Name: ___________________________________World HistoryPost Classical Era- Movement of People

Standard 4.0 3.5 3.0 Not a 3.0 yetStandard 4: Patterns of crisis and recovery resulting from conflict, disease, climate change and economic growth

65 – 58 points

57.5- 50 points

49- 40 points

39.5 or less

Take complete notes of the packet and turn in the Topic and Graphic Organizer _______/10 pointsLong Essay Question- Comparison _______/ 40 points Extra Body Paragraph on Comparison essay _____/15 points

Context of the Chapter and Era

Part I- The Vikings

Watch the video and reading about the Vikings from the following website-

VIKINGShttp://www.history.com/topics/exploration/vikings-history

Vikings – 5- 10 notes

VIKINGS- HTTP://WWW.HISTORY.COM/TOPICS/EXPLORATION/VIKINGS-HISTORY

From around A.D. 800 to the 11th century, a vast number of Scandinavians left their homelands to seek their fortunes elsewhere. These seafaring warriors–known collectively as Vikings or Norsemen (“Northmen”)–began by raiding coastal sites, especially undefended monasteries, in the British Isles. Over the next three centuries, they would leave their mark as pirates, raiders, traders and settlers on much of Britain and the European continent, as well as parts of modern-day Russia, Iceland, Greenland and Newfoundland.

WHO WERE THE VIKINGS?Contrary to some popular conceptions of the Vikings, they were not a “race” linked by ties of common ancestry or patriotism, and could not be defined by any particular sense of “Viking-ness.” Most of the Vikings whose activities are best known come from the areas now known as Denmark, Norway and Sweden, though there are mentions in historical records of Finnish, Estonian and Saami Vikings as well. Their common ground–and what made them different from the European peoples they confronted–was that they came from a foreign land, they were not “civilized” in the local understanding of the word and–most importantly–they were not Christian.

The exact reasons for Vikings venturing out from their homeland are uncertain; some have suggested it was due to overpopulation of their homeland, but the earliest Vikings were looking for riches, not land. In the eighth century A.D., Europe was growing richer, fueling the growth of trading centers such as Dorestad and Quentovic on the Continent and Hamwic (now Southampton), London, Ipswich and York in England. Scandinavian furs were highly prized in the new trading markets; from their trade with the Europeans, Scandinavians learned about new sailing technology as well as about the growing wealth and accompanying inner conflicts between European kingdoms. The Viking predecessors–pirates who preyed on merchant ships in the Baltic Sea–would use this knowledge to expand their fortune-seeking activities into the North Sea and beyond.Use this area for notes on the reading

EARLY VIKING RAIDS

In A.D. 793, an attack on the Lindisfarne monastery off the coast of Northumberland in northeastern England marked the beginning of the Viking Age. The culprits–probably Norwegians who sailed directly across the North Sea–did not destroy the monastery completely, but the attack shook the European religious world to its core. Unlike other groups, these strange new invaders had no respect for religious institutions such as the monasteries, which were often left unguarded and vulnerable near the shore. Two years later, Viking raids struck the undefended island monasteries of Skye and Iona (in the Hebrides) as well as Rathlin (off the northeast coast of Ireland). The first recorded raid in continental Europe came in 799, at the island monastery of St Philibert’s on Noirmoutier, near the estuary of the Loire River.

CONQUESTS IN THE BRITISH ISLES

By the mid-ninth century, Ireland, Scotland and England had become major targets for Viking settlement as well as raids. Vikings gained control of the Northern Isles of Scotland (Shetland and the Orkneys), the Hebrides and much of mainland Scotland. They founded Ireland’s first trading towns: Dublin, Waterford, Wexford, Wicklow and Limerick, and used their base on the Irish coast to launch attacks within Ireland and across the Irish Sea to England. When King Charles the Bald began defending West Frankia more energetically in 862, fortifying towns, abbeys, rivers and coastal areas, Viking forces began to concentrate more on England than Frankia.In the wave of Viking attacks in England after 851, only one kingdom–Wessex–was able to successfully resist. Viking armies (mostly Danish) conquered East Anglia and Northumberland and dismantled Mercia, while in 871 King Alfred the Great of Wessex became the only king to decisively defeat a Danish army in England. Leaving Wessex, the Danes settled to the north, in an area known as “Danelaw.” Many of them became farmers and traders and established York as a leading mercantile city. In the first half of the 10th century, English armies led by the descendants of Alfred of Wessex began reconquering Scandinavian areas of England; the last Scandinavian king, Erik Bloodaxe, was expelled and killed around 952, permanently uniting English into one kingdom.Use this area for notes on the reading

VIKING SETTLEMENTS: EUROPE AND BEYOND

Meanwhile, Viking armies remained active on the European continent throughout the ninth century, brutally sacking Nantes (on the French coast) in 842 and attacking towns as far inland as Paris, Limoges, Orleans, Tours and Nimes. In 844, Vikings stormed Seville (then controlled by the Arabs); in 859, they plundered Pisa, though an Arab fleet battered them on the way back north. In 911, the West Frankish king granted Rouen and the surrounding territory by treaty to a Viking chief called Rollo in exchange for the latter’s denying passage to the Seine to other raiders. This region of northern France is now known as Normandy, or “land of the Northmen.”

In the ninth century, Scandinavians (mainly Norwegians) began to colonize Iceland, an island in the North Atlantic where no one had yet settled in large numbers. By the late 10th century, some Vikings (including the famous Erik the Red) moved even further westward, to Greenland. According to later Icelandic histories, some of the early Viking settlers in Greenland (supposedly led by the Norwegian Viking hero Leif Eriksson, son of Erik the Red) may have become the first Europeans to discover and explore North America. Calling their landing place Vinland (Wine-land), they built a temporary settlement at L’Anse aux Meadows in modern-day Newfoundland. Beyond that, there is little evidence of Viking presence in the New World, and they didn’t form permanent settlements.

END OF THE VIKING AGE

The events of 1066 in England effectively marked the end of the Viking Age. By that time, all of the Scandinavian kingdoms were Christian, and what remained of Viking “culture” was being absorbed into the culture of Christian Europe. Today, signs of the Viking legacy can be found mostly in the Scandinavian origins of some vocabulary and place-names in the areas in which they settled, including northern England, Scotland and Russia. In Iceland, the Vikings left an extensive body of literature, the Icelandic sagas, in which they celebrated the greatest victories of their glorious past.Use this area for notes on the reading

Take notes from the Reading from APWorldipedia 3.1- http://apworldipedia.com/index.php?

title=Key_Concept_3.1_Expansion_and_Intensification_of_Communication_and_Exchange_Networks

The migrations of the Norsemen, as they were called, was made possible by a remarkable vessel, the Viking Longship. Its nearly forty foot wide sail could catch the North Sea's winds and drive it with great speed. In the absence of wind the boats could be propelled by oars. They were seaworthy enough for trans-Atlantic crossings but small enough to maneuver in shallow rivers. In the last half of the 9th century the Vikings crossed the North Sea, navigated the Seine River and sacked Paris 3 times. They burned it the third time, and pillaged Tours 7 times. [34]The Longship was light enough to be carried by its crew across a land-bridge and, unlike larger ships, could be run ashore thus alleviating the need for secondary landing crafts during a raid. [35]Despite their plundering and destroying, the movement of the Vikings had an impact on commerce. Their expansion connected several regional trading zones in Eurasia by linking Byzantine, Islamic, Northern European, and Central Asian routes via the Russians. The geographic reach given to the Vikings by their longships intensified trade. [36]

A well-preserved Viking Longship excavated in Norway on display at the Viking Ship Museum in Oslo.

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Take notes from the following video that is linked to Mr. Wood’s website- The Vikings - Who Were They - Discovery History Channel- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mrNyYjPdAOU

- Watch from 5:00 – 7:30, 14:20 - 19:15

Go to the following website linked to Mr. Wood/Ms. Healy’s website and fill out the OPTIC chart

- See where the Vikings travelled - http://sciencenordic.com/see-where-vikings-travelled Overview Look at the entire visual image- What is “The Big Picture,” and not a small detail in part of the image.

Parts Focus on the parts of the visual (read labels, look for symbols, study the details). Write 2-3 details about what the individual parts/symbols mean or represent?

Title Write the title or make one up and 2-3 details about what the title tells you about the image.

I learned that … Name three ideas or concepts that you learned from this image

Context Explain how this connects to what we have been studying, name of chapter and era.

Part II- The Bantu Migrations

Watch the following video on the Bantu Language & Migration - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z6VZxfdq10w

Read from the following section from APWorldipedia

The migration of Bantu people across Africa, which was a protracted movement of people lasting about 2000 years, disseminated iron making technology across the continent. The effect on agriculture was profound. Sharp iron tools made reaping of crops much faster allowing more to be grown. Some parts of Sub-Saharan Africa experienced demographic changes. Making use of bananas, which were first brought to east Africa by Polynesian people, Bantu populations increased. [40]To meet the needs of growing populations, Bantu speaking people turned to irrigation and terracing techniques and experienced the associated environmental effects. Land was cleared and erosion took place at a greater rate. [41] 

Their use of cattle accelerated the land clearing. According to some historians, the pressures this put on resources led to the collapse of perhaps the most well known society of Bantu ancestory, Great Zimbabwe. In the absence of further technological innovations, the growing population exhausted the supply of firewood, soil, and pasture lands

Why study The Bantu Migration?- https://www.chegg.com/tutors/what-is-The-Bantu-

Migration/

The Bantu migration was one of the first formative events in African history. It's necessary to understand this if you want to understand how modern Africa came to be. The Bantu-speaking peoples migrated from Western Africa-- near modern-day Nigeria-- southward and eastward, spreading out across all of the southern half of the African continent. This migration started at about 1000 B.C.E., and ended at about 1700 A.D. although that date is still in dispute. The Bantu-speaking peoples brought agriculture to the southern half of Africa, which was mostly populated by foragers, herders, and hunter-gatherers. Bantu peoples settled land and created great empires like the Great Zimbabwe and the Zulu kingdom, and continued to expand and settle more land. This changed so much of Africa very dramatically. This migration, or expansion, was discovered through LANGUAGE. Bantu refers to several similar languages, or a 'family' of languages, that can be found throughout central and south Africa. language today, Contemporary Bantu languages are different from the ancestral languages of 3000 years ago, and it is this change and evolution in language that has allowed historians and anthropologists to track this great movement across a huge continent.

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The Bantu Expansion- The Word "Bantu"

The word "Bantu" (which means "people" in many Bantu languages) refers to a group of about 500 African languages and to their speakers, today numbering about 90 million people. The Bantu language most often taught in American Universities is Swahili, but there are many others.

The Bantu HomelandThe first Bantu speakers seem to have lived in the area that is today Nigeria and Cameroon (roughly at the "notch" on the west side of Africa). Their early Neolithic adaptation involved yams and bananas, which may have originated in

Malaysia. The more or less simultaneous development of (1) agriculture and of (2) iron-working (and the extensive trade it promoted) was once thought to be the underlying reason for the initial Bantu expansion out of the homeland area. The first great expansion seems to have begun about 3500 years ago, or about 1500 BC. That would be shortly after the yam and banana complex arrived. Expansion seems to have been further vigorously stimulated when (1) cereal crops later came to be cultivated, introduced from southwestern Asia, and (2) iron came to be worked. Iron tools facilitated cutting down trees for shifting "slash-and-burn" cereal agriculture, and iron was the basis for valuable trade items. Perhaps most importantly, iron made good weapons, facilitating expansion by well armed Bantus into lands occupied only by foraging peoples.

The SahelThe gradual Bantu expansion (or “migration”) progressed by two routes: One ran down the Atlantic coastal grasslands into what is today Angola. The other ran across the strip of thorn forest and grassland south of the Sahara and north of the central African jungles, a region known as the “Sahel” (originally an Arabic term for “coast,” referring with some irony to the edge of the expanding Sahara desert in what is today southern Mali, Niger, and Chad.Simplifying enormously, we can say that once early Bantu farmers were raising grain in addition to their earlier cultigens, they had an agriculture that was tolerant of dry regions, even, if necessary, savanna land.The southern portion of the Sahel merges into a strip of land, still un-forested, called the "sudan" (not the same as the country) that was actually very good agricultural land, but insufficient for the ever growing Bantu population.Farmers were obviously not attracted either to the desert regions lying to the north or to the dense and pest-ridden forests of the Congo and adjacent lands.Use this area for notes on the reading

Settling EverywhereReaching Eastern Africa by about 150 BC, the area of Bantu agriculturalists expanded slowly southward through the farmlands east of the great forests, and on further to the south. The two migrating streams of population — one down the west side of the continent and the other cross the Sahel and then down the east side —gradually wrapped around below the central forest region, and met again, probably in the southern part of the Congo where the forest gives out. That probably happened by about the time of Christ or a little after. By about AD 300 Bantu speakers occupied most of Africa south of the Sahara, establishing the major kingdom of Zimbabwe by AD 1000.Like the people of Northeast Asia crossing the Bering Strait into the Americas without knowing they were going anywhere in particular, the Bantu speakers spread across the continent in what was almost certainly not a self-conscious act, but merely a gradual "seepage" of populations seeking more or better farming and grazing land. Envision opportunistic farmers occasionally homesteading new fields, not trudging travelers.This movement need not have been stimulated only by new discoveries or growing populations, of course. There was probably also pressure from the spreading of the Sahara desert into the Sahel lands, pushing the population ahead of its deadly desication, just as it continues to do today.

Conquering EverybodyThe areas into which the Bantu moved were not unoccupied. Even today one finds descendants of the displaced, non-Bantu-speaking, foraging populations. These include speakers of so-called "Khoisan" languages in the Southwest — especially Namibia and Botswana — and the Pygmy forest dwellers like the Aka and BaMbuti.) These peoples have in effect been pushed off of cultivable land into agriculturally marginal "refuge" areas of little interest to Bantu farmers. In recent centuries they have tended to dwell in interaction with and subordination to Bantus. Naturally all groups have

intermarried now and then over the generations, and in modern times one might also argue that the long process of the spread of the Bantu way of life has now been completed as foraging has become virtually extinct. Further, African languages selected for official and school use in the southern half of the continent are nearly always Bantu.Jordan, David K., Ph. D. "The Bantu Expansion." David K. Jordan Professor Emeritus of Anthropology, UCSD. University of California San Diego, n.d. Web. 17 Sept. 2014.

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Class Lecture- take notes on the in class lecture

Slide #1 - African Societies after the Bantu Migrations

Slide #2- West African Islamic Kingdoms

Slide #3 - East African Islamic states in Indian Ocean trade

Watch the video about Great Zimbabwe- Kingdoms of Africa Great Zimbabwe- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OTVShn1vKV0 from 41:00- 43:10, 46:00 – 48:05

Take notes on the next page!

Overview Look at the entire visual image- What is “The Big Picture,” and not a small detail in part of the image.

Parts Focus on the parts of the visual (read labels, look for symbols, study the details). Write 2-3 details about what the individual parts/symbols mean or represent?

Title Write the title or make one up and 2-3 details about what the title tells you about the image.

I learned that … Name two ideas or concepts that you learned from this image

Context Explain how this connects to what we have been studying, name of chapter and era.

Part III- Polynesian Migrations

Another significant migration during this era was the movement of Polynesian people across the the Pacific Ocean.

From their origins in East Asia, probably Taiwan, Polynesians spent several centuries “island hoping” to Fiji, Somoa,

and Tahiti. By 500 C.E. they had reached the Hawaiian Islands. After learning to navigate with the stars and

perfecting canoe building, their reach extended thousands of miles to complete the Polynesian Triangle, an

imaginary triangle with Hawaii, New Zealand, and Easter Island forming its corners. (Hansen 127) Without a written

language or the use of metals, they formed complex hierarchical societies. There is convincing evidence that

Polynesian mariners travelled as far as the coast of South America. (P Manning) Nevertheless, these connected

societies established in the Pacific remained largely isolated from the rest of the world.

The Polynesian Triangle

Animals taken by the migrating Polynesians had significant environmental consequences. In Hawaii the pigs they brought destroyed much of the indigenous flora and fauna. Much worse were the consequences of large edible rats the Polynesians carried to Easter Island. The pigs devoured the nuts and seeds from trees thus preventing them from replenishing. Probably to appease their gods, the Polynesians cut most all of the mature trees. Soon there was nothing left to make boats for fishing. After having eaten everything on the island they could, including their dogs, the population suffered a catastrophic collapse. 

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Polynesian Migrations http://www.hawaiihistory.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=ig.page&CategoryID=311

Over the span of 800 years, Polynesians explored 16 million square miles of ocean and settled on every habitable island in the Pacific. They brought their world view with them when they arrived in Hawai`i by voyaging canoe from the southern Pacific (primarily the Marquesas), settling the islands circa 300-600 AD. After they arrived in Hawai’i, the stories and chants they brought from western Polynesia soon grew to include events and details derived from their new home. The travelers also brought with them an array of plants and animals, including taro, ti, kukui, noni, olona, `uala (sweet potato), wauke, chickens, pigs and dogs.

A second wave of Polynesian migrations took place circa 1000-1300 AD with voyagers traveling back and forth between Hawai`i and the Society Islands. Tahitian chiefs and priests, most notably the high priest Pa`ao, introduced new religious forms and social structure to Hawai`i. At this time, human sacrifice was established as an element of religious observance, restrictions of the kapu increased, and Hawaiian society became more stratified and rigid. Consensual rule through `aha councils, or councils of elders and experts, gave way to the rule of ali`i, the chiefly class whose position was confirmed by lineage. The population of the islands increased rapidly and chiefs undertook the building of large public works projects such as fish ponds, taro terraces, irrigation systems and heiau (temples). After 1300, long distance voyaging ceased, and Hawaiian culture and society continued to develop along its unique path.Use this area for notes on the reading

Watch the following video on the Polynesian Migrations from 3:20 – 9:20 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DWp5MiiVR1k

Watch the following video on the Polynesian Discovery Part I- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tuJk_a4iWj0

Overview Look at the entire visual image- What is “The Big Picture,” and not a small detail in part of the image.

Parts Focus on the parts of the visual (read labels, look for symbols, study the details). Write 2-3 details about what the individual parts/symbols mean or represent?

Title Write the title or make one up and 2-3 details about what the title tells you about the image.

I learned that … Name two ideas or concepts that you learned from this image

Context Explain how this connects to what we have been studying, name of chapter and era.