Early Beginning of Culture and Society

The Beginning of Culture

and Society

• Charles Darwin– “Origin of the

Species” (1859)– “Descent of Man”

(1871)

• Man descended from lower simpler forms of being.

Early Beginnings of Culture and Society

• Human Evolution–Paleontology (a

branch of anthropology) examines the apes as immediate descendant of human species (7,000,000 years ago).

Fossils

• Pithecanthropus erectus (erect ape man)–Earliest known

Hominids–Java fossils

50,000,000 and 800,00 years ago.

Fossils

• Sinanthropus–More advanced

than Pithecanthropus–Northern China

Fossils

• Anthropoidea –Primates such

as gorilla, orangutan and chimpanzees–Family of

Pongidae

• Hominidae–Primates such

as early man

GENUS: HOMO

CLASS: MAMMALIA

Fossils of the Early Men

• Taung, South Africa• Earliest known man-

like fossil• Australopithecines

(southern ape)• Prof. Raymond Dart,

1925


• East Africa• Zinjathropus

boisei• L.S. Leakey and

wife, 1959

Fossils of the Early Men• Java Indonesia• Pithecanthropus erectus

(“erect ape man”)• Eugene Dubois, 1891• Bone skull thick• Forehead receding• Broad eyebrows• Power of speech


• Choukoutien, Peking, China

• Pithecanthropus pekinensis

• 1927• Similar to Java

Man


• Melbourne, Australia

• Talgai man• 1940• Similar to Java

man

Fossils of the Early Men• Niah Cave, Sarawak

Borneo• Asian types indicate

that Tasmanian and Australian Borneo are closer to Niah skull

• 1958


• Tabon Cave, Palawan Philippines

• Latest fossil evidence prehistoric Southeast Asian men from Pleistocene period

• Skull existed 22,000 years ago

• 1962

Tool Tradition of the Early Men• Artifacts of pre

human primates used animal bones, broken pebbles and river stones.

• Used for hunting food• Ex. Abbevillian, hand

ax, flake tools.

Tool Tradition of the Early Men• The second wave of

development of tool is known as MOUSTERIAN flake tools

• Careful RETOUCHING of technique of flaking

• INNOVATIONS also took place such cave as shelter, massive use of fire, bones for tools and burial of the dead.

• However, superseded by blade technology

The New Stone Age (Neolithic)

The New Stone Age (Early Period)

• 6000-7000 years ago• Period of flaked and

polished stone tools.• Ground blades and

cutting edges• Axes and adzes of

oval form• pottery

The New Stone Age (Middle)

• 4000-7000 years ago.• Axes, adzes, ridged

back types and tangled butt tool

• Domesticated plant and animals intensified

The New Stone Age (Late)• 2000BC-100AD years

ago.• Materials polish

capable• Sawing, drilling• Polished trapezoidal

tools• Jade implements

Human Races

Human Races

• History of CIVILIZATION is a history of MIGRATIOn.

• MIGRATION implies mingling of people

• Resulting to GENETIC INHERITANCE and effect on cultural and PHYSICAL FEATURE.

Human Races

• Misconceptions about human races1. Undesirable

DISHARMONY OF ANATOMICAl features

2. Hybrid VIGOR in physique and mentality

3. Physical and psychological INFERIORITy

4. Personality is a PRODUCT of human race

11 Major Racial Categories

11 Major Racial Categories1. Caucasoid–Light to dark brown–White race–Thick head hair–Narrow and

projecting nose–Lips average to thin–Tall to short stature


2. Mongoloids–Yellowish to light

brown–Black straight hair –Lips medium

thinness–Cheek bones

projected forward


3. African Negroid–Yellowish or dark brown

to almost black–Very curly, woolly,

frizzly and little body hair.–Nose wide– Ears small– Lips thick


4. Melanesians –Deeply pigmented

skin and eyes–Tightly curled hair–New Guinea to Fiji

11 Major Racial Categories5. Micronesian

Polynesians–Body hair slight–Skin is light–Head hair from

straight to frizzly but mostly wavy –Islands of Hawaii to

New Zealand


6. Congo/ Central African Pygmies–Genetically Negroid– Less than 5 ft tall–Not as dark as African

Negroids and Melanesians but more bodily hair than the two


7. Far Eastern Pygmies–Malay peninsula

(Indonesians, Luzon and Mindanao Islands)– Lips fairly thick–Head hair woolly– Skin color very dark,

slight bodily hair– 5 ft tall


8. Australoids–Head hair nearly

straight to frizzly but mostly heavy–Much bodily hair– Features the same

with Caucasoid except the color of skin


9. Bushman Hottentot– Eyelids epicanthic

folds similar with the Mongoloids

– Body hair is thin– Skin color not dark– Sport fat thighs and

buttocks– 5 ft tall

11 Major Racial Categories10. Ainus–Wavy hair–Lips thin–Bodily hair heavy–Hokkaido, Japan

11 Major Racial Categories11. Veddoid–Wavy to curly

hair–Some bodily

hair –Chocolate

brown skin

• Negroid– Forest Negro (Guinea Cost)– Melanesia (From Southern Asia

to Africa and Oceania)– Negrito (Central African

Pygmies/Negrillos and Far Eastern Pygmies)

– Bushman (Bantu, Forest negro, Sudanese and Bushman-Boskop)

– Sudanese (Nilotic Negroes/Nilotes)

– Hamite (East Africa, Sudan Mediterranean in built)

• Polynesians• Ladino (Latin Americans)• Neo Hawaiian (Hybrid of

Hawaiian, European and Polynesian)

Sub races

Early Beginning of Culture and Society

Documents

Transcript of Early Beginning of Culture and Society