Early Human Migration: 60,000 to 10,000 BClillykahrs.com/pages/migration.pdf · Early Human...
1
Early Human Migration: 60,000 to 10,000 BC Modern Migration While once upon a time migration was caused by lack of space and resources today’s migration is spurred by economic and political events throughout the world: communisim in Cuba, the Jews after World War II just to name a few. Today, modern migration has provided a new kind of melting pot, but also some major issues. The news is riddled with daily stories of small vessels being found by coast guards drifting on the sea, with little or no survivors in these treacherous journeys. Although not all make it to their destination, those that do face many obstacles. Most immigrants arrive as illegal aliens, meaning that they have not obtained a visa to enter the country. Those who do, let their visas lapse, and stay. This has posed a problem to world governments, the United States in particular, where the romantic notion of the “American dream” exists. Because the United States shares such a large border with some troubled countries, it is both very easy and very hard to enter illegally. Some of those who do adopt stolen identities: social security cards, credit cards, of both the living and the dead. And yet, despite those problems, this influx of mi- grants has helped create a more diverse planet. No longer are the Chinese isolated to China, no longer are the Puerto Ricans isolated to their tiny island in the Caribbean. These people are traveling to Canada, to Portugal, and to Australia. There are no limits to where we can go, mostly in thanks to those who had the nerve and look for someplace new. The technology today is better, and certainly not primitive by any means. Travel for us has become easier thanks to trains, planes, boats and cars., but we are also facing the possibility of over-population. Although the world population stands at about 6.7 billion people to- day, it has the potential to reach 10 billion within the next 40 years. This is where we come back to full cycle. Will the Earth’s resources be enough for that population, or will we have to move again? Maybe next time, it’ll be to the stars. Projected 2010 Population by Region Source: United Nations World Population Prospects, 2006 revision: http://esa.un.org/unpp/ Region Year Population AFRICA 2005 922,011,000 2010 1,032,013,000 ASIA 2005 3,938,020,000 2010 4,166,308,000 EUROPE 2005 731,087,000 2010 730,478,000 CARIBBEAN 2005 40,525,000 2010 42,300,00 CENTRAL AMERICA 2005 143,775,000 2010 153,657,000 SOUTH AMERICA 2005 373,679,000 2010 397,740,000 NORTH AMERICA 2005 332,245,000 2010 348,574,000 OCEANIA 2005 33,410,000 2010 35,489,000 Southern Ocean Atlantic Ocean Artic Ocean Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean Pacific Ocean North America South America Antarctica Africa Asia Europe Oceania Journey out of Africa Lilly A. Perez || Information Design || Fall 2008 Sources: How Stuff Works, http://science.howstuffworks.com/evolution/human-migration3.htm Density Map, http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap030305.html National Geographic, https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html Clovis Points, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clovis_point Early Human Migrations http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_human_migrations Migrations of the New World, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Models_of_migration_to_the_New_World Beringia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beringia Mitochondrial Eve, http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/alabaster/A703199 e-Medicine- Mongolian Spot, http://www.emedicine.com/derm/TOPIC271.HTM U nfortunately for Columbus, he was not the first to set foot in the Americas; nor was he the first to travel across the world. Centuries before, early peoples migrated from the Africa to parts unknown, including North America. It was this movement of peoples that gave rise to natives across the globe: the Mayans in Guatemala, the Dani of New Guinea, and many others. Due to limited food and resources, humans began moving approximately 60,000 years ago. The argument of whether man came out of Africa or out of the Fertile Crescent is still being contended, but the information gathered thus far has proven the Africa theory to be most viable. By studying the pattern of early migration, great contributions to genetic research have been made and allowed us to further understand human developement. There are no maps. There are no trails, yet a group of nomadic hunters and gatherers decided to find more resources, and thus opened the world to humans. So how are scientists gathering and recording information on the origin of man? The secret lies in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). This is because mtDNA is passed matrilineally, and since it does not combine with the father’s DNA, What is now the Bering Straight was once the connent of Beringia, and through this passage, people and animals populated the Americas. Lion evolved here from an Asian species but is now extint. The same happened with cameloids from North America that went into Asia. These too, are extinct. DNA proof reads that the Native Americans all descended from people living in Eastern Siberia. An interesting detail that further proves this fact is the Mongolian Spot. This birthmark appears shortly after birth on the lower back and buttocks, and is blue or purplish in color that typically dissappears within a few years. It is prevelent in East Asian countries, such as Taiwan and Japan, and named after the Mon- golian people. It is also prevelent in Native Amer- icans, most significantly the mestizos (mixed European and Amerindian) of Latin America. This birthmark continues to appear on infants born today. The fact that these people separated by an ocean still share a common physical congenital trait greatly sup- ports the information gathered about not only the existance of the Bering Land Bridge but the movements of people who now have a common set of descendants. After arriving in Alaska, the nomadic hunters moved fur- ther south into the United States. Forensic evidence suggests that the humans reached the tip of South America in approximately 10,000 BC. Called the Clovis Culture, evidence in Clovis, New Mexico has revealed the weapons used to hunt large game dur- ing this period of time. The Clovis Points, used atop a spear have been found inside of the remains of mammoths from the late ice age. Furthermore, Clovis points have been found as far south as Venezuela. This information lends itself to the belief that the American Indians descended from the same tribe. Amoungst all this information, scientists believe to have found the one common ancestor, mitochondrial Eve. Although this information is constantly disputed, it is beleived that due to bottlenecking, this one woman had many female descendants who had the genetic traits best suited for survival amoungst their community’s population. It is through the study of Mitochondrial DNA that Eve has been found, and in her were able to trace back to the local of human origin. Eve’s mtDNA mutations point to the area around Ethiopia, Kenya, and Tanzania. It is through this finding that she has been dubbed “The African Eve.” The search for the genetic origin of humans has been greatly assisted by the study of early human migration. Although disputes have not allowed scientists to proclaim the exact location of origin, the continuous flow of evidence found by ar - cheologists has given us the knowledge and guidence towards coming to a better conclusion as to evolutionary development of the Homo sapien. it is the most purest substance that could pin- point similarities with graves that are found and excavated. mtDNA is also prone to many mutations which give scientists a bet- ter idea in regards to the age of the genetic line. The more mutations in the sample, the longer humans were living in that area. It is through this study that scientists have found the most mutations in samples from Africa, which further supports the theory that humans came out of Africa. Tracing these markers, it is believed that around 60,000 BC humans first traveled near the coast lines from Africa, into the Middle East by way of the Red Sea, and on towards Austrailia, where the resources where more abundant. Because of the ice age occuring at the time, the sea levels were a lower, which made traveling across large body of waters in rafts much easier than it is today. Because of the ice caps, continents were a lot larger, and there were some that do not exist today. This contributed to the journey into Austrailia, where the continent of Sunda (what is now the islands of Indonesia, Malaysia, including Thailand, Burma and Vietnam) once separated Sahul (another continent that encompassed Australia and New Guinea) by a very narrow chan- nel, which was only 90 kilometers wide. After this initial wave of migration, between 50,000 and 30,000 BC humans moved from Africa towards West Asia, some traveling further west into Europe. These are the humans believed to have displaced the Neanderthals. It took a few thou- sand years for the migrants to adapt to the colder temperatures and fossil evidence suggests that they constantly competed with Neanderthals for space. After 15,000 years of occupying Europe, the humans pushed the Neanderthals to the Iberian peninsula, where they became extinct. by 30,000 BC. It is believed that the group that went into West Asia broke off into two, with one heading south into India and Arabia. The other branch moved into Central and Northern Asia by 35,000 BC., including Siberia and Russia. It is from this group of migrants that the Americas were populated. What is now the Bering Straight was once the continent of Beringia, and it is through this passage (which was green at the time) that people and animals populated the Americas. Fossils show that the North American World Density Map (1994) 170,000 BC The Homo sapiens begins to evolve in Africa. 60,000 BC The first humans leave Africa. 50,000 BC Humans leave Africa for Western Asia. Some decide to go Northwest into Europe. 40,000 BC Humans reach the Iberian Peninsula. 30,000 BC Eastern Siberians travel to Alaska on the Bering Land Bridge. 40,000-35,000 BC Humans reach East Asia and Siberia. 30,000- 25,000 BC Humans reach North America. 60,000-55,000 BC Humans South Pacific Asia and Australia. 50,000-45,000 BC Humans go into the Middle East and Southern Europe. 20,000 BC Humans reach Central America. 10,000 BC Humans reach the southern point of South America. Source: United Nations World Population Prospects, 2004 revision: http://esa.un.org/unpp/ 20,000 18,000 16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 Area (km 2 ) Density (Pop/km 2 ) Top Ten Countries by Population Density (2005) 2,000 Maca u Monaco Singapor e Hong K ong Gibralta r V atican City Bahrai n Malta Bermuda Maldiv es 0
Transcript of Early Human Migration: 60,000 to 10,000 BClillykahrs.com/pages/migration.pdf · Early Human...
Early Human Migration: 60,000 to 10,000 BC
Modern Migration While once upon a time migration was caused by lack of space and resources today’s migration is spurred by economic and political events throughout the world: communisim in Cuba, the Jews after World War II just to name a few. Today, modern migration has provided a new kind of melting pot, but also some major issues. The news is riddled with daily stories of small vessels being found by coast guards drifting on the sea, with little or no survivors in these treacherous journeys. Although not all make it to their destination, those that do face many obstacles. Most immigrants arrive as illegal aliens, meaning that they have not obtained a visa to enter the country. Those who do, let their visas lapse, and stay. This has posed a problem to world governments, the United States in particular, where the romantic notion of the “American dream” exists. Because the United States shares such a large border with some troubled countries, it is both very easy and very hard to enter illegally. Some of those who do adopt stolen identities: social security cards, credit cards, of both the living and the dead. And yet, despite those problems, this influx of mi-grants has helped create a more diverse planet. No longer are the Chinese isolated to China, no longer are the Puerto Ricans isolated to their tiny island in the Caribbean. These people are traveling to Canada, to Portugal, and to Australia. There are no limits to where we can go, mostly in thanks to those who had the nerve and look for someplace new. The technology today is better, and certainly not primitive by any means. Travel for us has become easier thanks to trains, planes, boats and cars., but we are also facing the possibility of over-population. Although the world population stands at about 6.7 billion people to-day, it has the potential to reach 10 billion within the next 40 years. This is where we come back to full cycle. Will the Earth’s resources be enough for that population, or will we have to move again? Maybe next time, it’ll be to the stars.
Projected 2010 Population by Region
Source: United Nations World Population Prospects, 2006 revision: http://esa.un.org/unpp/
Region Year Population
AfRICA 2005 922,011,000
2010 1,032,013,000
ASIA 2005 3,938,020,000
2010 4,166,308,000
EURoPE 2005 731,087,000
2010 730,478,000
CARIBBEAN 2005 40,525,000
2010 42,300,00
CENTRAl AMERICA 2005 143,775,000
2010 153,657,000
SoUTh AMERICA 2005 373,679,000
2010 397,740,000
NoRTh AMERICA 2005 332,245,000
2010 348,574,000
oCEANIA 2005 33,410,000
2010 35,489,000
Southern Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Artic Ocean
Indian Ocean
Pacific Ocean
Pacific Ocean
North America
South America
Antarctica
Africa
Asia
Europe
Oceania
Journey out of Africa
lilly A. Perez || Information Design || fall 2008Sources:how Stuff Works, http://science.howstuffworks.com/evolution/human-migration3.htm Density Map, http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap030305.htmlNational Geographic, https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html Clovis Points, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clovis_pointEarly human Migrations http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_human_migrations Migrations of the New World, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Models_of_migration_to_the_New_WorldBeringia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beringia Mitochondrial Eve, http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/alabaster/A703199e-Medicine- Mongolian Spot, http://www.emedicine.com/derm/ToPIC271.hTM
Unfortunately for Columbus, he was not the first to set foot in the Americas; nor was he the first to travel across the world. Centuries before, early peoples migrated from
the Africa to parts unknown, including North America. It was this movement of peoples that gave rise to natives across the globe: the Mayans in Guatemala, the Dani of New Guinea, and many others. Due to limited food and resources, humans began moving approximately 60,000 years ago. The argument of whether man came out of Africa or out of the Fertile Crescent is still being contended, but the information gathered thus far has proven the Africa theory to be most viable. By studying the pattern of early migration, great contributions to genetic research have been made and allowed us to further understand human developement.
There are no maps. There are no trails, yet a group of nomadic hunters and gatherers decided to find more resources, and thus opened the world to humans. So how are scientists gathering and recording information on the origin of man? The secret lies in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). This is because mtDNA is passed matrilineally, and since it does not combine with the father’s DNA,
What is now the Bering Straight was once the continent of Beringia, and through this passage, people and animals populated the Americas.
lion evolved here from an Asian species but is now extint. The same happened with cameloids from North America that went into Asia. These too, are extinct. DNA proof reads that the Native Americans all descended from people living in Eastern Siberia. An interesting detail that further proves this fact is the Mongolian Spot. This birthmark appears shortly after birth on the
lower back and buttocks, and is blue or purplish in color that typically dissappears within a few years. It is prevelent in East Asian countries, such as Taiwan and Japan, and named after the Mon-golian people. It is also prevelent in Native Amer-icans, most significantly the mestizos (mixed European and Amerindian) of latin America. This birthmark continues to appear on infants born today. The fact that these people separated by an
ocean still share a common physical congenital trait greatly sup-ports the information gathered about not only the existance of the Bering land Bridge but the movements of people who now have a common set of descendants. After arriving in Alaska, the nomadic hunters moved fur-ther south into the United States. forensic evidence suggests that the humans reached the tip of South America in approximately 10,000 BC. Called the Clovis Culture, evidence in Clovis, New Mexico has revealed the weapons used to hunt large game dur-ing this period of time. The Clovis Points, used atop a spear have been found inside of the remains of mammoths from the late ice age. furthermore, Clovis points have been found as far south as Venezuela. This information lends itself to the belief that the American Indians descended from the same tribe. Amoungst all this information, scientists believe to have found the one common ancestor, mitochondrial Eve. Although this information is constantly disputed, it is beleived that due to bottlenecking, this one woman had many female descendants who had the genetic traits best suited for survival amoungst their community’s population. It is through the study of Mitochondrial DNA that Eve has been found, and in her were able to trace back to the local of human origin. Eve’s mtDNA mutations point to the area around Ethiopia, Kenya, and Tanzania. It is through this finding that she has been dubbed “The African Eve.” The search for the genetic origin of humans has been greatly assisted by the study of early human migration. Although disputes have not allowed scientists to proclaim the exact location of origin, the continuous flow of evidence found by ar-cheologists has given us the knowledge and guidence towards coming to a better conclusion as to evolutionary development of the Homo sapien.
it is the most purest substance that could pin-point similarities with graves that are found and excavated. mtDNA is also prone to many mutations which give scientists a bet-ter idea in regards to the age of the genetic line. The more mutations in the sample, the longer humans were living in that area. It is through this study that scientists have found the most mutations in samples from Africa, which further supports the theory that humans came out of Africa. Tracing these markers, it is believed that around 60,000 BC humans first traveled near the coast lines from Africa, into the Middle East by way of the Red Sea, and on towards Austrailia, where the resources where more abundant. Because of the ice age occuring at the time, the sea levels were a lower, which made traveling across large body of waters in rafts much easier than it is today. Because of the ice caps, continents were a lot larger, and there were some that do not exist today. This contributed to the journey into Austrailia, where the continent of Sunda (what is now the islands of Indonesia, Malaysia, including Thailand, Burma and Vietnam) once separated Sahul (another continent that encompassed Australia and New Guinea) by a very narrow chan-nel, which was only 90 kilometers wide. After this initial wave of migration, between 50,000 and 30,000 BC humans moved from Africa towards West Asia, some traveling further west into Europe. These are the humans believed to have displaced the Neanderthals. It took a few thou-sand years for the migrants to adapt to the colder temperatures and fossil evidence suggests that they constantly competed with Neanderthals for space. After 15,000 years of occupying Europe, the humans pushed the Neanderthals to the Iberian peninsula, where they became extinct. by 30,000 BC. It is believed that the group that went into West Asia broke off into two, with one heading south into India and Arabia. The other branch moved into Central and Northern Asia by 35,000 BC., including Siberia and Russia. It is from this group of migrants that the Americas were populated. What is now the Bering Straight was once the continent of Beringia, and it is through this passage (which was green at the time) that people and animals populated the Americas. fossils show that the North American
World Density Map (1994)
170,000 BCThe Homo sapiens begins to evolve in Africa.
60,000 BCThe first humans leave Africa.
50,000 BCHumans leave Africa for Western Asia. Some decide to go Northwest into Europe.
40,000 BCHumans reach the Iberian Peninsula.
30,000 BCEastern Siberians travel to Alaska on the Bering Land Bridge.
40,000-35,000 BCHumans reach East Asia and Siberia.
30,000- 25,000 BCHumans reach North America.
60,000-55,000 BCHumans South Pacific Asia and Australia.
50,000-45,000 BCHumans go into the Middle East and Southern Europe.
20,000 BCHumans reach Central America.
10,000 BCHumans reach the southern point of South America.
Source: United Nations World Population Prospects, 2004 revision: http://esa.un.org/unpp/
20,000
18,000
16,000
14,000
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
Area (km2)Density (Pop/km2)
Top Ten Countries by Population Density (2005)
2,000
Macau
Monac
o
Singa
pore
hong K
ong
Gibralt
ar
Vatic
an C
ity
Bahr
ain
Malta
Berm
uda
Maldive
s0
