EART 160: Planetary Science These and all images courtesy NASA / JPL / GSFC unless otherwise noted.
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Transcript of EART 160: Planetary Science These and all images courtesy NASA / JPL / GSFC unless otherwise noted.
![Page 1: EART 160: Planetary Science These and all images courtesy NASA / JPL / GSFC unless otherwise noted.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649e575503460f94b4fe55/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
EART 160: Planetary Science
These and all images courtesy NASA / JPL / GSFC unless otherwise noted
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Some Terms
• Planet– Orbits a star, but isn’t one (no fusion)– Spherical shape (self-gravity, R > 1000 km?)– Cleared its orbit
• Dwarf Planet– Planet that hasn’t cleared its orbit
• Small solar-system body– Anything else that orbits the sun– Asteroids, Comets, Trans-Neptunian Object
(TNO)
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• Planetary body– Planets and smaller objects
• Satellite or Moon– Orbits a larger planetary body
• Planetesimal– Small planetary body (< 1000 km)– Early solar system– Building block of planets
• World– Planet, Dwarf Planet, Large Satellite– Planet-like by “truthiness”
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What is the class about?
• Meeting of Astronomy, Geology, and Physics
• How did the planets form?• What are they made of?• What’s happening to them?• How do we know all this?
• Foundation class for Planetary Sciences track– Eart 162: Planetary Interiors – Eart 163: Planetary Surfaces – Eart 164: Planetary Atmospheres
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Contact Info
• My Name: James Roberts
• E-mail: [email protected]
• Phone: 9-3200
• Office: E&MS A200
• Office Hours: Monday 2 – 3 Thursday 11 – 12 Or by appointment
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Website
• WebCT: http://ic.ucsc.edu/webct/– Login with your UCSC username and password– Uses Javascript– May need to add yourself here:
https://ic.ucsc.edu/services/learning_management_system/create_account.php – Please let me know if there’s a problem!
• Backup at http://es.ucsc.edu/~jhr/EART160– Won’t have copyrighted material
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Books
• Reference, not a textbook• Beatty, Petersen, Chaiken.
The New Solar System, 4th ed.– Campus bookstore should
have this (~$70)– On reserve in Science Library– Preview available at
books.google.com
• Also on reserve:– Faure and Mensing,
Introduction to Planetary Science– Hartmann, Moons and Planets, 4th ed.
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• Prerequisites:– Single-variable calculus
(e.g. Math 11B or 19B)– Introductory Physics
(e.g. Phys 5A or 6A)
• Course Philosophy– Ask questions!– Grasp concepts
before mathematics– Be critical– Connect theory to
observation
“How is astronomy different from astrology?”
“Lots and lots of math.”
-- Wiley, Non Sequitur
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Homeworks
• Conceptual Questions (explain in words)
• Problems (set up and solve)
• Due each Friday
• Collaborate, don’t copy
• See me if you get stuck– It should not take you more
than an hour per problem!
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Paper Discussion
• Each Friday we’ll have an in-class discussions of 1 or 2 short journal articles
• Everyone reads the paper before class– Try to understand as much as you can
• One of you gives a 5-minute summary to the class– Everybody does this once
• Discuss. What did you learn? What doesn’t make sense?
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Class Project
• Pick a topic in Planetary Science • Come see me• Read up on it• Write a short paper, synthesizing your findings
and summarizing the topic• Due the last day of class: 17 March 2008• Alternately, conduct an original research project• Details will be provided in the next week or two.
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Exams
• Midterm: 08 February 2008
• Final: 19 March 2008
• Questions will be similar to homeworks, but in a closed environment
• Closed-book, but you can use a single page of notes
• You must pass the final to pass the class!
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Your Grade
• Weekly Homework (7 total) 40 %
• Paper Discussion 10 %
• Class Project 15 %
• Midterm 10%
• Final exam 25 %
(tentative)
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Topics
• Celestial Mechanics• Solar system origin and evolution• Surfaces and interiors• Atmospheres• Rings, moons, and tides• Comets and asteroids• Space Exploration: Missions,
Astrobiology, Extrasolar Planets
• Proposed schedule is not inflexible
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At last!
• Any questions on administrivia?
• Now let’s do something interesting!
• Please interrupt me at any time with questions.
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Terrestrial Planets
Rock, Metal, Small amount of volatiles1000 km < R < 10000 km ?a < 5 AU (1 AU = 1.5×108 km)
Mercury
Venus Earth
The Moon
Mars
Io
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Jovian PlanetsIce GiantsMostly Ice, rocky cores,
thick atmospheresR ~ 25,000 kma > 19 AU
Gas GiantsMostly Gas, Ice/Rock CoresR > 60,000 kma ~ 5-10 AU
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
All have ringsMany moons
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Icy Satellites
Europa
Ganymede Callisto
TitanTriton
Icy surfaceMay have rocky coreMay be rock and ice mixedMay have subsurface oceanR < 3000 kmOrbit Jovian planets
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Trans-Neptunian Objects
Similar to Icy satellitesDo not orbit planetsa > 30 AU
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AsteroidsItokawa
Hayabusa Flyby/”Landing” 2005Sample Return 2010
Ceres
Dawn: Flybys 2011-2015
Vesta
Made of Rock
Most in Asteroid belt (a = 2.5 – 3 AU)
MonolithicRubble Pile
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Comets
Hyakutake, 1995
Deep Impact: Flyby/Impactor 1995
Tempel 1
Ice, some rockExtremely eccentric orbitsR < 50 kmKuiper Belt: a = 30 – 55 AUOort Cloud: a = 55 AU – 50,000 AU
“Comets. The icebergs of the sky.”-- Billy West as Zapp Brannigan, Futurama
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A sense of scale
6371 km
1737 km
But how far apart are they?
a = 3.84×105 km = 60 R
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71,500 km
696,00 km
487 km
500 km
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Inner Solar System Outer Planets TNOs
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12 AU 100 AU
1000 AU20,000 AU
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1 light-year
“Space. It seems to go on and on forever. And then you get to the end and the gorillastarts throwing barrels at you.”
-- Billy West as Philip Fry, Futurama
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Neat stuff in the Solar System
Lunar Craters
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Olympus Mons
Shield volcano27 km high600 km across
Valles Marineris
Large-scale Fracture4000 km long7 km deep
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Image Courtesy Malin Space Science Systems
Valley Networks
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Clouds on Jupiter
Cassini
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Tvashtar on Io
New Horizons
The lavas of violent Io,Though they may look like pico de gallo,
Erupt and then rainOn the sulfurous plain
Looking nothing at all like Ohio.
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Saturn’s Rings
Spokes
Radio ImageColors represent particle size
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Enceladus
Tiger-stripesS. Polar Plume
There once was a moon called EnceladusWhose tiger-stripes have cast a spell at us.
The south polar plumeLike an icy mushroom
Has poked its way through the ice shell at us
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Titan
Thick Haze
Surface ImageHuygens Probe
Radar Map, Cassini
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Mimas and Iapetus
“That’s no moon … it’s a space station!”-- Alec Guiness as Obi-Wan Kenobi, Star Wars
Herschel
Ridge
AlbedoContrast
Iapetus hasA great ridge ‘round the middle.
What is up with that?
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Extrasolar Planets
Charbonneau et al., 2000
Image Courtesy ESA/Hubble
HD 209458b
More than 270 detected so far!Many are “Hot Jupiters”
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Spacecraft
MESSENGER mission to Mecury
1st flyby on Monday!
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Research Opportunities
• Programs for planetary research, especially during the summer
• Usually Paid!
• Check class website for listings
• Deadlines are soon – apply today!
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Earth
Saturn eclipsing SunCassini Image
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The Sun
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Mercury
MissionsMariner 10 Flybys 1974-1975
MeSSEnGeR Launched 2004
Flyby 14 Jan 2008
Orbit 2011
Very dense
Large Iron Core
Not fully mapped
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Caloris Basin3:2 Spin-Orbit Resonance
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Venus
MissionsMariner 2 Flyby 1962
Venera 4 Probe 1967
Mariner 5 Flyby 1967
Venera 5, 6 Probes 1969
Venera 7-14 Landers 1970-1981
Pioneer Orbiter, Probes 1978-1992
Venera 15, 16 Orbiters 1983
Vega 1, 2 Probes, Landers 1985
Magellan Orbiter 1990-1994
Venus Express Orbiter 2006 – presentClouds of CO2 and H2SO4
90 bars pressure at surface
450 K surface temperature
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Magellan RADAR Map
Aphrodite Terra
Ishtar Terra
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Earth
Liquid WaterLifePlate TectonicsLarge MoonMagnetic Field
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The Moon
Near SideFar Side
Maria (lava flows)
Terrae (cratered highlands)
Rotates synchronously
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Luna 1-3 Flybys 1959
Pioneer 4 Flyby 1959
Ranger 4, 7-9 Impactors, 1962-1964
Zond 1-7 Flybys, 1965-1970
Luna 9-24 Landers, Orbiters 1965-1976
Surveyor 1-7 Landers, 1966-1968
Lunar Orbiter 1-5 Orbiters, 1966-1968
Explorer 35 Orbiter 1967-1973
Apollo 8, 10, 13 Manned Orbiters 1968-1970
Apollo 11, 12, 14-17 Manned Landers 1969-1972
Lunakhod 1, 2 Rovers 1970-1973
Hiten 1990-1993
Smart 1 1993-1996
Clementine Orbiter 1994
Lunar Prospector Orbiter 1998-1999
Chang’e Orbiter 2007
Chandrayaan Orbiter 09 April 2008
Lunar Reconnaisance Orbiter Orbiter 28 Oct 2008
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MarsMost Earth-like planetPolar ice capsVolcanoesEvidence for past liquid water
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Mariner 4, 6, 7 Flybys 1965-1969
Mariner 9 Orbiter 1971
Mars 2, 3 Orbiters 1971-1972
Viking 1, 2 Orbiters/Landers 1976-1980
Mars Global Surveyor Orbiter 1997-2006
Mars Pathfinder Lander/Rover 1997-2003
Mars Odyssey Orbiter 2001 - present
Mars Express Orbiter 2003 - present
Spirit / Orbiter Rovers 2004 – present
Mars Reconaissance Orbiter Orbiter 2006 – present
Phoenix Lander 25 May 2008
Mars Missions
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GaspraMathilde
Ida
Dactyl
Eros
NEAR Shoemaker: Flyby 1997Orbiter/Lander 2000-2001
Galileo: Flybys 19911993
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Jupiter
Pioneer 10, 11 Flybys 1973-1974
Voyager 1, 2 Flybys 1979
Galileo Orbiter 1995-2003
Cassini Flyby 2000
New Horizons Flyby 2007
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Galilean Moons
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Tvashtar Plume on Io
Conamara Chaos on Europa
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Saturn
Pioneer 11 Flyby 1979
Voyager 1, 2 Flybys 1980-1981
Cassini Orbiter 2004-present
Huygens Titan Probe/Lander 2004
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Uranus
Tilted on its side!Ring systemMethane Clouds
Voyager 2 Flyby 1986
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Five medium-sized moons
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Neptune
Voyager 2 Flyby 1989
Great Dark Spot
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Triton
Captured Asteroid?Retrograde OrbitNitrogen Geysers