Early Inhabitants of North America

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Early Inhabitants of Early Inhabitants of North AmericaNorth America

PaleoPaleoArchaicArchaic

WoodlandWoodlandMississippianMississippian

HistoricHistoric

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Native Americans or Native Americans or 11stst Immigrants? Immigrants?

One of the first questions that scientists try to decide is where did the 1One of the first questions that scientists try to decide is where did the 1stst people come from that lived people come from that lived in “America” come from and why were they moving?in “America” come from and why were they moving?

Were they always here? Were they always here? Did they come from Asia? Did they come from Asia? Did they come from South America? Did they come from South America? Did they sail over the Pacific? Did they sail over the Pacific?

DNA testing, the study of skeletal remains , and a comparison of languages also lend support of DNA testing, the study of skeletal remains , and a comparison of languages also lend support of special affinities between Native Americans and the peoples of Siberia.special affinities between Native Americans and the peoples of Siberia.

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PALEO: ICE AGE PALEO: ICE AGE (Hollywood style)(Hollywood style)

The Ice Age locked up more of the world’s water in polar icecaps that allowed a land crossing over The Ice Age locked up more of the world’s water in polar icecaps that allowed a land crossing over the Bering Sea from Asia to North America. Also, similar archaeological sites on in such the Bering Sea from Asia to North America. Also, similar archaeological sites on in such faraway places on North American continent such as present-day California and Florida.faraway places on North American continent such as present-day California and Florida.

Animals of the Paleo TraditionAnimals of the Paleo Tradition

Prehistoric CamelPrehistoric Camel MastodonMastodon

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Saber-Tooth TigerSaber-Tooth Tiger Giant SlothGiant Sloth

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Fossilized Skull of Saber-Tooth TigerFossilized Skull of Saber-Tooth TigerSaber-Tooth Tiger Attacks Giant Saber-Tooth Tiger Attacks Giant

SlothSloth

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PALEO PALEO (10,000-8,000 B.C(10,000-8,000 B.C..))“Very Old”“Very Old”

The “Band”: The “Band”: Because the survival of the Because the survival of the group depended on a successful hunt, the group depended on a successful hunt, the number of people in the band was usually number of people in the band was usually 20-30 people. 20-30 people.

Men: Men: The men would hunt together with The men would hunt together with large spears called “Clovis Points” and large spears called “Clovis Points” and stabbed the large animal until it died. They stabbed the large animal until it died. They would run up and try to stab the animal in would run up and try to stab the animal in its soft underbelly or joints. Once the its soft underbelly or joints. Once the animal died, the group would move near animal died, the group would move near the “kill site”. Young boys would hunt the “kill site”. Young boys would hunt when he was a teen.when he was a teen.

Women: Women: The women would quickly pack The women would quickly pack up the camp site and move to the “kill up the camp site and move to the “kill site”. The women and girls would help site”. The women and girls would help prepare the slain animal for all of its prepare the slain animal for all of its different uses.different uses.

FYI: FYI: The average age span of Paleo: 40-The average age span of Paleo: 40-45 years.45 years.

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Over these 2000+ years, Paleo Over these 2000+ years, Paleo groups chased big game into groups chased big game into North America. At the end of North America. At the end of this time, these animals began this time, these animals began to die off. Scientists have to die off. Scientists have many theories:many theories:

-End of Ice Age (early version -End of Ice Age (early version of Global Warming)of Global Warming)

-Overhunting-Overhunting

-Disease-Disease

Humans began to move less and Humans began to move less and develop cultural ties more.develop cultural ties more.

Paleo Camp:Paleo Camp:A Modern Version of a Paleo “Household”A Modern Version of a Paleo “Household”

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Pleistocene Overkill:Pleistocene Overkill:intensified hunting efforts brought on in response to lowered intensified hunting efforts brought on in response to lowered

reproduction and survival rates of large animals.reproduction and survival rates of large animals.

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The “Clovis Point” was the The “Clovis Point” was the large spearhead that was used large spearhead that was used to stab the animal in the soft to stab the animal in the soft underbelly. (Clovis was the underbelly. (Clovis was the site where this technology was site where this technology was discovered discovered

These stone points later These stone points later became more delicate and became more delicate and lighter to be on throwing lighter to be on throwing spears (rather than stabbing spears (rather than stabbing spears). These were called spears). These were called “Folsom Points” and showed “Folsom Points” and showed how technology was how technology was improving.improving.

Paleo Humor: End of Ice Age Paleo Humor: End of Ice Age OROR

The 1The 1stst Global Warming? Global Warming?

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ARCHAIC ARCHAIC (8,000 -1,000 B.C.)(8,000 -1,000 B.C.)“Old”“Old”

Why the Change?Why the Change? When the Ice Age ended, the larger When the Ice Age ended, the larger

animals became extinct, and the people in animals became extinct, and the people in North America did not have to travel as far North America did not have to travel as far to hunt the smaller animals. So these to hunt the smaller animals. So these Archaic Indians moved on a more Archaic Indians moved on a more “seasonal” basis: winter on the seashore, “seasonal” basis: winter on the seashore, summer in the mountains might be a year’s summer in the mountains might be a year’s plan.plan.

Though these Indians were still hunters & Though these Indians were still hunters & food gatherers, they did live longer in an food gatherers, they did live longer in an area before moving. So, they lived in area before moving. So, they lived in groups of bandsgroups of bands, numbering 40-60 people , numbering 40-60 people and moved just a few times in a year.and moved just a few times in a year.

All tools continued to be made from wood, All tools continued to be made from wood, stone, or bone; no metal tools were used stone, or bone; no metal tools were used by these Native Americans. by these Native Americans.

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Atlatl: Atlatl: A new weapon for hunting A new weapon for hunting smaller game was created: the atlatl.smaller game was created: the atlatl.

By shrinking the size of the spear, By shrinking the size of the spear, and transferring energy from the and transferring energy from the person to the atlatl to the spear, a person to the atlatl to the spear, a hunter could throw this weapon from hunter could throw this weapon from a great distance. It was a perfect a great distance. It was a perfect adaptation for hunting smaller game.adaptation for hunting smaller game.

FYI: FYI: An atlatl could throw a spear An atlatl could throw a spear the length of a football field… the length of a football field… on a on a straight line.straight line.

AtlatlAtlatl

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AtlatlAtlatl

Atlatl Throwing MotionAtlatl Throwing Motion Close-up View of AtlatlClose-up View of Atlatl

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AtlatlAtlatlHow does the weight help the atlatl’s How does the weight help the atlatl’s

aim & power?aim & power?Atlatl bringing home the bacon! (or at Atlatl bringing home the bacon! (or at

least the venison!)least the venison!)

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AtlatlAtlatl

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Woodland Woodland (1000 B.C.- 1000 A.D.)(1000 B.C.- 1000 A.D.)

Eventually, people in Eventually, people in America made an important America made an important discovery. Besides discovery. Besides gathering food and hunting, gathering food and hunting, they could plant seeds and they could plant seeds and expect a corn crop to grow expect a corn crop to grow during the summer. The during the summer. The discovery of farming gives discovery of farming gives incentive for people to stay incentive for people to stay to harvest the crop.to harvest the crop.

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Innovations:Innovations: Stone BoilingStone Boiling: : Rocks were placed in a fire, and Rocks were placed in a fire, and

then moved with two forked then moved with two forked sticks into a pit that was lined sticks into a pit that was lined with an animal skin and filled with an animal skin and filled with water. The sticks would be with water. The sticks would be used to drop the rocks in the used to drop the rocks in the water. The rocks would make the water. The rocks would make the water boil and the vegetables water boil and the vegetables could be cooked!could be cooked!

----PotteryPottery: : As people needed less time to As people needed less time to gather food, they had time to gather food, they had time to invent things, such as simple invent things, such as simple pottery to use in cooking.pottery to use in cooking.

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Archaic Differences Begin to Archaic Differences Begin to EmergeEmerge

While some groups moved seasonally, some began to stay While some groups moved seasonally, some began to stay more stationary, depending on the food source:more stationary, depending on the food source:

The Chumash (in present-day California) benefited from the food The Chumash (in present-day California) benefited from the food resources such as acorns, plants, etc. in the forests.resources such as acorns, plants, etc. in the forests.

The Northwest Peoples (in present-day Washington) benefited The Northwest Peoples (in present-day Washington) benefited from the abundant salmon supplies.from the abundant salmon supplies.

(This period covers the same time as the Mesolithic period (This period covers the same time as the Mesolithic period in European chronology.)in European chronology.)

Trading occurred between the bands, as marine shells Trading occurred between the bands, as marine shells from the oceans were found by the Great Lakes.from the oceans were found by the Great Lakes.

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Because food was easier to Because food was easier to get, the need for movement get, the need for movement was reduced. The groups was reduced. The groups of bands (of the Archaic of bands (of the Archaic period) grew to be period) grew to be tribestribes (200-400) of people by the (200-400) of people by the Woodland period.Woodland period.

Men still hunted, and Men still hunted, and farming was left to the farming was left to the women.women.

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Woodland Woodland (1,000 B.C.- 1000 A.D.)(1,000 B.C.- 1000 A.D.)

Technology:Technology: Bow and ArrowBow and Arrow: for : for

hunting small game such hunting small game such as deer or squirrel. as deer or squirrel.

Dart/Blow Gun:Dart/Blow Gun: for for hunting very small game hunting very small game such as birds, rabbits, such as birds, rabbits, etc. etc.

Blow-GunBlow-Gun

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Bow and ArrowBow and Arrow

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Woodland Woodland (1,000 B.C.- 1000 A.D.)(1,000 B.C.- 1000 A.D.)

Examples of Woodland Examples of Woodland Tradition:Tradition: Hohokam (Southwest)Hohokam (Southwest) Anasazi (Southwest)Anasazi (Southwest) Rock Eagle (Southeast)Rock Eagle (Southeast)

Corn (maize) was the major Corn (maize) was the major crop in most areas.crop in most areas.

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Horticulture Techniques:Horticulture Techniques:

Girdling: Girdling: This is the process of This is the process of cutting down a tree with a stone axe. cutting down a tree with a stone axe. The Woodland Indian would cut a The Woodland Indian would cut a circle around the base of the tree circle around the base of the tree trunk. Eventually, the tree would die, trunk. Eventually, the tree would die, and could be pushed over easily.and could be pushed over easily.

Slash & Burn: Slash & Burn: This process involves This process involves cutting away all vegetation on the cutting away all vegetation on the ground, and then burning it. The soil ground, and then burning it. The soil can then be used for planting, or can then be used for planting, or allowed to grow back naturally. (The allowed to grow back naturally. (The young plants that grow there attract young plants that grow there attract deer, rabbits, etc. because those plants deer, rabbits, etc. because those plants are the best to eat)are the best to eat)

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Woodland LandmarkWoodland Landmark One of the signs of the Woodland One of the signs of the Woodland

period in Georgia is the Rock Eagle period in Georgia is the Rock Eagle Effigy Mound. Effigy Mound.

Quartz Rocks were piled 10 ft. high, Quartz Rocks were piled 10 ft. high, 102 feet in length, and 120 ft. wide. 102 feet in length, and 120 ft. wide.

Archaeologists think Rock Eagle Archaeologists think Rock Eagle might have been used as a religious might have been used as a religious center for many groups in the area.center for many groups in the area.

Rock Eagle TodayRock Eagle Today

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Mississippian CultureMississippian Culture1000 A.D.- 14921000 A.D.- 1492

Carrying Capacity: Carrying Capacity: the number of people a given area can the number of people a given area can support with food. support with food.

The “Cahokia” (near present-day St. Louis) had a The “Cahokia” (near present-day St. Louis) had a population that was estimated as high as 25,000. Though population that was estimated as high as 25,000. Though no written Indian language would occur until the 1840’s, no written Indian language would occur until the 1840’s, the Cahokia did leave pictographs in clay tablets. the Cahokia did leave pictographs in clay tablets.

The Aztecs (in present-day Mexico) developed great The Aztecs (in present-day Mexico) developed great pyramids and practiced human sacrifice in their religious pyramids and practiced human sacrifice in their religious ceremonies. This “mesoamerican” culture existed from ceremonies. This “mesoamerican” culture existed from central Mexico to Central America.central Mexico to Central America.

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Mississippian Mississippian (1000 A.D.-1540 A.D.)(1000 A.D.-1540 A.D.)

As time went on, As time went on, cultures got even better cultures got even better at growing food. Where at growing food. Where the Woodland Indians the Woodland Indians grew corn (“maize”), grew corn (“maize”), the Mississippian the Mississippian Indians grew a variety Indians grew a variety of crops such as of crops such as pumpkin, squash, beans,pumpkin, squash, beans,

and many other crops.and many other crops.

EtowahEtowah

Etowah is a Etowah is a Mississippian chiefdom Mississippian chiefdom in Northwest Georgia in Northwest Georgia (near Cartersville).(near Cartersville).

Archeologists think that Archeologists think that the closer you lived to the closer you lived to the center, the more the center, the more important you were in important you were in the chiefdom.the chiefdom.

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Etowah’s Changing TechnologyEtowah’s Changing TechnologyV Trap: Rocks were placed in Etowah River for “Fast Food V Trap: Rocks were placed in Etowah River for “Fast Food Fishing”. The fish had to swim through the hole at in the “V”, so a Fishing”. The fish had to swim through the hole at in the “V”, so a basket could be held there to catch them for dinner!basket could be held there to catch them for dinner!

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OcmulgeeOcmulgee Ocmulgee Mounds are located Ocmulgee Mounds are located

near Macon. The mounds have near Macon. The mounds have one of the few hollow mounds one of the few hollow mounds that served as a meeting place for that served as a meeting place for the leaders of the chiefdom.the leaders of the chiefdom.

The Black Drink was consumed The Black Drink was consumed in the Earth Lodge (sweat lodge) in the Earth Lodge (sweat lodge) as part of the purification process- as part of the purification process- it made you throw up! Example: it made you throw up! Example: if you killed someone in battle, if you killed someone in battle, you needed to be rid of the you needed to be rid of the “evilness” of that deed!“evilness” of that deed!

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OcmulgeeOcmulgee

The leaders would sit on a The leaders would sit on a platform in the shape of an platform in the shape of an eagle. The chief’s seat was eagle. The chief’s seat was directly in line with the directly in line with the door. Twice a year the 1door. Twice a year the 1stst sunbeam of the morning sunbeam of the morning would shoot in and land on would shoot in and land on the chief like a spotlight. the chief like a spotlight. They calculated which day They calculated which day this would occur and would this would occur and would meet before daybreak to meet before daybreak to “spotlight’ the mico.“spotlight’ the mico.

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KolomokiKolomoki

Kolomoki Mounds are Kolomoki Mounds are near the Walter George near the Walter George Reservoir by the Alabama Reservoir by the Alabama state line.state line.

When a chief died, they’d When a chief died, they’d burn his body & house on burn his body & house on his mound. Then, after dirt his mound. Then, after dirt was added, the son would was added, the son would build his new house on the build his new house on the grave of his father.grave of his father.

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Because food was easily Because food was easily provided, group size grew to provided, group size grew to chiefdoms chiefdoms (2000+ people) (2000+ people) for this tradition. for this tradition.

The Chief, or The Chief, or mico,mico, was the was the spiritual & political of the spiritual & political of the chiefdom. He could be chiefdom. He could be carried down from his carried down from his mound on a “litter” (a seat mound on a “litter” (a seat carried between two poles carried between two poles by warriors).by warriors).

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He could be carried down He could be carried down from his mound on a “litter” from his mound on a “litter” (a seat carried between two (a seat carried between two poles by warriors). poles by warriors).

Effigy statues were often Effigy statues were often made and buried at the king made and buried at the king at the burial.at the burial.

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The chief lived on man-The chief lived on man-made mounds of dirt. Other made mounds of dirt. Other smaller mounds might be smaller mounds might be for a lesser chief (medicine for a lesser chief (medicine man) or a burial mound. man) or a burial mound.

When a chief died, his body When a chief died, his body & house might be burned & house might be burned on top on the mound. Then, on top on the mound. Then, more dirt would be added more dirt would be added and the new chief (his son) and the new chief (his son) would live on top of the would live on top of the mound.mound.

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TECHNOLOGY: TECHNOLOGY:

The bow and arrow was improved The bow and arrow was improved with the triangular arrowheadwith the triangular arrowhead

Pottery was decorated with Pottery was decorated with patterns. It was also made into patterns. It was also made into many different shapes & forms.many different shapes & forms.

Triangular ArrowheadsTriangular Arrowheads

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LEISURE TIME:LEISURE TIME:

““Chunkey”- A game in which two spears are Chunkey”- A game in which two spears are thrown at a rolling stone. The one that thrown at a rolling stone. The one that lands closest to the stone (without hitting lands closest to the stone (without hitting it) would score a point.it) would score a point.

““Bear Skull”- A game in which a skull is tied Bear Skull”- A game in which a skull is tied on top of a pole. The two teams try to take on top of a pole. The two teams try to take a dear skin ball and hit the skull with it. If a dear skin ball and hit the skull with it. If they do, they get a point. If not, everyone they do, they get a point. If not, everyone goes for a rebound. Teams try to tackle goes for a rebound. Teams try to tackle players with the ball and steal it. If a team players with the ball and steal it. If a team scores, then the other team gets the ball.scores, then the other team gets the ball.

““Stick Ball” – A game like our modern-day of Stick Ball” – A game like our modern-day of lacrosse. Players use two netted sticks to lacrosse. Players use two netted sticks to pass the ball to teammates to get across a pass the ball to teammates to get across a goal. Sometimes two chiefdoms might goal. Sometimes two chiefdoms might agree to play this game to settle a dispute agree to play this game to settle a dispute rather than going to war. rather than going to war.

Baggataway:Baggataway:“Stickball”“Stickball”

Lacrosse (as later named by the French)Lacrosse (as later named by the French)

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The Native Americans called the stickball game: The Native Americans called the stickball game: “baggataway” (bag AT uh way). It could be used to “baggataway” (bag AT uh way). It could be used to decide disputes, instead of a war. The game of decide disputes, instead of a war. The game of lacrosse came from this game. lacrosse came from this game.

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Famous sites:Famous sites:

EtowahEtowah: located in NW GA (near : located in NW GA (near Cartersville), this site has 7 mounds and Cartersville), this site has 7 mounds and used the “V” trap for fishing. The chief used the “V” trap for fishing. The chief would live on the highest mound.would live on the highest mound.

OcmulgeeOcmulgee: located in middle GA (near : located in middle GA (near Macon), this site also has mounds, Macon), this site also has mounds, including an earth mound that was hollow including an earth mound that was hollow so that meetings could be held in there. A so that meetings could be held in there. A raging fire would make it a “sweat lodge” raging fire would make it a “sweat lodge” and the “Black Drink” would make people and the “Black Drink” would make people vomit before entering. vomit before entering.

Question: Why would sweating and Question: Why would sweating and purging with the Black Drink be used at purging with the Black Drink be used at these meetings? (Hint: think about these meetings? (Hint: think about symbolism)symbolism)

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Mississippian CultureMississippian CultureWhen the mico died, sometimes his wife and slaves were killed to When the mico died, sometimes his wife and slaves were killed to

accompany him to the afterlife with the Creator.accompany him to the afterlife with the Creator.

Chiefdoms would dominate, then be overwhelmed by a neighboring Chiefdoms would dominate, then be overwhelmed by a neighboring chiefdom, or split from within. Disease and drought were other chiefdom, or split from within. Disease and drought were other threats to the health of the chiefdom.threats to the health of the chiefdom.

The Aztecs (present-day Mexico) was the strongest chiefdom in The Aztecs (present-day Mexico) was the strongest chiefdom in mesoamerica during this time period.mesoamerica during this time period.

Animism was “a conviction that the supernatural was a complex & Animism was “a conviction that the supernatural was a complex & diverse web of power woven into every part of the natural world.” diverse web of power woven into every part of the natural world.” ((American Colonies, pg. 18) American Colonies, pg. 18) The European cultures would struggle The European cultures would struggle with this concept.with this concept.

Historic Period:Historic Period:1492-???1492-???

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THE ENDTHE END

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Question for the Day: Question for the Day: Where’s the Food?Where’s the Food?

This led to a 3This led to a 3rdrd way that way that anthropologists describe anthropologists describe how a group of people how a group of people got their food:got their food:

MASTER FARMERS:MASTER FARMERS:These people could grow These people could grow

many different foods to many different foods to feed a large number of feed a large number of people.people.

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Archaeology 101Archaeology 101

““Hi, my name is:Hi, my name is:

Dr. U. R. Ancient!”Dr. U. R. Ancient!”

I’m Shiloh’s resident I’m Shiloh’s resident archaeologist. I hope archaeologist. I hope you will learn a few you will learn a few things about the people things about the people who were here before who were here before the Europeans arrived.”the Europeans arrived.”

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The P.A.W.M. PilotThe P.A.W.M. Pilot

Our graphic organizer for this unit will be a paper Our graphic organizer for this unit will be a paper “P.A.W.M.” Pilot“P.A.W.M.” Pilot. (It’s cheaper than a real Palm . (It’s cheaper than a real Palm Pilot). The letters stand for the 4 time periods of the Pilot). The letters stand for the 4 time periods of the Native Americans in Georgia. They are:Native Americans in Georgia. They are:

----PPaleoaleo

----AArchaicrchaic

----WWoodlandoodland

----MMississippianississippian

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11stst Step: Fold your paper in half (hot dog; down) Step: Fold your paper in half (hot dog; down)

22ndnd Step: Fold the paper into four parts by folding in Step: Fold the paper into four parts by folding in half (across), and then fold it in half again (across).half (across), and then fold it in half again (across).

33rdrd Step: Take the front flap and cut it into 4 “lids”; do Step: Take the front flap and cut it into 4 “lids”; do NOTNOT cut through the fold of the paper. cut through the fold of the paper.

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The P.A.W.M. PilotThe P.A.W.M. Pilot On the “Cover”: On the “Cover”: Write one letter per flap: P, A, W, M. Make it colorful!Write one letter per flap: P, A, W, M. Make it colorful! ((Paleo, Archaic, Woodland, MississippianPaleo, Archaic, Woodland, Mississippian))

On the Flip Side of the “Cover” & Inside Section: On the Flip Side of the “Cover” & Inside Section: Write a summary of each Native American tradition. Tell Write a summary of each Native American tradition. Tell

about:about: FamilyFamily FoodFood Weapons (draw a picture) Weapons (draw a picture) Group SizeGroup Size TechnologyTechnology

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On the “Back” of the Uncut Page:On the “Back” of the Uncut Page:

Make a timeline that shows when all the time Make a timeline that shows when all the time periods occurred. periods occurred.

(Hint: make each inch = 1000 years(Hint: make each inch = 1000 years

or each ½ inch= 1000 years)or each ½ inch= 1000 years)

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Time PeriodsTime Periods

When archaeologists study When archaeologists study past cultures, they estimate past cultures, they estimate when these people might when these people might have lived in Georgia. For have lived in Georgia. For example, the term, “Paleo” example, the term, “Paleo” means “very old” and refers means “very old” and refers to any person who was alive to any person who was alive in Georgia during that time in Georgia during that time period. So, Paleo is more of period. So, Paleo is more of a time period than a name of a time period than a name of a tribe.a tribe.

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Indiana Jones v. CSIIndiana Jones v. CSI

In the movie, In the movie, Raiders of Raiders of the Lost Ark,the Lost Ark, Indiana Indiana Jones plays a scientist Jones plays a scientist who looks for valuable who looks for valuable artifacts of the past at artifacts of the past at archaeological sites archaeological sites (while fighting bad (while fighting bad guys). These clues to guys). These clues to the past can be found in the past can be found in “middens” or trash piles “middens” or trash piles that were left behind.that were left behind.

Anthropologists are like Anthropologists are like the experts on the experts on CSICSI, who look for how different crime scenes may be related. They also try to They also try to describe how one describe how one culture is different from culture is different from another. They explain another. They explain how humans changed how humans changed their living styles over their living styles over time.time.

Georgia Story: Archaeology

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SURVIVAL 101SURVIVAL 101

Archaeologists want to know Archaeologists want to know how cultures solved our how cultures solved our

basic needs:basic needs:F F ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

W W ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

S S ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

By examining the artifacts left By examining the artifacts left behind, the archaeologist can behind, the archaeologist can make educated guesses about make educated guesses about

how people lived.how people lived.

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Because food was the main Because food was the main concern of each day, people were concern of each day, people were always looking for ways to make always looking for ways to make the search easier and less time-the search easier and less time-consuming. As anthropologists consuming. As anthropologists study the past, they describe study the past, they describe cultures by how they got their cultures by how they got their food. The first category is:food. The first category is:

FOOD GATHERERSFOOD GATHERERS: these : these people hunted, fished, people hunted, fished, collected nuts, and ate collected nuts, and ate whatever food that they could whatever food that they could find as they walked about the find as they walked about the land.land.

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As time went on, people As time went on, people wanted to have some control wanted to have some control of where they found their of where they found their food. They grew tired of food. They grew tired of packing up and moving packing up and moving every time food got scarce every time food got scarce in an area. in an area.

This led to the 2This led to the 2ndnd category category that anthropologists use to that anthropologists use to describe a culture:describe a culture:

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HUNTING FARMERS:HUNTING FARMERS: these people continued to be food these people continued to be food

gatherers but they added one great gatherers but they added one great new skill: the ability to farm. new skill: the ability to farm. FarmingFarming means you can decide means you can decide that a crop such as “yellow corn” that a crop such as “yellow corn” can be grown in a certain spot, can be grown in a certain spot, and it will (with some work) and it will (with some work) appear there to provide food for appear there to provide food for all at some point during the year.all at some point during the year.

That is a huge burden to be lifted That is a huge burden to be lifted if you if you KNOWKNOW you’ll have food you’ll have food growing in a certain spot during growing in a certain spot during the year. When the crop does the year. When the crop does comes to harvest, food will be comes to harvest, food will be plentiful.plentiful.

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Eventually, people got Eventually, people got very proficient at very proficient at growing their food. growing their food. Diversity in crops Diversity in crops occurred, and groups occurred, and groups quit moving around so quit moving around so much.much.

Cultures got more Cultures got more complex as people had complex as people had more free time than more free time than every before. every before.

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MASTER FARMERS:MASTER FARMERS:

These people still hunted, These people still hunted, fished, and gathered fished, and gathered food like their food like their ancestors; but the main ancestors; but the main “staple” of their diet “staple” of their diet came from their great came from their great ability to grow crops ability to grow crops wherever they wished.wherever they wished.

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SO… Time to play “Detective”SO… Time to play “Detective”

As you learn about the four time periods (or As you learn about the four time periods (or eras) of Native Americans in Georgia that eras) of Native Americans in Georgia that lived before the Europeans arrived, think about lived before the Europeans arrived, think about how they collected their food.how they collected their food.

Food Gatherers: hunt, fish, collect (no farms)Food Gatherers: hunt, fish, collect (no farms) Hunting Farmers: hunt, fish, collect, farm cornHunting Farmers: hunt, fish, collect, farm corn Master Farmers: hunt, fish, collect and grow a Master Farmers: hunt, fish, collect and grow a

variety of cropsvariety of crops to feed thousands of people to feed thousands of people

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Why didn’t the Native Americans Why didn’t the Native Americans leave us some written clues?leave us some written clues?

““One interesting thing about One interesting thing about all 4 of these cultures is that all 4 of these cultures is that all of their story-telling, all of their story-telling, laws, religious beliefs, and laws, religious beliefs, and values had to be taught values had to be taught verbally to each generation. verbally to each generation. No group created their own No group created their own written language until written language until Sequoyah did it for the Sequoyah did it for the Cherokees in the 1800’s.”Cherokees in the 1800’s.”--U.R. Ancient --U.R. Ancient (archaeologist)(archaeologist)

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Myths: A Tool for TeachingMyths: A Tool for Teaching After a full day, a After a full day, a

grandparent may sit down grandparent may sit down and tell a story to their and tell a story to their grandchildren around the grandchildren around the campfire. It usually tried to campfire. It usually tried to do 3 things: (3 “E’s”)do 3 things: (3 “E’s”) EntertainEntertain (no TV or I-pod) (no TV or I-pod) ExplainExplain the “unexplainable” the “unexplainable”

about nature ( “Why is there about nature ( “Why is there thunder? Why does a raccoon thunder? Why does a raccoon wear a mask? Why does a wear a mask? Why does a skunk stink?)skunk stink?)

EnlightenEnlighten children on values children on values that are important to the that are important to the culture (Honesty, bravery, culture (Honesty, bravery, sharing, equality, etc.)sharing, equality, etc.)

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Myths: A Tool for TeachingMyths: A Tool for Teaching Listen to this Cherokee Listen to this Cherokee

myth about fire. Answer myth about fire. Answer these questions after hearing these questions after hearing the story:the story:

-How was it entertaining?-How was it entertaining?

-What things in nature were -What things in nature were explained?explained?

-What values were learned?-What values were learned?

Georgia Story: Cherokee Myth

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THE FIRST FIRETHE FIRST FIRE

““Grandfather, where did fire come from?”Grandfather, where did fire come from?”

““Oh, dear granddaughter, we have the animals of the forest to Oh, dear granddaughter, we have the animals of the forest to thank for fire. For in the beginning, there was no fire and the thank for fire. For in the beginning, there was no fire and the world was cold. Then the lightning came down and put fire in world was cold. Then the lightning came down and put fire in a hollow sycamore tree that grew on an island.”a hollow sycamore tree that grew on an island.”

““The animals saw the smoke and knew that fire had come down The animals saw the smoke and knew that fire had come down from the sky. So, they held a council to see what they could do from the sky. So, they held a council to see what they could do to get the fire and bring it back to the forest . It was decided to get the fire and bring it back to the forest . It was decided that every animal that could swim or fly would try to retrieve that every animal that could swim or fly would try to retrieve it.it.

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THE FIRST FIRETHE FIRST FIRE ““The raven went first because he was big and strong. But his The raven went first because he was big and strong. But his

feathers got scorched black by the fire, and he had to return feathers got scorched black by the fire, and he had to return without the fire.”without the fire.”

““The owl tried next, but the smoke nearly blinded him and the The owl tried next, but the smoke nearly blinded him and the hot ashes blew up in his face, leaving white rings around his hot ashes blew up in his face, leaving white rings around his eyes. He, too, came home without the fire.”eyes. He, too, came home without the fire.”

The little snake then swam across and crawled in a hole at the The little snake then swam across and crawled in a hole at the bottom of the tree. But the hot coals made him slither back and bottom of the tree. But the hot coals made him slither back and forth in close quarters to get out; he moves now as a forth in close quarters to get out; he moves now as a sidewinder.sidewinder.

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THE FIRST FIRETHE FIRST FIRE

““Oh, grandfather, surely someone would be brave enough andOh, grandfather, surely someone would be brave enough and smart enough to get the fire for us! After all, we’re by a camp smart enough to get the fire for us! After all, we’re by a camp fire now, aren’t we?”fire now, aren’t we?”

““Granddaughter, you are wise beyond your years. Yes, one Granddaughter, you are wise beyond your years. Yes, one animal did get the fire. It was a little water spider who wove a animal did get the fire. It was a little water spider who wove a bowl out of a thread. She then lifted one little coal, put it in bowl out of a thread. She then lifted one little coal, put it in her little web bowl, and brought it back for all to share.”her little web bowl, and brought it back for all to share.”

And ever since, we have had fire, and the water spider still And ever since, we have had fire, and the water spider still carries her web bowl wherever she goes.” (carries her web bowl wherever she goes.” (Myths of the Myths of the CherokeeCherokee by James Mooney). by James Mooney).

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Myths: A Tool for TeachingMyths: A Tool for Teaching

Try to write your own Native American Myth. Try to write your own Native American Myth. It should have these parts to it:It should have these parts to it: --Title--Title --Minimum One Page in length (use a lot of --Minimum One Page in length (use a lot of

adjectives)adjectives) --Explain 1-2 things about nature that a child might --Explain 1-2 things about nature that a child might

want to know. (fire, animals characteristics, etc.)want to know. (fire, animals characteristics, etc.) --Teach 1-2 values that a grandparent might want a --Teach 1-2 values that a grandparent might want a

child to know. (Last sentence: Moral of story is…)child to know. (Last sentence: Moral of story is…) --Give a full-page illustration of your myth.--Give a full-page illustration of your myth.

A Myth is Born…A Myth is Born…

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WHEW! We’re Done!WHEW! We’re Done!

“ “ I hope you’ve learned I hope you’ve learned a lot about the Native a lot about the Native Americans of Georgia. Americans of Georgia. Between your Between your P.A.W.M. PilotP.A.W.M. Pilot and and your your Indian MythIndian Myth, I’m , I’m sure you will ‘wow’ sure you will ‘wow’ your teacher with your your teacher with your knowledge!”knowledge!”

--U.R. Ancient--U.R. Ancient (archaeologist)(archaeologist)

Early Inhabitants of North America

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Transcript of Early Inhabitants of North America