Early Childhood Development · 2017. 7. 15. · newborn care, (e.g. prevent birth asphyxia,...
Transcript of Early Childhood Development · 2017. 7. 15. · newborn care, (e.g. prevent birth asphyxia,...
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Department of Education and Childhood Development
Early Childhood Development Presenter:
Dr. Pablo Stansbery, Senior Director, Early Child Development
Save the Children
Summer 2011
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Global Presence
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Objectives • ECCD Definition and Approach • Child Rights Perspective• Millennium Development Goals (2010)• Education for All (UNESCO)• Monitoring and Evaluation• WHO- wellness (Human Potential)• Global Challenges
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ECD vs. ECCD
• Early childhood: Prenatal through 8 years of age. Continuum.
• Care – Thrive and grow, (Protection + food + health care + IZ) + (essential interaction + stimulation + affection + security + learning through exploration and discovery)
• Development - process of change in which the child gradually masters more and more complex levels of moving, thinking, feeling and interacting with people and objects in the environment. Development = biological factors and environment
• Development vs. Survival – General Comment #7. Child right to full essential supports for development and to reach full potential
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The Four Principles of SC’s ECCD Program
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The Program Cycle
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Sample Title
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Education for All Dakar Goals and Millennium Development Goals
1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2. Achieve universal primary education
3. Promote gender equality and empower women
4. Reduce child mortality, and other health goals
1. Expand and improve comprehensive early childhood care and education
2. Universal primary education by 2015
3. Learning and life skills programmes for youth and adults
4. 50% increase in adult literacy rates by 2015
5. Gender parity by 2005 and gender equality by 2015
6. Improving quality of education
MDGsEFA Goals
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2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
56 million
8 million
23 million
Rest of the World
South and West Asia39 million
Sub-‐Saharan Africa45 million
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Out-of-school children (millions)
East Asia and the Pacific
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
32
18
9
63
72 million
1999
6
84
105 million
Out-of-school children
Arab States LaEn America and the Caribbean
Still 56 million children out of school in 2015?
East Asia and the PacificArab States LaEn America and the Caribbean
• Half in sub-Saharan Africa; One-third in India, Nigeria, Pakistan, and Ethiopia; • 60% never enroll, 31% enroll late, 9% enroll but drop out
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Characteristics of out of school children
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Distribution of out of school children by exposure to school and
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Too few pupils complete primary school
In addition to increasing access, improving retention is a key to reducing out-of-school
children.
0
20
40
60
80
100
Rw
anda
Bur
undi
Leso
tho
Mad
agas
car
Gha
naSw
azila
ndBen
inN
iger
Togo
Eritre
aM
ali
Cap
e Ve
rde
Cam
eroo
nM
auritius
Mau
rita
nia
Mor
occo
Sau
diAlg
eria
Leba
non
Om
anKuw
ait
Mon
golia
Aze
rbai
jan
Tajik
ista
nKaz
akhs
tan
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P. D
.M
yanm
ar
Nep
alBan
glad
esh
Nic
arag
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rG
uate
mal
aCol
ombi
aPa
nam
aBol
ivia
Dom
inic
aCos
ta R
ica
Bar
bado
s
Bel
arus
Survival rates to last grade (%) Cohort completion rates (%)
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Links between health, development and education potential
Poor school Achievement
Nutritional deficiencies/infection
Primary Caretaker Stress/depressionLow responsivityLow education
Poor care and home stimulation
Poor cognitive, motor, socio-emotional development
Stunting
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Links between mother education and school readiness
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Benefits of mother education
• When mothers have no education, their children are twice as likely to be out of school when compared to those whose mothers have some education
• 776 million adults worldwide, 2/3 of them women, lack basic literacy skills
• Illiteracy rates are highest in sub-Saharan Africa and South and West Africa
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Benefits of female education • Educated girls tend to marry later, have fewer
children, healthier pregnancies and safer deliveries and tend to immunize their children regularly
• A study of 63 developing countries found that female education was the most important reason why child malnutrition decreased by 15.5% between 1970 and 1995
• Educating girls and women has catalytic effect on economic development: For each 1% increase in female education a country average GDP increases by .37%
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Holistic Supports
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Trajectory of a child’s brain development
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Source: Slide by Flavlio Cunha based on Heckman and Masterov, 2004
0 Age
Rat
e of
ret
urn
to in
vest
men
t in
hum
an c
apita
l
Preschool programs
Schooling
Job training
0-3 4-5Preschool School Post-school
Programs targeted towards the earliest years
Rates of Return to Human Capital Investment at Different Ages: Return to an Extra Dollar at Various Ages
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UNICEF
Interventions with Stunted Children in Jamaica
85
90
95
100
105
110
Baseline 6 mo 12 mo 18 mo 24 mo
DQNon – stunted
Control
Both Rxs
SupplementedStimulated
Source: Gramtham-McGregor et al, 1991
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Disparities in Early Vocabulary Growth
16 mos. 24 mos. 36 mos.
Cum
ulat
ive
Voca
bula
ry (
Wor
ds) College Educated
Parents
Working Class Parents
Welfare Parents
Child’s Age (Months)
200
600
1200
Source: Hart & Risley (1995)
Slide by The National Scientific Council on the Developing Child
Language and
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Language and
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Pre-Primary Enrollment (2006)(%)
World 41Developing Countries 36Developed Countries 79Transition Countries 62
Sub-Saharan Africa 14Arab States 18Central Asia 28
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Developmental Domains
• Language Development (Communication)• Gross Motor and Physical Health• Psycho-social Development• Cognitive Development• Approaches to Learning
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Ready to Learn- Schooling 3 Broad ECD Research Questions
1. Is Sasha ready for school?
2. Is the school ready for Sasha?
3. Are Sasha’s parents ready and is her community prepared to help Sasha get ready for school?
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Caregivers are at the center of development Brains and Skills are Shaped by the “Serve and
Return” Nature of Human Interaction
The quality and frequency of the interaction with significant adults are critical
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ECCD Results Framework
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Key Strategies: Access:• Formal or non-formal, home- and/or community-
based ECCD centers • Marginalized children, communities and
addressing both the physical and opportunity cost barriers to access.
• Distance ECCD program where appropriate (i.e. radio program for children)
• Formal and informal play groups • Mobile ECCD center.• Intensive learning programs prior to school entry.• After-school learning programs to support
transitions to school.
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Key Strategies: Quality
• Training, education or counseling for parents and caregivers (often conducted at the home)
• Group training and education for parents and caregivers (often in the form of classes or group parent sessions).
• Orientation to quality learning environment and interaction
• Training of grade one and grade two teachers both pre-service and in-service.
• Improving and upgrading of ECCD classroom facilities and age-appropriate learning materials.
• Improving and upgrading of outdoor or playground facilities.
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Key Strategies: Knowledge, attitude and practices
• Individual training, education or counseling for parents and caregivers
• Group training and education for parents and caregivers (often in the form of classes or group parent sessions).
• Creating or strengthening community groups that address the needs of young children.
• Establishing and/or building the capacity of ECCD management committees or ECCD center governing bodies etc., and promoting their participation in ECCD program decision-making.
• Training community groups to advocate for ECCD.• Engaging adolescents in ECCD activities.• Conducting community ECCD events to raise awareness
and interest, as well as increase demand
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Key Strategies: Policy & advocacy
Policy/advocacy
• Advocating for bi/multi-lingual language pre-school education.• Analyzing current policies and engaging in developing and
harmonizing new policies.• Facilitating the implementation of current policies.• Advocating for increased government allocation of funds for ECCD.• Organizing advocacy workshops and events.• Publishing advocacy briefers.• Documenting and disseminating best practices and lessons learned in
order to achieve lasting change at scale.• Strengthening national ECCD networks.
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Key Strategies for IR 4 may include:
Institutional and human resource capability
• Training and supporting government ECCD providers.• Training and supporting government primary school teachers
and education providers.• Upgrading national training systems and/or making changes to
the system.• Improving and upgrading government ECCD classroom
facilities.• Ensuring the provision of quality learning materials.• Developing, adapting and supporting national curricula for
ECCD activities.• Developing and integrating supporting national teaching tools,
materials and aids.
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MCH/ECD Continuum of Interventions
Adolescents 5 to 6 years2 to 5 years 7 to 8 years
Youth clubs and teams
Theater for Development
Family Child Care Permits
School Health and Nutrition (including promoting healthy behaviors)
Reproductive Health
Pre-primary classes
Play groups
Summer pre-school academies
Transition programming
De-worming
Hygiene & Hand washing promotion
Reading for children, Reading Buddies, Libraries
CCT
HEART
Reading for Children
Parks and recreation
Prevention/treatment of pneumonia, malaria, & diarrhea
Micronutrient supplementation
De-worming
Transition programming
Child friendly schools
Smaller classes
Learning materials
Hygiene & Hand washing promotion
De-worming
Reading Buddies,
Mobile Libraries
Skilled attendant at birth
Essential newborn care, (e.g. prevent birth asphyxia, warming/drying/ KMC (LBW), infection management
PMTCT
Immediate Initiation of BF
Baby Massage
Maternal Talk
Focused ante-natal care
TToxoid immunization
IPT Malaria
Micronutrient supplements
Dietary counseling and support
Child rearing education and planning
Baby SignsBreastfeedingImproved comp
feeding (6-24 mos.) including interactive feeding
Prevention/treatment of pneumonia, diarrhea , and malaria
Immunizations
Child stimulation & developmental screening
PregnancyBirth to 30 days
1 month to
2 Years
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0- 2 Year-Old Early Learning Activities
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Evaluation and Monitoring
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Height for Age… 42% are stunted
Mean:-1.74, Stunting(-2SD):42.3%, Severely stunting(-3SD):17%
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Rationale for an MCH/ECD continuum
• Critical health & developmental needs at each stage
• Each builds upon the other – and helps to ensure that the child survives and thrives
• Reinforcing behaviors and complementary behaviors (e.g., immediate/exclusive breastfeeding, skin-to-skin care of newborns, etc.
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Best and worst places to be a mother
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Images from the Field: Haiti Earthquake 2010
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Sauvons la vie de nos enfants
We are Saving the Lives of Children
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PLEASE HELP!!
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HOMELESS
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Child Survivor: Haiti Earthquake
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Sisters
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Survivors of Haiti Earthquake
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Save the Children Supplies Shelters for Haiti
Homeless Twin Babies
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Water!
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Medical Assistance
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Importance of Caregivers
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Haiti's Makeshift Camps
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Shelter
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Haiti Earthquake's Victims Seek Refuge
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Emergency Shelter
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Safe Place to Play
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Water for bathing
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If you’d like to know more… [email protected]
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Group WorkBolivia, Haiti, Mozambique, Sudan
1.Discuss the ecological reality (context of situation)2.Discuss potential interventions for different age groups (and to ensure developmental domains): Prenatal, birth to 2 years, 2 to 5 and early primary grades3.Create simple evaluation plan