1 Physical Development. 2 Physical Development in Early Childhood.
Early Childhood Education: Physical Development
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Transcript of Early Childhood Education: Physical Development
Early Childhood Education:Early Childhood Education:Physical DevelopmentPhysical Development
Dr. K. A. KorbDr. K. A. KorbUniversity of JosUniversity of Jos
OutlineOutline
Overview of early childhood educationOverview of early childhood education Promoting physical development of young Promoting physical development of young
childrenchildren Providing a positive physical environment Providing a positive physical environment
in the ECE classroomin the ECE classroom
Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos
OverviewOverview High quality early childhood education High quality early childhood education
programs can improve the school programs can improve the school readiness of disadvantaged children readiness of disadvantaged children (Barnett, 1995; Ramey & Ramey, 2004)(Barnett, 1995; Ramey & Ramey, 2004)
Important characteristics of quality ECE Important characteristics of quality ECE programs:programs: Child-initiated learningChild-initiated learning Positive teacher-child relationshipsPositive teacher-child relationships Strategic learning interactionsStrategic learning interactions
Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos
Types of ECETypes of ECE
Infant and toddler programsInfant and toddler programs Child careChild care Nursery educationNursery education Primary education Primary education Programs for children with special needsPrograms for children with special needs
Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos
Goals of ECEGoals of ECE Physical DevelopmentPhysical Development
Physical growthPhysical growth Fine motor skillsFine motor skills Gross motor skillsGross motor skills
Social/Emotional DevelopmentSocial/Emotional Development IntrapersonalIntrapersonal InterpersonalInterpersonal Assimilation into school cultureAssimilation into school culture
Cognitive DevelopmentCognitive Development NumeracyNumeracy LiteracyLiteracy Language of instructionLanguage of instruction
Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos
Early Childhood EducatorEarly Childhood Educator
RolesRoles CounselorCounselor DiplomatDiplomat JanitorJanitor Parent substitute Parent substitute Parental educatorParental educator Facilitate learningFacilitate learning
Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos
Early Childhood EducatorEarly Childhood Educator
ResponsibilitiesResponsibilities Advocate for ECEAdvocate for ECE Communicate with and educate parentsCommunicate with and educate parents Ensure the mental and emotional safety and Ensure the mental and emotional safety and
wellbeing of childrenwellbeing of children Continue personal educationContinue personal education
Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos
Early Childhood EducatorEarly Childhood Educator
Daily ActivitiesDaily Activities Organize the learning environmentOrganize the learning environment Interact with childrenInteract with children Plan upcoming instructionPlan upcoming instruction Collaborate with other teachers and school Collaborate with other teachers and school
staffstaff Educate parentsEducate parents
Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos
Physical Development in ECEPhysical Development in ECE Children learn best with healthy bodies and Children learn best with healthy bodies and
mindsminds Physical GrowthPhysical Growth
NutritionNutrition Health careHealth care HygieneHygiene SafetySafety
Gross motor skills:Gross motor skills: Movement Movement Fine motor skills:Fine motor skills: Coordination of small muscle Coordination of small muscle
movementsmovements
Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos
Physical DevelopmentPhysical Development
US Surgeon General recommends that all US Surgeon General recommends that all children under age 18 engage in one hour children under age 18 engage in one hour of physical activity every dayof physical activity every day In the U.S., less than 25% of the children get In the U.S., less than 25% of the children get
20 minutes of physical activity each day20 minutes of physical activity each day In the U.S., only 10% of young children In the U.S., only 10% of young children
spontaneously engage in physical activities spontaneously engage in physical activities when they are sent outside at schoolwhen they are sent outside at school
Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos
Physical DevelopmentPhysical Development Physical activity promotes:Physical activity promotes:
Healthy bones, muscles, and jointsHealthy bones, muscles, and joints Improve muscle strength and enduranceImprove muscle strength and endurance Reduce blood pressureReduce blood pressure Decrease the risk of heart diseaseDecrease the risk of heart disease
Children who are physically fit:Children who are physically fit: Have higher levels of self esteem and Have higher levels of self esteem and
accomplishmentaccomplishment Are more alert in schoolAre more alert in school
Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos
Physical DevelopmentPhysical Development Station activities: Self-challenging activities that Station activities: Self-challenging activities that
promote physical activitypromote physical activity Children rotate through stationsChildren rotate through stations ExamplesExamples
Toss a ball Toss a ball Run to touch a distant marker and returnRun to touch a distant marker and return Jump Jump DanceDance ParachuteParachute Marching to a drumMarching to a drum Move like an animalMove like an animal
Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos
ParachuteParachute
Physical GrowthPhysical Growth
NutritionNutrition Important Principle: Eat from 4 food groups Important Principle: Eat from 4 food groups
every dayevery day Parents: Parents: Proper food to purchaseProper food to purchase
Malnutrition: Malnutrition: Lack of nutrients necessary Lack of nutrients necessary for proper health and development for proper health and development
Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos
Physical GrowthPhysical Growth Indicators of malnutrition:Indicators of malnutrition:
Fatigue and low energyFatigue and low energy DizzinessDizziness Dry and scaly skinDry and scaly skin Swollen and bleeding gumsSwollen and bleeding gums Difficulty paying attentionDifficulty paying attention Slow reaction timesSlow reaction times UnderweightUnderweight Bloated stomachBloated stomach Poor immune functionPoor immune function
(Kid’s Health, 2007)(Kid’s Health, 2007)
Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos
Physical GrowthPhysical Growth
HygieneHygiene Important Principles:Important Principles:
Brush teethBrush teeth Cleaning hands with soap and waterCleaning hands with soap and water Keeping a clean environmentKeeping a clean environment
Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos
Physical Growth:Physical Growth:Health CareHealth Care
Important Principles:Important Principles: Commitment to physical fitness and healthCommitment to physical fitness and health Participate in physical activitiesParticipate in physical activities Care for bodiesCare for bodies
Activities:Activities: ParachuteParachute Outdoor gamesOutdoor games
Parents: Parents: Vaccinations to prevent diseasesVaccinations to prevent diseases
Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos
Physical Growth:Physical Growth:SafetySafety
InfantInfant Common Injuries: Common Injuries: Falling, choking Falling, choking Preventative Measures: Preventative Measures: Keep infants in a Keep infants in a
safe place where they cannot reach safe place where they cannot reach dangerous objects or roll or crawl off a high dangerous objects or roll or crawl off a high ledgeledge
Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos
Physical Growth:Physical Growth:SafetySafety
ToddlersToddlers Common InjuriesCommon Injuries: Falling, poisoning, burning, : Falling, poisoning, burning,
drowning, electrocution, automobile accidentsdrowning, electrocution, automobile accidents Preventative MeasuresPreventative Measures
Protect from electrical outlets, fire, and hot objectsProtect from electrical outlets, fire, and hot objects Keep poisonous substances out of reach or locked awayKeep poisonous substances out of reach or locked away Refocus attention on safe activitiesRefocus attention on safe activities Tell children what they can do instead of always saying Tell children what they can do instead of always saying NoNo
Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos
Physical Growth:Physical Growth:SafetySafety
Preschoolers:Preschoolers: Common Injuries: Common Injuries: Automobile accidents, drowning, Automobile accidents, drowning,
falls, burns, recreational toysfalls, burns, recreational toys Preventative Measures: Preventative Measures: Teach safe playTeach safe play
Climb safelyClimb safely Cross streets carefullyCross streets carefully Play away from the busy street and rushing waterPlay away from the busy street and rushing water Use toys safelyUse toys safely Respect for animalsRespect for animals Memorize name, phone number, and location of houseMemorize name, phone number, and location of house
Set a good example!Set a good example!
Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos
Physical Growth:Physical Growth:SafetySafety
Important Principle:Important Principle: Maintain a safe Maintain a safe environmentenvironment
Parents:Parents: Teach parents good discipline Teach parents good discipline procedures so they can keep their children procedures so they can keep their children from harmfrom harm
Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos
Gross Motor SkillsGross Motor Skills
Organized physical activities that promote Organized physical activities that promote movementmovement ThrowingThrowing CatchingCatching BalancingBalancing JumpingJumping
Parents: Parents: Need for children to explore their Need for children to explore their environmentenvironment
Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos
Fine Motor SkillsFine Motor Skills
Fine motor skills are necessary for:Fine motor skills are necessary for: EatingEating DressingDressing WritingWriting
Experience manipulating and playing with Experience manipulating and playing with small objectssmall objects
Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos
ECE Classroom EnvironmentsECE Classroom Environments
Research provides evidence that young Research provides evidence that young children learn best in an environment that children learn best in an environment that allows them to explore, discover, and playallows them to explore, discover, and play
Play should last at least 30 to 60 minutes Play should last at least 30 to 60 minutes both indoors and outdoorsboth indoors and outdoors Large blocks of time dedicated to play allow Large blocks of time dedicated to play allow
children to get involved in more complex and children to get involved in more complex and productive activitiesproductive activities
Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos
Indoor ECE Classroom Indoor ECE Classroom EnvironmentEnvironment
CentersCenters Active areas Active areas
BlocksBlocks MusicMusic Sand or Water playSand or Water play
Quiet areasQuiet areas ArtArt BooksBooks WritingWriting
Personal areasPersonal areas Provide varietyProvide variety
Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos
Indoor ECE Classroom Indoor ECE Classroom EnvironmentEnvironment
Provide space for:Provide space for: Large group activitiesLarge group activities Small group activitiesSmall group activities Individual activitiesIndividual activities
Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos
Indoor ECE Classroom Indoor ECE Classroom EnvironmentEnvironment
CentersCenters Art centerArt center Manipulative center: Develop fine motor skills, Manipulative center: Develop fine motor skills,
mathematical understanding, creativitymathematical understanding, creativity PuzzlesPuzzles Collectibles (Buttons, bottle caps, etc.)Collectibles (Buttons, bottle caps, etc.) Cooperative games (Concentration)Cooperative games (Concentration)
Literacy center: Comfortable area to readLiteracy center: Comfortable area to read Block centerBlock center Dramatic play center: Dress-up clothes and propsDramatic play center: Dress-up clothes and props Music center: Singing, dancing, making musicMusic center: Singing, dancing, making music Science discovery center: Plants and insect containersScience discovery center: Plants and insect containers
Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos
Taken from Henniger, 2008
Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos
Indoor ECE Classroom Indoor ECE Classroom EnvironmentEnvironment
Sketch area of room to plan where centers Sketch area of room to plan where centers and desks will be organizedand desks will be organized
Section off spaces of blackboards for Section off spaces of blackboards for themesthemes Getting to know you, birthdays, calendar, Getting to know you, birthdays, calendar,
course work,course work, Kids can decorate classroom with artworkKids can decorate classroom with artwork
Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos
Indoor ECE Classroom Indoor ECE Classroom EnvironmentEnvironment
Tips for purchasing classroom materials:Tips for purchasing classroom materials: Simple detailsSimple details Multiple usesMultiple uses Easy to use and understandEasy to use and understand Involves the child in playInvolves the child in play Encourages cooperative playEncourages cooperative play Materials look and feel goodMaterials look and feel good Durable and safeDurable and safe Value-pricedValue-priced
Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos
Outdoor ECE Classroom Outdoor ECE Classroom EnvironmentEnvironment
Outdoor classroom environment should be Outdoor classroom environment should be carefully planned to encourage motor and social carefully planned to encourage motor and social skillsskills
Spaces outdoors:Spaces outdoors: TransitionTransition ConstructionConstruction Dramatic playDramatic play Physical activitiesPhysical activities Sand or water playSand or water play Interact with natureInteract with nature
Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos
Sand PlaySand Play Fill a large container or hole with sandFill a large container or hole with sand
Substitute rice, beans, cornmealSubstitute rice, beans, cornmeal Allow the children to playAllow the children to play
Dig, build, pourDig, build, pour Make patterns with sticks and combs Make patterns with sticks and combs Build castlesBuild castles
Sand play fostersSand play fosters Physical Development:Physical Development: Gross and fine motor skills Gross and fine motor skills Social Development:Social Development: Working with other children to solve Working with other children to solve
problemsproblems Cognitive DevelopmentCognitive Development
Mathematics with measuring containersMathematics with measuring containers Science with observation techniquesScience with observation techniques Art through making objects and patternsArt through making objects and patterns
Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos
Water PlayWater Play Types of Play:Types of Play:
Pour water into and out of different size cups Pour water into and out of different size cups Drop objects into water Drop objects into water Imagination with toysImagination with toys
Water play fosters:Water play fosters: Fine motor skillsFine motor skills Observation skills Observation skills CreativityCreativity MathematicsMathematics
Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos
Playing with BlocksPlaying with Blocks Create blocks of various sizes (and colors)Create blocks of various sizes (and colors) Types of PlayTypes of Play
Stacking blocksStacking blocks Creating designsCreating designs Suggest imaginary scenariosSuggest imaginary scenarios
Playing with blocks fostersPlaying with blocks fosters Physical Development:Physical Development: Fine motor coordination, visual Fine motor coordination, visual
perception, spatial orientationperception, spatial orientation Social DevelopmentSocial Development CreativityCreativity
Encourage creative play: Provide scenarios: Go to Encourage creative play: Provide scenarios: Go to hospital, go to school, house in villagehospital, go to school, house in village
Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos
Outdoor ECE Classroom Outdoor ECE Classroom EnvironmentEnvironment
Safety considerations:Safety considerations: Regular safety and maintenanceRegular safety and maintenance
31,000 younger children were treated for accidents 31,000 younger children were treated for accidents at child care and school settings in 1997at child care and school settings in 1997
Frequently discuss with the students about:Frequently discuss with the students about: Appropriate use of materialsAppropriate use of materials Safe number of participants on each equipment,Safe number of participants on each equipment, Taking turnsTaking turns Cleaning upCleaning up
Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos
Safety ChecklistSafety Checklist Be prepared for injuriesBe prepared for injuries Teach children how to properly use scissors, Teach children how to properly use scissors,
staplers, and other suppliesstaplers, and other supplies Safety caps on electrical outletsSafety caps on electrical outlets Avoid chocking hazards in toysAvoid chocking hazards in toys Check for loose screws, jagged edges, and Check for loose screws, jagged edges, and
other hazards on school equipmentother hazards on school equipment Outdoors free of broken glass and other objectsOutdoors free of broken glass and other objects
Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos
RevisionRevision What are the overall goals of Early Childhood What are the overall goals of Early Childhood
Education?Education? What are the three areas that ECE educators What are the three areas that ECE educators
should focus on for physical development?should focus on for physical development? What are a few examples of indoor centers that What are a few examples of indoor centers that
are beneficial for young children?are beneficial for young children? What types of areas should be available What types of areas should be available
outdoors for young children?outdoors for young children?
Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos