The Civilizations of the Indus Valley Region The people if the Indus River valley and their culture.
Early River Civilizations Indus Valley. Physical geography of India.
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Transcript of Early River Civilizations Indus Valley. Physical geography of India.
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Early River Civilizations
Indus Valley
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Physicalgeography of India
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India is a subcontinent of Asia (attached to the continent but surrounded on 3 sides by water)Ancient Indian myth
River god/goddess
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Brahmaputra River
Starts high up in the HimalayasMonsoon: large wind that often brings a high volume of rainEventually joins the Ganges River
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Deccan Plateau
area between the Eastern and Western GhatsPlateau: elevated area of land that is flatter than a mountainDifferent areas to the plateau
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Eastern & Western Ghats
Western Ghats: higher, steep slopes, narrow valleys, thick forests, wet climateEastern Ghats: climate not as wet, several rivers that rarely flood
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Ganges River
Flows across most of northern IndiaCarries rich sediment to the northern plains of IndiaKnown to flood during the rainy season
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Himalaya Mountains
Located along India’s northern borderMt. EverestNatural barrier
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Hindu Kush Mountains
Khyber Pass : 28-mile long gap between the mountains
Connects central Asia to the Indian subcontinent
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Indus River
Begins in the HimalayasFlows through Pakistan and empties into the Arabian SeaIndus River Valley contains some of the best farmland in the world
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Thar Desert
In Northern India – mostly sand and stoneHeat is usually unbearable; dust storms commonVariety of wildlife: lizards, snakes, gazelles, quail, ducks, geese
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Farming settlements sprang up in the Indus valley region as early as 6500 BCE
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Harappan society and its neighbors, ca. 2000 B.C.E.
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Harappan Culture
Indus valleynot desertwell-watered and heavily forested
500 miles along the river valley
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Foundations of Harappan Society
The Indus RiverSilt-enriched water from mountain ranges
Major society built by Dravidian peoples, 3000-2500 BCEMajor cities: Harrapa and Mohenjo-Daro
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Agriculture: flood-controlsignificant industry and trade
cities very common
Lack of Sources literate culture
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Seals
Carved pictographsMany animals found Unclear what they were used for
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“Unicorn” seal + writing
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More seals
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…and more seals...
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rapid development: early 2,000s B.C.E.roughly contemporary with Egypt and Mesopotamia
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cities dominated both economic and political activityorigins of the people are unclear
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Major Cities
Harappa and Mohenjo-Darosurrounded by smaller cities, towns, and villages
one situated in the northone situated in the south
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Mohenjo-Daro Ruins
Located in the Indus River valleyPopulation c. 40,000Regional centerStandardized weights evident throughout region
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Cities, con’t
uniform culture over a wide areacities built on a common plan
a grid: always NS and EW axesCitadelBelow citadel – many houses and workshops
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Grid map
of
Mohenjo-Daro
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Mohenjo-Daro : aerial view
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The Great Bath
Located in the citadel39’ long x 8’ deepHad available dressing rooms and drains to empty dirty water
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The “Great Bath”
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view of a small, side street
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A bathroom on a private residence
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A large drain or sewer
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Monumental architecture
very-large scale buildingwalled cites, with fortified citadelsalways on the same scalepalaces, temples
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Architecture, con’t
large grain storage facilities near templesa theocracy ??
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Harappan granary
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Sewer System
Carried waste away from housesHad a complex system of drains, pipes, wells, and bathrooms
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Cities
very densely populatedhouses: two to three stories; flat roofsevery house is laid out the same
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Culture and Society
advanced agriculturesurplus productiontextilesdomesticated animals and fishmen and women also dressed in colourful robes
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Entertainment
Toys DiceGaming piecesFigurines
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Bronze Age technology
no swordsspears and bowsstone arrow heads
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Society
dominated by priests from the fortified palaces and temples ?power base?deities: male and female, both nudebull worship and phallic symbols
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Trade
with lower Mesopotamiabut gradually declined
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Decline
domination of an indigenous people ?foreign invasion?comets?
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Combination of Changes
climate shift: the monsoon patternsfloodingdestruction of the forestsmigrations of new peoples: the Aryans
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The Aryan “Invasion”
AryansDravidians, darker-skinned sedentary inhabitants of Harappa
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Possible route of the Aryan invasions
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The Early AryansPastoral economyReligious and Literary works: The Vedas
SanskritPrakritFour Vedas, most important Rig Veda
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Settlement, con’t
gradual infiltrationnew society by 1,200 B.C.E. or sonot literateno record system
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Oral Tradition
passed down from priests and singerswritten down in the 500’sThe Vedas
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The Vedas
early Aryan traditionlater Hindu religion
four “vedas”the Rig Veda is the oldest
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The Vedas
oral poetryprovide some historical information
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The Aryans
restless, warlike peopletall, blue-eyed, fair-skinned
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The Aryans, con’t
villages and kingdoms constantly fightingWar chiefsaristocrats and freemen
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The Aryans, con’t
fond of fighting, etc.fond of taking soma
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Aryans and Hindus
Aryans give rise to Hindu societybut different characteristics
cows: they ate themclasses, but no castespriests subordinate to the nobility
the Mahabharata
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The Iron Age: new sources
the Vedasthe Brahamanas: interpretations on the Vedasthe Upanishads: interpretations and symbolic studies
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Strain of change
Iron Age change causes strain on the class systemblurring of lines between Aryans and Dasa
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Caste System, 1000 BCE
skin colorritual purity“Us--Them” feelingsdivine order of four castes
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Caste System (“Varnas”)
Brahmins: the priestsKshatriyas: the warriorsVaisyas: merchants and peasantsSudras: non-Aryans
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Caste system, con’t
literature emphasized the divine orderhierarchical relationship
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Caste system in practice
warrior class did not always accept itthe most powerful organizer of Indian society
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Castes
define a person’s social universedefine a person’s standard of conductdefine a person’s expectationsdefine a person’s futuredefine how a person deals with others