EARLY EARTH and the ORIGIN OF LIFE. Major Episodes Isotopes of carbon.
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Transcript of EARLY EARTH and the ORIGIN OF LIFE. Major Episodes Isotopes of carbon.
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EARLY EARTH and the
ORIGIN OF LIFE
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Major Episodes
Isotopes of carbon
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•Life on Earth: 3.5-4.0 billion years
•Prokaryotes: 3.5 billion•stromatolites
•Oxygen: 2.7 billion•Cyanobacteria
•Eukaryotes: 2.1 billion
•Multicellular Eukaryotes: 1.2 billion
•Animal Diversity: Cambrian period
•Land plants: 500 million
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Cambrian Explosion
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THE ORIGIN OFLIFE
• Spontaneous generation
• Biogenesis
•Louis Pasteur
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Miller & Urey
Primitive Atmosphere
•H2O•H2
•CH4
•NH3
•Formation of organic monomers – first step in origin of life
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RNA may have been the first self replicating genetic material.
•Replication & ribozymes (RNA autocatalytic)•Natural selection (genotype & phenotype)
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PROTOBIONTS – aggregates of abiotically producedmolecules
liposome
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RNA template for polypeptide formation
Polypeptides act as primitiveenzymes that aid replication
of all RNA molecules, includingcompeting RNAs
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FIVE KINGDOM SYSTEM
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Kingdom Characteristics – must know!
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PROKARYOTES
AND THE ORIGINS OF
METABOLIC DIVERSITY
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PROKARYOTES
extremophiles
eubacteria
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STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
Shape: cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod), spirilla (helical)
Diplo- (2), strepto- (chain), staphylo- (cluster)
Peptidoglycan (modified sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides) in cell walls
Gram stain: Gram+ (simpler walls, thick peptidoglycan) Gram- (more complex, less peptidoglycan)
Capsule: protective layer outside wall, sticky
Pili: surface appendages
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Motility: flagella, spirochetes (corkscrew,) slimy threads
Taxis: movement toward or away from stimulus
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ORGANIZATION & REPRODUCTION
Specialized membranes
Nucleoid region
Plasmids*
Binary fission
Transformation Conjugation Transduction Endospores Antibiotics
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Nutritional Diversity:•Saprobes•Parasites•Metabolism of petroleum•Nonbiodegradable (synthetic organic compounds)
Nitrogen Metabolism:•Nitrogen fixation•N2 NH4
•Cyanobacteria
Oxygen use:Obligate aerobesFacultative anaerobesObligate anaerobes
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EXTREMOPHILES•Methanogens•Extreme halophiles (bacteriorhodopsin•Extreme thermophiles
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ECOLOGICAL IMPACT
Decomposers Symbiosis Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism
Pathogenic Koch’s Postulates Exotoxins Endotoxins Bioremediation
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THE ORIGINS OF
EUKARYOTIC DIVERSITY
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Characteristics
Eukaryotic, unicellular, colonial, multicellular
Nutrition: aerobic, photoautotrophs, heterotrophs, mixotrophs
Ingestive (protozoa), photosynthetic (algae), absorptive (fungus like)
Motility: flagella, cilia, psuedopodia Life cycles: asexual (mitosis), sexual
(meiosis & syngamy), cysts Habitat: aquatic (plankton) & moist
terrestrial areas, contractile vacuoles
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EUGLENA - MIXOTROPH
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ENDOSYMBIOSIS
EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS:1) Filamentous Cyanobacteria – specialized cells2) Complex communities –species w/ metabolic specialties3) Compartmentalization within cells eukaryotes
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PRIMARY & SECONDARY ENDOSYMBIOSIS
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Diplomonadida and Parabasala
lack mitochondria
Giardia lamblia Trichomonas vaginalis
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Euglenozoa • both photosynthetic and heterotrophic flagellates
Euglena - mixotrophic
Trypanosoma –African sleeping sickness
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Alveolata
• unicellular protists with subsurface cavities (alveoli)
• Dinoflagellates: red tides (deadly toxins) Gonyaulax
• Ciliates: paramecium, stentor
• Apicomplexans: all parasitic, plasmodium - malaria
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Stramenopila• The stramenopile clade includes the water molds and the heterokont algae
Oomycota Water mold
Diatoms: glass like cell wallsChrysophytes:
Golden algae
Phaeophytes: brown algae,Seaweeds (kelps)
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SEAWEEDS•Structural and biochemical adaptations help seaweeds survive and reproduce at the ocean’s margins •Food source, thickening agents, agar •Some algae have life cycles with alternating multicellular haploid and diploid generations
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Rhodophyta: Red algae lack flagella
Most abundant large algae in warm coastal watersof tropical oceans
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Chlorophyta• Green algae and plants evolved from a
common photoautotrophic ancestor
• Unicellular (chlamydomonas), colonial (volvox), filamentous (spirogyra), multicellular (ulva)
• Lichens
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A diversity of protists use pseudopodia for movement and feeding
Rhizopoda: amoebas, amoebic dysentery
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Actinopoda (Heliozoan & Radiolarians)
Foraminiferanscalcium carbonate walls, limestone fossils, Dover cliffs
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Mycetozoa: Slime molds have structural adaptations
and life cycles that enhance their ecological roles
as decomposers
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Plasmodial Slime Mold
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FUNGI: CHARACTERISTICS
EukaryoticMulticellularHeterotrophs (absorptive – digestion outside body)
Cell walls of chitinClassified by sexual stage (fruiting body)
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Function – obtaining food
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Haustoria – hyphae of parasitic fungi modified to penetrate and absorb nutrients from host tissue
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Example - Rhizopus
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*PENICILLIUM
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LICHENS
MYCHORRHIZAEMutualistic
Involve?
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