Early ExplorationSOL 4 a-f

Chapter 3 & 4

I. Technology-which aided exploration

1.Maps—accurate

2. Latitude/Longitude

3. Astrolabe/Compass

4. Ship Design

II. Financing Exploration

1.Subsidies

2. Joint Stock Company

III. Economic Motive--Mercantilism

• The theory and system of political economy prevailing in Europe after the decline of feudalism, based on national policies of accumulating bullion, establishing colonies and a merchant marine, and developing industry and mining to attain a favorable balance of trade.

IV. Maintaining Wealth

• Balance of trade• How to maintain balance of

trade• 1. Reduce imports with tariffs• 2. Export finished products

instead of raw materials• 3. become self-sufficient

V. Roles of a colony in the Mercantilist Theory

• Free or Cheap raw materials• Labor source• markets

VI. Why people wanted to explore!

1. Gold2. Glory3. God

Explorers from Spain

• King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella financed Columbus from Genoa. He wanted to get to Asia by sailing west. In Aug. of 1492, the Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria set sail. On October 12, 1492, he landed on the island of San Salvador, but he thought he was in India. He named the are “Indies” and the people “Indians”

Explorers of Spain Con’d

• Major changes in culture due to the exchange of plants, animals, products, and diseases.

• Gold and silver mined in S. America helped Spain become a world power.

Explorers of Spain Con’d

• 4 days to the New World!!• The diet changed because of

new foods. Horses changed the life of the natives. But diseases especially smallpox wiped out the Natives of Spanish America.

Explorers from Spain cont……

• 1492—Columbus• 1513—Vasco Balboa—Panama &

Pacific• 1579—Magellan—named Pacific• 1513—Ponce de Leon—Florida• Cortes—Aztecs, Montezuma• 1530—Pizarro--Inca

Christopher Columbus

Vasco Balboa

• Spanish Explorer1st to see Pacific Ocean

Magellan

• Philippines• Crew was the 1st to Circumnavigate The world

Juan Ponce de Leon

• Florida

Cortes

• Spanish• Conquered

Aztecs

Pizarro

• Conquered the Incans

Early Explorations

• Spain and Portugal often claimed the same lands. To solve conflict the Pope solved it by drawing a line down the Atlantic Ocean known as the Line of Demarcation. Portugal got everything to the east of the line and Spain to the west.

•Spain and Portugal eventually signed a treaty moving the line a little more to the west.

Explorers from Portugal

• Portugal has a • prime location • on the • Atlantic Coast!!

• Prince Henry the Navigator—School to train navigators

• Claimed the Azores Islands, established trade markets on the west coast of Africa (slave trade)

Prince Henry the Navigator

• Bartolomeu Dias (1488-Sailed around the Cape of Good Hope)

Vasco da Gama

(1498-Cape-India-back)

• Pedro Alvares Cabral (1500-Brazil) Sugar Plantations—the Spanish acknowledged his claim (the coast is east of the line, but the majority of the country is west of the line)

•Finding these direct routes to the riches of the East not only saved time but money—they could buy direct instead of dealing with the Arabs and the Italians

Other Famous Explorers

• 1497-1503—Amerigo Vespucci (Florence) realized the area Columbus discovered was not Asia, but was a “New World”. (A German actually named the land after him)

• 1513—Vasco Nunez de Balboa—crossed the Isthmus of Panama and saw an ocean. He named it the South Sea (Now the Pacific Ocean)—he sailed for Spain

• 1519—Ferdinand Magellan—sailed south along the coast of South America, passed through the southern strait (now named for him) and saw a very large, “calm” ocean. He named it the Pacific meaning passive. He eventually reached the Philippines where he died in battle, but the crew made it back—1st to circum navigate!! He was Portuguese but sailed for Spain!

TRADE

• Portugal with Asia—• Portugal moved into East Indies…then China, Japan, and the island of Ceylon (Sri Lanka)

• Small trade compared to Brazil where plantations had been set up for sugar exports

Trade Con’d

• Large labor crop—needs a large labor force—where are you going to get the workers??? Portugal goes to Africa

• At first--friendly as the interest in the slave trade grew gradually. Slaves were eventually transported to colonies.

Triangular Trade

• 1. Goods shipped to Africa for slaves who were captured by African tribes and brought to the West Coast.

Triangular Trade Con’d

• 2. The Middle Passage-the time while the slaves were on the Atlantic • Most brutal part of the triangle• Slaves chained in overcrowded

areas in the bottom of the ship• Little food or water• No provision for sanitation and

many died

Triangular Trade Con’d

• 1500’s—2,000 slaves/year transported

• 1780’s—80,000/year

Triangular Trade cont…

• 3. Goods would be purchased in America for slaves and the goods (raw materials) brought home and made into products that could be taken to Africa and traded for slaves

• Africa’s population rapidly declined• Some African kingdoms did rise in

rebellion to the Europeans to protest slavery

• African slavery was different from European slavery:• It varied from voluntary service to

enforced captivity of POWs• Children of enslaved women were

often considered free because often their fathers were free

• Slaves were allowed to buy their freedom

• They were treated as people with a role in society

Why Africans turned on neighbors to aid in slavery:

• To • Obtain• Weapons/• goods

• To avoid• being • the victim

Portugal Falls Apart

• 1. Weak government—no control over officials at home or abroad

• 2. Population declined—so many people were sailors—gov’t sent youngest, strongest males; poor ships—many were destroyed about ½ of those who went out returned

• 3. Spain took over Portugal until 1640

The Spanish Empire

• Empire mostly in Americas and Philippines

• Exploration:• Juan Ponce De Leon—Florida 1513

• Hernando Cortes—Aztecs—defeated Montezuma and destroyed city of Tenochtitlan (today Mexico City) Easy defeat due to horses and guns

• Franco Pizarro—1530 into Peru and destroyed the Inca

The Spanish Empire cont…

• Spain established settlements where other European powers used the colonies for trade. Spain established governments with viceroys—representatives to the monarch

• To oppress the natives and slaves—encomienda system-the right to demand labor=slavery

• Spain got mineral wealth from colonies, but killed many natives from disease. They had to begin importing slaves to compensate.

• No foreigners were allowed in Spanish colonies—wealth was appealing to other countries.

• Treasure ships were a target and England as well as other powers encouraged piracy and even established colonies in the New World.

Other colonies…

• Portuguese, Dutch, and British established trading companies along the coast of Africa, India, and Asia

• Portuguese and Spain—developed a few colonies in the New World

• Result: an exchange of products and resources between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres=Columbian Exchange

• Western Hemisphere provided: agricultural products such as corn, potatoes and tobacco

• Eastern Hemisphere provided: horses, cattle, disease esp. smallpox (deadliest disease for the indigenous population)

Spanish Social Classes

• Peninsulares—people born in Spain—highest positions

• Creoles—American born descendants of Spanish settlers—owned most of the land

• Mixed Peoples—Mestizos—Native American and European mixed; Mulattos—African and European mixed

• Native American and Africans

English Exploration

• The power and wealth of Spain often attracted pirates especially from rival countries such as England

• England often encouraged piracy: Sea dogs• Sir Francis Drake—knighted for his daring raids

English Exploration cont….

• English also looked for a route to India• Henry Hudson—sailed for the

Dutch (1609)/ England=Hudson Bay

• John Cabot—Italian captain commissioned by England to sail around North America; 1497-1498 explored the coasts of Newfoundland, Nova Scotia and New England gave England a claim to the New World

•European nations did not acknowledge the line of demarcation

France

• Jacques Cartier—1534-1541—sailed up the St. Lawrence River up to the present day city of Montreal—gave the French a claim to the New World

• Samuel de Champlain—1608—established the first permanent settlement at Quebec

• Robert La Salle—sailed down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico and claimed the entire inland region of North America for France named it Louisiana for King Louis XIV