rocks cool, they lock in their current magnetic field direction.

•  If they are moved from their point of origin, their internal magnetic signal shows it

•  The continents DEFINITELY moved!

Page 14: Earth Geology• Earth’s geology is dominated by the processes of plate tectonics. This is UNIQUE to the Earth. • Earth’s crust and upper mantle are divided into plates. The

A new theory was postulated to explain continental drift: “Plate Tectonics”

• Earth’s surface divided into many plates that move slowly over the surface and interact with each other

• Their movements are driven from below - internal heat and convection in the Earth (What is convection?)

• This was a REVOLUTIONARY idea

Let’s make sure we understand this.

Page 15: Earth Geology• Earth’s geology is dominated by the processes of plate tectonics. This is UNIQUE to the Earth. • Earth’s crust and upper mantle are divided into plates. The

Crust = 7 - 50 km Mantle = 2,900 km

Core = 3,470 km

Earth layers

Page 16: Earth Geology• Earth’s geology is dominated by the processes of plate tectonics. This is UNIQUE to the Earth. • Earth’s crust and upper mantle are divided into plates. The

Plates move by “sliding” along soft upper mantle material.

Page 17: Earth Geology• Earth’s geology is dominated by the processes of plate tectonics. This is UNIQUE to the Earth. • Earth’s crust and upper mantle are divided into plates. The

Mantle convection Upwelling beneath ridges • Hot, buoyant material causes ridges to sit “high” Downwelling at subduction zones • Cooler, denser, material sinks

Page 18: Earth Geology• Earth’s geology is dominated by the processes of plate tectonics. This is UNIQUE to the Earth. • Earth’s crust and upper mantle are divided into plates. The

Sea Floor spreading (Hess, 1962)

New crust created at ridges (divergence) Old crust consumed at subduction zones (convergence)

Predicts sea floor is young near ridges and ages away from the ridges

Page 19: Earth Geology• Earth’s geology is dominated by the processes of plate tectonics. This is UNIQUE to the Earth. • Earth’s crust and upper mantle are divided into plates. The

Tectonic Plates

Plates are rigid, pushed along by sea floor spreading.

Page 20: Earth Geology• Earth’s geology is dominated by the processes of plate tectonics. This is UNIQUE to the Earth. • Earth’s crust and upper mantle are divided into plates. The

Plate Boundaries

?

?

?

Page 21: Earth Geology• Earth’s geology is dominated by the processes of plate tectonics. This is UNIQUE to the Earth. • Earth’s crust and upper mantle are divided into plates. The

Once Plate Tectonics was described, geologists discovered a ton of

evidence to support it.

Page 22: Earth Geology• Earth’s geology is dominated by the processes of plate tectonics. This is UNIQUE to the Earth. • Earth’s crust and upper mantle are divided into plates. The
Page 23: Earth Geology• Earth’s geology is dominated by the processes of plate tectonics. This is UNIQUE to the Earth. • Earth’s crust and upper mantle are divided into plates. The
Page 24: Earth Geology• Earth’s geology is dominated by the processes of plate tectonics. This is UNIQUE to the Earth. • Earth’s crust and upper mantle are divided into plates. The

Age of Sea Floor

Page 25: Earth Geology• Earth’s geology is dominated by the processes of plate tectonics. This is UNIQUE to the Earth. • Earth’s crust and upper mantle are divided into plates. The
Page 26: Earth Geology• Earth’s geology is dominated by the processes of plate tectonics. This is UNIQUE to the Earth. • Earth’s crust and upper mantle are divided into plates. The
Page 27: Earth Geology• Earth’s geology is dominated by the processes of plate tectonics. This is UNIQUE to the Earth. • Earth’s crust and upper mantle are divided into plates. The

Cascade Mountains - Famous volcanoes

Page 28: Earth Geology• Earth’s geology is dominated by the processes of plate tectonics. This is UNIQUE to the Earth. • Earth’s crust and upper mantle are divided into plates. The
Page 29: Earth Geology• Earth’s geology is dominated by the processes of plate tectonics. This is UNIQUE to the Earth. • Earth’s crust and upper mantle are divided into plates. The

Hot spots

Shield (hot spot) Volcanoes are different from other volcanoes...

Page 30: Earth Geology• Earth’s geology is dominated by the processes of plate tectonics. This is UNIQUE to the Earth. • Earth’s crust and upper mantle are divided into plates. The

Hot spots - Hawaii

Page 31: Earth Geology• Earth’s geology is dominated by the processes of plate tectonics. This is UNIQUE to the Earth. • Earth’s crust and upper mantle are divided into plates. The

Plate Tectonics: Take-home messages

•  Earth’s geology is dominated by the processes of plate tectonics. This is UNIQUE to the Earth.

•  Earth’s crust and upper mantle are divided into plates. The plates slide around.

•  Plate movement is driven by convection in Earth’s mantle.

•  Crust is continuously being re-generated and removed.

•  Where plates interact, they form earthquakes, volcanoes and mountains.

Page 32: Earth Geology• Earth’s geology is dominated by the processes of plate tectonics. This is UNIQUE to the Earth. • Earth’s crust and upper mantle are divided into plates. The

Why does the Earth have plate tectonics and not other planets? Is plate tectonics necessary for life?


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