© 2004 Wadsworth – Thomson Learning Chapter 25 Infections of the Nervous System.
Early Civilizations in Africa. ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson...
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Transcript of Early Civilizations in Africa. ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson...
Early Civilizations in Early Civilizations in AfricaAfrica
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The Continent of Africa
The Sahara and Its Environs8000 - 4000 B.C.E. a warm, humid climate that created lakes, ponds, grasslands, and game
Desiccation began in 6th and 5th millennium B.C.E.
3000 B.C.E.- farming spread to the savannas to the south; Berbers were intermediaries
Carthage became focal point of trans-Saharan trade
Ironworking by the people along the Niger River in the middle of the first millennium B.C.E., Nok culture
The Emergence of Civilization
Africa: Issues & Controversies in the StudyKush
Agriculture may have first appeared in Nubia rather than the lower Nile valleyNubia became an Egyptian tributaryIndependent state of Kush
Major trading stateLittle known about the society of KushWidespread material prosperity
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Ancient Africa
Kushite Ruins
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Ancient Ethiopia and Nubia
Axum
Conquered Kush in first millennium C.E.Axum founded as a colony of the kingdom of Saba (Sheba) in first millennium B.C.E.Importance of tradeFollowed Egyptian Christianity (Coptic)
Would be renamed EthiopiaCalled the “hermit kingdom” by Europeans
East and Southern Africa
Bantu language groupIntroduced cultivation of crops and ironworkingThe Bantu settled into rural communities
Commercial trade Egyptians may have arrived looking for trade goodsRhapta a commercial metropolisTrade across the Indian Ocean
Khoisan language group
The Coming of Islam
African Religious Beliefs before IslamCommon beliefs
Single creator god– Sometimes accompanied by a pantheon of lesser
godsMost believed in an afterlifeImportance of ancestors and lineageRituals very important
Challenge by Islam but not always replaced; synthesized
The Coming of Islam (cont.’d)
North AfricaArab forces seized the Nile delta of Egypt in 641Arabs welcome due to high taxes and periodic persecution of Coptic Christians by ByzantinesBerbers resisted for many years
The Kingdom of Ethiopia: A Christian Island in a Muslim Sea
Axum began to declineShift in trade routes and overexploited agricultureMuslim trading states on the African coast of the Red Sea transforming Axum into an isolated agricultural society
Source of ivory, resins, and slaves
East Africa: The Land of Zanj
Self-governing city-states
Trade with the interiorTrade with the Indian Ocean, China, and along the coast
Mixed African-Arab culture
Mixed culture and language called SwahiliConversion to Islam grows
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The Emergence of States in Africa
The States of West Africa
Expansion of Islam has impact on political systemIntroduction of Arabic for a writing systemGhanaMali
Ruinous wars by the twelfth century in GhanaTimbuktuSundiataMansa Musa
SonghaiSunni AliAskia Muhammad
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Trans-Saharan Trade Routes
African Society
African SocietyUrban life
Village Life
Role of women
Slavery
