Early World Maps 01

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Early world mapsReconstruction of Anaximander's map

Anaximander(died ca. 546 BCE) is credited with having created one of the first maps of theworld,[5]which was circular in form and showed the known lands of the world grouped aroundtheAegean Seaat the center. This was all surrounded by the ocean.

Hecataeus of Miletus (c. 550476 BCE)[edit]

Reconstruction of Hecataeus' map

Hecataeus of Miletus(died ca. 476 BCE) is credited with a work entitled Ges Periodos("Travelsround the Earth" or "World Survey'), in two books each organized in the manner of aperiplus,apoint-to-point coastal survey. One onEurope,is essentially a periplus of the Mediterranean,describing each region in turn, reaching as far north asScythia.The other book, onAsia,is arrangedsimilarly to thePeriplus of the Erythraean Seaof which a version of the 1st century CE survives.Hecataeus described the countries and inhabitants of the known world, the account ofEgyptbeingparticularly comprehensive; the descriptive matter was accompanied by amap,baseduponAnaximanders map of the earth, which he corrected and enlarged. The work only survives insome 374 fragments, by far the majority being quoted in the geographical lexicon EthnikacompiledbyStephanus of Byzantium.

Eratosthenes (276

194 BCE)[edit]

1883 reconstruction ofEratosthenes'map[6]

Eratosthenes(276194 BCE) drew an improved world map, incorporating information from thecampaigns ofAlexander the Greatand his successors.Asiabecame wider, reflecting the new

understanding of the actual size of the continent. Eratosthenes was also the first geographer toincorporate parallels and meridians within his cartographic depictions, attesting to his understandingof the spherical nature of the earth.

Posidonius (c. 150130 BCE)[edit]

A 1628 reconstruction ofPosidoniusideas about the positions of continents (many details

couldn't have been known by Posidonius)

Main article:Posidonius
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Posidonius(or Poseidonius) ofApameia(c. 13551 BCE), was a GreekStoicphilosopher[7]whotraveled throughout the Roman world and beyond and was a celebratedpolymaththroughout theGreco-Roman world, likeAristotleandEratosthenes.His work "about the ocean and the adjacentareas" was a general geographical discussion, showing how all the forces had an effect on eachother and applied also to human life. He measured theEarth's circumference by reference to theposition of the starCanopus.His measure of 240,000stadiatranslates to 24,000 miles, close to theactual circumference of 24,901 miles.[8]He was informed in his approach by Eratosthenes, who a

century earlier used the elevation of the Sun at different latitudes. Both men's figures for the Earth'scircumference were uncannily accurate, aided in each case by mutually compensating errors inmeasurement. However, the version of Posidonius' calculation popularised byStrabowas revised bycorrecting the distance between Rhodes and Alexandria to 3,750 stadia, resulting in a circumferenceof 180,000 stadia, or 18,000 miles.[9]Ptolemydiscussed and favored this revised figure ofPosidonius over Eratosthenes in his Geographia, and during theMiddle Agesscholars divided intotwo camps regarding the circumference of the Earth, one side identifying with Eratosthenes'calculation and the other with Posidonius' 180,000 stadion measure.

Strabo (c. 64 BCE 24 CE)[edit]Main articles:StraboandGeographica

Strabo is mostly famous for his 17-volume work Geographica, which presented a descriptive history

of people and places from different regions of the world known to his era.[10]TheGeographicafirstappeared in Western Europe in Rome as a Latin translation issued around 1469. Although Straboreferenced the antique Greek astronomers Eratosthenes andHipparchusand acknowledged theirastronomical and mathematical efforts towards geography, he claimed that a descriptive approachwas more practical. Geographicaprovides a valuable source of information on the ancient world,especially when this information is corroborated by other sources. Within the booksof Geographicais a map of Europe. Whole world maps according to Strabo are reconstructions fromhis written text.

Pomponius Mela (c. 43 CE)[edit]

An 1898 reconstruction ofPomponius Melasview of the World.

Main article:Pomponius Mela

Pomponius is unique among ancient geographers in that, after dividing the earth into five zones, ofwhich two only were habitable, he asserts the existence ofantichthones,people inhabiting thesouthern temperate zone inaccessible to the folk of the northern temperate regions due to theunbearable heat of the intervening torrid belt. On the divisions and boundariesofEurope,AsiaandAfrica,he repeats Eratosthenes; like all classical geographers fromAlexanderthe Great(exceptPtolemy)he regards theCaspian Seaas an inlet of the Northern Ocean,corresponding to the Persian and Arabian (Red Sea)gulfs on the south.

Marinus of Tyre (c. 120 CE)[edit]Main article:Marinus of Tyre

Marinus of Tyre's world maps were the first in theRoman Empireto showChina.Around 120 CE,Marinus wrote that the habitable world was bounded on the west by theFortunate Islands.The textof his geographical treatise however is lost. He also invented theequirectangular projection,which isstill used in map creation today. A few of Marinus' opinions are reported by Ptolemy. Marinus was of
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the opinion that theOkeanoswas separated into an eastern and a western part by the continents(Europe,AsiaandAfrica). He thought that the inhabited world stretched in latitudefromThule(Shetland)toAgisymba(Tropic of Capricorn)and in longitude from theIsles of theBlessedtoShera (China).Marinus also coined the termAntarctic,referring to the opposite oftheArctic Circle.His chief legacy is that he first assigned to each place aproperlatitudeandlongitude;he used a "Meridian of theIsles of the Blessed(CanaryIslandsorCape Verde Islands)" as thezero meridian.

Ptolemy (c. 150)[edit]

A 15th-century manuscript copy of thePtolemy world map,reconstituted from

Ptolemy's Geographia(circa 150)

The Ptolemy world mapis a map based on the description of the world contained inPtolemy'sbookGeographia,written Circa150. Although authentic maps of Ptolemy have never been found,the Geographiacontains thousands of references to various parts of the old world, with coordinatesfor most, which seem to have influenced early Islamic maps, and allowed European cartographers toreconstruct Ptolemy's world view when an ancient Greek manuscript was translated into Latinaround 1300.

Tabula Peutingeriana (4th century)[edit]

TheTabula Peutingeriana(Peutinger table) is anitinerariumshowing thecursus publicus,the roadnetwork in theRoman Empire.It is a 13th-century copy of an original map dating from the 4thcentury, coveringEurope,parts ofAsia(India)and North-Africa.The map is named afterKonradPeutinger,a German 15th-16th-century humanist and antiquarian. The map was discovered in a

library inWormsbyConrad Celtes,who was unable to publish his find before his death, andbequeathed the map in 1508 to Peutinger. It is conserved at thesterreichischeNationalbibliothek,Hofburg,Vienna.

Tabula Peutingeriana,from Iberia in the west, to India in the east.

Middle Ages[edit]
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title=Early_world_maps&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Early_world_maps&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WorldMapCosmasIndicopleustes.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TabulaPeutingeriana.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PtolemyWorldMap.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WorldMapCosmasIndicopleustes.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TabulaPeutingeriana.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PtolemyWorldMap.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WorldMapCosmasIndicopleustes.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TabulaPeutingeriana.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PtolemyWorldMap.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Early_world_maps&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabula_Peutingerianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofburghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96sterreichische_Nationalbibliothekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96sterreichische_Nationalbibliothekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Celteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worms,_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Peutingerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Peutingerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cursus_publicushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itinerariumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabula_Peutingerianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Early_world_maps&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy_world_maphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Early_world_maps&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_meridianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isles_of_the_Blessedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Circlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isles_of_the_Blessedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isles_of_the_Blessedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropic_of_Capricornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agisymbahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanus


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World map byCosmas Indicopleustes

Cosmas Indicopleustes' map (6th century)[edit]

Around 550Cosmas Indicopleusteswrote the copiously illustratedChristian Topography,a workpartly based on his personal experiences as a merchant on the Red Sea and Indian Ocean in theearly 6th century. Though hiscosmogonyis refuted by modern science, he has given a historic

description of India andSri Lankaduring of the 6th century, which is invaluable to historians.Cosmas seems to have personally visited the Kingdom ofAxuminmodernEthiopiaandEritrea,IndiaandSri Lanka.In 522 CE, he visited theMalabar Coast(SouthIndia). A major feature of his Topographyis Cosmas' worldview that theworldisflat,and thattheheavensform the shape of a box with a curved lid, a view he took from unconventionalinterpretations ofChristianscripture.Cosmas aimed to prove that pre-Christian geographers hadbeen wrong in asserting that the earth was spherical and that it was in fact modelled on thetabernacle, the house of worship described to Moses by God during the Jewish Exodus from Egypt.

From a 12th-century copy of Etymologiae

Isidore of Sevilla's T and O map(c. 636)[edit]Main article:T and O map

The medievalT and O mapsoriginate with the description of the world in theEtymologiaeofIsidoreof Sevilla(died 636). This qualitative and conceptual type of medievalcartographyrepresents onlythe top-half of a spherical Earth.[11]It was presumably tacitly considered a convenientprojectionofthe inhabited portion of the world known in Roman and Medieval times (that is, thenortherntemperatehalf of the globe). The Tis theMediterranean,dividing thethreecontinents,Asia,EuropeandAfrica,and the Ois the surroundingOcean.Jerusalemwasgenerally represented in the center of the map. Asia was typically the size of the other twocontinents combined. Because the sun rose in the east, Paradise (the Garden of Eden) wasgenerally depicted as being in Asia, and Asia was situated at the top portion of the map.

World map by Ibn Hawqal (south at top)

Ibn Hawqals map (10th century)[edit]Main article:Ibn Hawqal

Ibn Hawqalwas an Arab scientist of the 10th century who developed a world map, based on his owntravel experience and probably the works of Ptolemy. Another such cartographer wasAl-Istakhri.[12]
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orld_map_-_12th_c.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ibn_Howqal_World_map.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diagrammatic_T-O_world_map_-_12th_c.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_world_maps#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Istakhrihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Hawqalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Hawqalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Early_world_maps&action=edit&section=15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterraneanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_projectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_world_maps#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_of_Sevillahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_of_Sevillahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymologiaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_and_O_maphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_and_O_maphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Early_world_maps&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malabar_Coasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmogonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Topographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmas_Indicopleusteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Early_world_maps&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmas_Indicopleustes


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The Anglo-Saxon 'Cotton' world map (c. 1040).

Anglo-Saxon Cot tonworld map (c. 1040)[edit]

This map appears in a copy of a classical work on geography, the Latin version byPriscianofthe Periegesis, that was among the manuscripts in theCotton library(MS. TiberiusB.V., fol. 56v),now in theBritish Library.It is not intended purely as an illustration to that work, for it contains much

material gathered from other sources, including some which would have been the most up-to-dateavailable, although it is based on a distant Roman original (similar to the source ofanother 11th-century world map,illustrating an edition of Isidore of Seville)on which the network of linesappears to indicate the boundaries ofimperialprovinces. The date of drawing was formerlyestimated at about CE 992994, based on suggested links to the journey ofArchbishop Sigeric ofCanterburyfrom Rome[13]but more recent analysis indicates that, although the information wasrevised about that time, the map was probably drawn between 1025 and 1050.[14]

Like the later map by al-Idrisi (see below) this map is clearly outside the largely symbolic earlymedieval mapping tradition, but equally it is not based on the famous Ptolemaic co-ordinate system.East is at the top, but Jerusalem is not in the centre, and the Garden of Eden is nowhere to be seen.Unusually, all the waterways of Africa, not just the Red Sea, are depicted in red (mountains aregreen). The depiction of the far East is ambitious, including India and Taprobane (Sri Lanka)the

latter depicted according to the exaggerated classical conception of its size. Unsurprisingly, Britainitself is depicted in some detail. Great Britain, unusually by medieval standards, is shown as oneisland, albeit with an exaggerated Cornish promontory, and Mona, Ireland and the many Scottishislands are all indicated. The cartographer is slightly confused by Iceland, depicting it both by aversion of its classical name 'Thule', north-west of Britain, and as 'Island', logically linked withScandinavia.

World map from theSaint-Sever Beatus

Beatus Mappa Mundi (1050)[edit]Main article:Beatus of Libana

Beatus of Libana(c. 730798) was anAsturianmonkandtheologian.He correspondedwithAlcuin,and took part in theAdoptionistcontroversy, criticizing the views ofFelix ofUrgelandElipandus of Toledo.He is best remembered today as the author of his Commentary ontheApocalypse,published in 776. An illustrated manuscript known as theSaint-Sever Beatus,featuring the Commentary, was produced around 1050 at the Abbey of Saint-Sever, Aquitaine,France. It contains one of the oldest Christian world maps as an illustration of the Commentary.

Although the original manuscript and map has not survived, copies of the map survives in several ofthe extant manuscripts.
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al-Kashgari's Diwanu Lughat at-Turk.

Mahmud al-Kashgari's map (1072)[edit]

QarakhanidUyghurscholarMahmud al-Kashgaricompiled a "Compendium of the languages of theTurks" in the 11th century. The manuscript is illustrated with a "Turkocentric" world map, orientedwith east (or rather, perhaps, the direction of midsummer sunrise) on top, centered on the ancientcity ofBalasagunin what is nowKyrgyzstan,showing theCaspian Seato the north,andIraq,Armenia,YemenandEgyptto the west,ChinaandJapanto theeast,Hindustan,Kashmir,Gog and Magogto the south. Conventional symbols are used

throughoutblue lines for rivers, red lines for mountain ranges etc. The world is shown as encircledby the ocean.[15]The map is now kept at the Pera Museum in Istanbul.

TheTabula Rogeriana(1154).

Al-Idrisi's Tabula Rogeriana(1154)[edit]Main article:Tabula Rogeriana

TheArab geographer,Muhammad al-Idrisi,incorporated the knowledge ofAfrica,theIndianOceanand theFar Eastgathered byArab merchantsand explorers with the information inheritedfrom the classical geographers to create the most accurate map of the world at the time. It remainedthe most accurate world map for the next three centuries. TheTabula Rogerianawas drawn by Al-Idrisi in 1154 for theNormanKingRoger II of Sicily,after a stay of eighteen years at his court, wherehe worked on the commentaries and illustrations of the map. The map, written in Arabic, showstheEurasiancontinent in its entirety, but only shows thenorthern partof the African continent.

TheEbstorf Map,ca. 1235.

Ebstorf Mappa Mundi (1235)[edit]Main article:Ebstorf Map

The Ebstorf Map is an example of a Europeanmappa mundi,made byGervase of Ebstorf,who waspossibly the same man asGervase of Tilbury,[16]some time in the thirteenth century. It is a very largemap: painted on 30 goatskins sewn together, it measures about 3.6 m 3.6 m (12 ft 12 ft) Thehead of Christ is depicted at the top of the map, with his hands on either side and his feet at the
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bottom.[17]The Map is a greatly elaborated version of the medieval tripartite orT and O map,it iscentered on Jerusalem with east on top of the map. It representsRomein the shape of a lion, andhas an evident interest in the distribution of bishropics.[18]The original was destroyed during WorldWar II but some color copies remain.

TheHereford Mappa Mundi,ca. 1300

Hereford Mappa Mundi (1300)[edit]Main article:Hereford Mappa Mundi

TheHerefordMappa Mundiis a detailed mappa mundi based on theT and O mapstyle, dating toca. 1300. The map is signed by one "Richard ofHaldinghamorLafford". Drawn on a single sheetofvellum,it measures 158 by 133 cm (62 by 52 in). The writing is in black ink, with additional redand gold, and blue or green for water (with theRed Seacoloured red). The captions demonstrateclearly the multiple functions of these large medieval maps, conveying a mass of information onBiblical subjects and general history, in addition to geography.

Jerusalemis drawn at the centre of the circle,eastis on top, showing theGarden of Edenin a circleat the edge of the world (1).Great Britainis drawn at the northwestern border (bottom left, 22 & 23).Curiously, the labels forAfricaandEuropeare reversed, with Europe scribed in red and gold as'Africa', and vice-versa.

Pietro Vescontesworld map, 1321

Pietro Vesconte's world map (1321)[edit]

Italian geographerPietro Vescontewas a pioneer of the field of theportolan chart.His nauticalcharts are among the earliest to map theMediterraeanandBlack Searegions accurately. He alsoproduced progressively more accurate depictions of the coastlines of northern Europe. In his worldmap of 1321 he brought his experience as a maker of portolans to bear; the map introduced apreviously unheard of accuracy to the mappa mundi genre.[19]The world map, as well as a map oftheHoly Landand plan ofAcreandJerusalemwere made for inclusion inMarino Sanuto's Libersecretorum fidelium cruces.[20]
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Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_of_Edenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vellumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleafordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holdinghamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_and_O_maphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mappa_Mundihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herefordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereford_Mappa_Mundihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Early_world_maps&action=edit&section=21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereford_Mappa_Mundihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_world_maps#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_and_O_maphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_world_maps#cite_note-17


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Two leaves of TheCatalan world atlas

Catalan World Atlas (1375)[edit]Main article:Catalan Atlas

The Catalan World Atlas was produced by theMajorcan cartographic schooland is attributed

toCresques Abraham.It has been in the royal library of France (now theBibliothque nationale deFrance)since the time ofCharles V.The Catalan Atlas originally consisted of 6 vellum leaves foldeddown the middle painted in various colors including gold and silver. The first two leaves contain textsinCatalan languagecoveringcosmography,astronomy,andastrology.These texts areaccompanied by illustrations. The texts and illustration emphasize the Earth's spherical shape andthe state of the known world. They also provide information to sailors on tides and how to tell time atnight.

Unlike many other nautical charts, the Catalan Atlas is read with the north at the bottom. As a resultof this the maps are oriented from left to right, from the Far East to the Atlantic. The first two leaves,forming the oriental portion of the Catalan Atlas, illustrate numerous religious references as well as asynthesis of medieval mappae mundi (Jerusalem located close to the centre) and the travel literatureof the time, notablyMarco Polo's Book of Marvels and the Travels and Voyage ofSir John

Mandeville.Many Indian and Chinese cities can be identified.

Da Ming Hun Yi Tumap

Da Ming Hun Yi Tu world map (1389)[edit]Main article:Da Ming Hun Yi Tu

China developed sophisticated mapping techniques at about the same time as ancient Rome, andnever lost them, so by the "medieval" period the country had been mapped with considerable detailand accuracy (seeChinese geography). When European mapping techniques caught up again atabout CE 1300, Islamic contacts were able to supply new maps of the Mediterranean area to China,via the communication routes in theMongol empire,and these prompted Chinese scholars to createworld maps, with China at the centre and Europe, half-way round the globe, depicted very small andhorizontally compressed at the edge. Significantly, Africa was also mapped from an Indian Oceanperspective, showing the Cape of Good Hope area, which Europeans would not visit until muchlater. The first examples, made in the 1320s, are lost, so the earliest survivor is the elaborate,colourful Da Ming Hun Yi Tu, painted on 17 m2(180 sq ft) of silk in 1389 for the first Ming emperor.
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Kangnidoworld map (1402)

Kangnido world map (1402)[edit]Main article:Kangnido

The Kangnido(the fullHanjaname means "Map of Integrated Lands and Regions of HistoricalCountries and Capitals")[21]is a map of the world made inKoreain 1402. Created under thesupervision of Korean officials as part of a cultural project of the newly foundedJoseon Dynasty,[22]itis the most familiar example of the known-world maps based on Chinese cartographic techniques

with additional input from western sources, via Islamic scholarship in theMongol Empire.Superficially similar to the Da Ming Hun Yi Tu(which has been less well known in the West becauseit is kept in closed archive storage) the Kangnido shows its Korean origin in the enlargement of thatcountry, and incorporates vastly improved (though wrongly positioned, scaled and oriented) mappingof Japan. Elsewhere, the map betrays a decorative rather than practical purpose, particularly in theportrayal of river systems, which form unnatural loops rarely seen on Chinese maps. Nonetheless, itis considered as "superior to anything produced in Europe prior to the end of the fifteenthcentury".[23]

De Virga world map(14111415)

De Virga world map (14111415)[edit]Main article:De Virga world map

The De Virga world mapwas made by Albertinus de Virga between 1411 and 1415. Albertin deVirga, a Venetian, is also known for a 1409 map of the Mediterranean, also made in Venice. The

world map is circular, drawn on a piece ofparchment69.6 cm 44 cm (27.4 in 17.3 in). It consistsof the map itself, about 44 cm (17 in) in diameter, and an extension containing a calendar and twotables.

Bianco world map(1436)

Bianco's world map (1436)[edit]Main article:Bianco world map
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Andrea Bianco's atlas of 1436 comprises ten leaves ofvellum,measuring 29 cm 38 cm (11 in 15 in), in an 18th-century binding. The first leaf contains a description of the Rule of Marteloioforresolving the course, with the "circle and square", two tables and two other diagrams. The next eightleaves contain various navigation charts. The ninth leaf contains a circular world map measuring25 cm (9.8 in) in circumference. And the final leaf contains the Ptolemaic world map on Ptolemy'sfirst projection, with graduation. Some believe Bianco's maps were the first to correctly portray thecoast of Florida, as a macro-peninsula is attached to a large island labeledAntillia.Bianco also

collaborated withFra Mauroon the Fra Mauro world map of 1459.

Genoese mapof 1457, Biblioteca Nazionale at Florence

Genoese map (1457)[edit]Main article:Genoese map

TheGenoese mapof 1457 is aworld mapthat relied extensively on the account of the traveler toAsiaNiccolo da Conti,rather than the usual source ofMarco Polo.[24]The author is unknown, but is amore modern development than theFra Mauro world map,less intricate a complete, with fairly goodproportions given to each continents. The map depicts the main landmarks of the time:PresterJohnin Africa, the Great Khan in China, "Xilam" (Ceylom) and Sumatra, and the design of a three-masted European ship in theIndian Ocean,something which had not occurred, suggesting that asealane was a possibility.[24]

Fra Mauro map(1459)

Fra Mauro world map (1459)[edit]Main article:Fra Mauro map

The Fra Mauro mapwas made between 1457 and 1459 by theVenetianmonkFra Mauro.It is acircular planisphere drawn onparchmentand set in a wooden frame, about 2 meters in diameter.The original world map was made by Fra Mauro and his assistant Andrea Bianco, a sailor-cartographer, under a commission by kingAfonso V of Portugal.The map was completed on April24, 1459, and sent toPortugal,but did not survive to the present day. Fra Mauro died the next yearwhile he was making a copy of the map for the Seignory of Venice, and the copy was completed byAndrea Bianco.

Martellus world map (1490)
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Martellus world map (1490)[edit]

The world map ofHenricus Martellus Germanus(Heinrich Hammer), c. 1490, was remarkably similarto the terrestrial globe later produced byMartin Behaimin 1492, theErdapfel.Both show heavyinfluences fromPtolemy,and both possibly derive from maps created around 1485 in LisbonbyBartolomeo Columbus.Although Martellus is believed to have been born in Nuremberg, Behaim'shome town, he lived and worked in Florence from 1480 to 1496.

Behaim'sErdapfel

Behaim's Erdapfelglobe (1492)[edit]Main article:Erdapfel

The Erdapfel(German:earth apple) produced byMartin Behaimin 1492 is considered to be theoldest surviving terrestrialglobe.It is constructed of a laminated linen ball reinforced with wood andoverlaid with amappainted byGeorg Glockendon.[25]The Americas are not included yet,asColumbusreturned to Spain no sooner than March 1493. It shows a rather enlarged Eurasiancontinent and an empty ocean between Europe and Asia. Interestingly, theCaribbeanislands mayalready be represented as well, even before Colombus's return, under the name of the

mythicalSaint Brendan's Island.Japan and Asian islands are disproportionately large. The idea tocall the globe "apple" may be related to theReichsapfel("Imperial Apple",Globus cruciger)whichwas also kept in Nuremberg along with theImperial Regalia(Reichskleinodien). In 1907, it wastransferred to theGermanic MuseuminNuremberg.

After 1492[edit]Further information:Age of Discovery

Juan de la Cosa map (1500)[edit]

Map of Juan de la Cosa,shown rotated right (in the original manuscript north points left), 1500

Main article:Map of Juan de la Cosa

TheJuan de la Cosa,a Spanish cartographer,explorerandconquistador,born inSantoain thenorthern autonomous region ofCantabria,made several maps of which the only survivor isthe Mappa Mundiof 1500. It is the first known European cartographic representation oftheAmericas.It is now in the Museo Naval inMadrid.Reproductions of it are given by Humboldt in

hisAtlas gographique et physique.Cantino world map (1502)[edit]
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