Eagle Creek Park Spring Pond 2007 Floral Inventory

Eleven year resurvey of permanent plots at

Spring Pond Nature Preserve,

Eagle Creek Park, Indianapolis, IN

Rebecca Dolan and Marcia Moore

Friesner Herbarium, Butler University

4600 Sunset Ave.

Indianapolis, IN 42608

[email protected] [email protected]

11/23/07

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

2

Background

Permanent plots allow changes in vegetation to be tracked through time. In

1996, we established eight 3 x 3 center grid point plots at Spring Pond Nature

Preserve at Eagle Creek Park. Five plots were within the boundaries of the

Preserve. Three were adjacent but outside the boundary in a younger wooded

stand. We quantified all woody and herbaceous species present in the plots and

evaluated the quality of the vegetation, noting especially invasive exotic species

of concern. The results of that study, along with details of our sampling

technique and a review of site characteristics were presented in our report to

IndyParks titled “Qualitative vegetation analysis of Spring Pond Nature Preserve

and Adjacent Sites in Eagle Creek Park”, submitted in 1996. Here we present

results of a resurvey of the plots conducted during the summer of 2007, and

compare the data with those obtained during the initial sampling.

Methods

We used the same vegetation survey procedures used in our 1996 survey. Data

were collected during early August in 2007, the same time of year as our original

work. Following the initial survey, point centers were permanently marked by

IndyParks staff with numbered tags affixed to plastic poles and their locations

plotted using global positioning systems (GPS). Locations of plots are indicated

in Figure 1.

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Figure 1. Location of permanent plots at Spring Pond Nature Preserve.

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Results

A total of 81 species were identified in the sample plots located inside the

preserve in 1996, with a total of 80 seen in 2007. Table 1 is a master list of all

plants encountered in sample plots. Common names, scientific names and

status as native or non-native are given. Plants identified only to genus could not

be identified to species due to phenological constraints. That is, critical flower or

fruit parts were needed for identification were not present at the time of the

surveys. Although the total number of species seen in plots varied by only one

between 1996 and 2007, this does not mean there was a change involving only

one species. 31 species were seen in 2007 that were not recorded in 2007

(Table 1). The most notable new additions to the flora in the preserve are

Japanese barberry, Autumn olive, Amur honeysuckle, and Multiflora rose. All

four are invasive exotic species. Japanese barberry was not seen inside or

outside the preserve in 1996. The latter three were all detected in sample plots

outside the preserve, but not inside, in 1996.

More species were present in plots located outside of, but adjacent to, the

preserve in 1996 (71) and in 2007 (66). 23 of the species seen in 2007 were not

detected in 1996. Oriental bittersweet and Winged burning-bush, both invasive

exotics, were seen for the first time in or out of the preserve on plots outside in

2007.

No plants listed as rare, threatened, or endangered by the Division of Nature

Preserves were seen in either sample years

Plot-level data for both sample years are presented in Appendix 1 for tree-layer

vegetation and in Appendix 2 for herb-layer vegetation. For the tree-layer, some

large trees were lost due to death between 1997 and 2007. A few large trees

were present in plots in 2007 that were not recorded in 1997. Some of these

trees are of large enough size that they are unlikely to have been missed in 1997

and could not be new growth. Likely explanations for the discrepancy between

5

the two sample years include slight changes in the location of point centers as

the permanent markers were installed and points were GPS’ed (a tree was

considered in the plot if more than one-half of the trunk was in, so a few cm.

change could affect inclusion) and data recording errors. In cases of

discrepancy, the 2007 data are suggested to be more reliable.

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Table 1. Master species list for plants seen in survey plots at Spring Pond Nature Preserve in 1996 and 2007. Inside plots are located within the boundaries of the preserve. Outside plots are just outside the boundaries, adjacent to the preserve in younger growth woods.

Scientific name Common name Inside Outside

1996 2007 1996 2007

Acalypha sp. Three-seeded mercury x

Acer negundo Box elder x x x

Acer nigrum Black maple x

Acer saccharinum Silver maple x

Acer saccharum Sugar maple x x x x

Actea alba Doll's eyes x

Aesculus glabra Ohio buckeye x x

Agrimonia parviflora Small-flowered agrimony x x x

Allium tricoccum Wild leek or ramps x

Arisaema triphyllum Jack-in-the-pulpit x

Asimina tribola Paw paw x x x x

Asplenium platyneuron Ebony spleenwort x x

Barbarea vulgaris* Winter cress x

Bidens sp. Beggar's-ticks x x

Berberis thunbergii* Japanese barberry x x

Boehmeria cylindrica False nettles x x x

Botrychium virginianum Rattlesnake fern x x x

Campanula americana Tall bellflower x

Campsis radicans Trumpet creeper x x

Carex grayi Gray's sedge x x x

Carex laxiflora Sedge x x

Carex tribuloides Sedge x x

Carpinus caroliniana Musclewood x x x

Carya cordiformis Bitternut hickory x x x x

Carya glabra Pignut Hickory x x

Carya laciniosa Shellbark hickory x x

Carya ovata Shagbark hickory x x

Celastrus orbiculatus* Oriental bittersweet x

Celtis occidentalis Hackberry x x x x

Cercis canadensis Redbud

Cinna arundinacea Wood reed x x x

Circaea quadrisulcata Enchanter's nightshade x x x

Cornus florida Flowering dogwood x x

Cornus racemosa Gray dogwood x x

Crataegus mollis Downy hawthorn x x x

Cryptotaenia canadensis Honewort x x x x

Cystopteris fragilis Brittle fern x

Desmodium sp. Tick-trefoil x

Dichanthelium clandestinum Deertongue x

Dicentra cucullaria Dutchman's breeches x

Diospyros virginiana Persimmon x x x x

Elaeagnus umbellata* Autumn olive x x x

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Epifagus virginiana Beech drops x

Erigenia bulbosa Harbinger of Spring x x

Erigeron annus Fleabane x x

Euonymus alatus* Winged burning-bush x

Eupatorium purpureum Sweet joe-pye weed x

Eupatorium rugosum White snakeroot x x x x

Eupatorium serotinum Late-flowering thoroughwort x

Fagus grandifolia American Beech x x

Fragaria virginiana Common strawberry x

Fraxinus pennsylvanica Green ash x x x x

Fraxinus quadrangulata Blue ash x x x x

Galium asprellum Hay-scented bedstraw x x

Galium boreale Northern bedstraw x x

Galium circaezans Wild licorice x x x x

Galium triflorum Fragrant bedstraw x x x x

Geum vernum Spring avens x

Geum canadense White avens x x x x

Geum virginianum Cream avens x x

Glechoma hederacea* Ground ivy x

Gleditsia triacanthos Honey-locust x

Glyceria striata Fowl mannagrass x x

Hackelia virginiana Beggar's lice x x

Hydrophyllum virginianum Virginia waterleaf x

Impatiens capensis Spotted jewelweed x x x

Jeffersonia diphylla Twinleaf x

Juglans nigra Black walnut x x x x

Juncus tenuis Path-rush x x x

Laportea canadensis Wood nettle x

Leersia virginica Virginia cut-grass x x x x

Ligustrum obtusifolium* Privet x x

Lindera benzoin Spice bush x x x x

Liriodendron tulipifera Tulip tree x x x x

Lonicera japonica* Japanese honeysuckle x x x x

Lonicera maackii* Amur bush honeysuckle x x x

Lycopus virginicus Bugleweed x

Menispermum canadense Canada moonseed x x

Mimulus ringens Monkey-flower x x

Nyssa sylvatica Black gum x x

Onoclea sensibilis Sensitive fern x

Ophioglossum vulgatum Adder's tongue fern x

Osmorhiza claytoniii Sweet cicely x x x

Oxalis stricta Yellow wood sorrel x x x x

Parietaria pensylvanica Pellitory x x

Parthenocissus quinquefolia Virginia creeper x x x x

Phlox divaricata Spring phlox x

Phryma leptostachya Lop-seed x x x

Phytolacca americana Pokeweed x x

Pilea pumila Clearweed x x

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Plantago lanceolata* Plantain x

Platanus occidentalis Sycamore x x x

Podopyllum peltatum May-apple x x

Polemonium reptans Greek valerian x

Polygonatum biflorum True Solomon's seal x

Polygonum virginianum Virginian knotweed x x x x

Populus deltoides Cottonwood x x x

Potentilla simplex Common cinquefoil x

Prunella vulgaris* Heal all x x x

Prunus serotina Black cherry x x x x

Quercus alba White oak x

Quercus bicolor Swamp white oak x

Quercus macrocarpa Bur oak x x

Quercus muehlenbergii Chinquapin oak x x x

Quercus palustris Pin Oak x x

Quercus rubra Red oak x

Ranunculus abortivus Kidney-leaved buttercup x

Ranunculus septentrionalis Swamp buttercup x

Ranunculus hispidus Rough buttercup x

Ribes cynosbati Gooseberry x x

Rosa multiflora* Multiflora rose x x x

Rubus allegheniensis Allegheny raspberry x

Rubus occidentalis Black raspberry x x x x

Sambucus canadensis Elderberry x

Sanicula marilandica Black snakeroot x x x x

Sassafras albidum Sassafras x x

Scutellaria galericulata Common skullcap x x

Scutellaria lateriflora Mad-dog scullcap x x x

Senecio obovatus Round-leaved golden ragwort x x

Smilax hispida Hispid greenbriar x x x x

Solidago caesia Blue-stemmed goldenrod x

Solidago flexicaulis Zig-zag goldenrod x

Staphylea trifolia Bladder-nut x x

Taraxacum officinale* Dandelion x

Thelypteris hexagonoptera Beech fern x

Tilia americana Basswood or linden x x

Toxicodendron radicans Poison-ivy x x x x

Tradescantia subaspera Spiderwort x

Trillium sessile Toadshade x

Ulmus rubra Slippery elm x x x x

Verbena urticifolia White vervain x x

Viburnum dentatum Southern arrowwood x x x

Viburnum prunifolium Black haw x

Viola pubescens Smooth yellow violet x x

Viola sororia Common purple violet x x

Vitis vulpina Grapevine x x x

*non-native

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Tree-layer vegetation

Inside the preserve, density of trees increased by almost 30%, while basal area

decreased 16% between the sample years (Table 2). Several very large trees

died between 1996 and 2007. Structure of the vegetation outside the preserve

was more stable, with small percentage increases in both density (8.2%) and

basal area (7.7%).

Table 2. Comparison of the structure of tree-level vegetation in 5 permanent plots inside Spring Pond Nature Preserve and in 3 plots outside but adjacent to the preserve in 1996 and 2007.

Inside Outside

1996 2007 1996 2007

Density (trees/ha) 1,018 1,313 1,167 1,263

Basal area (dm2/ha) 2,924 2,444 2,068 2,228

Several species were detected in the tree-layer in 2007 that either were not

present or were too small to meet the definition of tree in 1996: Grape vine,

Basswood, Black maple (possibly not distinguished from sugar maple in past

sampling), Chinquapin oak, Hawthorn, and Pignut hickory.

The density of Paw paw inside the preserve increased greatly, resulting in an

Importance Value increase of almost 300% (Table 3). Importance Value of

sugar maple decreased by 50%, due to a decrease in density. Other species

had more consistent values in both years.

Outside the preserve, Black-haw was seen for the first time in 2007, along with

Musclewood, Pignut hickory, Poison ivy, and Chinquapin oak, with the later

species being found in low densities (Table 4). Species present in 1996 but not

seen in 2007 were also low density in the original surveys: Blue ash, Persimmon,

and Spicebush. Green ash and Sugar maple accounted for most of the basal

area of trees outside the preserve in both years. The top three species in

Importance Value were the same both years: Elm, Sugar maple, and Green ash,

in that order.

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Table 3. Tree-level species composition based on survey sites inside Spring Pond Nature Preserve. Common names are in table 1.

1997 2007 1997 2007 1997 2007

Scientific Name Density Density Basal Area Basal Area I.V.* I.V.*

(Trees/ha) (Trees/ha) (dm2/ha) (dm2/ha) (%) (%)

Fagus grandifolia 40.0 37.8 186.2 186.2 5.7 5.3

Tilia americana 2.2 1.0 0.3

Carya cordiformis 53.3 28.9 361.7 281.8 8.4 6.6

Prunus serotina 11.1 11.1 2.2 70.7 1.3 2.2

Nyssa sylvatica 4.4 0.3 0.5

Acer nigrum 2.2 11.3 0.4

Juglans nigra 2.2 2.2 24.0 27.1 0.5 0.6

Fraxinus quadrangulata 24.4 4.4 8.1 0.2 1.1 0.4

Quercus macrocarpa 6.7 6.7 109.5 135.1 2.0 2.6

Quercus muehlenbergii 2.2 38.1 0.8

Populus deltoides 4.4 6.7 90.6 107.9 1.4 1.8

Cornus sp. 11.1 4.4 1.4 0.3 1.3 0.5

Vitis sp. 4.4 0.2 0.5

Fraxinus pennsylvanica 31.1 31.1 303.6 347.0 6.4 7.4

Celtis occidentalis 28.9 15.6 94.8 45.8 3.7 2.3

Crataegus sp. 2.2 0.2 0.2

Carpinus caroliniana 53.3 42.2 13.4 12.9 4.4 3.5

Aesculus glabra 91.1 82.2 29.3 38.0 6.8 5.6

Asimina tribola 102.2 471.1 3.9 26.5 6.3 17.1

Diospyros virginiana 2.2 0.6 0.3

Carya glabra 2.2 0.1 0.2

Carya ovata 2.2 2.2 1.6 4.8 0.3 0.3

Carya laciniosa 17.8 6.7 31.1 28.6 2.3 1.1

Ulmus rubra 251.1 282.2 169.5 279.9 15.0 15.8

Lindera benzoin 6.7 46.7 0.2 4.1 0.8 3.1

Acer saccharum 242.2 206.7 580.8 702.6 30.0 19.6

Quercus michauxii 2.2 27.7 0.6

Platanus occidentalis 2.2 4.4 65.4 91.5 1.0 1.7

Liriodendron tulipifera 2.2 4.8 0.3

I.V. = Importance Value = mean of relative density, relative basal area and relative frequency

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Table 4. Tree-level species composition based on survey sites outside but adjacent to Spring Pond Nature Preserve. Common names are in Table 1.

1997 2007 1997 2007 1997 2007

Scientific Name Density Density Basal Area Basal Area I.V.* I.V.*

(Trees/ha) (Trees/ha) (dm2/ha) (dm2/ha) (%) (%)

Carya cordiformis 14.8 18.5 100.9 262.5 3.4 5.5

Viburnum prunifolia 18.5 1.2 1.1

Prunus serotina 22.2 22.2 89.3 92.6 4.2 3.4

Juglans nigra 3.7 11.1 0.1 53.5 0.5 1.7

Fraxinus quadrangulata 3.7 0.4 0.5

Acer negundo 11.1 11.1 12.2 32.0 1.2 1.7

Cornus sp. 33.3 55.6 1.5 3.7 2.8 3.0

Vitis sp. 7.4 63.0 0.7 5.7 0.9 4.7

Fraxinus pennsylvanica 55.6 74.1 496.9 559.5 13.8 14.3

Celtis occidentalis 3.7 3.7 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.4

Crataegus sp. 3.7 14.8 2.3 2.2 0.5 1.3

Carya sp. 3.7 0.1 0.4

Carpinus caroliniana 3.7 2.4 0.4

Asimina tribola 3.7 14.8 0.1 0.6 0.5 1.0

Diospyros virginiana 7.4 103.9 2.6

Carya glabra 3.7 1.8 0.4

Quercus palustris 14.8 7.4 219.4 168.1 5.4 3.3

Toxicodendron radicans 11.1 2.1 0.6

Acer saccharinum 11.1 18.5 279.0 206.4 5.9 4.4

Ulmus rubra 574.1 514.8 348.1 345.5 31.0 26.6

Lindera benzoin 3.7 0.0 0.5

Acer saccharum 388.9 385.2 409.6 518.0 25.7 24.9

Liriodendron tulipifera 3.7 3.7 2.2 9.2 0.5 0.5

I.V. = Importance Value = mean of relative density, relative basal area and relative frequency

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Herb-layer vegetation

Composite statistics that summarize the amount of variation in the herb-layer

vegetation at the plot level show very similar values for richness (the average

number of taxa found in a plot), evenness and Shannon-Weaver diversity (both

indices of species diversity based on the number of taxa and their cover class

values) (Table 5).

Table 5. Comparison of herb-layer vegetation in permanent plots at Spring Pond Nature Preserve in 1996 and 2007.

Inside Outside

1996 2007 1996 2007

Richness 10.6 10.4 12.0 11.5

Evenness 0.948 0.933 0.960 0.966

Shannon-Weaver diversity 2.206 2.119 2.365 2.322

Inside the preserve, the most frequently encountered plants in both survey years

were spicebush seedlings and saplings, Virginia knotweed, violets (Table 6).

Jewelweed was more common in 1996. Wood reed and Cream avens were

found on more than half the plots in 2007 but were not found inside the preserve

in 1996. Spicebush, Paw paw and Virginia knotweed had the highest average

cover classes.

Outside the preserve, White avens, Jewelweed, Virginia knotweed, Poison ivy

and violets were found on the most plots in 1996 (Table 6). All but the Avens

and Jewelweed remained common in 2007. Spicebush, Wood reed, Virginia

knotweed and Cream avens had the largest average cover class values in 2007.

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Table 6. Common herb-layer species at Spring Pond Nature Preserve, on plots inside and outside the preserve in 1996 and 2007. Species found on 20% or more of the plots are listed. c.c = cover class.

Inside Outside

Species % Freq. Mean c.c. % Freq Mean c.c.

1996 2007 1996 2007 1996 2007 1996 2007

Acer saccharum 24.4 0.2

Asimina triloba 28.9 26.7 1.0 0.8

Boehmeria cylindrica 35.1 0.5

Botrychium sp. 22.2 0.2

Campsis radicans 22.2 0.2

Cornus sp. 20.0 0.4

Cryptotaenia canadensis 37.8 0.6 29.6 0.3

Eupatorium rugosum 28.9 42.2 0.4 0.9 33.3 0.5

Eupatorium serotinum 24.4 0.3

Fraxinus sp. 60.0 1.7 22.2 33.3 0.3 0.6

Galium circaezans 29.6 22.2 0.3 0.3

Galium triflorum 22.2 0.2

Geum canadense 46.7 0.5 77.8 1.1

Geum virginianum 64.4 1.1 59.3 66.7 0.7 1.2

Impatiens capensis 64.4 1.4 88.9 2.0

Lindera benzoin 82.2 66.7 2.7 2.6 55.6 66.7 1.3 1.8

Lonicera maackii 33.3 0.5

Parthenocissus quinquefolia 55.6 33.3 0.7 0.5 25.9 40.7 0.4 0.6

Pilea pumila 44.4 31.1 0.5 0.5

Podophyllum peltatum 28.9 0.4

Polygonum virginianum 66.7 66.7 1.1 1.7 70.4 96.3 0.9 2.0

Prunella vulgaris 22.2 0.3

Quercus sp. 33.3 0.4

Rosa multiflora 51.9 51.9 0.8 1.1

Rubus occidentalis 22.2 0.4 40.7 33.3 0.8 0.7

Sanicula marilandica 31.1 0.4 37.0 0.4

Smilax hispida 26.7 0.3

Toxicodendron radicans 22.2 26.7 0.3 0.4 70.4 48.1 0.9 0.9

Ulmus sp. 22.2 0.2

Viola sp. 55.6 37.8 0.6 0.4 63.0 40.7 0.7 0.6

Vitis sp.

Cinna arundinacea 66.7 1.1 85.2 1.9

Leersia virginica 44.4 1.0

Unknown grass 42.2 0.6 51.9 1.1

Carex tribuloides 26.7 0.3 37 0.5

Unknown sedge 40.0 0.6 77.8 1.0

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Species of Concern

No non-native species were on the plots inside the preserve in 1996 (Table 7).

By 2007, five species were present. Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maakii) was

the most frequent, found in five plots. Although Japanese barberry (Berberis

thunbergii) was found in only one plot inside the preserve, it was seen often in

areas off the sampling plots. Four of the five non-native species present in the

preserve in 2007 were found in adjacent sample plots outside the preserve in

1996. Oriental bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculatus) was newly detected in plots

outside the preserve in 2007.

Inside the preserve, Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii) and Japanese

honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) covered from 1-7% of plots in which they

occurred (cover class 1). Autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata), Amur

honeysuckle, and Muliflora rose (Rosa multiflora) covered 8-25% (cover class 2).

Table 7. Non-native species encountered in plot surveys.

Inside (A,C,D,E,F) Outside (B,H,G)

Species 1996 2007 1996 2007

Berberis thunbergii C9 B1, G1, G5

Celastrus orbiculatus G2

Elaeagnus umbellata A3,A7 B8 B5, G7

Ligustrum obtusifolium H4

Lonicera japonica A7, C8 B9 G3, G6

Lonicera maackii A3, A5, A7, C2, C4 B3, B5, B6, G2, G4 B2, B4, B5, G4, G6,

G7, H5, H7, H9

Rosa multiflora A3, A7 G3 B3, B6, B9, G2, G3,

G4, G5, G7, G8, G9,

H1, H2, H4, H6

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Conclusions and Recommendations Our ten year resurvey data show that the vegetation at Spring Pond Nature

Preserve continues to be of significant natural area quality, as noted in our 1996

report. Threats from invasive exotic species are on the increase. In 1996, we

found no invasive exotics on plots within the preserve, but noted Amur

honeysuckle, Japanese honeysuckle, Autumn olive, Multiflora rose and Privet in

plots adjacent to, but outside, the boundaries of the preserve. By 2007, all but

privet had established inside the preserve. This shows that the adjacent woods

may be a point of entry for invasives. Both Spring Pond and surrounding woods

should be surveyed by Stewardship staff with the goal of eliminating all invasive

exotic plants. Japanese barberry is of special concern. It was not noted during

1996 surveys, but has established at three survey points outside and one inside

the preserve. Many other individuals were noted on the survey plots inside the

preserve.

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Appendix 1. Tree-layer vegetation by plot at Spring Pond Nature Preserve.

1997 2007

Plot Common name DBH (cm) Common name DBH (cm)

A1 Bitternut hickory 30.1 Bitternut hickory 34.2

Green ash 2.6, 2.5 Green ash 5.0

Hawthorn 3.6

Ohio buckeye 8.5

Paw paw 2.5, 1.7 Paw paw 4.0, 3.3, 3.0, 2.7, 2.6

Paw paw 2.3, 2.0, 1.9, 1.7

Slippery elm 5.1 Slippery elm 7.6, 7.0

Spice bush 2.1, 1.8, 1.7

Sugar maple 4.3 Sugar maple 5.1, 2.9

A2 American beech 55.5

Hackberry 53.1

Ohio buckeye 4.4, 4.3, 3.8, 3.0 Ohio buckeye 6.2, 4.6

Paw paw 4.9, 3.1, 2.8, 2.3, 2.2 Paw paw 4.7, 4.0, 4.0, 3.9, 3.9

Paw paw 2.2, 2.1, 2.0, 1.7 Paw paw 3.7, 3.2, 3.1, 3.0, 2.6

Paw paw 2.3, 2.2, 2.1, 1.7, 1.4


Spice bush 4.7, 3.4, 3.2, 2.2, 2.1

Spice bush 2.0, 1.7

Sugar maple 33.0, 3.3, 2.7

A3 Black cherry 6.1 Black cherry 7.4

Green ash 3.1, 2.5 Green ash 4.7

Paw paw 3.0, 2.0, 2.0, 1.8, 1.7

Paw paw 1.5, 1.5, 1.4, 1.3

Slippery elm 5.2, 4.6, 3.9, 2.6 Slippery elm 10.5, 7.7

Sugar maple 64.3, 27.9

A4 Bitternut hickory 36.0

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Spice bush 3.4

Sugar maple 50.5, 23.5 Sugar maple 23.5

A5 Paw paw 2.0, 1.1, 1.0

Spice bush 2.5, 2.2

Sugar maple 26.7, 23.8, 3.0, 2.8, 2.7, 2.2 Sugar maple 38.5, 6.3, 5.8, 5.1, 4.2

A6 American beech 5.0

Green ash 4.2 Green ash 12.5, 11.2, 2.0

Paw paw 3.0 Paw paw 6.1, 5.5, 4.7, 3.9, 3.4

Paw paw 3.2, 3.0, 2.7, 2.6, 2.6

Paw paw 2.5, 2.5, 2.3, 2.0

Pumpkin ash 7.0

Slippery elm 8.6

Spice bush 2.5


A7 Basswood or Linden 7.5

Spice bush 2.1


A8 American beech 2.3, 2.3 American beech 5.3, 4.9, 3.9

Spice bush 1.4

Sugar maple 51.4, 6.0, 4.4, 3.1, 2.5 Sugar maple 8.7, 6.4, 6.4, 5.1, 3.2


A9 Black maple 25.4

Blue ash 8.7, 7.1

Green ash 2.7

Hackberry 5.5, 3.7 Hackberry 4.0

Ohio buckeye 4.0, 3.2 Ohio buckeye 4.1, 2.7

Persimmon 5.8

Paw paw 1.7, 1.6

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Pumpkin ash 3.4


Spice bush 1.4

Sugar maple 5.2, 4.4, 4.1, 3.1 Sugar maple 9.0, 8.0, 7.9, 7.8, 5.8


B1 Bitternut hickory 39.4

Black cherry 12.7

Pin oak 39.6

Slippery elm 12.3, 9.6, 3.2, 2.8 Slippery elm 10.5, 10.1, 4.7

Sugar maple 7.8, 5.2, 5.2 Sugar maple 23.2, 14.9, 6.5, 3.8

B2 Pin oak 52.7 Pin oak 58.2

Slippery elm 14.6, 11.2, 2.4 Slippery elm 11.0, 5.5, 3.2

Sugar maple 12.9, 12.0 Sugar maple 26.6, 19.1, 15.0, 11.2


B3 Black cherry 11.8 Black cherry 31.6

Grape 3.8

Paw paw 1.8

Persimmon 41.9

Slippery elm 14.6, 8.7, 3.9, 3.4, 2.4 Slippery elm 12.9, 12.4, 4.0




Green ash 38.1 Green ash 41.3

Slippery elm 5.9, 5.8, 2.6, 2.3, 2.0, 1.9 Slippery elm 16.0, 5.5, 2.4


Sugar maple 3.5, 3.2, 2.0 Sugar maple 4.3, 4.0, 2.2

Tulip poplar 8.7 Tulip poplar 17.8

19


Slippery elm 9.3, 8.5, 4.7, 3.7, 3.0 Slippery elm 11.0, 4.1, 3.9, 3.7, 2.6


Sugar maple 1.7 Sugar maple 2.0

B6 Box elder 29.0

Slippery elm 14.0, 6.6 Slippery elm 20.0, 7.1

Sugar maple 16.5, 15.8, 9.8, 7.0, 5.3, 4.1 Sugar maple 17.8, 11.6, 5.3, 3.3

B7 Green ash 49.1


Slippery elm 5.2, 4.2, 3.3, 3.2, 1.8 Slippery elm 6.5, 6.4, 5.5, 4.5, 4.4, 3.4

Sugar maple 31.3, 12.8, 12.2 Sugar maple 16.7, 16.6

B8 Bitternut hickory 48.5

Black cherry 40.1 Black cherry 30.3

Green ash 20.0 Green Ash 23.5

Persimmon 42.6

Silver maple 70.5 Silver maple 62.7

Slippery elm 11.8, 11.8, 8.2, 5.8, 5.7 Slippery elm 6.9, 3.6

Sugar maple 13.8, 9.1, 9.0, 4.5, 4.3, 3.8 Sugar maple 18.1, 1.0., 9.7, 4.7, 4.5

B9 Hackberry 5.2




Sugar maple 6.5, 2.7, 2.2

C1 Green ash 59.0, 56.1 Green ash 63.3, 60.4

Musclewood 10.6

Paw paw 4.7, 4.7, 4.1, 3.9, 3.8

Paw paw 3.6, 2.1, 1.8, 1.5, 1.2, 1.1

Sugar maple 42.4, 37.0, 31.7, 22.4, 14.7

20

C2 American beech 2.2

Green ash 54.5

Musclewood 6.3, 4.2

Paw paw 4.2, 2.3, 2.0, 1.5, 1.5

Paw paw 1.3, 1.3, 1.2, 1.1, 1.1

Spice bush 1.6 Spice bush 2.0

Sugar maple 37.9, 32.4, 16.0, 13.4 Sugar maple 24.7, 19.2, 4.2

C3 Black walnut 37.1 Black walnut 39.4

Hackberry 46.5, 3.9, 2.6 Hackberry 47.2

Ohio buckeye 8.4, 5.0, 4.8, 4.7, 3.4, 2.8 Ohio buckeye 12.1, 9.4, 8.2, 3.4

Paw paw 2.9, 2.7, 2.3, 2.3, 2.0

Paw paw 1.8, 1.6, 1.6



Sugar maple 2.8

C4 Green ash 67.6 Green ash 72.5

Ohio buckeye 2.9 Ohio buckeye 3.4

Paw paw 1.3, 1.2, 1.2 Paw paw 2.7, 2.4, 2.4, 2.1, 2.0

Paw paw 2.0, 2.0, 1.9, 1.4


C5 Hackberry 3.7

Paw paw 2.1, 1.9, 1.7, 1.6, 1.5, 1.5 Paw paw 2.9, 2.9, 2.5, 2.4, 2.4

Paw paw 2.3, 2.2, 2.2, 2.1, 2.0

Paw paw 2.0, 1.9, 1.8, 1.8, 1.8

Paw paw 1.8, 1.8, 1.7, 1.7, 1.7

Paw paw 1.7, 1.7, 1.7, 1.6, 1.6

Paw paw 1.5, 1.5, 1.5, 1.5, 1.4

Paw paw 1.4, 1.3, 1.2

Sugar maple 46.2, 23.9, 20.9, 17.6 Sugar maple 47.3, 25.4, 21.6, 20.4

21

C6 Grape 2.8

Ohio buckeye 3.6 Ohio buckeye 5.3, 4.9, 4.8

Paw paw 2.5, 2.2, 2.0, 1.9, 1.9 Paw paw 4.3, 4.2, 4.1, 4.1, 3.8

Paw paw 1.6, 1.6, 1.5 Paw paw 3.7, 3.7, 3.5, 3.4, 3.4

Paw paw 3.4, 3.2, 3.1, 3.1, 3.0

Paw paw 2.9, 2.8, 2.7, 2.6, 2.6

Paw paw 2.6, 2.6, 2.5, 2.5, 2.5

Paw paw 2.5, 2.4, 2.4, 2.4, 2.1

Paw paw 2.0, 2.0, 1.7, 1.6, 1.6

Paw paw 1.5, 1.5, 1.3

Spice bush 1.9


C7 Paw paw 4.6, 1.6, 15, 1.4, 1.4

Paw paw 1.3, 1.3, 1.1

Sugar maple 49.9, 54.0 Sugar maple 50.7, 49.1

C8 Hackberry 2.5

Paw paw 1.4, 1.3, 1.2, 1.2, 1.2

Sugar maple 44.6, 37.0, 11.9, 2.0 Sugar maple 65.1

C9 Paw paw 2.7, 2.0, 2.0, 1.9, 1.9 Paw paw 11.3, 5.9, 5.4, 5.0, 4.4

Paw paw 1.8, 1.5 Paw paw 3.6, 3.1, 2.2, 2.0

D1 Bitternut hickory 19.3, 11.8

Flowering dogwood 3.6

Musclewood 10.0


Paw paw 1.4, 1.4


Slippery elm 6.9, 6.3


22

D2 Hackberry 1.4

Musclewood 7.3, 6.5 Musclewood 6.3

Paw paw 2.4 Paw paw 2.6, 1.4, 1.1, 1.0


Slippery elm 5.7

Sugar maple 2.0

D3 Bur oak 44.0 Bur oak 47.6


Ohio buckeye 7.0

Shellbark hickory 27.4 Shellbark hickory 27.8


Slippery elm 4.9

D4 Bitternut hickory 24.5, 20.5, 18.0, 15.9, 15.9 Bitternut hickory 29.8

Bitternut hickory 15.4, 14.6

Flowering dogwood 2.4 Dogwood 2.7

Hackberry 10.7

Ohio buckeye 8.7, 5.9, 3.1, 2.7 Ohio buckeye 9.0, 6.2, 3.3

Paw paw 2.8 Paw paw 3.7, 1.6

Shagbark hickory 9.7

Shellbark hickory 12.9

Slippery elm 11.4, 11.0, 7.5, 7.2 Slippery elm 21.2, 19.2, 18.6, 16.1, 15.7

Slippery elm 12.0, 11.3, 11.1, 5.3

D5 Hackberry 2.7

Musclewood 8.6, 5.9 Musclewood 10.6, 7.5

Ohio buckeye 10.3, 9.0, 8.9, 7.2, 4.3, 2.7 Ohio buckeye 12.6, 11.0, 10.1, 9.8, 8.2

Ohio buckeye 7.9, 5.7, 4.3

Paw paw 2.0 Paw paw 1.3, 1.3, 1.2, 1.1, 1.0

Slippery elm 9.9, 9.7 Slippery elm 12.0, 11.6, 6.3, 5.6


23

D6 Bitternut hickory 39.1 Bitternut hickory 5.5

Bur oak 51.0 Bur oak 55.7

Musclewood 8.2 Musclewood 8.8




D7 Bitternut hickory 22.0 Bitternut hickory 24.7

Black cherry 61.3

Bur oak 41.7 Bur oak 48.7

Cottonwood 51.0, 50.9 Cottonwood 55.6, 41.1, 37.4

Hackberry 8.3 Hackberry 8.4

Ohio buckeye 8.0, 2.0 Ohio buckeye 8.0

Paw paw 1.7


Slippery elm 9.9, 9.2 Slippery elm 18.7, 17.7, 11.5, 10.3, 4.3

Slippery elm 2.4

Sycamore 23.1

D8 American beech 3.4

Bitternut hickory 36.6 Bitternut hickory 38.3

Dogwood 3.3


Hackberry 12.0 Hackberry 16.8

Ohio buckeye 12.2, 7.8 Ohio buckeye 13.4

Shellbark hickory 4.5, 2.8


Slippery elm 8.6, 7.9, 5.5, 3.0, 2.6 Slippery elm 4.5, 2.8

D9 Flowering dogwood 1.8


Pignut hickory 2.8

24



Slippery elm 3.7, 3.2, 3.1 Slippery elm 5.2, 4.7, 3.8, 3.8

E1 Hackberry 6.3, 4.0


Ohio buckeye 11.7, 2.1

Paw paw 2.0


Slippery elm 5.3, 4.7, 4.3, 4.2, 4.0, 3.8 Slippery elm 5.2, 3.3


E2 American beech 4.0, 3.8

Bitternut hickory 44.3, 18.0 Bitternut hickory 35.8

Green ash 11.8, 1.9

Musclewood 5.7 Musclewood 7.3, 6.1, 4.5, 4.5

Slippery elm 7.3, 3.2 Slippery elm 13.0


E3 Blue ash 13.9 7.0, 6.8, 6.8, 6.7

Blue ash 6.2, 3.8, 3.6, 2.7, 2.5, 1.8


Grape 2.3

Green ash 8.9

Musclewood 3.0 Musclewood 5.0, 4.5

Ohio buckeye 1.3

Slippery elm 9.9, 8.9, 6.1, 5.9, 1.7 Slippery elm 16.0

E4 Bitternut hickory 9.3, 8.1 Bitternut hickory 11.1

Musclewood 5.2, 4.3, 3.8


Paw paw 3.0

Slippery elm 3.1 Slippery elm 5.3

25


E5 Musclewood 3.9, 2.6, 2.4, 2.3, 2.2

Shellbark hickory 24.9 Shellbark hickory 26.7




Slippery elm 3.2, 3.1, 2.7

E6 Bitternut hickory 70.4 Bitternut hickory 74.6

Black gum 3.7



Ohio buckeye 10.6, 2.4 Ohio buckeye 10.3, 2.6

Shagbark hickory 16.5

Slippery elm 8.7, 7.0, 5.6 Slippery elm 11.2, 9.8, 8.9, 7.5

Tulip poplar 16.5

E7 Black gum 1.0

Chinquapin oak 39.8 Chinquapin oak 46.7

Ohio buckeye 10.1, 7.0, 5.5 Ohio buckeye 11.2, 7.4, 6.5, 2.5

Paw paw 2.5 Paw paw 1.3, 1.1, 1.1

Paw paw 3.0, 2.6, 2.5, 1.9, 1.6

E8 American beech 36.9 American beech 38.5

Bitternut hickory 15.5, 14.3, 5.2 Bitternut hickory 18.8, 8.5

Musclewood 3.6, 3.6, 3.4 Musclewood 5.0, 4.6

Paw paw 2.7, 1.0 Paw paw 1.6, 1.5, 1.2, 1.1



Sugar maple 20.0, 3.4, 2.1 Sugar maple 20.4, 3.9

E9 Bitternut hickory 41.8 Bitternut hickory 49.5

26

Musclewood 3.8, 2.8





F1 American beech 9.7, 4.7

Bitternut hickory 46.2

Black cherry 5.1

Hackberry 2.6

Paw paw 2.5, 1.8 Paw paw 3.9

Sugar maple 39.1, 13.2, 5.3, 5.2, 4.5 Sugar maple 13.8, 13.7, 9.2, 2.7

Sugar maple 4.2, 3.8, 3.1, 2.4, 2.0, 1.2

F2 American beech 8.7


Paw paw 2.2



F3 American beech 4.2 American beech 10.8


Sycamore 61.2 Sycamore 68.6

F4 American beech 28.2, 22.5, 15.9, 6.5 American beech 39.3, 31.6, 20.6, 11.9


Paw paw 1.6


F5 Black cherry 3.2 Black cherry 8.1

Slippery elm 4.6 Slippery elm 8.5


Sugar maple 4.3, 3.8, 3.4, 2.8, 2.2 Sugar maple 2.3

27



Spice bush 2.2

F7 American beech 66.4 American beech 74.7, 5.3

Musclewood 2.7

Paw paw 1.3



Sugar maple 1.6, 1.5 Sugar maple 3.1, 2.3, 1.7, 1.7




Sugar maple 2.0, 1.5 Sugar maple 4.5, 2.3, 2.2

F9 American beech 7.6, 6.2

Bitternut hickory 52.4

Green ash 57.0

Spice bush 2.6, 1.3


G1 Bitternut hickory 1.2

Dogwood sp. 2.4 Dogwood 3.9, 3.0, 2.0, 1.0


Green ash 3.8

Hickory seedling 1.8

Paw paw 3.7, 1.6, 1.4



G2 Blue ash 3.9 Box elder 5.7

28

Grape 3.5, 2.1

Green ash 4.8

Slippery elm 26.2, 12.8, 11.5, 11.4, 8.5 Slippery elm 13.7, 10.5, 9.8, 9.2

Slippery elm 8.4, 6.9, 5.2



G3 Bitternut hickory 47.0 Bitternut hickory 65.0

Black haw 5.2, 2.3, 1.6, 1.2

Hawthorn 3.6


Slippery elm 3.4, 3.1, 3.0, 2.4, 2.1, 1.5 Slippery elm 5.6, 5.3, 4.4, 4.4, 3.4, 3.4

Slippery elm 3.2, 3.1, 2.4, 2.4, 1.8


G4 Grape 3.6

Pin oak 46.0 Pin oak 48.9


Slippery elm 5.7, 3.8, 2.0 Slippery elm 3.0


G5 Box elder 14.5 Box elder 15.0

Flowering dogwood 3.1 Flowering dogwood 2.2

Grape 3.3 Grape 3.4, 2.0

Hawthorn 8.9 Hawthorn 5.5, 5.3

Paw paw 1.7


Slippery elm 4.4, 4.2, 3.9, 3.1


G6 Black haw 2.3

Hawthorn 1.7

Slippery elm 11.5, 6.7, 4.9, 3.6 Slippery elm 13.4, 4.1, 3.7, 2.6

29

Sugar maple 14.8

G7 Grape 3.7, 3.7, 1.7

Pin oak 32.9


Slippery elm 3.0, 2.0 Slippery elm 4.6


Sugar maple 3.5

G8 Grape 3.6, 3.1



Slippery elm 4.9, 4.0, 3.3 Slippery elm 6.5, 4.4


Sugar maple 6.4, 5.8, 2.9, 1.4 Sugar maple 6.1, 6.0, 3.8

G9

Box elder 14.3, 2.4

Flowering dogwood 3.8, 1.0 Dogwood 4.0, 3.4, 2.5

Grape 3.7, 3.2


Musclewood 9.1


Slippery elm 3.0, 2.8, 2.2 Slippery elm 5.4, 5.3, 5.0, 4.5, 4.1, 3.8

Slippery elm 3.0, 2.9, 2.9, 2.3, 2.1

Sugar maple 5.8 Sugar maple 6.7, 4.0

H1 Bitternut hickory 15.5 Bitternut hickory 2.9.

Green ash 23.6 Green ash 11.8, 14.1

Silver maple 43.2 Silver maple 53.9, 9.2



Sugar maple 14.7, 8.4, 5.9, 5.2, 2.2 Sugar maple 15.9, 3.3, 2.5

30

H2

Black walnut 2.2

Flowering dogwood 2.3, 1.9, 1.4, 1.2 Dogwood 4.2, 4.0, 3.2, 2.5

Green ash 35.0, 18.0, 11.2 Green ash 36.0, 18.0, 15.0

Poison ivy 5.5, 5.0, 4.0

Slippery elm 7.0, 6.1, 4.3 Slippery elm 13.3, 10.9, 8.5, 6.3, 3.7

Slippery elm 2.8


H3 Dogwood 2.2, 2.0, 1.5


Silver maple 52.6 Silver maple 13.0


Slippery elm 6.7, 6.2, 6.0, 5.4

H4 Grape 4.3



Sugar maple 14.7, 12.5, 11.3, 10.5, 8.9 Sugar maple 8.3, 6.2, 3.4

Sugar maple 4.4, 3.5, 3.3, 3.2

H5 Black cherry 18.1

Slippery elm 9.9, 8.5, 7.1, 3.9 Slippery elm 14.5, 9.9, 6.9

Sugar maple 11.7, 8.1, 7.5, 5.3, 4.5, 1.8 Sugar maple 12.3, 10.1, 8.5, 7.6, 2.3

H6 Green ash 34.2 Green ash 43.7, 30.6, 19.1

Hackberry 3.9

Slippery elm 19.8, 16.1, 9.3, 5.0, 5.0 Slippery elm 6.5

Spice bush 1.0


H7 Bitternut hickory 31.9

31

Black walnut 23.2, 22.5

Grape 3.7


Pignut hickory 7.9


Sugar maple 13.2, 10.8, 10.3, 6.0 Sugar maple 12.8, 10.8, 8.3, 2.7

H8 Black cherry 13.6

Black walnut 28.2

Grape 2.8, 2.6

Green ash 55.5, 54.0 Green ash 51.5, 44.3


H9 Grape 5.3

Green ash 43.4

Slippery elm 11.2, 9.2, 6.5, 3.6, 3.2


32

Appendix 2. Herb-layer vegetation by plot at Spring Pond Nature Preserve.

Values are cover class values. Common names are in Table 1.

1996 2007

Plot scientific name value value

A1 Agrimonia parviflora – 2

Arisaema triphyllum 1 –

Asimina triloba 4 –

Boehmeria cylindrica – 2

Cinna arundinacea – 2

Erigeron annuus – 1

Eupatorium serotinum 1 1

Geum canadense 1 –

Geum virginianum – 2

Grass sp. 2 –

Leersia virginica – 2

Lindera benzoin – 4

Phytolacca americana – 1

Pilea pumila 1 –

Polygonum sp. 1 –

Prunella vulgaris – 1

Sanicula marilandica 1 –

Scutellaria galericulata – 1

A2 Aesculus glabra – 1



Aster sp. 1 –


Carex grayi – 2

Carex sp. 1 –


Cryptotaenia canadensis 1 –

Fraxinus sp. – 3



Grass sp. 1 –

Impatiens capensis 1 –

Notch-leaved unknown 1 –

Pilea pumila 1 3

Polygonum virginianum – 3

Rosa sp. – 2

Rubus occidentalis – 2


Smilax hispida 1 –

Viola sp. 1 –

A3 Acer saccharum 1 –

Agrimonia parviflora – 1

Asimina triloba 2 2

33

Boehmeria cylindrica 2 –

Carex sp. 1 2


Cornus sp. – 2

Elaeagnus umbellata* – 2

Eupatorium rugosum – 2

Eupatorium serotinum – 1

Galium circaezans 1 –

Galium triflorum – 1


Grass sp. 2

Lindera benzoin 2 3

Lonicera maackii* – 2

Osmorhiza calytoni 1 –

Oxalis stricta 1 –

Parthenocissus quinquefolia 1 2

Pilea pumila 1 –

Podophyllum peltatum 1 –

Polygonum virginianum 1 –

Rosa multiflora* – 1



Ulmus sp. – 3

Viola sp. 1 –

A4 Carya sp. – 1



Fagus grandifolia – 3



Grass sp. 5 2


Lindera benzoin 3 4

Parthenocissus quinquefolia – 3


Ulmus sp. – 2

Verbena urticifolia – 2

A5 Agrimonia parviflora – 2


Asimina triloba – 3

Aster sp. – 1

Carex sp. 1 –

Carex tribuloides – 3

Cornus sp. – 1

Eupatorium rugosum 3 2

Fraxinus sp. – 3

Galium circaezans 1 1


34




Lindera benzoin 4 4


Lycopus virginicus 1 –

Osmorhiza claytonii 1 –



Pilea pumila 1 –


Polygonum virginianum 2 2


Sanicula marilandica 2 1

Viola sp. – 1

A6 Arisaema triphyllum 1 –

Bidens sp. – 2




Fraxinus sp. – 3

Galium asperellum 1 –


Grass sp. 1 –


Lindera benzoin 4 3

Pilea pumila 1 –

Polygonum sp. – 1



Solidago caesia – 2

Toxicodendron radicans 1 1

Viola sp. 1 1




Fraxinus sp. 1 2




Grass sp. 1 –

Jeffersonia diphylla 1 –

Lindera benzoin 4 4

Lonicera japonica* – 1


Menispermum canadense 1 –

Pilea pumila 1 –


35

Polygonum sp. 1 1

Quercus sp. – 1


Rubus occidentalis 1 3

Scutellaria lateriflora 1 –

Ulmus sp. 1 –


Viburnum dentatum – 1

Viola sp. 1 –

Vitis sp. – 1

A8 Acer saccharum – 1

Botrichium sp. 1 –


Carpinus caroliniana – 1

Carya sp. – 1



Fagus grandifolia 1 2

Fraxinus sp. 1 3


Galium triflorum – 1


Lindera benzoin 5 4

Osmorhiza claytoniii – 1

Parthenocissus quinquefolia 2 –

Phytolacca americana 1 –

Polygonatum biflorum 2 –




Toxicodendron radicans – 1

Viola sp. 1 1


Asimina triloba 3 3


Carex sp. 1 –



Fraxinus sp. – 3






Pilea pumila 2 –

Polygonum sp. 1 –



36

Toxicodendron radicans 1 –

Viola sp. 1 1

Vitis sp. – 1

B1 Berberis thunbergii* – 3


Campsis radicans 1 –

Carex sp. 1 –


Euonymus alatus – 1

Fraxinus pennsylvanica 3 –

Galium boreale 1 –




Lindera benzoin 1 3


Phryma leptostachya 1 –


Rosa sp. 1 –



Viola sp. 1 –

Vitis sp. – 1

B2 Carex sp. 1 –


Cryptotaenia canadensis – 1

Fraxinus pennslyvanica 1 –

Galium circaezans – 2




Parthenocissus quinquelifolia – 1




Unknown seedling – 1

Viola sp. 1 –

B3 Asmina triloba – 1


Carex sp. 1 –





Fraxinus sp. – 2


Geum canadense 1 1

37

Geum virginianum 1 –

Lindera benzoin 4 2

Linguistrum vulgare 1 –

Lonicera maackii* 1 –

Parthenocissus quinquelifolia – 1

Polygonum sp. – 2




Senecio obovatus 1 1

Staphylea trifolia – 1


Viola sp. 1 1

B4 Asplenium platyneuron – 1



Carex sp. 1 –







Liriodendron tulipifera – 1





Rosa sp. 1 –

Sassafras albidum – 1



Ulmus sp. 1 –

Viola sp. 2 1

B5 Botrichium sp. 1 1

Carex sp. 1 –






Grass sp. 1 –

Lonicera maackii* 1 1



Rosa sp. 2 –

Rubus occidentalis 1 –


38

Senecio obovatus 1 –


Ulmus sp. 1 1

Viola sp. 2 1

B6 Acer saccharum 1 –





Carex sp. 1 –





Fraxinus sp. 1 –




Grass sp. 1 –






Quercus sp. – 1


Rosa sp. 1 –


Ulmus sp. 1 –

Viola sp. 1 1

B7 Carex sp. 1 –





Geum virginianum 1 2

Grass sp. 1 –


Juncus tenuis – 1



Polygonum sp. – 1


Quercus sp. – 1

Rosa sp. 2 –



Ulmus sp. 1 –

39

Viola sp. 1 2

B8 Campsis radicans 1 –

Carex sp. 1 –



Elaeagnus umbellata* 1 –



Grass sp. 1 –


Lindera benzoin 1 2







Vitis sp. – 1

B9 Acer saccharum – 1

Campsis radicans 1 1

Carex sp. 1 –






Lindera benzoin 1 –

Lonicera japonica* 1 –




Rosa sp. 1 –



Viola sp. 1 2

C1 Acer saccharum 1 –



Celtis occidentalis 2 –



Fraxinus sp. 1 3


Grass sp. 1 –

Hepatica americana 1 –


Lindera benzoin 4 3

40




Quercus rubra 1 –


Vitis sp. – 2




Asimina triloba 2 2


Cornus sp. – 2

Eupatorium rugosum 1 –


Fraxinus sp. – 2



Hackelia virginiana – 1

Lindera benzoin 3 3






Polygonum sp. – 3




Viola sp. 1 –

Vitis sp. – 1

C3 Acer saccharum 1 1

Aesculus glabra 1 –

Asimina triloba 3 5




Fraxinus sp. 2 3








Polygonum sp. 1 –


Quercus sp. – 1


41

Sanicula marilandica – 1



Viola sp. 1 1


Carex laxiflora – 1


Cornus sp. – 2




Gleditsia triacanthos – 1


Juncus tenuis – 2

Lindera benzoin 4 3


Oxalis stricta – 1


Phryma leptostachya 1 1

Pilea pumila – 1

Polygonum sp. – 2


Quercus sp. 1 –




Ulmus sp. 1 –


Viola sp. 2 1

Vitis sp. – 1


Asimina triloba 4 5




Dicentra cucullaria 1 –


Fraxinus sp. – 3



Lindera benzoin 4 4




Viola sp. 1 1

C6 Asimina triloba 4 4


42




Fraxinus sp. – 4




Hackelia virginiana – 1

Impatiens sp. – 1


Lindera benzoin 3 3

Menispermum canadense – 1


Pilea pumila 2 –

Poa pratensis – 1

Polygonum sp. 2 –



Smilax hispida 1 1


C7 Carex laxiflora – 1

Carex sp. 1 –


Cornus sp. – 2


Fraxinus sp. – 3




Grass sp. 1 –



Lindera benzoin 5 3

Pilea pumila – 1




Ulmus sp. – 1

Viburnum dentatum 1 –

Viola sp. 1 1

Vitis sp. – 1

C8 Acalypha sp. – 1


Asimina triloba 3 3

Carex sp. 1 –


Cornus sp. – 2


43

Fraxinus sp. – 2



Lindera benzoin 4 3



Polygonatum biflorum 1 –



Viola sp. 1 –

Vitis sp. – 1

C9 Acer saccharum – 1


Berberis thunbergii* – 1


Cornus sp. – 2



Fraxinus sp. – 3


Gleditsia triacanthos – 1

Grass sp. 2 –




Lindera benzoin 4 3


Pilea pumila 1 1

Polygonum sp. 2 –



Smilax hispida – 1


Viola sp. 1 1

D1 Acer saccharum – 1



Carex sp. 2 –



Circaea quadrisulcata – 1

Cryptotaenia canadensis 2 1




Lindera benzoin 3 3


Pilea pumila – 2

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Laportea canadensis 2 –

Viola sp. – 1

D2 Asimina triloba – 2



Cryptotaenia canadensis 3 1


Fraxinus sp. – 1


Glyceria striata – 3

Grass sp. 3 –




Pilea pumila – 1

Podophyllum sp. 2 –


Quercus sp. – 1

Scutellaria epilobiifolia 1 –

Scutellaria lateriflora 1 1





D3 Carex sp. 2 –





Grass sp. 2 –


Lindera benzoin 2 3


Pilea pumila – 1




Viola sp. – 1

D4 Boehmeria cylindrica 2 –

Carex sp. 2 –



Geum canadense – 1


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Lindera benzoin 3 3





Unknown grass 3 – 2

D5 Asimina triloba 3 3



Carex sp. 1 –

Carya cordiformis 1 –


Glyceria stiata – 1

Grass sp. 1 –


Lindera benzoin 3 4







Ulmus sp. 1 –

Viola sp. 1 1

D6 Carex sp. 1 –






Lindera benzoin 2 3



Viola sp. 1 –


Carex sp. 2 –




Grass sp. 1 –

Lindera benzoin 3 3


Pilea pumila 1 –


Scutellaria epilobiifolia 1 –


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Grass sp. 1 –


Lindera benzoin 2 3

Menispermum canadense 1 1

Pilea pumila 1 –



D9 Carex tribuloides – 1



Grass sp. 1 –







E1 Acer saccharum 1 –





Fraxinus sp. – 3




Lindera benzoin 5 4


Pilea pumila – 2


Quercus sp. – 2




Viola sp. 1 1

E2 Boehmeria cylindrica 1 1


Cornus sp. 1 –





Grass sp. 1 –

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Hydrophyllum virginianum – 2





Mimulus ringens – 1



Pilea pumila 1 1


Ranunculus hispida – 1


Viola sp. 1 –

E3 Acer saccharum – 1

Bidens sp. – 1

Boehmeria cylindrica 2 3






Fraxinus sp. – 2

Galium triflorum 2 –



Lindera benzoin 3 2

Menispermum canadense 1 1


Pilea pumila 1 2


E4 Aesculus glabra 1 –




Fraxinus sp. – 1

Grass sp. 1 –



Lindera benzoin 2 2


Pilea pumila 1 2




Viola sp. 1 –



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Carex sp. 1 –






Boehmeria cylindrica 1 2

Carex sp. 2 –







Lindera benzoin 3 3


Pilea pumila – 1



E7 Boehmeria cylindrica 1 –



Fraxinus sp. – 2


Impatiens sp. – 2



Lindera benzoin 2 3

Nyssa sylvatica 2 –


Pilea pumila 1 3

Polygonum sp. – 2


Quercus sp. – 1

E8 Asimina triloba 5 3

Campanula americana 1 –

Carex sp. 1 –






Laportea candensis 2 –

Parietaria pennsylvanica – 1



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E9 Campsis radicans 1 –

Celtis occidentalis 1 –





Lindera benzoin 2 3




F1 Carya sp. – 2





Grass sp. 1 –


Lindera benzoin 2 3




Polygonum sp. – 3



Viola sp. 1 –

F2 Acer saccharum 1 1


Carex sp. 2 –






Fraxinus sp. – 3



Lindera benzoin 4 3



Pilea pumila 1 –



F3 Actea pachypoda 1 –

Bothrichium sp. 1 –



Circaea quadrisulata 1 –

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Cornus sp. – 1

Fraxinus sp. – 4

Galium asprellum 2 –


Lindera benzoin 5 2


Pilea pumila 1 –




Viburnum dentatum – 1

Viola sp. 1 2

Vitis sp. – 1

F4 Agrimonia parviflora – 1

Carex sp. 2 –


Fraxinus sp. – 4





Lindera benzoin 3 3


Pilea pumila – 1





Viola sp. 1 1

F5 Acer negundo – 2


Carex sp. 2 –






Fraxinus sp. 2 4









Pilea pumila 1 –

Polygonum sp. – 2

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Ulmus sp. 1 –

Viola sp. 1 –

F6 Acer saccharum 1 2



Cytopteris fragilis 2 –


Fraxinus sp. 1 4


Hackelia virginica – 1



Lindera benzoin 4 3



Pilea pumila 2 –


Rubus allegheniensis – 2




Viola sp. 1 –

F7 Cinna arundinacea – 2

Eupatorium perfoliatum – 1




Fraxinus sp. – 3



Grass sp. 1 –

Lindera benzoin 4 2


Pilea pumila 1 –



Viola sp. 1 1

F8 Boehmeria cylindrica – 1





Fraxinus sp. 2 –


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Lindera benzoin 3 2



Quercus sp. – 1

Viola sp. 1 –

F9 Acer saccharum – 1


Bidens sp. – 1



Cornus sp. – 2




Fraxinus sp. – 2






Lindera benzoin 5 2


Oxalis stricta 1 1




Polygonum sp. – 2


Quercus sp. – 1




Viola sp. – 1

G1 Asplenium platyneuron 2 –



Carex sp. 1 2


Fraxinus sp. – 2







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Polygonum sp. – 2





Ulmus sp. 1 –


Viola sp. 1 –

G2 Agrimonia parviflora – 2

Aster sp. – 1

Bidens sp. – 2


Carex sp. 2 –

Celastrus orbiculatus* – 1



Fraxinus quadrangulata 2 –







Orchid sp. 1 –

Oxalis stricta 1 1




Quercus sp. – 1



Rubus sp. 2 –




Viburnum dentatum 1 –

Viola sp. – 1

Vitis sp. – 1


Agrimonia pubescens 1 –

Aster sp. – 1


Carex sp. 2 –


Cornus sp. 1 –

Desmodium sp. – 1

Eupatorium sp. 1 –

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Fraxinus quadrangulata 1 –

Fraxinus sp. – 2









Quercus sp. – 1

Ribes cynosbati – 1

Rosa multiflora* 2 2


Rubus sp. 2 –



Solidago sp. – 1


Ulmus sp. – 1



Vitis sp. – 1


Asimina triloba 2 2


Carex sp. 1 1






Lindera benzoin 1 2

Lonicera maackii* 2 2


Quercus sp. – 1


Rosa sp. 3 –



Viola sp. 1 1

G5 Aster sp. – 1


Carex sp. 2 –


Cornus sp. 1 –

Fraxinus sp. – 2


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Grass sp. 1 –





Rosa sp. 2 –



Viola sp. 1 –

G6 Agrimonia parviflora 2 –

Agrimonia pubescens 2 –

Asplenium platyneuron 1 –

Carex sp. 1 –


Fraxinus sp. – 3




Glyceria stiata – 2

Grossularia cynosbati 2 –







Quercus sp. 1 –

Rosa sp. – 1

Rubus sp. 3 –



G7 Agrimonia parviflora 1 –

Carex sp. 2 2








Lindera benzoin 3 4




Rosa sp. 1 –


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Viola sp. 1 –

G8 Carex sp. 1 2





Grass sp. 4 –



Lindera benzoin 1 5




Rosa sp. 1 –





G9 Botrichium sp. 1 –

Carya sp. – 1


Cryptotaenia canadensis – 1


Fraxinus sp. – 2




Grass sp. 1 –





Quercus sp. 1 1


Rosa sp. 2 –



Unknown mustard 1 –

Viola sp. 1 2

H1 Cryptotaenia canadensis 1 –


Geum canadense 1 1


Grass sp. 4 –



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Quercus sp. – 1


Rosa sp. 1 2

Solidago sp. – 1



H2 Agrimonia parviflora – 3

Carex sp. 2 –




Cornus sp. 1 3



Grass sp. 4 –


Juncus tenuis – 2


Lindera benzoin 2 3


Quercus sp. – 2



Solidago sp. – 1


Ulmus sp. 1 –


H3 Carex sp. 2 –




Fraxinus sp. – 1


Grass sp. 4 –




Quercus sp. – 1

Rosa sp. – 3


Solidago sp. – 2



H4 Carya sp. – 2



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Grass sp. 1 –


Ligustrum vulgare 1 3

Lindera benzoin 2 3

Plantago lanceolata – 1




Rosa sp. 2 –

Solidago sp. – 1

Symphoricarpos orbiculatus 2 –



H5 Asplenium platyneuron 1 –





Grass sp. 1 –


Lindera benzoin 3 3




Rosa sp. – 1


Rubus sp. 1 –

Solidago flexicaulis – 1

Solidago sp. – 1


Viola sp. 1 –

H6 Carex sp. 1 –







Ligustrum vulgare – 1

Lindera benzoin 3 3

Mimulus ringens – 1

Oxalis stricta 1 1


Polygonum sp. – 1


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Rubus sp. 3 –

Solidago sp. – 1




H7 Botrichium sp. 1 –





Fraxinus sp. – 1




Grass sp. 3 –







Viola sp. 1 –

H8 Eupatorium rugosum 1 2


Fraxinus sp. – 1



Grass sp. 2 –

Hackelia virginica – 1


Lindera benzoin 3 3




Polygonum sp. – 2


Rosa sp. – 1

Solidago flexicaulis – 2



Viola sp. 1 1

H9 Carex sp. 1 –


Cornus sp. 1 –


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Lindera benzoin 5 3





Rubus sp. 1 –





Viola sp. 1 2

*non-native species

Eagle Creek Park Spring Pond 2007 Floral Inventory

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Transcript of Eagle Creek Park Spring Pond 2007 Floral Inventory