Early 18c Europe: Proto-Industrialization
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Transcript of Early 18c Europe: Proto-Industrialization
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By: Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY
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The “Little Ice Age”:1350-1700
Medieval “Warm Period”
In the 17c, Europe relied on a very inefficient agricultural system to feed its population.
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17c EuropeanAgrariani
sm
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Feudal Common Field System
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Yield Ratio for Grain Crops(1400-1800)
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Grain Supplies in 16c Europe
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Cereal Crops in 18c Europe
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Small Town “Farmer’s Markets”
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The Village School (17c)
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Country People Playing a Ball Game
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A Lace Maker
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Supplemental Income Cottage Industries: “Putting-Out” System
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The “Putting-Out” System
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Advantages of the Putting-Out System1. Peasants could supplement their agricultural
incomes. Take advantage of winter months when farming
was impossible.2. Merchants could avoid the higher wages and often
demanding regulations of urban labor. Easier to reduce the number of workers when the
economy was bad.3. Merchants could acquire capital, which would later
play a part in funding industrialization itself. Peasants acquired future skills.
4. Young people could start separate households earlier, thus contributing to population growth.
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Disadvantage of the Putting-Out System??
When demand rose [which it did in the 18c] this system proved inefficient. Merchant-capitalists found it difficult to induce
peasant-workers to increase their output.
This dilemma eventually led to the factory system All the workers were concentrated in one place
under the supervision of a manager. Water or steam power could easily be applied
there.
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“Apprentices at Their Looms”William Hogarth, 1687
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Population Density: 18c Europe
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18cPopulatio
nGrowth
Rate
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European Urbanization: 1500-1800
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Industry & Population: 18c Europe
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“Gin Lane”
William Hogarth
1751
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“Beer Street”
William Hogarth
1751
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Emancipation of the Peasantry to 1812
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“Enclosed” Fields
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British Raw Materials
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18c British Port
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The Growth of England’sForeign Trade in the 18c
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18c English “Nouveau Riche”:
The Capitalist Entrepreneur