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Transcript of Early Andean Civilizations - Sonoma State University Andean... · · 2011-02-18marine ecosystems...
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Early Andean Civilizations
Origins and Foundations
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Environmental Context• Basic divisions:
east/west, north/south• Mountains, deserts, and
rivers• “Vertical archipelago”:
adapting to climate diversity based on altitude
• Off-shore upwelling currents: extremely rich marine ecosystems of Pacific coast
• El Niño destabilization of climate patterns
Textbook map of Andeanregion
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Timeline
• “Periods” vs. “Horizons”: episodes with higher regional diversity, less integration, vs. episodes dominated by expanding cultural or political group, with less diversity, more integration
• Varies somewhat between coastal and highland zones
Textbook timeline for region
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Preceramic Period (5000-3800BP)Coast
• Foragers in this area since at least 10,000BP
• Preceramic period begins when these foragers move into sedentism, begin to establish large settlements supported by fishing, low-level horticulture
• Maize arrives ca. 2800BP, with simultaneous expansion in populations
Highlands• Preceramic begins a little later
here, ca. 4500 BP• Associated with the
development of ceremonial centers like Kotosh, La Galgada
• Camelid (alpaca and llama) domestication occurs during this period
• Domestication of a range of indigenous tubers, esp. potato, and indigenous grain, quinoa, occurs during this period
• Maize arrives ca. 3250 BP
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Key Elements of Early Andean States
• Full agricultural production, initial diversification of crop species by altitude zones
• Domestication of cotton, use of camelid fiber, elaboration of textile technology
• Rich ceremonial complex development, complete with monumental architecture
• Complex trade and interaction between highland and coastal zones
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The “Maritime Foundations” Hypothesis
• Critical question: “how did coastal states develop, and from what economic and social base?”
• Moseley argued that the maritime resources would have been sufficient to sustain large populations
• The Bigger Picture: comparative data available for maritime-specialized “complex foragers” like Pacific Northwest, European Mesolithic, and possibly early Oceanian settlers, the Lapita
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The Initial Period (3800-2800BP)
• Period of transition from forager-focused to intensive agriculture, development of extensive irrigation systems
• Marked increase in population, and in population densities, emergence of larger centers as series of small, independent kingdoms (valley to valley)
• Development of ceramic technology, early metallurgy• Clear signs of inter-settlement coordination of ritual
activity, but no parallel signs of social ranking, differentiation in burials
• All these processes most marked, most accelerated on the coast
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Early Horizon in the Highlands (2900-2200 BP)
• Rise of Chavin de Huantar (2800-2200BP)
• Cultural influence expands out of the highlands, to coast, and to some extent north and south of Chavin itself
• Originally thought to be “mother culture” of Andean civilization, now understood to have coexisted with other early emerging states to north and south
• Shifted to urban status based on position along a coast/highland trade route, reinforced by development of ritual significance as a pilgrimage site
• Iconography (images and ideas) of Chavindoes seem to persist, get borrowed by a number of later states
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Early Horizon at Lake Titicaca (southern highlands)
• Chiripa and Pukara were the key centers, (3400-2100 BP)
• Both rose to early urban size and status, and remained relatively autonomous from both Chavin and from each other
• Motifs developed at Chiripa in particular seemed to have carried on into later ritual and ideological use in the area
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Early Horizon on the Coast• Rise of the Paracas culture on
the southern Andean coast, ca. 2500 BP
• Influenced technologically from the Lake Titicaca basin: ceramics, textiles, and irrigation agriculture
• However maintained cultural autonomy: different and distinctive art and architectural styles
• Smaller populations over all in this more marginal ecosystem
• Unclear evidence on amount, degree of social hierarchy, central authority
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Existing environmental factors
• El Niño/La Niña events• Tectonic plate uplift• Flooding• Drought• Cold fluctuations (highlands)• Warm fluctuations (highlands)
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Human/Environmental interactions
• Irrigation• Terracing• Canalization (river to river)• Population
density increases
• Soil degradation/erosion