E1038 Public Disclosure Authorized V7 - World...

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Andhra Pradesh Municipal Development Project

Social and Environmental Assessment (SEA) Report

E1038 V7

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ANDHRA PRADESH MUNICIPAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT REPORT

Rev.21May09 ii

Acknowledgement

This study was conducted on behalf of the Municipal Administration and Urban Development Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh. The study was coordinated by the Responsive Government Workstream of the Centre for Good Governance and involved Dr. C. S. Rangachari, IAS (Retd.), as Project Leader and Mr. Vivek Misra and Mr. Srikiran Devara as team members. CGG engaged the services of the Administrative Staff College of India (ASCI), represented by Prof. Srinivasa Chary & Mr. P. V. Ramanna, and the Centre for Management and Social Research (CMSR), represented by Mr. Venkat Rao & Mr. Satyajit Rao Vagvala, for undertaking the environmental and social aspects respectively. Mr. T. Chatterjee, IAS, Principal Secretary, ESF&T, Mr. S. R. Rao, IAS, Principal Secretary, MA&UD, Ms. Veena Ish, Secretary, MA&UD, Mr. Somesh Kumar, IAS, Managing Director, APUFIDC, Ms. Y. Srilakshmi, IAS, ex-CDMA, Mr. Vijay Kumar, IAS, CDMA, Ms. Chitra Ramachandran, Municipal Commissioner, Hyderabad, Ms. Meera Chatterjee, Senior Social Development Specialist, World Bank and Mr. Sameer Akbar, Environmental Specialist, World Bank, provided valuable inputs and suggestions. The study could not have been possible without the active cooperation and support extended to the study team from department functionaries and municipal officials. The study was conducted under the overall guidance of Dr. P. K. Mohanty, IAS, Director General & Executive Director, Centre for Good Governance.


Rev.21May09 iii

CONTENTS Page Number

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY x

CHAPTER – 1: PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND SCOPE OF WORK 1.1 Introduction and Context 1 1.2 Social and Environmental Assessment and Management Framework 2 1.3 Structure of the Report 3 1.4 Urban Reforms in Andhra Pradesh 5 1.5 Urban Infrastructure Investment Component of the Project 7 1.6 Scope of the Work 8 1.7 Aspects of Social and Environmental Assessment 8 1.8 Study Methodology 9 1.9 Research Tools and Tasks 18

CHAPTER – 2: SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCENARIO OF URBAN ANDHRA PRADESH

2.1 Profile of Andhra Pradesh 19 2.2 Environmental Status in Andhra Pradesh 22 2.3 Urbanization Trends in Andhra Pradesh 26 2.4 Critical Urban and Civic Infrastructure 44

CHAPTER – 3: REVIEW OF POLICY LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

3.1 Introduction 51 3.2 Social Section 52 3.3 Environmental Section 78 3.4 Analysis Matrix of Policy Legal and Administrative Framework –

Social Section 95

3.5 Applicability of Acts/Regulations/Rules/Policy to APMDP – Environmental Section

107

CHAPTER – 4: INSTITUTIONAL AND IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS FOR URBAN SUB-PROJECTS

4.1 Introduction 116 4.2 Institutions Under Municipal Administration and Urban Development 116 4.3 Sub-project Cycle 130 4.4 Social and Environmental Tasks in a Sub-project Cycle 138 4.5 The CMAPP Process 139 4.6 Proposed Institutional Arrangements for APMDP 142 4.7 The Institutional Analysis Matrix 146


Rev.21May09 iv

CONTENTS Page Number

CHAPTER – 5: STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS

5.1 The Household Perception Survey 158 5.2 Consultations and Focus Group Discussions for Sub-project Assessment 169 5.3 Public Consultations 185

CHAPTER – 6: REFORMS 6.1 Introduction 190 6.2 Review of Reforms 191 6.3 Urban Reforms: Social and Environmental-Enhancement Mitigation

Measures 206

CHAPTER – 7: IDENTIFICATION IMPACTS AND ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

7.1 Social Impacts 215 7.2 Generic Environmental Impacts 219

CHAPTER – 8: PLANS AND STRATEGIES 8.1 Introduction 223 8.2 Social and Environmental Capacity-building Action Plan 223 8.3 Institutional Arrangements for Project Implementation and Grievance

Redressal 236

8.4 Information and Consultation Strategy 238 8.5 Monitoring and Management Plans 245 8.6 Social Monitoring Plan 245 8.8 Social Management Plan 252 8.7 Environment Management Plan – Generic Impacts 259 8.8 Environmental Monitoring Plan 271


Rev.21May09 v

ANNEXURES Page Number

I. APMDP – Social and Environmental Household Schedule

277

II. Interview Schedule for the Departments 287 III. Checklist for Sub-Project assessment (Social and Environmental Sections) 288 IV. Checklist for Public Consultations 292 V. Sample Distribution 294 VI. Amenities in Municipalities in Andhra Pradesh 296 VII. Medical Facilities in Municipalities in Andhra Pradesh 299 VIII. Educational Facilities in Municipalities in Andhra Pradesh 302 IX. Water Supply Facilities in Municipalities during 1999-2000 in Andhra

Pradesh 305

X. Length of different types of roads in the Municipalities 309 XI. Sanitation Facilities in Municipalities in Andhra Pradesh 313 XII. Number of Street lights in the Municipalities in Andhra Pradesh 317 XIII. Marketing Facilities in Municipalities in Andhra Pradesh 321 XIV. Recreation and Entertainment Facilities in Municipalities in Andhra

Pradesh 326

XV. Area and Density of Population in the Municipalities in Andhra Pradesh 330 XVI. Understanding the process of Municipal Action Plan for Poverty

Reduction (MAPP) 335

XVII. List of Participants at the Public Consultations 340 XVIII. Minutes of the Public Consultations Conducted at the Towns 351


Rev.21May09 vi

LIST OF TABLES Page

Number

Table 1.1 Towns selected for the study

15

Table 1.2 Research techniques with the tasks identified 18 Table 2.1 Land Utilization Particulars in Andhra Pradesh (in Hectares) 20 Table 2.2 Ambient Air Quality in few urban centers of Andhra Pradesh 22 Table 2.3 Registered vehicles in use in A.P. (Vehicles in numbers) 22 Table 2.4 Primary water quality criteria for designated best use practice 23 Table 2.5 Comparative water quality status of Andhra Pradesh: Rivers, Lakes

and Tanks (1998 – 2001) 24

Table 2.6 Trends in urbanization in Andhra Pradesh 1901 – 2001 27 Table 2.7 Pace of urbanization (% of urban population to total population)

for India and Andhra Pradesh 1901-2001 27

Table 2.8 Classification of urban agglomerations/cities/towns according to size-class in Andhra Pradesh

28

Table 2.9 Distribution of population by size class of towns in Andhra Pradesh 1901-2001 (No. in lakhs)

28

Table 2.10 Employment opportunities created under the CMEY programme 30 Table 2.11 Population below poverty line, No. of slums & slum population 31 Table 2.12 Composition of population below poverty line 32 Table 2.13 Number of Beneficiaries covered BCCFC 38 Table 2.14 Ashram Schools in Andhra Pradesh 40 Table 2.15 Scheduled Tribe Hostels in Andhra Pradesh 40 Table 2.16 Sectoral contributions in gross state domestic product (at constant

1993-94 prices) Andhra Pradesh 1993-2001 43

Table 2.17 Status of water supply in urban towns of Andhra Pradesh 1991-99 45 Table 2.18 Deficiency of water supply in towns 45 Table 2.19 Status of solid waste management infrastructure in urban local

bodies of Andhra Pradesh 46

Table 2.20 Existing Road Network in Andhra Pradesh 48 Table 3.1 Reviewed policies, legal and administrative frameworks and

programmes – Social Section 51

Table 3.2 Reviewed policies, legal and administrative frameworks and programmes – Environment Section

52

Table 3.3 Achievement of Nehru Rozgar Yojana 64 Table 3.4 Achievement of PMIUPEP 65 Table 3.5 Achievements of SJSRY 66 Table 3.6 The schedules in the A.P.M. Act which envisage various functions

of the Municipalities 69

Table 4.1 Involvement of institutions in a sub-project cycle under various types of projects

135

Table 4.2 Social and Environmental Tasks in a Typical Sub-project Cycle 138 Table 5.1 Number of Literates 160 Table 5.2 Family Size 160 Table 5.3 Basic Occupation of the Households 161


Rev.21May09 vii

LIST OF TABLES Page Number

Table 5.4 Annual Income of the Family

161

Table 5.5 Main Sources of Water Supply 164 Table 5.6 Latrine Facility Usage 165 Table 5.7 Quality of Sewerage Services 165 Table 5.8 Type of Storm Water Drains 166 Table 5.9 Disposal of Solid Waste 166 Table 5.10 Reasons for Falling Sick for Lack of Municipal Facilities 168 Table 5.11 Satisfaction on the Quality of Educational Facility Provided 168 Table 5.12 Availability of Leisure Facilities 169 Table 5.13 Satisfaction on the Quality and Service of Leisure Facilities

Provided 169

Table 5.14 List of Sub-projects Selected for Sub-project Assessment 171 Table 6.1 Levy of Property Taxes 195 Table 6.2 Recommendations for property Tax 197 Table 6.3 Operating Performance of Urban Local Bodies 201 Table 7.1 Generic Environmental Impacts 219 Table 7.2 Generic Environmental Impacts Across Various Sub-projects 221


Rev.21May09 viii

LIST OF BOXES Page Number

Box 2.1

Levels of Pollution in River Krishna

21 Box 2.2 Cases of ground water contamination 25 Box 2.3 Indian National Trust for Art, Culture and Heritage (INTACH) 25 Box 3.1 The principles of the R&R (APSHP) 59 Box 3.2 Key principles of Social Safeguard Policy of AP TRANSCO 60 Box 3.3

Resettlement and Rehabilitation and Land Acquisition Provisions in the National Slum Upgrading Policy

62

Box 3.4 Provision of Facilities Under The Andhra Pradesh Town Planning Act, 1920

72

Box 3.5 Land Acquisition and Compensations Under Hyderabad Municipal Corporations Act

74

Box 3.6 Salient Features of The Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Act 1976

76

Box 3.7 Features of The Land Acquisition (Amendment) Act of 1984 76 Box 3.8 Major Features of The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act 77 Box 3.9 The 12th Schedule (Article 243 W) 77 Box 3.10 The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 85 Box 3.11 The Indian Forest Act, 1927 89 Box 3.12 The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 89 Box 3.13 CRZ-I 90 Box 3.14 CRZ-II 91 Box 3.15 CRZ-III 91 Box 5.1 A Case of Loss of Income 173 Box 5.2 A Case of Loss of Livelihood 174 Box 5.3 Problems with Cultural Property Management 175 Box 5.4 Lack of Planning and Loss of Shelter 176 Box 5.5 Lack of Proper Consultation Strategy 179 Box 5.6 Displacement and Resettlement in the Project 180 Box 5.7 R&R Issues not Addressed 181 Box 5.8 A Case Example of Loss of Shelter 183 Box 5.9 A Case of Rehabilitation 184 Box 6.1 Recommendations for ULCRA 193 Box 6.2 Recommendations for computerization of Registration of

Documents 199

Box 6.3 Case Example of User Charges 201 Box 6.4 Recommendations for Levy of User Charges 201 Box 6.5 Recommendations for Municipal Financial Management System 202 Box 6.6 Recommendations for establishing benchmarking and monitoring

system 203


Rev.21May09 ix

LIST OF FIGURES Page

Number Figure 1.1

Flow chart of phase-wise, stage-wise activities of the SEA study

10

Figure 1.2 Tasks and outputs of stage-1 – Study inception 11 Figure 1.3 Outputs of stage-2 – Literature review 12 Figure 1.4 Tasks and outputs of stage-3 – Identification of survey towns and

creation of database (Preliminary visits) 13

Figure 1.5 Tasks and outputs of stage-4 – Field Work 16 Figure 1.6 Outputs of stage 5 and 6 – Preparation of SEA and SEAMF 17 Figure 2.1 Andhra Pradesh 19 Figure 2.2 Forest Cover in Andhra Pradesh 20 Figure 4.1 Organizational Chart of ULB (Deliberative Wing) 119 Figure 4.2 Organizational Chart of ULB (Executive Wing) 120 Figure 4.3 Organizational Structure of the PHED 123 Figure 4.4 Typical Sub-project Cycle 134 Figure 4.5 Sub-project Cycle of Various Infrastructure Projects and Role of

Institutions 137

Figure 4.6 Flow Chart of CMAPP Process 141 Figure 4.7 Institutional Arrangements at the ULB 144 Figure 4.8 Institutional Arrangements for APMDP 145 Figure 5.1 Slum Profile Across Towns 159 Figure 5.2 Religion 159 Figure 5.3 Social Group 160 Figure 5.4 Number of People Working In the Family 161 Figure 5.5 Type of Road Facility in Towns 162 Figure 5.6 Vehicular Access 162 Figure 5.7 Satisfaction on the Quality of Roads and Services Provided 162 Figure 5.8 Street Light Facility in Towns 163 Figure 5.9 Service of Local Street Lights 163 Figure 5.10 Satisfaction on the Quality of Street Lights Provided 163 Figure 5.11 Satisfaction on the Quality of Municipal Water Supply and

Service Provided 164

Figure 5.12 Availability of Sewerage Connection 165 Figure 5.13 Storm Water Drain Facility 165 Figure 5.14 Satisfaction on the Quality of Storm Water Drain Facility 166 Figure 5.15 Satisfaction on the Quality of Solid Waste Facility 167 Figure 5.16 Availability of Health Facility in the Towns 167 Figure 5.17 Availability of Municipal School Facilities in the Towns 168 Figure 6.1 Organizational Structure of APUFIDC 204 Figure 6.2 Financial Management Flow Chart of APUFIDC 205 Figure 8.1 Organizational Structure of Environmental and Social

Management Unit at the Corporation/ULB Level 236

Figure 8.2 Grievance Redressal Mechanism 236 Figure 8.3 Schematic Representation of Monitoring System 245


Rev.21May09 x

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. THE PROJECT

1.1 With a view to address the problems of urban areas through the introduction of municipal reforms and sustainable infrastructural investments the Department of Municipal Administration and Urban Development (MAUD) of the Government of Andhra Pradesh is in the process of preparing the Andhra Pradesh Municipal Development Project (APMDP). The project development objective is to support urban reforms to improve city management and upgrade and expand municipal services through provision of physical infrastructure with particular focus on reducing urban poverty. 1.2 The project has two major thrusts, the first deals with state level urban reforms and the second with urban investments at the ULB level. The project includes urban reforms like reform of various Acts, reform of property taxes, introduction of computerised processes for registration of documents, levy of reasonable user charges for urban services, reform of municipal financial management system, establishing benchmarking and monitoring system, improving urban land planning and management and strengthening of the Andhra Pradesh Urban Development and Infrastructure Finance Corporation (APUDIFC). 1.3 On the other hand, the investment component includes area upgrading including on-site water supply and on-plot sanitation, secondary and tertiary roads, storm water drainage, water supply and sewerage disposal, sanitation, footpaths, solid waste management including disposal, street lighting, parks and green spaces, serviced areas and informal and formal urban markets, bus stops, off-site infrastructure linking slums to city networks, subject to adequate bulk capacity where required, and critical city-wide infrastructure. 1.4 In view of this, the Government of Andhra Pradesh initiated a Social and Environment Assessment study which is intended to identify the key social and environmental issues that are relevant to the project, i.e., those that arise as a result of its objectives and design and/or affect the achievement of its objectives/implementation of its design. The assessment becomes important because, the majority of stakeholders who would be affected by projects are the poor and the weaker sections of the society and a meaningful intervention of the government would be desirable to see that this reform and the investment process is successfully implemented in the future without any adverse impact on the people. 1.5 The Social and Environmental assessment includes collection of the statewide social and environmental baseline data from the available secondary sources, social and environmental assessment through primary field surveys in select municipalities and towns in the state, an assessment of the institutional capacity of the municipal staff for handling the social and environmental responsibilities, a study of the policy, legal and the administrative framework for municipal administration and urban development and finally, the preparation of various strategies and plans for better implementation and execution of the APMDP. In view of this, the SEA study constitutes various outputs, namely:


Rev.21May09 xi

¾ Analysis of social and environmental baseline data ¾ The Policy, Legal and the Administrative Framework ¾ An Assessment of institutional arrangements for project implementation ¾ The Socio-economic analysis from the primary survey ¾ Analysis of reforms ¾ Identification of social and environmental impacts and analysis of alternatives ¾ Social and Environmental Capacity-building Action Plan (SECAP) ¾ Information and Consultation Strategy (ICS) ¾ Social and Environmental Management and Monitoring Plans

2. SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCENARIO OF URBAN ANDHRA PRADESH

1.6 The report presents a detailed analysis of the baseline social and environmental scenario in Andhra Pradesh and reveals the following:

¾ The proportion of population living in urban areas in the state stood at 27.08% compared to 27.78 % for the country. Higher urbanisation and concentration of population are bound to be associated with more problems in the cities and towns, especially congestion and shortage of civic services and infrastructure.

¾ The total percentage of BPL population in these towns is around 19.87 with Class–III towns having the highest BPL population with 37.05% followed by Class–II towns (24.77%). The percentage of BPL population in the Class–I towns (17.82%).

¾ Backward classes constitute a little over 37% of the State population of 746 lakhs (1998). The total tribal population of Andhra Pradesh according to 1991 Census is 41.99 lakhs, constituting about 6.30% of the total population of the State. There are 33 Scheduled Tribal Communities living in the State. The SCs constitute around 16% of the total population, according to the 1991 Census.

¾ The population of disabled persons (excluding Mentally Disabled) in the state was estimated at 12.72 lakhs accounting for 3% of the total population of the state.

¾ The total number of applicants on the live register of employment exchanges in the State at the end of October 2000 stood at 31.32 lakhs. The educated unemployed in the State during this period were 27.72 lakhs and the rest 3.60 lakhs were unskilled.

¾ The literacy rate for Andhra Pradesh as per the provisional population works out to 61.11% in 2001 as against 44.09% in 1991. The literacy rate among SCs is only 31.56% while that amongst the tribals is 17.16%.

¾ With the falling forest cover and the decrease in area under cultivation, the pressures are increasing on land usage pattern.

¾ The assault on rivers from population growth, agricultural modernisation, urbanisation and industrialisation is enormous and is growing day by day.

¾ The estimated ground water potential of the state is 35,290 MCM. Out of this, 15% of the total ground water potential is used for drinking and industrial purposes. Due to the exploitation of ground water by the deep bore-wells the ground water level has gone down drastically in some areas. Groundwater in the


Rev.21May09 xii

state is also highly susceptible to contamination because of human activity and through the leaching of surface materials.

¾ The ambient air quality in a few urban centres of the state, like Hyderabad, Visakhapatnam, and Vijayawada has been deteriorating over the past few years due to various factors like emissions from vehicles, thermal plants, and industries.

¾ Due to urbanisation and industrialisation, large volumes of solid waste and sewerage are discharged on the land without any treatment. Most of the towns are not provided with sewerage systems and pollution of the water bodies through untreated sewage is a common sight.

¾ Most of the urban local bodies have to upgrade their existing infrastructure in order to comply with the rules and require substantial capital investment.

1.7 Although AP has taken many initiatives to address these issues, appropriate polices are required to minimise and effectively manage the social and environmental impacts that are associated with greater urbanization. These include regulation and management of urban growth, investments in civic infrastructure, focused programmes and schemes aimed at the vulnerable sections such as the urban poor, ST/SC population, women and children and better municipal management. 3. THE POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 1.8 The policies, legal provisions and the administrative frameworks provide the context within which the urban development projects need to be implemented considering their social and environmental importance. The programmes, policies and Acts reviewed in the SEA report is given in the table below:

Table – A: Reviewed Policies, Legal and Administrative Framework and Programmes Policies Legal and Administrative Framework Programmes

Social Section ¾� The Five Year Plans ¾� Vision 2020 of

Government of Andhra Pradesh

¾� Vision 2021 of Government of India

¾� R&R policy of Andhra Pradesh, 2005 (Irrigation Department)

¾� R&R Policy of Andhra Pradesh as amended in 2008 for road sector projects (Transport, Roads and Buildings Dept.)

¾� Social Safeguard Policy of Andhra Pradesh Transmission Corporation Limited

¾� World Bank Operational Policy 4.12 on involuntary Resettlement

¾� World Bank Operational Policy 4.10 on Indigenous people

¾� National R&R Policy 2007

¾� National Slum

¾� Andhra Pradesh Municipalities Act, 1965 ¾� Andhra Pradesh Town Planning Act, 1920 ¾� The Andhra Pradesh Municipal Corporations Act,

1994 ¾� The Hyderabad Municipal Corporations Act, 1955 ¾� The Andhra Pradesh Urban Areas (Development) Act,

1975 ¾� The Andhra Pradesh Infrastructure Development-

Enabling Act, 2001 ¾� Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Act, 1976 ¾� Land Acquisition Act, 1894 as amended in 1984 ¾� The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act ¾� The Twelfth Schedule of the Constitution (Article

243W)

¾� Andhra Pradesh Urban Services for Poor (APUSP)

¾� Environmental Improvement of Urban Slums (EIUS)

¾� Nehru Rozgar Yojana (NRY)

¾� Prime Minister’s Integrated Urban Poverty Eradication Programme (PMIUPEP)

¾� Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY)

¾� Integrated Development for Small and Medium Towns (IDSMT)

¾� Integrated Low Cost Sanitation (ILCS)

¾� Urban Basis Services for the Poor (UBSP)


Rev.21May09 xiii

Table – A: Reviewed Policies, Legal and Administrative Framework and Programmes Policies Legal and Administrative Framework Programmes

Upgrading Policy

Environmental Section ¾� World Bank

Operational Policy Note 11.03 on Cultural property

¾� World Bank Operational Policy 4.36 (Forests)

¾� World Bank Operational Policy 4.09 (Pest Management)

¾� Environmental policy of TRANSCO

¾� Operational Policy 4.01(Environmental Assessment of projects)

¾� Policy statement for abatement of pollution –MoEF 1992

¾� National Conservation Strategy And Policy Statement On Environment and Development, 1992

¾� The Environment Protection Act, 1986 ¾� The national environment appellate Act, 1997 ¾� Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act,

1977, including Rules ¾� Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act,

1974 as amended in 1978 and 1988 ¾� Water, Land and Tree Act 2002 ¾� The Air (Prevention and control of Pollution) Act,

1991. ¾� Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 – as amended in

1988 ¾� Wildlife Protection Act-as amended in 1972 ¾� Notification on Coastal Regulation Zone, 1991 ¾� The Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and

Handling) Rules, 2000 ¾� The Bio Medical Waste management ¾� The Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling)

Rules, 1989 and 2003 amendment (inclusion of list of municipal solid wastes to hazardous wastes)

¾� The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act ¾� The Twelfth Schedule of the Constitution (Article

243W)

¾� State Environmental Action Programme

¾� State of Environment (SoE), Andhra Pradesh.

4. INSTITUTIONAL & IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS FOR URBAN SUB-PROJECTS

1.9 A number of institutions are involved for effective management and delivery of services in the urban sector which are also responsible for carrying out the implementation of various schemes, projects and drives initiated by the government. For effective planning, implementation, management and monitoring of the projects in the urban sector, the following institutions play an important role. They will also play a critical role in the APMD project.

¾ Directorate of Municipal Administration (DMA) ¾ Andhra Pradesh Urban Finance and Infrastructure Development Corporation

(APUFIDC) (superceded by the Andhra Pradesh Urban Infrastructure Fund, APUIF)

¾ Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) ¾ Directorate Town and Country Planning (DTCP) ¾ Public Health and Engineering Department (PHED) ¾ Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board (APPCB) ¾ Roads and Buildings Department (R&B) ¾ Andhra Pradesh State Housing Corporation Limited and Andhra Pradesh Housing

Board (ASHCL and APHB) ¾ Urban Development Authorities (UDA) ¾ Department of Revenue Headed by the District Collector (DC) ¾ Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (HMWS&SB) ¾ Medical and Health Department (MHD)


Rev.21May09 xiv

¾ Andhra Pradesh Urban Services for Poor (APUSP) Project

1.10 The CMAPP process will form the basis for identification of sub-projects under APMDP. CMAPP is a participatory process involving the Council, representatives of CBOs like NACs and SHGs, and CSOs like Bar Associations, Trade and Industry, Academic Institutions, NGOs, media, municipal officials. 1.11 The proposed institutional arrangements for the implementation of APMDP have been finalized after deliberations and discussions with the concerned departments under MAUD.

¾ At the top level, the Municipal Administration and Urban Development Department (MAUD) will have overall responsibility of the project.

¾ Under the MAUD, the Commissioner and Director of Municipal Administration (CDMA) will be responsible for coordinating all the activities between all the municipalities and will take the responsibility of supporting project implementation at the ULB level, coordinating reform activities and capacity building and reviewing general matters of management. The CDMA will set up a Municipal Strengthening Unit (MSU) for these purposes. The MSU would be responsible for appraising sub-projects and sending approved subprojects to APUIF for financing. This function includes social and environmental appraisal which would be carried out by a team, including a Social and an Environmental Specialist in the MSU and others.

¾ The main implementing agencies, the ULBs, would plan and implement the project in the participating municipalities. To address the social and environmental needs of implementation, an Environmental and Social Management Cell (ESMC) would be set up in each ULB.

5. FINDINGS FROM STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS 1.12 Consultations and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with the stakeholders and administering the household and town questionnaires in selected towns were undertaken by the study team. The key issues that emerged from these stakeholder consultations are highlighted below: Social Issues

¾ Sound consultation mechanisms must be put in place for greater involvement of people in project planning and implementation.

¾ Coordination of the Municipal authorities with other departments must be enhanced.

¾ A proper grievance redressal mechanism in the municipality is required to address the queries of the people affected by any project.

¾ Another important social issue is the issue of resettlement and rehabilitation (R&R) of displaced persons as a result of any development infrastructure project. Lack of proper policy and action plan in this regard is hampering efforts at the ULB level to do justice to the affected persons.


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¾ Special attention to the urban poor, women and other vulnerable groups must be given.

Environmental Issues

¾ The ULBs do not have proper information and communication/consultation strategies during the identification and design of the sub-projects, particularly to address environmental issues.

¾ There is need to develop a mechanism of periodical monitoring of baseline environmental information of the town and the sub-project investment areas.

¾ A mechanism of identification of investments, one that addresses the most severe and sensitive environmental problems, must be put in place.

¾ The ULBs also lack proper capacities to address environmental issues during the sub-project intervention. They do not have skilled environmental professionals to address these issues.

6. REVIEW OF REFORMS

1.13 The study made an in-depth analysis of the proposed urban reform initiatives. The following reform activities have been highlighted for consideration.

¾ Repeal of Urban Land Ceiling and Regulation Act, 1976 ¾ Property Tax Reforms ¾ Computerised Processes for Registration of Documents ¾ Levy of User Charges ¾ Municipal Financial Management System ¾ Benchmarking and Monitoring System ¾ Strengthening institutions like APUFIDC/APUIF, CDMA and the ULBs

7. IDENTIFICATION OF IMPACTS

1.14 Identification of social / environmental impacts and analysis of the alternatives for the perceived impacts forms an important aspect of the study. 1.15 Sub-projects undertaken for development purposes may have negative social fallout on families and individuals in the form of loss of land, loss of structures, loss of livelihood/income, loss of crops/trees and loss of community infrastructure and public utility lines. Further, issues related to vulnerable groups such as the urban poor, women, socially and historically disadvantaged groups such as SCs, and indigenous people form another dimension of social problems. 1.16 At the same time, environmental impacts may be observed on various environmental components such as air, water and land and on surrounding eco-system (flora and fauna). Since the stakeholders are directly dependent on these components, a sub-project may affect these components both positively and negatively, directly and indirectly. The possible generic impacts due to infrastructure investments on various


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environmental components are like change in land use, adverse affects on flora and fauna, change in air quality, change in water quality, etc.

8. PLANS AND STRATEGIES 1.18 Clear strategies and plans are needed for better management of social and environmental issues during the implementation of projects in the urban areas. In view of this, three plans have been suggested for the better implementation of projects considering their sustainability, both socially and environmentally.

¾ Social and Environmental Capacity Building Action Plan (SECAP): This includes an institutional plan to build capacities for social and environmental management and monitoring of sub-projects, based on findings of the institutional assessment and the analysis of issues that might need to be addressed. The plan covers relevant agencies, staffing requirements, roles and responsibilities of key staff, and training.

¾ Information and Consultation Strategy (ICS): Information and Consultation Strategy represents a module for carrying out consultations and generating and managing information for the purpose of successful implementation of the projects in line with the social and environmental considerations that may arise in a project cycle. It identifies the roles of the institutions and involvement of various stakeholders in enhancing the consultation mechanisms within the APMDP.

¾ Monitoring and Management Plans: An important component of the project

management system is monitoring and management of the social and environmental dimensions of the project. The Social Monitoring & Management Plan proposes various mitigation and other measures to overcome adverse social impacts. The mitigation or other measures are proposed in detail to each and every identified social issue along with the monitoring strategy and the probable contingency measures that can be taken up. The Environmental Management Plan, as part of overall project management strategy, includes the management of environmental issues incorporated in the project cycle that covers all the stages of a sub-project investment from identification of an investment till the completion of the sub-project and post completion/monitoring/ operational phases of the investment. The proposed monitoring plan is based on a set of indicators, which outline the state of environment and about the project activities.


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PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND SCOPE OF WORK

1.1 INTRODUCTION AND CONTEXT 1.1 Sustainable development is a key concept that has gained increasing international acceptance during the last two decades. A key milestone in the process is the ‘Brundtland Report’, which defines ‘sustainable development as the development that meets the needs of today’s generation without comprising those of the future generations’. The question of sustainable development has emerged due to overexploitation of resources. It is also clearly emerging that urban challenges like population growth, water scarcity, biodiversity, energy crisis, and industrial production are major concerns for today’s planning. About half of the world’s population is living in cities and towns consuming large amount of resources and generating huge quantities of waste, and thus becoming leading sources of social and environmental problems. 1.2 There is thus a need for urban planning on a more sustainable basis to avoid environmental and social crises. The range of problems varies according to income levels and spatial level of the impact. These problems are inextricably linked to poverty and productivity as well as the other macro-economic parameters. Major urban sector issues like disproportionate number of urban poor, increase in the numbers of the urban poor, inadequate urban services, weak urban governance and management, lack of conducive infrastructure financing systems, perverse incentives created by intergovernmental fiscal system for Urban Local Bodies (ULB) and ineffective land management have been the issues of contention for most of the state governments in the developing world, more so in India and, especially, in the State of Andhra Pradesh. Recognizing the poor performance of the urban systems and the nature and magnitude of urban poverty the Government of Andhra Pradesh (GoAP) identified poverty reduction as an overarching objective. As a step towards implementing this strategic vision, the GoAP is working towards the development of an Urban Development and Urban Poverty Reduction Strategy for the state. 1.3 In view of this, the Department of Municipal Administration and Urban Development (MAUD) of the Government of Andhra Pradesh is in the process of preparing the Andhra Pradesh Municipal Development Project (APMDP). The project development objective is to reduce urban poverty in cities and towns that participate in the project within the context of a programme of state and municipal urban policy reform. The project through its reforms, also aims at improved quality of life for the urban dwellers, improving the service delivery of the urban agencies in providing and managing urban services and good quality and timeliness of municipal performance. The project has two main thrusts.

Î State Level and Local Level Reform Î Urban Infrastructure Investments

1.4 The project target area is urban Andhra Pradesh. All interested ULBs would be assisted to achieve improved financial and managerial performance. Only those ULBs

1


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that achieve predetermined levels of performance against specified eligibility criteria would be permitted to participate in the Urban Investment component. Eligibility criteria currently include a measure of the severity of urban poverty of the ULB, a benchmarked collection level of Property Tax for both current demand and some proportion of arrears, adoption of a financial operating plan (positive cash inflow), a commitment to maintain an operating ratio of less than 1 and a debt ratio of less than 30 percent (including proposed investments) and satisfactory implementation of the priority urban reforms. 1.5 The overall responsibility for urban reforms and municipal services in Andhra Pradesh rests with the MAUD. The key agency for implementation of the project is identified as the CDMA supported by the Andhra Pradesh Urban Infrastructure Fund (APUIF) for financing investments. Other agencies such as the Regional Directorates of Municipal Administration (RDMA), Public Health and Engineering Department (PHED), the Directorate of Town and Country Planning (DTCP), the Urban Development Authorities (UDA), etc. will also support the project. The responsibility for managing and monitoring the project will be handled by the MSU in CDMA. Implementation of specific sub-projects under the urban investment component will be carried out by the ULBs, and social and environmental management at ULB level will be managed by the institutional arrangements set up for the project in the participating municipalities. 1.6 To achieve the goals of ‘sustainability’, it is widely accepted that all the proposed projects, plans and programmes have to go through comprehensive impact assessment exercises so that the negative impacts can be minimised and that positive impacts can be best trapped effectively and used to the maximum benefit. The social and environmental assessment exercise is an attempt in that direction. 1.2 SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND

MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK 1.7 The Social and Environmental Assessment (SEA) is intended to identify the key social and environmental issues that are relevant to the project i.e. issues that arise as a result of its objectives and design and/or affect the achievement of its objectives/implementation of its design. The social and the environmental assessment and a framework for its implementation becomes important because, majority of the stakeholders who would be affected by projects generally constitute the poor and the weaker sections of the society and a meaningful intervention of the government would be desirable to ensure that this reform and investment process is successfully implemented without any adverse impacts on the people. The poor and the slum dwellers, families belonging to the Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), Backward Castes (BC), women-headed households etc., would specifically be adversely affected and the most vulnerable among them are the women and the economically poor. These issues will be described and quantified to the extent possible for the urban Andhra Pradesh as a whole, for individual towns studied, and/or for ‘groups’ of towns (classes, regional groupings, etc., as appropriate). The assessment would therefore be based on, though not limited to:

Î A review of the relevant urban data and existing studies/reports; Î Analysis of current ‘general’ or relevant sectoral/ sub-sectoral urban policies and

programs and of the institutions intended to implement them;


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Î Consultations with key stakeholders in a carefully selected set of towns on the proposed reforms and process for investments under the project;

Î An understanding of the applicable World Bank Operational Policies and a review of the relevant guidelines and implementation experience of Andhra Pradesh Urban Services for Poor (APUSP) Project.

1.8 The two principle thrusts of APMDP being ‘reforms’ and ‘investments’ in the urban sector, which are targeted to achieve an enhanced quality of life in the urban scenario, are not purely technical issues but have wider socio-economic, cultural and environmental implications in the overall development of the society. Although they can affect people from various walks of life directly or indirectly dependent on the urban environment, there could be probable adverse impacts on certain communities and environment. Reforms like repeal of urban land ceiling and regulation, reform of rent control laws, reform of property tax etc., and infrastructure investments like storm water drains, secondary and tertiary roads, footpaths, street lighting and bus stops etc., are some of the significant issues that are being examined under the APMDP and may have impact on the people residing in the urban areas and on the immediate environment. The reception of the proposed measures by public and its socio-economic and environmental implications would need to be analyzed and incorporated into the individual design to achieve viability and ensure sustainability. 1.9 The study also envisaged an assessment that would result in recommendations for developing suitable institutional arrangements, Information and Consultation Strategies (ICS) and Social and Environmental Capacity-building Action Plan (SECAP). The study additionally involves developing a Social and Environmental Assessment and Management Framework (SEAMF) intended to ensure that urban investment sub-projects being considered for financing are socially and environmentally sound and sustainable. Identifying adverse impacts of the reform process and infrastructure development and preparing a social safeguard policy and environmental management frameworks are also a part of the study. The study also examined the available alternatives to reduce the impact of the projects and also suitable mitigation and management measures for better implementation of the project. 1.10 The present study was also intended to review public perceptions, establish baseline information, institutional assessment, sub-project assessments etc., to facilitate the preparation of a social and environmental framework and an implementable manual for social and environmental actions under the project. The social and environmental safeguard policies and monitoring and management plans are also part of the framework to minimize the adverse impacts of the urban investments and reforms that would be undertaken. 1.3 STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT 1.11 The report is organized along the following lines. The next section gives an overview of the urban reforms and investments in Andhra Pradesh that are being considered under the project purview and places the APMDP within this context. It highlights the role of the SEA study and the scope of work it entails. Subsequently, the study methodology is detailed. This constitutes Chapter – I.


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1.12 Chapter – II of the report presents the social and environmental baseline data of Andhra Pradesh which contains basic demographic information, environmental pollution, urbanization trends, key social indicators, poverty in urban Andhra Pradesh, etc. 1.13 The legal, policy and administrative framework is presented in Chapter – III,which provides an outline of the existing laws, legislations, policies programmes, constitutional provisions etc., within which the urban projects will be implemented considering the social and environmental concerns and issues that may be encountered. 1.14 Chapter – IV presents the findings of the institutional assessments conducted in the selected towns for the purpose of the study. It presents the institutional set up in urban Andhra Pradesh and examines their present role in the implementation of the typical project/sub project cycle involved in urban development projects. The assessment also includes the study of present capacities of the institutions to include the proposed social and environmental aspects of a sub project investment under APMD project effectively. This would inform and help to develop a capacity building mechanism across various institutions involved in the sub project implementation, to handle the social and environmental issues. 1.15 The findings from the perception survey conducted, the sub-project assessments and the public consultations organized for the study in the selected towns for developing the SEA and the SEAMF is discussed in Chapter – V. Observations from the household survey conducted in six selected towns provide a glimpse into the present level of services provided by municipalities and the level of satisfaction among the public. On the other hand, findings of the sub-project assessments and the public consultations discussed in this chapter have been useful in identifying various social and environmental issues and help in preparing the SEA and the SEAMF reports. 1.16 Highlighting the urban reforms, which forms an important part of the study, has been discussed in the Chapter VI. This chapter draws inferences from a general analysis of reforms and outlines general recommendations relevant to further action required in each of the reform areas. Specific direct and indirect social and environmental impacts have been analyzed to formulate action plans and necessary guidelines for the reforms processes so as to achieve the objectives of the study. 1.17 The report, thereafter, leads to Chapter – VII which highlights the key social and environmental impacts that may arise due to the implementation of urban development projects and suggests measures to mitigate these impacts. This chapter also discusses the analysis of alternatives that are viable to avoid and minimize social and environmental impacts. 1.18 Flowing out of the discussions in the previous seven chapters and also from the findings of the perception survey, sub-project assessment, public consultation and institutional review, Chapter – VIII discusses the monitoring and management plans, Information and Consultation Strategies and the Social and Environmental Capacity-building Action Plan.


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1.4 URBAN REFORMS IN ANDHRA PRADESH 1.19 The APMDP has two thrusts, namely, reforms and the investment component. The urban reform agenda to be pursued under the project and motivated in part by Government of India’s (GoI) Urban Reform Incentive Fund (URIF) was discussed and agreed with GoAP. The reform measures are: 1.4.1 REPEAL OF THE URBAN LAND CEILING AND REGULATION

ACT 1.20 The ULCRA has only ever been applied in the five largest towns in AP, including the agglomeration around Hyderabad. The repeal of the Act has not been implemented in AP because Hyderabad has succeeded in promoting significant real estate development on land restricted under the Act through sales to developers. It can also be said that land undeveloped because of the Act has led to the growth of slums by encroachers. The repeal of the Act to free up land for development and to symbolize that the restriction on the holding of land leads to corruption and in general is unacceptable, would be desirable. An analysis of impact of measures taken by AP to address the negative effects of the Act and discussions of further steps including repeal to free up land markets and minimize corruption is required. 1.4.2 REFORM OF RENT CONTROL LAWS 1.21 This action is required to assure that rents earn a sufficient return for landlords, buildings are maintained and housing supply is generally responsive to demands. The initial measure will be to insure that all new buildings constructed after April 1, 2002 will not come under the ambit of Rent Control or tenancy protection. 1.4.3 REFORM OF PROPERTY TAX 1.22 Property Tax remains the single largest source of revenue for ULBs. Nevertheless, its potential has not yet been realized because of policies, which link revenue to below-market assessment of rents of immovable property. The strategy for improving property tax revenue is to adopt objective methods and transparent procedures of property assessment such as the unit area method or the capital value method and self-assessment by property owners. GoAP began introducing property tax reforms in 1993, which became effective in 2002, with dramatic increases of revenue from a low base. Measures are required to ensure the buoyancy of the tax over time and a consideration of moving to capital value assessments. 1.4.4 INTRODUCTION OF COMPUTERIZED PROCESSES FOR

REGISTRATION OF DOCUMENTS

1.23 GoAP is well advanced with the introduction of e–SEVA centers around the State.


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1.4.5 LEVY OF REASONABLE USER CHARGES FOR URBAN SERVICES

1.24 ULBs will broaden their revenue net by bringing services not charged for or inadequately charged for into the revenue base. The ultimate objective would be to achieve full cost recovery of operation and maintenance by the end of the 10th Plan period. 1.4.6 REFORM THE MUNICIPAL FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

SYSTEM 1.25 The objective of this reform is to promote devolution of authorities and responsibilities that can in turn, contribute to a much greater degree of decentralization of fiscal responsibility to ULBs for the expenditures they make and any debts they incur. The GoAP agreed to pursue the recommendations made by the study of State Finances that will improve accountability and transparency of the flow of resources to ULBs. This would include specifying conditions under which ULBs would be found to be potentially credit worthy; identifying which state level policies have significant implications for the financial circumstances of ULBs and undertaking measures to improve their operating environment so that ULBs are able to act as responsible, autonomous financial units before they are permitted to issue debt. Gains would be realized by municipalities which operated with more transparent tax and budgeting processes, and less proscriptive regulatory controls created by policies which prevent or constrain accountable decentralized decision-making. 1.4.7 ESTABLISHING BENCHMARKING AND MONITORING SYSTEM 1.26 The system would allow progress by ULBs and the state government to be assessed against agreed benchmark targets of performance that can be identified and measured. At the state level, this would include a calculation of the effects of various policies on the financial health of ULBs and an agreement that measures that cause ULBs to become insolvent would be matched by either providing resources or sufficient local autonomy to offset these measures. For ULBs, a set of performance indicators that shows enhanced performance on service provision, particularly to the poor, and on financial and fiscal responsibility and accountability would be agreed to and periodically reported upon. GoAP has introduced a system of performance budget monitoring on a monthly basis. Outputs are measured and compared with previous year’s performance and managers are rated accordingly. 1.4.8 IMPROVING URBAN LAND PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT 1.27 Procedures for land use planning are complex and inefficient, requiring, in most cases, 52 “file movements” before a land use plan is approved, and each movement offering an opportunity for rent seeking. After an analysis of land use regulations and the set of development controls that affect capital investment and residential development throughout the state, including Town Planning Ordinances, the Government has decided to provide a time bound program for introducing reforms. It will also consider the Hyderabad experience with reforms in this area and make recommendations as to the generalizability of the reforms enacted there to other municipalities. Critical issues of land


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management remain to be resolved. These include lack of procedures for de-notification of slums after upgrading, thereby denying ULBs of the revenue residents of the upgraded area ought to pay for urban services received. Streamlined mechanisms for granting of enhanced security of tenure are required to promote self-help improvement of the housing stock. Market transactions need to be made more transparent through the rationalization of tax policies and registration procedures. 1.4.9 STRENGTHEN THE ANDHRA PRADESH URBAN FINANCE AND

INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION (APUFIDC) 1.28 The objective of this reform is to make APUDIFC the premier advisor to the State on urban affairs and a skilled coordinator of State-funded urban development activities. APUDIFC currently acts as a channel to direct funds from central and state run programs and devolutions to urban local bodies. GoAP wants to enhance the role of the Corporation to include capacities for appraising Sate-funded urban projects and programs and monitoring their implementation. APUDIFC would also provide advice and assistance to municipalities on urban affairs. (Post-script, 15 May 2009: The project would establish a separate financing mechanism, the AP Urban Infrastructure Fund. The APUFIDC would be represented on the Board of APUIF.) 1.5 URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT COMPONENT OF

THE PROJECT 1.29 The second dimension of the Andhra Pradesh Municipal Development Project is the urban investment component wherein the project aims to provide physical infrastructure in various ULBs in the state that have undergone the process of preparing the Municipal Action Plans for Poverty Reduction (MAPP) under the APUSP project and also those ULBs that would in the future join or participate in the project. The physical infrastructure investments that would be undertaken in the present project would include:

Î Area upgrading, including on-site water supply and on-plot sanitation Î Secondary and tertiary roads Î Storm water drainage Î Water supply and sewerage disposal Î Sanitation Î Footpaths Î Solid waste management including disposal Î Street lighting Î Parks and green spaces Î Serviced areas and informal and formal urban markets Î Bus stops Î Off-site infrastructure linking slums to city networks, subject to adequate bulk

capacity where required, and Î Critical city-wide infrastructure

1.30 In view of the proposed reforms and the investment component of the project, this study aims to understand the social and environment impacts that may result due to these development interventions and, thus, how best adverse impacts can be mitigated or managed.


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1.6 SCOPE OF WORK 1.31 The scope of the assignment includes the following:

Î To conduct a Social and Environmental Assessment (SEA) for the Project as a whole, including an institutional assessment that would result in recommendations for the institutional arrangements and a Social and Environmental Capacity-building Action Plan (SECAP);

Î Based on the SEA (and on-going processes in APUSP), develop an Information and Consultation Strategy and Action Plan (ICS) to ensure full information to all stakeholders at all stages of the project and to consult and obtain feedback from them on the reforms and investment component of the Project;

Î To develop a Social and Environmental Assessment and Management Framework (SEAMF) for the sub-projects to be prepared and financed under the Urban Investment component of the Project; and

Î To assess sub-projects being prepared for implementation during the first year of the Project using the SEAM Framework developed and ensure that they are socially and environmentally sound

1.32 Based on the objectives and scope of the work Social and Environmental Assessment report should present the following. 1.7 SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT 1.33 There are three important dimensions of the SEA study. 1.7.1 SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (SEA)

Î SEA will broadly present the socio-economic and environmental analysis of the service delivery in the towns selected for the study and also the perceptions of the people on the reforms and investment component along with the present status of the towns selected

Î Data compilation and analysis of social and environmental data on urban areas, socio-economic data on urban population and urban/civic infrastructure in relation to social and environmental issues

Î The policy and legal framework where a review of the existing framework with respect to state and wherever relevant national policies, laws and regulations

Î Institutional framework and its assessment with regard to urban areas in analysing how social responsibilities and environmental concerns are distributed among public/private institutions and their capacity to administer these tasks

Î Management and Training plan for improving social and environmental management in urban development will be prepared for recommending training of existing staff, hiring of additional staff, reorganization of units or agencies, or redefinition of roles and responsibilities

Î Analysis of impacts, suggesting mitigation Measures and Analysis of alternatives under the social and environmental aspects of the project

Î Identifying issues and prepare the Social and Environmental Capacity Building Action Plan and the Information and Consultation Strategy


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1.7.2 SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (SEAMF)

Î Preparation of a framework that will contain a discussion of how the proposed

project could affect the people and environment or any sub-group and influence the people positively; negatively; directly and/or indirectly

Î Analysis of alternatives and alternative investment options in each of the key social and environmental sectors to which the reform and investment components of the project may apply

Î Mitigation Measures will draw on analysis of policy, legal and institutional aspects as well as of impacts and alternatives to identify the potential negative social and environmental impacts of the project. It will provide recommendations and appropriate measures to mitigate concerned problems that may arise at state/municipal and/or sectoral/ sub-project levels

Î Through consultations with concerned stakeholders a strategy and action plan will be prepared which will include proposed actions to increase information and awareness of the program among target communities and key municipal bodies, officials, etc., in the formulation/implementation of sub-projects

Î Consultations will be held during the project on important issues relating to the state and municipal level reforms; project processes and progress; and establish mechanisms for grievance redressal

1.7.3 ASSESSMENTS

Î The assessments will test the SEAM framework on pilot projects, i.e., selected first year sub-projects of APMDP. Each project will go through all the components of the SEAMF such as screening; consultation and management plan to ensure that it is socially and environmentally viable.

Î The entire assessment procedure and outcomes and all problematic areas will be documented to address specific issues that need modification for practical viability of the framework.

1.34 Based on the Social and Environmental Assessment, the Social and Environmental Assessment Management Framework (SEAMF) will act as a guide to improve the decision-making, planning, execution, monitoring and operation of the projects and also see that the selected projects and subprojects are socially and environmentally sustainable. 1.8 STUDY METHODOLOGY 1.35 The Figure 1.1 below depicts the various phase wise, stage wise activities involved in the study. The inputs and outputs of each activity are also indicated (red and blue lines). 1.36 The study was conducted in five phases. The detailed methodology involved in various stages involved in each of the phases and the tasks taken up in each of the stages are elaborated in the following section.


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PH

AS

E–

I

STAGE – IIIIdentification of survey towns

and creation of database (Preliminary Field visits)

STAGE – IStudy Inception PCD and

ToR

STAGE – IIReview of literature

Secondary Sources

Draft tools and strategies for research

Methodology and work plan

Understanding of context

Baseline data collection of selected towns

Final tools and strategies for research

Social and environmental risks due to proposed projects

PH

AS

E–

II

Public consultations

Institutional interactions

Available baseline data

Sub-project assessments

STAGE – IV Field Work in

case-study Towns

Household survey dataSocial and environmental

profile of the towns

Institutional roles and capacities

PH

AS

E–

III

STAGE – VDraft Social and Environmental Assessment

(SEA) Report preparation

S&E Monitoring Plan S&E Management Plan

ICS SECAP

PH

AS

E–

IV STAGE – VIDraft Social and Environmental Assessment

Management Framework (SEAMF)

PH

AS

E–

V STAGE – VIIAssessment of First-Year

sub-projects using SEAMF and Public

consultations

STAGE – VIIIPreparation of

Guidebooks (Manuals) for Project managers and

project Implementers

STAGE – IXFinal SEA, SEAMF,

Manuals and Assessments reports of

sub-projects

Figure: 1.1 – Flow chart of Phase -wise, stage – wise activities of the SEA study

Line indicates the flow of inputs and Line indicates the flow of outputs


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Figure 1.2: Tasks and outputs of Stage-1- Study Inception

OUTPUTS Draft Questionnaires Draft Interview Schedules Draft Checklists for FGDs Identification of case study towns

Draft Strategy for Public consultations

Familiarization with Project and Study requirements

Identification of Research Tools and Techniques

Formulation of Methodology and Work plan

1.8.1 PHASE-I: FAMILIARIZATION, LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONSULTATION

1.8.1.1 STAGE – I

1.37 This phase was instrumental to identify, collect and review the available literature and to scope the activities required for achieving the objectives of the study. It aimed at establishing a basic understanding of the study requirements and to develop a realistic perspective of the prevailing situation in the present context of the study. The activities in this phase intended to familiarize with the concerned and key stakeholders to identify and collect the available literature and to scope the activities. It also contained consultations with various agencies and experts in urban reforms and investments. A rapid preliminary field survey was taken up following this activity, mainly with the primary stakeholders to identify ground realities with regard to delivery of urban services and investments. This activity helped in testing the questionnaires prepared for the base line study and drafting checklists and interview schedules for the Focus Group Discussions (FGD) and key stakeholder consultations. These activities on the whole have enabled to deliver the inception report detailing the research methodology and a realistic work-plan. The outputs of this phase are shown in Figure 1.2.

Identification of Research tools and Techniques: 1.38 This stage involved the preliminary design of tools and techniques needed for the study. The possible tools that can be used for this study were developed from the consultants’ previous experience in similar studies and draft tools, which require testing and refined in the preliminary visits to the case study towns. The tools and techniques were designed to facilitate the expected outputs, namely, data generation and perception documentation. The checklists for interviews, FGDs and public consultations were designed to capture perceptions of the various stakeholders on areas of reform and investments, while the data requirements were listed in the form of scheduled questionnaires. Identification of Case study towns: 1.39 The Case study towns for the assessment were selected on basis of consistent distribution across the Socio-cultural regions of Andhra Pradesh. Two towns each from the three regions of Telangana, Rayalaseema and Coastal Andhra were selected to represent the typical social and environmental characteristics – thus six towns were selected for the


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F ig u re 1 .3 : O u tp u ts o f s tag e-2- L ite ra tu re rev iew

L ite ra tu re rev iew

O U TP UTS

U nderstanding o f p rospects and lim ita tion o f the study U nderstanding o f scope o f app licab ility of exis ting fram ew ork to upcom ing developm en t (reform s & investm ents)

study. These towns are Qutbullapur and Ramagundam from the Telangana region, Tirupati and Hindupur from the Rayalaseema region and Tenali and Kakinada from the Coastal Andhra region. These six Class I towns were selected as they also fall under the APUSP project. 1.8.1.2 STAGE – II Literature Review 1.40 As part of the secondary source literature review, the social and environmental profile of the state in general and documentation of various policies, programmes, and legislations relevant to urban issues such as urban development, urban sanitation, urban health, environmental resource protection and conservation etc., in specific were reviewed to establish an understanding of the prospects and limitations of the study and to appreciate their applicability in the context of the upcoming reforms and investments in the urban sector. The applicable policies, programmes and legislation were examined on social and environmental dimensions and implications. Various cases were specifically studied to understand these aspects and then interpret them into the context of APMDP. The literature review has been a continuous process and inputs from this activity have been included in all the chapters of the SEA report. Figure 1.3 shows the outputs of the review activity. As part of the literature review the following literature was reviewed from varied sources.

Î Socio economic history of the state Î Urban Environmental Profile of the State Î Policy, Legal and Administrative framework documents Î World Bank policies and guidelines (OPs and ODs) Î Similar studies and earlier SEA reports Î Published academic literature Î Project and Programme documents Î Literature on Formal stakeholders (institutions)

1.8.1.3 STAGE – III Case Study Towns - Preliminary Visits 1.41 The preliminary visit helped in identifying general social and environmental risks prevalent in the case study towns and helped establish a better understanding of the urban social and environmental scenario of the towns and processes in the context of sub-projects in urban reforms and infrastructure investments and to form the research tools to focus on the identified risks.


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Secondary database collection regarding all eligible towns

Development of Town Selection Strategy

Selection of Towns based on strategy

Pilot Study/ Reconnaissance Visit

OUTPUTS Understanding and prioritizing areas of focus in the study. Understanding of processes in existing reform and infrastructure investment initiatives.

OUTPUTS

Identified case study towns and their baseline status.

Figure 1.4: Tasks and outputs of Stage -3 - Identification of survey towns and creation of database (Preliminary visits)

Stakeholder Consultations 1.42 As part of the preliminary visits, consultations and interviews with various agencies and experts in the area of urban reforms and investments were also conducted. This step enabled to cross-verify the issues identified in the literature review and further scope the issues for investigation. This activity also helped drafting checklists and interview schedules for the FGDs and key stakeholder consultations. Figure 1.4 shows the tasks and outputs of this phase. Outputs of this phase 1.43 Two questionnaires were designed as part of the outputs of this phase and also various checklists for conducting the consultation for the purpose of generating qualitative information and also for the purpose of assessments.

Î A town questionnaire for gathering information at the town-level Î Questionnaire for the household perceptional and satisfaction survey to derive

information at household level Î Checklist for Institutional reviews Î Checklist for project/initiative assessment (social and environmental) Î Strategy and checklist for public consultation

1.44 The above-mentioned questionnaires and Checklists are enclosed as Annexure – I, II, III, IV, and V.

1.8.2 PHASE-II: PERCEPTION SURVEY, PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS, INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW AND SUB PROJECT ASSESSMENT

1.8.2.1 STAGE – IV Methodology 1.45 This phase contains four parallel yet interdependent activities, which aimed at gathering both qualitative as well as quantitative information for inputs into SEA and SEAMF. The activities undertaken are:


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Î The public consultations Î Perception and satisfaction survey Î Institutional reviews Î Sub-Project Assessments

1.46 This phase formed the core activity for the research and provided inputs to the formulation of the social and environmental Assessment report. Information was gathered from the primary stakeholders identified for the assessment to identify and assess the adverse impacts. The survey consisted of both quantitative and qualitative information and specific qualitative inputs from the public consultations conducted were used to enhance the information gathered through the survey. Public Consultations 1.47 The first stage of public consultations was conducted in the case study towns. The first stage consultation concentrated on various groups such as civil bodies, community associations, citizens groups, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO), slum dwellers, line institutions and other identified groups for enhancing the study qualitatively. The objectives of this consultation were:

Î To disseminate overall aim and objectives of future GoAP interventions and facilitate them to participate in the pre-project preparation;

Î To create awareness on the importance of safeguarding social interests of the people and environmental conditions of urban area during design, construction and operation of urban infrastructure projects

Î To identify the projects and sub-projects to be considered for funding by GoAP in urban areas

Î To ascertain opinion on likely adverse social and environmental impacts and issues due to implementation of various urban infrastructure investments and projects in Andhra Pradesh

Î To examine institutional and procedural issues related to planning, financing, implementation and management of urban infrastructure projects.

1.48 The second stage consultations were conducted after the preparation of the Draft SEA and SEAMF to obtain a feed back of the opinions and suggestions of stakeholders. Accordingly, changes have been incorporated in the SEA report and the SEAMF. Perception and Satisfaction Survey 1.49 The survey provides a basic building block to understand the existing scenario and projecting a futuristic picture in the study area. The study observations provide a cross check to the inputs obtained from the institutional review and the public consultations. It involved rapid stakeholder survey among all categories across the six ULBs selected for the study. The survey also aimed at understanding the perceptions and satisfaction of the people with regard to the present municipal services provided to them in their municipalities.


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1.50 A total of 2,400 samples were selected for the purpose of the household survey. The ULBs selected for the study are given below in Table 1.1.

Table – 1.1: Towns selected for the study

Sl.no Name of the ULB District Category of the town Geographical location

1 Qutbullapur Rangareddy Class – I Telangana 2 Ramagundam Karimnagar Class – I Telangana 3 Kakinada East Godavari Class – I Coastal Andhra 4 Tenali Guntur Class – I Coastal Andhra 5 Hindupur Ananthapur Class – I Rayalaseema 6 Tirupati Chittoor Class – I Rayalaseema

Distribution of Sample 1.51 For each ULB, a sample of 400 was allocated, which would confirm to reporting for each ULB at 95% confidence level. A total of 2395 face-to-face interviews were conducted. A multi-level sampling methodology was employed for the study. Sampling was done at two levels, namely,

Î Sampling of the Wards, and Î Sampling of the Households

1.52 The selection of the wards was done through a stratified random sampling method. In doing so the information available in the Municipal Action Plan for Poverty Reduction (MAPP) documents prepared under the APUSP were referred. The wards in the towns were divided into three ward strata, namely:

Î Wards with high incidence of Below Poverty Line (BPL) population Î Wards with medium incidence of BPL population Î Wards with low incidence of BPL population

1.53 In each town, the number of wards within each strata selected were proportionate to the population within the ward strata and the wards were selected through the method of Probability Proportional to Size (PPS). Within each ward, 25 interviews were conducted around 5 starting points randomly identified. Annexure – VI gives the sampling methodology followed for conducting the field survey. Institutional Review 1.54 The focus of conducting institutional review of various identified agencies responsible for the urban reform and investment processes was to review and assess the social and environmental sensitivity and capacities and systems to cater to the respective concerns. Additionally, the roles of particular institutions in the project development and implementation cycle and the procedures to execute their roles have been identified to examine the position of the institutions and their significance. The institutional reviews were carried out to provide valuable inputs into informing the capacities in terms of relevant policies, technology, monitoring mechanisms, human resources, adequate exposure, etc., for the preparation of the ICS and SECAP.


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Sub-Project Assessment 1.55 The sub-project/initiative assessment was basically designed to understand the present methods followed by the ULBs and the municipalities in implementing the sub-projects. Through this assessment the sub-project study team was able to assess the sub-project cycle of a typical urban investment and review the process followed by the municipalities. This assessment was also helpful in identifying and analyzing the social and environmental impacts caused by developmental interventions in the urban areas. For this purpose a select number of sub-projects in each municipality were chosen and consultations with the stakeholders i.e. both the sub-project implementing authorities and the beneficiaries to understand the resettlement and rehabilitation measures undertaken and whether the sub-project process followed is socially and environmentally sustainable. The assessments gave important inputs to understand the present institutional arrangements and propose new arrangements for sub-project implementation and also in preparation the ICS and SECAP. The tasks and outputs of this phase are shown in the Figure 1.5.

1.8.3. PHASE-III: PREPARATION OF SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT REPORT (SEA)

1.8.3.1 STAGE – V

1.56 The SEA report is aimed at providing a detailed insight into the environmental risks in the study areas and will aid in providing direction to evolve a Social and Environmental Assessment and Management Framework. The various requirements of each region along with the environmental implications of project implementation were studied to document the inherent social and environmental considerations that strengthen/ weaken the purpose of it. The inputs from the baseline data, household survey, institutional reviews, public consultations and sub-project assessments have been integrated to feed conclusions and inferences into the SEA Report. Apart from the assessment of impacts on the social and environmental parameters, the SEA report includes management plans with mitigation measures and monitoring plans. The report also contains the ICS and SECAP. 1.57 The SEA report was presented to the department and other representative stakeholder groups to obtain their feedback to incorporate relevant feedback in the preparation of the SEAMF and to strengthen the SEA report.

Public Consultations

Information generated

• Water supply• Sanitation and Drainage

• Storm Water Drainage

• Solid waste

• Air pollution• Roads• Transportation

Institutional Review

Perception Survey

Methodology for Public Consultations

Qualitative information

Stakeholder Matrix

Scope of delegation of responsibilities for S and E Management and inputs for SECAP

Understanding of S&E management capacities and roles

Figure 1.5 : Tasks and Outputs of Stage - 4 Fieldwork


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1.8.4 PHASE-IV: PREPARATION OF SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK

1.8.4.1 STAGE – VI 1.58 The SEAMF consists of guidelines prepared for social and environmental assessments based on the SEA report and for the formulation of social and environmental Management and Monitoring Plans for individual reforms and project initiatives. Since the SEAMF will be implemented in the selected ULBs dovetailed with the MAPP, a social and environmental screening framework has been prepared for sub-projects to identify the nature of social and environmental analysis and planning. This framework additionally provides guidelines to identify adverse social and environmental impacts that may arise due to the reforms and investment components as well as management plans/measures for the same. The document also contains the important strategies – the ICS and SECAP - applicable at the sub-project level. Outputs of this phase are shown below in Figure 1.6.

1.8.5 PHASE-V: KEY STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS ON THE SEA, SEAMF AND FIRST YEAR SUB-PROJECTS

1.8.5.1 STAGE – VII 1.59 Key stakeholder consultations and discussions were conducted on the prepared Draft SEA, SEAMF and the Sub-projects assessments. This was done to ensure that the sub-project compliance is achieved with the national and the state policies and World Bank guidelines, but more importantly to foster a participative approach and build ownership. The consultations attempted to record the opinions and reactions of various key stakeholders at various stages of the sub-project-cycle. The constraints, issues, inadequacies and the advantages specific to the Social and Environmental responsive capabilities of the stakeholders were captured. This stage provided critical inputs for

Definition of S& E criterion to be

included in sub -project design

Urban Resettlement and Rehabilitation

Policy (URRP)

Urban Environment management Policy

(UEMP)

Identification of critical S& E parameters, screening methodology and categorization criteria

Definition for improved environmental management and accountability

Guidelines for preparation of -Indigenous Peoples’ Development PlansRehabilitation Action Plan Cultural Property Management Plan Environment Management Plan

Social and Environmental Assessment & Management Framework

Social & Environmental Screening Methodology

Management, Monitoring and Evaluation Guidelines Social and Environmental Policy Statement

Institutional arrangements and Capacity Building Plan Social & Environmental Safeguards

Guidelines devised based on

categorization

Figure 1.6: Outputs of Stage-5 &6- Preparation of SEA and SEAMF


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drafting the final SEA and SEAMF reports and assessment reports of the first-year sub-projects, which are the final outcomes of this study. 1.8.5.2 STAGE - VIII 1.60 For effective implementation, management and monitoring of the project, basic understanding and knowledge of the various social and environmental measures is necessary. For this purpose, manuals for project managers and project implementers have being prepared. The manuals detail all the social and environmental tasks at various stages the sub-projects, screening and categorization of sub-projects, the process of social & environmental assessment, etc. The manuals also contain guidelines and relevant information on accomplishing these social end environmental tasks. 1.8.5.3 STAGE -IX 1.61 The stage IX involved the preparation of the final SEA, SEAMF, Sub-project Assessments and the Manuals based on the inputs from all the previous stages which involve consultations, discussions, and meetings with the community, the municipal staff and key stakeholders. 1.9 RESEARCH TOOLS AND TASKS 1.62 Table 1.2 below encapsulates the different research techniques used for different tasks involved in the study.

Table – 1.2: Research techniques with the tasks identified Number Tasks Research Tools

1 To assess the current social and environmental issues in Urban Andhra Pradesh

�� Literature review �� Baseline survey �� Case studies �� Consultations/FGDs

2 To assess the policies, acts, operational procedures to address, mitigate and manage the social and environmental issues in urban settings

�� Literature review �� Survey �� FGDs �� Case studies �� Discussions �� Stakeholder consultations

3 To assess the people’s perception on various urban services and on the proposed urban reforms and investment (Analysis of data)

�� Literature review �� Secondary information review �� Case studies �� Analysis of Rapid survey data �� FGDs �� Stakeholder Consultations

4 To assess and recommend on the existing institutional arrangements in the urban sector in managing and mitigating social and environmental issues

�� Literature review �� Stakeholder Consultations �� FGDs �� Survey data analysis

5 To evolve a social and environmental framework to mitigate adverse/negative impacts

�� Literature review �� Review of SEA report �� Stakeholder consultations


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SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCENARIO OF URBAN ANDHRA PRADESH

2.1 To understand the context of the study, assessing the current social and environmental scenario with respect to the urban sector in Andhra Pradesh is a prerequisite. This chapter aims to highlight social and environmental issues that are typical to the urban sector in the state as a whole. This chapter is predominantly based on the literature review and information drawn from available secondary sources. 2.1 PROFILE OF ANDHRA PRADESH 2.2 Andhra Pradesh is the fifth largest state in India, both in terms of area as well as population. The total area of the state is over 2,75,000 square kilometers, while the population is 66.3 million. Andhra Pradesh State (Figure 2.1) is bounded by Madhya Pradesh and Orissa on the north, the Bay of Bengal on the east, Tamilnadu and Karnataka on the south and Maharashtra on the west. The northeastern area of Andhra Pradesh state is mountainous. Three main geomorphic provinces characterize the Physiography of Andhra Pradesh namely, the coastal plains, blessed with pleasant weather and rich alluvial plains, the eastern ghats, which consist of exotic forest and rivers running through rocky hills and the coal beds, gneisses, granites and basaltic lava that constitute the peninsular plateau. Andhra Pradesh is the fifth largest state in India, both in terms of area as well as population. The total area of the state is over 2, 75, 000 square kilometers, while the population is 75,727,541, as per the 2001 census. 2.1.1 URBAN ENVIRONMENT 2.1.1.1 CLIMATE 2.3 The state has a tropical climate and is mostly hot and humid. Annual average temperature is 31.5o c. The state is principally fed by the southwest monsoon while the northeast monsoon contributes about a third of the rainfall. The east coast region has been prone to disastrous cyclonic storms, which have destroyed much life and the livelihood of the villages in this area. 2.1.1.2 LAND UTILIZATION PATTERNS 2.4 The falling forest cover and the decrease in area under cultivation are glaring pointers to the fact that something is amiss in Andhra Pradesh environmental management

2

Fig – 2.1: Andhra Pradesh


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policies. The trend needs to be checked through new approaches towards handling of ecosystems in a sustainable manner. To ensure the productivity of all components of the ecosystems, policies need to be worked out specifically for each situation. Community Land management is doing wonders in the field of land utilization. 2.5 Land being a prime commodity today; pressures are increasing on its usability. Similarly rocks and geological formations are being ruthlessly tampered with for various reasons. Rocks are being quarried heavily for metal and mineral resources. Forests are under pressure for both wood and land to be diverted for more conspicuous purposes. Though the sown area is increasing, it is getting either degraded or totally wasted. Diversion for urbanization from agricultural use is also increasing. Table 2.1 shows the land utilization particulars in Andhra Pradesh.

Table – 2.1: Land utilization particulars in Andhra Pradesh (in Hectares)

Sl.

No.

Item

1991

-92

1992

-93

1993

-94

1994

-95

1995

-96

1996

-97

1997

-98

1998

-99

1999

-00

2000

-01

1 Forest 62.81 62.81 62.46 62.45 61.48 61.38 61.99 61.99 61.99 61.99 2 Barren &

uncultivable land 20.73 20.58 20.9 20.7 21.45 21.48 21.09 21.09 21.07 21

3 Land put to non agricultural uses 23.53 24.27 24.74 25 24.32 24.35 24.96 24.97 25.11 25.19

4 Permanent pastures & other grazing lands

8.31 8.2 7.79 7.63 7.48 7.09 6.93 6.86 6.82 6.75

5 Cultivable wastes 7.66 7.74 7.94 7.79 7.84 7.89 7.52 7.74 7.81 7.28

Source: Director Of economics And Statistics

2.1.1.3 FORESTS 2.6 One of the important natural resources is area that is covered under the forests. The total forest cover in Andhra Pradesh is around 68,814 square kilometers and the total length of the forest covers in the state accounts for 79, 311 kilometers. Out of the total forest cover in the state the dense forests constitute 23,084 square kilometers, the open forests constitute 19, 859 square kilometers and the mangroves account for around 338 square kilometers. The forest cover has The Percentage of forest cover of the state is around 23.20% and the per capita forest area is 0.096 hectares. The forest cover of the state is gradually being reduced over the past one decade. The natural grazing landscapes have been reduced considerably from 1991-2001. The land use shift from landscapes and forests to urbanization could be noticed in the state. Figure 2.2 shows the forest cover in Andhra Pradesh.

FIGURE – 2.2: FOREST COVER IN ANDHRA PRADESH. SOURCE: STATE OF FOREST


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BOX – 2.1: LEVELS OF POLLUTION IN RIVER KRISHNA

KRISHNA RIVER HAS AN ANNUAL CONSUMPTION OF 7,491 TONNES OF PESTICIDESIN THE BASIN; AGRICULTURAL RUN OFF ADDS120MG/L OF NITROGEN, 26 MG/L PHOSPHOROUS, AND 31MG/L POTASSIUM TO THE RIVERS. THE TOTAL DOMESTIC POLLUTION LOADS IN KRISHNA BASIN IS 1,433,084 KG/DAY. OF THE TOTAL BOD LOADGENERATED, ANDHRA PRADESH ALONE ACCOUNTS FOR 40.6%. URBAN BOD LOAD IS 707.82 A TONNE PER DAY OF WHICH DOMESTICIS 77.6% AND INDUSTRIAL IS 22.4%. THE LOAD OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE IS QUITE HIGH IN THERIVER WITH SEVERAL INDUSTRIAL UNITS ALONG ITS STRETCH. IN ANDHRA PRADESH STATE, ONE SUCH IRON AND STEEL UNIT DISCHARGES 22,866 CUM OF TREATED EFFLUENTS PER DAY INTO THE RIVER. THE MAJOR INDUSTRIAL LOADS COME FROM THE INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX AT RANGAREDDY DISTRICT AND DISTILLERIES IN VIJAYAWADA ON THE BANKS OF RIVER KRISHNA.

2.1.1.4 WATER RESOURCES Surface Water 2.7 The state is blessed with one of the major river systems of India comprising three major river valleys viz. Godavari, Krishna and Pennar and about 37 medium and minor river systems which carry about 38.45 million hectare meters of water into the Bay of Bengal. The drainage area of the rivers Krishna and Godavari within the state is 1,47,722 sq. Km, which is nearly 64% of the geographical area of the state. Andhra Pradesh comprises several major and minor lake systems, important being the Kolleru lake, which is identified as the largest fresh water lake system in Asia. Lake Pulicat is one of the major salt-water lakes in the state. This lake is located in Nellore district. 2.8 Water being the world’s most fluid element, it has the extraordinary ability to carry away all the dirt and filth of human society. Indian rivers, especially the smaller ones have all turned into toxic streams with Andhra Pradesh being no exception. The assault on rivers from population growth, agricultural modernization, urbanization and industrialization is enormous and growing day by day. River Godavari and river Krishna are the two major rivers flowing through the state. They are the major source of drinking water as well as water for irrigation. Ground Water 2.9 The estimated ground water potential in Andhra Pradesh state is 35,290 MCM. Out of this, 15% of the total ground water potential is used for drinking and industrial purposes. The balance utilizable ground water resources available for irrigation are in the order of 30,000 MCM out of which 53% is available in command areas. The development of ground water in the state is mainly through 12.20 lakh open wells and 3.16 lakh bore/tube wells. During the last two decades there is a two-fold increase in well population to16 lakhs in 1995-96. In recent years the shallow open dug wells are being replaced by deep bore wells. The number of groundwater water area prone to water logged shown a six-fold increase in the last two decades from about 0.5 lakhs to over 3.0 lakhs. 2.10 Due to the exploitation of ground water by the deep bore wells the ground water level has gone down drastically in some areas. The department of ground water has established about 2,700 wells all over the state to monitor ground water levels and chemical quality of water. Monitoring the levels helps in identifying the areas where the levels are showing a declining trend and remedial measures can be taken. The scarcity of water in Andhra Pradesh can be attributed to the various reasons like, fall in groundwater levels, conversion of surface water bodies, and dependence on high cost solutions to bring water from far off places and towns and reduction in net annual precipitation.


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2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS IN ANDHRA PRADESH 2.2.1 AIR QUALITY 2.11 The quality of the ambient air quality in a few urban centers of Andhra Pradesh, (Table – 2.2) like Hyderabad, Visakhapatnam, Vijayawada and some others, has been deteriorating over the past few years due to various factors like emissions from vehicles, thermal plants and industries.

Table – 2.2: Ambient Air Quality in few urban centers of Andhra Pradesh Name of the

station So2

(Mg/m3) Nox

(Mg/m3) Rspm

(Mg/m3) Spm

(Mg/m3) Tspm

(Mg/m3) Co peak (Mg/m3)

Hyderabad 4.09 18.2 108.8 N.a. 355.17 16.2 Rajamundry N.a. N.a. 39 N.a. 171 N.a. Kurnool N.a. N.a. 66 125 190 N.a. Vijayawada 4 60 126 N.a. 339 N.a. Tirupati N.a. N.a. 52 92 144 N.a. Standards: 80 (So2 & Nox), 100 (Rspm & Tspm); Source: EPTRI, Hyderabad; From Monitoring Stations (May 2002)

2.2.1.1 AIR POLLUTION 2.12 The level of pollution in most of Andhra Pradesh cities is still within the permissible limits. However, there are exceptions. Hyderabad, Visakhapatnam, Vijayawada and Tirupati where there is very high automobile pollution, are showing a dangerous trend with the levels of carbon monoxide and SPM increasing perilously. It is clear that the major source of air pollution in Andhra Pradesh cities is automobile pollution. The total vehicular pollution load in the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad and in other urban areas is increasing with the population. Table 2.3 shows the number of vehicles in use in Andhra Pradesh, which is considered to be one of the important sources of air pollution.

Table – 2.3: Registered vehicles in use in A.P. (Vehicles in numbers) Transport Vehicles Three wheeler passengers 68,188 Light commercial vehicles 50,949 Taxies 20,719 Buses 27,377 Trucks 119,474 Non Transport Vehicles Two wheelers 2,232,593 Cars 140,124 Jeeps 38,961 Tractors and Trailers 84,904 Others 17,416 Total number of vehicles 2,800,699 Source: motor transport statistics of India, 1997, a publication issued by ministry of surface transport, government of India, New Delhi; (Information as on 31st march, 1997. The vehicles included in the category of cars and tractors include 11, 706 government vehicles.

2.2.2 WATER QUALITY 2.2.2.1 WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF RIVERS 2.13 To monitor the quality of water systems regularly the ’Central Pollution Control Board’ (CPCB) has initiated two programmes, ’global environmental monitoring systems’


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(gems) and ’monitoring of Indian national aquatic resources’ (minars) in Andhra Pradesh state. The objective of the programmes is to strengthen the existing system of water monitoring and improve the validity and compatibility of water quality data. Under gems programme five surface water stations and four ground water stations in the Godavari and Krishna basin have been identified. Under minars programme 19 monitoring stations have been established on rivers Godavari, Krishna, Pennar and their tributaries. 2.14 Some of the findings of the minars programme reveal that there is presence of TDS in the entire Godavari and Krishna river belts. High Electrical conductivity of 740 us/cm is observed upstream of Godavari at Mancherial and about 512 us/cm is observed at Vijayawada in Krishna River. The ph range is 6.5 to 8.5 for all classes of water and 6.0 to 9.0 for ’c’ class water as per water quality criteria standards. The observation ranges from 7.2 to 8.5 along Godavari and Krishna belts. Hence the water is slightly alkaline in nature. Alkalinity values are higher upstream of the Godavari river. Osmotic pressure in all monitoring stations of Godavari and Krishna rivers is satisfactory. 2.15 In India there are certain norms and water quality criterion that that may be considered for maintaining the quality of water resources. Table 2.4 shows the primary water quality criteria for designated best usage.

Table 2.4: Primary water quality criteria for designated best use practice Designated-best-use Class of

water Criteria

Drinking water source without conventional treatment but after disinfection A

�� Total coliforms organism mpn/100ml shall be 50 or less

�� Ph between 6.5 and 8.5 �� Dissolved oxygen 6mg/l or more �� Biochemical oxygen demand 5 days 20oc 2mg/l or

less Outdoor bathing (organized)

B


�� Ph between 6.5 and 8.5 �� Dissolved oxygen 5mg/l or more �� Biochemical oxygen demand 5 days 20oc 3mg/l or

less Drinking water source after conventional treatment and Disinfection C


�� Ph between 6 to 9 �� Dissolved oxygen 4mg/l or more �� Biochemical oxygen demand 5 days 20oc 3mg/l or

less Propagation of wild life and fisheries D

�� Ph between 6.5 to 8.5 �� Dissolved oxygen 4mg/l or more �� Free ammonia (as n) 1.2 mg/l or less

Irrigation, industrial cooling, controlled waste disposal

E

�� Ph between 6.0 to 8.5 �� Electrical conductivity at 25oc micro mhos/cm max.

2250 �� Sodium absorption ratio max 26 �� Boron max. 2mg/l

2.16 Table – 2.5 shows the comparative water quality status of rivers, lakes and tanks in Andhra Pradesh. The high values of turbidity indicate heavy soil erosion in the catchment’s areas. The world health organization guidelines for potable waters in terms of turbidity are five NTU as permissible and 25 NTU as excessive. In all the rivers in Andhra Pradesh at almost all the monitoring stations, the turbidity value exceeds permissible limits. During rainy season it exceeds the excessive limits. The values are within the satisfactory limits in other seasons.


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Table – 2.5: Comparative water quality status of Andhra Pradesh

Rivers, Lakes and Tanks (1998 – 2001)

Sl no Location Desired

class

Water quality

status in 1998**

Water quality status in 2000**

Water quality

status in 2000#

Water quality status in 2001#

Godavari River 1 Mancherial C D B B B2 Polavaram C B D D D3 Rajahmundry u/s C C D D C4 Rajahmundry d/s C D D C DManjeera River 5 Raipally C D B C C6 Shivampet C - - C CManair 7 Somanpally C D B C CKrishna River 8 Thangadi C - - C C9 Gadwal C - B C C10 Srisailam C D D C B11 Wadapally C D B C C12 Vedadri C - - C B13 Keesara C C B C C14 Jaggaiahpet C C C C C15 Amaravathi C - - C B16 Vijayawada C C C B17 Hamsaladeevi C - - C DThungabhadra 18 Manthralayam C - - C C19 Bavapuram A B D D CMusi River 20 Musi u/s E D B C C21 Musi d/s E E E E DPennar River 22 Unganoor C D D D C23 Pushpagiri E E D D C24 Siddavatam C D C D C25 Somasila C D D C CNagavali River 26 Nagavali C B D C CLakes & Tanks 27 Tummalacheruvu C D B C C28 Dharmasagar C D - D C29 Bibinagar tank C E D D30 Hussain sagar lake C - D D D31 Himayathsagar C - - * C32 Saoornagar lake C - - D D33 Pulicat lake C - - D C34 Kistareddypet tank C - - * D35 Gandigudem tank C - - * DNote: * Data insufficient for water quality Assessment: ** As per CPCB annual report - Status not available # As per APPCB water quality assessment.

2.2.2.2 ACTION PLAN FOR RIVERS: NATIONAL RIVER CONSERVATION PLAN (NRCP)

2.17 Those stretches of rivers that are badly polluted were included in the NRCP. NRCP, more than being a river-cleaning programme, is a long-term plan that would eventually lead to conservation of rivers. The project is entirely funded by the central government.


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Box – 2.2: Cases of ground water contaminationA study conducted by Central Ground Water Board in Hyderabad revealed that, the bulk drug producing and chemical industries located in and around L B Nagar, Uppal, Bolaram, Jeedimetla, Sanathnagar and Balanagar areas are causing adverse effect on ground water quality. The color and chemical constituents of ground water from the surrounding areas of the chemical industries is generally beyond desirable limits. In a similar study conducted by CGWB in Visakhapatnam it was found that the industrial effluents released on ground have the greatest potential of polluting ground water. The study shows that the effluents travel downward till they reachwater table and move laterally. Due to heavy rainfall the matter is further washed down to reach the water table.

Box – 2.3: Indian National Trust for Art, Culture and Heritage (INTACH)

INTACH, a wholly autonomous non-Governmental Organization was set up in 1984 has been working in the urban areas tocreate awareness among the public for the preservation of heritage, by acting as a pressure group whenever any part of it is threatened by damage or destruction arising out of private acts or public policy. Along with the help of Hyderabad Urban Development Authority (HUDA) this NGO is listing of monuments has been undertaken in Hyderabad and other Districts. INTACH has in 1996 introduced the heritage awards scheme with a view to encourage the maintenance of heritage buildings. INTACH has been organizing workshops and video presentations on cultural heritage issues.

2.18 NRCP essentially addresses pollution load from sewer systems of town and cities and works towards intercepting and diverting sewage, setting up Sewerage Treatment Plants (STP), electric crematoria, low-cost sanitation, river front development, afforestation and solid waste management. 2.19 As per the pollution load from industries flowing into rivers, the responsibility for ensuring that industries - whether large scale or small scale - meet pollution standards is that of the State Pollution Control Boards (SPCB) and not that of NRCP. NRCP can, however, ask heavily polluting industries to either install Effluent Treatment Plants (ETP) or shut down, although it makes no financial provision for setting up ETPs. 2.20 A perusal of funds released so far indicates that most funds have been released for river front development, crematoria, and low cost sanitation. Land acquisition, interception and diversion schemes have not taken off at the same rate due to land disputes. 2.21 According to the 'citizens’ report', "changes in the sanitation technology have not been considered in the NRCP. These omissions are serious if the plan is to become the backbone of the country's sanitation for the next quarter-to-half century. The present sanitation technology ignores the possibility of using urban wastes as agricultural inputs, such as manure and wastewater for irrigation, even as it becomes a major source of river pollution. As a result, schemes under NRCP may only perpetuate wasteful technologies. 2.2.2.3 WATER POLLUTION Ground water pollution 2.22 Ground water is highly susceptible to contamination because of human activity. The leaching of surface materials also pollutes the ground water. Due to urbanization and industrialization large volumes of solid wastes and sewerage are discharged on the land without any treatment. They seep into ground, leading to pollution. This is indicated mostly by the high concentration of EC, nitrates, and chlorides in the ground water.

2.2.3 CULTURAL PROPERTY 2.23 There are 32 State Archeological Department recognized and 2 Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) recognized Heritage structures in Andhra Pradesh. While the recognition criterion for both these organizations is guided by a consistent principle of conserving built heritage, the


Rev.21May09 27

difference lies in the monument referring to importance in the national heritage or regional heritage. Some efforts for conserving heritage in Andhra Pradesh have been made by other individual organizations like Indian National Trust for Art Culture and Heritage (INTACH) and Hyderabad Urban Development Authority (HUDA) such as the listing the heritage structures in Hyderabad and introduction of INTACH Heritage Awards. 2.24 With regard to the cultural heritage and cultural property management the following steps been observed for consideration for better management of these issues.

Î There is a significant lack of follow-up and funding for the effective functioning of the various GOs in favour of heritage conservation

Î Accountability is an issue with no diminishing stakeholders. Î One of the major issues that have adversely affected the agenda of the archaeology

department is the shifting of its mantle from the higher education department to that of tourism & culture.

Î Repudiation of the urban arts commission into planning considerations resulting in unilateralism of the government

Î Lack of appropriate ownership Î Sensitivity or identification of the general public with the culture of the region is

not nurtured/ addressed Î Incentive approach to heritage conservation not considered Î Regulations and orders lack appropriate administrative framework.

2.25 Urban local bodies being more powerful and resourceful, from the administration point of view should be given the ownership of heritage structures so that any proposed development will also be in conjunction with conservation requirements. 2.3 URBANIZATION TRENDS IN ANDHRA PRADESH 2.26 The State of Andhra Pradesh came into existence in 1956, as a result of reorganization the states Act of 1956. The state with an area of 275, 068 sq. Km and is the fifth largest in the Indian union both in terms of area and population and ranks tenth in terms of its urban population. Since independence, considerable attention has been paid to the development of large, medium and small-scale industries in the districts of the state. This has resulted in the tremendous growth of urban population over the years. 2.3.1 URBAN POPULATION TRENDS 2.27 As per 2001 census data, the population of India is estimated 102.70 crores. Out of this 27.78 per cent, namely 28.53 crores lived in urban areas. With regard to Andhra Pradesh, the total population in 2001 is estimated at around 7.57 crores, with 2.05 crores –27.08 per cent living in cities and towns. When observed across India the three most urbanized states are Goa, Mizoram and Tamilnadu, with 49.77 percent, 79.50 percent and 43.86 percent of their population living in urban areas respectively. Among the southern states, Tamilnadu is the most urbanized, followed by Karnataka (33.98%), Andhra Pradesh 27.08% and Kerala 25.97%. 2.28 At the time of the 1901 census, 9.65 of the total population in Andhra Pradesh lived in cities and towns as against 10.84% for India. The pace of urbanization in the


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Andhra Pradesh between 1901 and 2001 has more or less followed the pattern for the country as a whole. At the 2001 census the proportion of population living in urban areas in the state stood at 27.08 % compared to 27.78 % for the country. Table 2.6 shows the trends in urbanization in Andhra Pradesh for the period 1901-2001.

Table – 2.6: Trends in urbanization in Andhra Pradesh 1901 – 2001 Census

year Total number of

UAs/towns Total

population Total urban population

Percent of urban population

Growth in urban population (%)

1901 116 19065921 1839750 9.65 -1911 133 21447412 2165095 10.09 17.68 1921 153 21420448 2187317 10.21 1.03 1931 176 24203573 2694147 11.13 23.17 1941 212 27289340 3665928 13.43 36.07 1951 291 31115259 5420325 17.42 47.86 1961 223 35983447 6274508 17.44 15.76 1971 224 (4UAs) 43502708 8402527 19.31 33.92 1981 252 (4UAs) 53549673 12487576 23.32 48.62 1991 264 (15UAs) 66508008 17887126 26.89 43.24 2001 210 (37UAs) 75727541 20503597 27.08 14.63

Source: census of India, series-29 Andhra Pradesh – provisional population totals, paper-2 of 2001.

2.29 Table 2.7 shows the comparative pace of urbanization for Andhra Pradesh and India for 1901-2001. It can be seen from the table that, the pace of urbanization in Andhra Pradesh when compared to that of the total country does not show much difference and the pace is more or less similar to that of at the national level.

Table – 2.7: Pace of urbanization (% of urban population to total population) for India and Andhra Pradesh 1901-2001

Census year India Andhra Pradesh 1901 10.84 9.65 1911 10.29 10.09 1921 11.18 10.21 1931 11.99 11.13 1941 13.86 13.43 1951 17.29 17.42 1961 17.97 17.44 1971 19.91 19.31 1981 23.34 23.32 1991 25.71 26.89 2001 27.78 27.08


2.30 The urban areas in Andhra Pradesh include municipal corporations, municipalities, Nagar Panchayat, cantonment boards, etc. In addition to these “statutory towns”, two more urban units are recognized by the census organization, one known as census towns and outgrowths respectively. The villages satisfying the following criteria are treated as census towns:

Î It should contain a minimum population of 5000 Î At least 75 per cent of the male working population should be engaged in non-

agricultural pursuits; and Î Density of population should be 400 persons per square kilometers

2.31 An outgrowth is a village or a part thereof, which is immediately adjacent to a town and has urban characteristics but does not qualify to be a census town. A continuous urban spread consisting of a core statutory town and adjoining outgrowths or two or more physically contiguous towns together with their outgrowth, if any is called an Urban


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Agglomeration (UA). Table 2.8 shows the number of UAs and towns in Andhra Pradesh in 2001 grouped into different size classes.

Table – 2.8: Classification of urban agglomerations/cities/towns according to size-class in Andhra Pradesh Class Population range No. of UAs and towns

Class I 100000 and above 28 UAs and 11 towns Class II 50000 – 99999 8 UAs and 35 towns Class III 20000 – 49999 1 UAs and 45 towns Class IV 10000 – 19999 23 towns Class V 5000 – 9999 20 towns Class VI Less than 5000 2 towns All classes 37 UAs and 136 towns Source: census of India, series-29 Andhra Pradesh – provisional population totals, paper-2 of 2001.

2.32 Table 2.9 shows the distribution of population by size class of UAs and towns for the period 1901-2001. It reflects the increasing concentration of population in agglomerations with more than 1 lakh population.

Table – 2.9: Distribution of population by size class of towns in Andhra Pradesh 1901-2001 (No. in lakhs) Census year Class I Class II Class III Class IV Class V Class VI

1901 4.48 0 4.22 5.51 4.17 01911 5.02 1.12 4.32 5.93 5.10 0.13 1921 4.05 1.71 4.54 5.71 5.26 0.57 1931 4.66 5.09 3.57 7.34 5.47 0.78 1941 7.39 7.39 5.67 7.26 8.83 0.09 1951 18.07 7.43 8.69 10.54 8.21 12.40 1961 27.63 5.93 14.23 9.49 5.42 0.02 1971 41.50 11.59 17.67 10.34 2.74 0.15 1981 70.09 20.08 24.24 8.75 1.53 0.14 1991 119.81 22.46 29.47 5.88 1.13 0.08 2001 154.40 28.59 17.11 3.46 1.38 0.07


2.33 The data on the pattern of urbanization in Andhra Pradesh suggests that the state is not a highly urbanized state. Empirical evidence suggests that the rate of urbanization goes up significantly as the threshold level of 25-30 percent is reached. Higher urbanization and concentration of population are bound to be associated with more problems in the cities and town, especially congestion and shortage of civic services and infrastructure. These call for proper planning and building of capacity for managing growth and civic service delivery. 2.34 Other Demographic details to the latest could not be detailed due to unavailability but details of the 1991 census are presented. Out of the total population of 66.5 millions as per 1991 census in the State, the population of children 0-14 age group was 36.02 per cent of the total population. The Population of age groups 60 and above according to the census was 6.80. The dependency ratio is generally defined as the ratio of persons in dependent ages (0-14 and 60+) to the persons in economically productive age groups (15-59). In the State as a whole the dependency ratio was worked out to be 0.75 in 1991 Census. 2.35 More than any other demographic factor, the composition of the working force can convey a picture of the way of life of the people and their economic and social Organization. But from the demographic, point of view, the composition of the working force of a population is of major importance, for several economic and social characteristics of a population are more or less dependent on it. Apart from this is provides an index of economic development.


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2.36 The working population in 1991 was 299.63 lakhs forming 45.05 per cent of the total population. The percentage of male working population was 55.48 per cent in 1991 as against 57.68 in 1981. The work participation rate in the State (45.05) is far ahead of the work participation rate of All India (38.03). The proportion of cultivators among total main workers has declined from 32.72 per cent in 1981 to 27.74 percent in 1991. The 5 per cent decrease in the proportion of cultivators has almost been made up by 4 per cent in the proportion of agricultural labourers, which has increased from 36.79 per cent to 40.86 per cent. 2.3.2 EMPLOYMENT SITUATION 2.37 Under the Employment Market Information (EMI) Scheme, information is collected form Public Sector establishments and non-agricultural establishments employing 10 or more workers in the Primary Sector. Whereas data from all the establishments in the primary sector employing 25 or more persons were obtained statutorily under the provisions of the Employment Exchanges (Compulsory Notification of Vacancies) Act, 1959. The data from non-agricultural establishments engaging 10 to 24 persons in the primary sector are collected on a voluntary basis. The Employment Market Information Scheme does not cover defence establishments, self-employed persons and establishments in the Private Sector employing less than 10 employees. 2.38 According to the EMI data, there were 20,195 establishments in the organized sector in Andhra Pradesh at the end of March 2000 employing 20.72 lakhs persons. Out of these establishments 13651 establishments were in the Public Sector and 6544 Establishments were in the Private Sector. The total employment in the organized sector in Andhra Pradesh under EMI Scheme increased from 20.50 lakhs at the end of March 1999 to 20.72 lakhs at the end of March 2000. Out of the total employment in the organized sector at the end of March 2000, Public Sector accounted for 15.03 lakhs and the remaining 5.69 lakh were employed in private sector. 2.39 During the period January to October 2000, a total no. of 3,10,315 candidates have enrolled their names at the employment exchanges in the state. During this period 9682 vacancies were notified to the employment exchanges, of which 4610 placements were effected accounting for 47.6 percent of the notification of vacancies. The total number of applicants on the live register of employment exchanges in the State as at the end of October 2000 stood at 31.32 lakhs. The educated unemployed in the State during this period were 27.72 lakhs and the rest 3.60 lakhs unskilled. 2.3.2.1 EMPLOYMENT ASSURANCE SCHEME 2.40 This scheme is also implemented on cost sharing basis between Centre and state Governments in the ratio of 75:25. The primary objective of the scheme is to provide gainful employment during the lean agricultural season in manual work to all able-bodied adults in rural areas who are in need and who are desirous of work but cannot find any. The secondary objective is the creation of economic infrastructure and Community assets for sustained employment and development. During the year 1999-2000 an amount of Rs.14595.07 lakhs was incurred (up to March’2000).


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2.3.2.2 CHIEF MINISTER’S EMPOWERMENT OF YOUTH 2.41 Chief Minister’s Empowerment of Youth (CMEY) Programme an important sub-scheme of Youth Policy, containing various welfare measures for the youth of the State launched with effect from December 1,1996, has been initially taken up for implementation in two villages per mandal covering all the rural mandals of the State. Considering the over-whelming response received from the youth of the State and taking into account the demand from several youth associations of all other villages and urban areas of the State, the CMEY programme had been extended to all the rural as well as urban areas in the State.

Table 2.10: Employment opportunities created under the CMEY programme Year Youth Associations Employment opportunities (in

lakh youth) 1996-1997 7122 0.57 1997-1998 - -1999-2000 17743 1.42 2000-2001 16560 1.32

2.42 Based on the experience gained in the implementation of the CMEY during the years 1996-2000 and in view of the periodical survey report, it has been decided to launch Yuva Shakthi programme from 2000-2001 with amendments and improvements to the erstwhile CMEY programme throughout the state. Table 2.10 shows the employment opportunities created under CMEY programme. 2.3.3 LITERACY 2.43 One of the most important characteristics of population is literacy, which is a prerequisite for the overall development of the country, both socially and economically. The literacy rate for Andhra Pradesh as per the provisional population works out to 61.11 percent in 2001 as against 44.09 percent in 1991. The corresponding all India figures are 65.38 for 2001 and 52.21 in 1991. Among the males the literacy rate is around 70.85 as against 51.17 among females. When looking at the literacy rates in the urban areas the literacy rate among urban males is 83.21 as against 69.34 among urban females. What needs to be observed is that the literacy rate of Andhra Pradesh is lower than the all India literacy rate and the difference in the literacy rate in the rural and the urban between the male and female is very wide. 2.44 With regard to the literacy rates in the municipal corporations Warangal Municipal Corporation ranks first with a literacy rate of 81.63 percent followed by Vijayawada with 80.68%. Among the municipalities the least literacy rate has been recorded the least (72.41%) in the Kurnool municipality. 2.45 The number of Primary schools in the state increased from 32556 in 1959-60 to 555398 in 1990-2000, while the Upper Primary schools increased from 817 in 1959-60 to 9530 in 1999-2000 and High Schools from 994 in 1959-60 to 9659 in 1999-2000. The enrolment of children in primary schools increased from 28.06 lakhs in1959-60 to 91.12 lakhs in 1999-2000, in Upper Primary Schools from 2.69 lakhs in 1959-60 to 19.62 lakhs in 1999-2000 and in the High schools from 2.21 lakhs in 1959.60 to 18.95 lakhs in 1999-2000. The Gross enrolment ratio in primary schools in the state has increased from 64.12 in 1959.60 to 96.89 in 1998-99. As regards the dropouts it is more than 40 per cent.


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2.46 The number of teachers in the primary schools increased from 0.77 lakhs in 1959-60 to 1.37 lakhs in 1999-2000. Whereas in upper primary schools, it has increased from 7737 in 1959-60 to 69117 in 1999-2000 and in High Schools from 22193 to 1.23 lakhs respectively. 2.3.4 URBANIZATION AND POVERTY 2.47 Urbanization brings in its wake, a multitude of problems affecting the quality of life of people living in the urban areas. Relatively speaking, though the quality of life is better in urban areas when compared to rural areas, there is much to be desired on various parameters. More importantly, urbanization puts extreme pressure on urban local bodies both in terms of governance as well as provision of services including basic needs like housing, water, sanitation, education, health etc., which affect the quality of life of the urban people. One major problem reflecting in the urban area is poverty because of scarcity of land or because of non-availability of developed land or because of excessive land costs. The migrants settle down on whatever land is available either belonging to the government or private agencies, leading to formation of slums and blighted areas. Though not all those living in these slums are poor, a majority of them can be categorized as poor while some of them are extremely poor. 2.48 Levels of poverty are compounded based on the caloric requirements of the rural and urban people. Based on this, the planning commission estimated in 1987-88 that about 25 percent of the urban people in Andhra Pradesh live below the poverty line. However, the expert group under the chairmanship of Prof. Lakadawala, constituted by the planning commission, government of India, however, estimated that about 42 percent of the urban people in Andhra Pradesh are living below the poverty line. 2.3.5 VULNERABLE GROUPS 2.49 In a BPL survey conducted by the Directorate of Municipal Administration in 1997-1998, in Andhra Pradesh, when observed across the towns and municipal corporations, indicates that around 35,39,292 people are living under the poverty line compared to the total population of around 1,78,79,067. The total percentage of BPL population in these towns is around 19.87 with Class – III towns having the highest BPL population with 37.05 percent followed by Class – II (24.77%). The percentage of BPL population in the Class – I towns (17.82%) and the Municipal Corporations (17.01) is more or less equal. With regard to the number of alums in the tows and the corporations it is seen that the highest number of slums are in the Class – I towns (1739), followed by Municipal Corporations (1527), Class – II (1447) and Class – III towns (639) and the slum population is the highest in the Municipal Corporations (20,63,806). Table 2.11 gives the details of BPL and slum population status in Andhra Pradesh.

Table – 2.11: Population Below Poverty Line, No. of slums & slum population

Category Population 2001

Population below poverty line 1997

% of BPL population

No. of slums Slum population 1998

Class – I 6647108 1184415 17.82 1739 1625781

Class – II 3142115 778365 24.77 1447 1209800

Class – III 1059032 392411 37.05 639 467362


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Table – 2.11: Population Below Poverty Line, No. of slums & slum population

Category Population 2001

Population below poverty line 1997

% of BPL population

No. of slums Slum population 1998

M. Corporation 6960812 1184101 17.01 1527 2063806

Total 17809067 3539292 19.87 5352 5366749

Source: Directorate of Municipal Administration; BPL survey 1998; Census, 2001 Note: Since the provisional 2001 Census does not provide the slum population and the BPL population, the most recently available data has been shown in this table.

2.50 Table – 2.12 gives the details of the other vulnerable groups in the urban areas. Of the total population of the people below poverty line the total population of women is around 23.57 percent. The total Scheduled Caste (9.71%), Scheduled Tribe (2.67%) and Disabled persons (1.89%) population when compared to women is very low. When observed across the towns and municipal corporations the population of women and the Scheduled castes who fall below the poverty line does not vary much. The Scheduled Tribe population however is considerable high in the Class – I (3.15%), Class – II (5.12%) and Class – III (4.23%) towns when compared to the municipal corporations (0.01%). The population of disabled persons in higher (4.22%) in the Class – II towns when compared to other categories listed in the table.

Table – 2.12: Composition of population below poverty line

No. and percentage of population below poverty line Women SC ST Disabled

Category Population below poverty line 1997

No. % No. % No. % No. %Class – I 1184415 372080 31.41 175601 14.82 37272 3.15 30640 2.59 Class – II 778365 283734 36.45 112133 14.41 40567 5.21 32865 4.22 Class – III 392411 132760 33.83 53151 13.54 16613 4.23 3063 0.78 M. Corporation 1184101 45743 3.86 2628 0.22 150 0.01 468 0.04 Total 3539292 834317 23.57 343513 9.71 94602 2.67 67036 1.89 Source: Directorate of Municipal Administration, BPL survey, 1997 Note: Since the provisional 2001 census does not provide the slum population and the BPL population, the most recently available data has been shown in this table.

2.3.5.1 WOMEN IN URBAN ANDHRA PRADESH 2.51 Gender equality is an ideal being actively promoted by the Government of Andhra Pradesh. Recognition of the need to improve the status of women and to promote their potential role in development is an issue of human rights and social justice. Investment in women is now recognized as crucial to achieving sustainable development. Economic analyses recognize that low levels of education and training, poor health and nutritional status, and limited access to resources not only depress the quality of life of a woman, but also limit productivity, and hinder the efficiency and growth of the economy as a whole. In view of this, an attempt is made to review some of the initiatives undertaken by the Government of Andhra Pradesh. Vision 2020 2.52 Vision 2020 is the guiding policy document for the Government of Andhra Pradesh. It states that empowering women is critical to achieving the transition to development. Therefore, empowering women, by building awareness of gender issues and providing them with education, health and employment opportunities, is central to the achievement of the Vision 2020 goals. However, Vision 2020 does not give many details of how initiatives for empowering women are to be implemented. The only initiative that receives some attention is the reproductive health of women and girls The activities


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suggested to improve women’s health are the setting up of mobile health units and have visiting female gynaecologists provide for those women who cannot visit either the primary health centres or referral hospitals. Other issues, such as education and employment, are not addressed. Integrated Child Development Services 2.53 In Andhra Pradesh the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) programme addresses the nutritional needs of the pre-school child and the pregnant and nursing mother and some pre-school education needs. In poor areas, committees have been established of mothers and caters - that is nursery nurses or kindergarten teachers - to identify the needs of mother and child in that area and to supervise the use of resources offered to the community. The World Bank has supported the programme and the programme now covers approximately nearly half of the potential target population. This intervention is generally acclaimed as a success. Girl Child 2.54 To improve the female / male ratio the Department has a range of interventions to support the girl child’s right to life, education and livelihood opportunities. These interventions include the Girl Protection Scheme, the Girl Safety and Development Programme, the Adolescent Girl Safety and Development Programme. The interventions offer, inter alia, financial support to girls in the BPL population at key stages in their lives and skills training opportunities. Mobilization - Women’s Agency 2.55 A manifestation of the increasing focus by government on women is the increase in the number of development schemes aimed specifically at women. These include different kinds of skills training, credit programmes, and employment schemes - referred to as income generating schemes when they are for women. 2.56 The Constitution 74th (Amendment) Act, 1992 envisages a critical role for elected municipal governments in the provision of basic services to the residents. The Act incorporates a 12th Schedule containing an illustrative list of municipal functions. Slum improvement, slum up-gradation and urban poverty alleviation are considered as legitimate functions of the municipal authorities. The Government of India has taken up a large number of programs in the urban and rural sector and launched Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY) in 1997 to cover the urban poor. 2.57 SJSRY had specific guidelines for identifying beneficiaries for specific loan assistance for income generation under the scheme and its main focus was economic empowerment. It prescribed the appointment of a Community Organizer (CO) for every 2000 families, and a Project Officer (PO) in charge of an Urban Poverty Eradication Cell to be set up in every municipality. Community Structures were first set up under the Urban Basic Services Program (UBSP) in1992, but the SJSRY made it mandatory for every municipality to set up an elaborate community structure starting at the slum level and ending in the formation of an apex body at town level called the Community Development Society (CDS). The CDS is a formal association of the Neighbourhood Committees


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(NHGs) in a town. The conveners of the NHG committees must be women Resident Community Volunteers (RCVs) from BPL families. The CDS may set themselves up as Thrift and Credit societies to encourage community savings, as also other group activities. However, they may also be set up separate from the CDS as well. 2.58 The CDS as it is structured in Andhra Pradesh at present, engages in mobilizing women into the thrift and credit program and there are a large number of these groups in the towns today. The T&C program is envisaged to offer large numbers of women an opportunity to forge an identity for themselves, and to provide a platform for them to interface with officials of the government and municipalities in towns. A mandated sum of Rs. 30/- is supposed to be saved by the members every month and the savings have to be deposited in a bank. They receive revolving fund from the government and the money is lent to members for various purposes. This program is designed with the concept of “self-help” where women are self-reliant without being dependent on the moneylenders for personal and productive loans. DWCUA 2.59 This scheme is distinguished by the special incentive extended to urban poor women who decide to set up self-employment ventures in a group as opposed to individual effort. Groups of urban poor women take up an economic activity suited to their skill, training, aptitude, and local conditions. Besides generation of income, this group strategy shall strive to empower the urban poor women by making them independent, while providing a facilitating atmosphere for self-employment. To be eligible for subsidy under this scheme, the DWCUA group should consist of a minimum of 10 urban poor women. Before starting income generating activity the group members get to know each other well, understand the group strategy, and also recognize the strength and potential of each member of the group. The group selects an organizer from amongst the members. The group also selects its own activity. As far as possible, activities are selected out of an identified shelf of projects for that area maintained by the town Urban Poverty Eradication Cell. Issues for Discussion 2.60 The review of the gender literature undertaken for this section suggests that the discussion on gender has not transcended beyond women as consumers of programs and agents for implementing programs. There is a tendency, even though the term gender is commonly substituted for ‘women,’ for organizations professing to have a gender perspective, to be organizations working with women, but without clearly articulated goals to address gender relations or to work towards long term institutional or social change in women’s interests. Focusing on working with women also tends to lead to a homogenization of women’s interests across religion, caste, class and other differences. Some mainstream programs and projects are attempting to improve their gender sensitivity by increasing the proportion of women beneficiaries rather than by rethinking existing programs. 2.61 Empowerment is seen as possible through social mobilization of women into self-help groups (SHGs). Empowerment is envisaged as a collective process where women mobilize themselves into self-help groups and strengthen their ‘livelihoods’ and


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‘capacities.’ Major development programmes in Andhra – Andhra Pradesh Rural Livelihoods Project (APRLP), Andhra Pradesh Rural Poverty Reduction Program (APRPRP) focus on social ‘mobilization,’ that is, mobilizing women through self-help groups. The notion of self-help started with the success of SEWA in Ahmedabad and it has spread rapidly. Today, most of the development programs work with SHGs, whether it is for the allotment of Community Investment Funds (CIF) by APRPRP, or Watershed contract works to SHGs in Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP), or for the allotment of infrastructure works in the urban programmes to CDS members in APUSP, and for the Rice Credit Line (RCL- APRPRP). A strategy for women must ensure that the involvement of women is leading to their empowerment and it is not merely adding to the double burden of work within and outside home. Situational Analysis of Women in Andhra Pradesh 2.62 In the earlier studies conducted under APUSP with communities, especially in towns like Adoni, Tenali and Vijayanagaram it is found that most women, from poor communities were found engaged in low productive and wage earning occupations as house maids, rag pickers, sanitation workers, beedi/agarbatti workers and other home-based labour, and as vegetable, flower, and fruit vendors. These occupations are characterized by long work hours and poor conditions, often detrimental to the health of the workers. Self-employed workers lack managerial and negotiating skills, and confidence in the market place. The meagre earnings and savings of these women are rarely adequate for productive investments and only address the immediate needs of the family. The following were the findings, which also throw light on the access to various facilities to women in urban areas. 2.63 It is well established that poverty has a differential impact on men and women. Both poor men and women are denied access to education, health services, skills, employment opportunities, and most often own no assets like housing and land. However, women suffer additionally from social insecurity in domestic and public spheres, and the double burden of productive and reproductive labour. It is evident from the field survey that women from disadvantaged groups, such as dalits, tribals and muslims, are the worst affected by poverty. In order to understand women’s issues in any given context it is necessary to look at a) productive labour b) access to resources c) security d) reproductive labour and e) mobilization. Access to Resources 2.64 Increasing access to human resources such as health, education and skills; tangible resources such as money and assets; and intangible resources, such as information, contacts and solidarity, is an essential element of any anti-poverty strategy. Health 2.65 Lack of health care is a major issue of concern for poor women. Urban Health Centres are focused on primary and maternal health and childcare. Discussions with women doctors, NGOs, and women from the communities showed that the needs of adolescent girls and the general health of women of all ages are not addressed by the


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health care system. The doctors also pointed out that anaemia and gynaecological infections have become endemic. Literacy and Education 2.66 Discussions with the women in the community, CDS, and women councilors revealed the necessity for adult literacy programmes. The tradition of taking girls out of school after puberty still continues and is also an issue that needs attention. 2.67 There is a marked change in the community’s thinking regarding children’s education. This is evident from the field survey where several women expressed their desire for good quality education for children. In some instances women talked about the poor standards of education in municipal schools and their inability to send children to ‘good’ private schools. It was evident from the discussions that when people earn better wages one of their first investment priorities is their children’s education. Municipal schools cater to the education needs of children from poor families, but lack basic facilities like toilets and drinking water. There is a shortage of teachers in the schools. The municipal school in Adoni, for example, has only one teacher for 120 children. Skills 2.68 Skill acquirement through training had been possible for a selected few, but in most cases there has been no follow up. Interviewees considered that training programmes are never taken to their logical conclusions. Potential beneficiaries are informed of the various schemes but do not know how they actually function. Often, the problem with schemes seems to be the limited number of places available. Credit 2.69 In almost all the towns visited women talked about their inability to access credit for productive purposes. With a few exceptions, the DWCUA groups reported unsuccessful attempts at getting credit from banks. This was despite the support and recommendation of Government officials and politicians. Security 2.70 Discussions with women revealed that social insecurity of single women is high. Domestic violence is a major concern for women in all the towns. According to the Municipal Standing Council of Adoni, 70% of poor women are victims of domestic violence. The incidence of domestic violence was reported across class and caste in several interviews. 2.71 Women face both economic and social insecurity. In the absence of stable wage employment, women often shoulder the burden of providing for and managing households. The incidence of women-managed households is estimated at 25 to 30 per cent. The reasons for women slipping into poverty and remaining in poverty are varied and include desertion, migration, death of husband, and, in many instances, male unemployment. Their vulnerability increases with ill health, domestic violence and lack


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of access to support systems. Sexual harassment was an issue that could not be openly discussed and in a few instances, the discussion on sexual harassment revealed the problems experienced by single women. Mobilization 2.72 Mobilization of poor women in urban areas started with the introduction of the UBSP programme in 1992 in 16 towns in Andhra Pradesh. The programme opened up a space for women in slums to mobilize and articulate the need for community resources like water and sanitation. As part of UBSP, aniyatara vidya kendras were established for adult education, enabling women to express their needs in the community. Under UBSP, the issue of community participation acquired a new dimension. Participation of women in the ward sabhas increased to 50 to 70 per cent (Source: Personal interview: Municipal Standing Counsel, Adoni -APUSP). The community’s awareness of various government schemes has increased. The programmes enhanced the level of confidence in women and helped them enter into the public sphere. Poor women appeared before the government functionaries to express their needs, something that had never happened before. Today poor women interface with officials of various line departments. The interaction ranges from availing widow’s pensions, registering thrift and credit groups, to participating in government programs like janmabhoomi, pulse polio, neerumiru, akshara vijayam, clean and green. 2.73 Women were also mobilized and given training in agarbathi making, cane furniture making, embroidery, tailoring, mirror work etc. However, there is dissatisfaction expressed in several towns regarding lack of follow up and efforts to provide credit links and market support. As a result, many of those who received the training remain unengaged in income earning activities. As part of the programme, community centres were constructed, which played a crucial role in bringing women together and getting them involved in activities. The women of Santhi Nagar slum in Vijayanagaram still carry the spirit of the programme. 2.74 The study also indicates that in the six towns visited under the study there are 5,590 T&C groups and 120 DWCUA groups formed by women. Discussions with women in the towns revealed that women from dalit and tribal settlements still remain largely outside the programme. They are too poor to save consistently to be part of the T&C groups. For the functioning groups, access to subsidies of a thousand rupees per member in the form of a revolving fund provides an opportunity for accessing schemes such as gas connections. The T&C groups are successful in providing small personal loans for consumption and during times of illness. Though the T&C groups seem to have given an identity for women in the community, they have not yet succeeded in getting the groups on to better positions of assertion and organization. 2.3.5.2 BACKWARD CLASSES 2.75 In Andhra Pradesh, backward classes constitute a little over 37 per cent of the State population of 746 lakhs (projected to 1998). More importantly a near 66 percent of the BC population or 187 lakhs fall under 63 Communities pursing traditional activities as cattle and sheep rearing, toddy tapping, earth works, fishing, weaving, goldsmiths, black smithy,


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brass smith, carpentry, stone carving, laundry, pottery, oil pressing, basketry, hair dressing, tailoring and dyeing etc. Access to Education 2.76 To enable better educational facilities to the backward classes the state government has opened various hostel and boarding facilities in the urban areas and the rural areas. BC hostels are opened for providing free boarding and lodging to enable BC students to pursue their studies. They are also paid scholarships and specific steps have been taken to girl children. All these hostels have a combination of 76 percent BC Classes, 10 percent SC, 5 percent ST, 3 percent Minorities and 65 other castes for the purpose of social integration. 2.77 The Andhra Pradesh Backward Classes Co-operative Finance Corporation (BCCFC) implements economic support schemes for the upliftment of poor BCs who are living below poverty line. Margin money loan Up to 20 per cent of the unit cost is sanctioned to beneficiaries in the schemes tie up with Bank loans. The performance during the last five years is as follows. (Table – 2.13)

2.78 The corporation is also implementing the economic support schemes with term loan assistance of National Backward Classes Finance Development Corporation (NBCFDC), New Delhi. The progress during the last five years is as follows. 2.3.5.3 MINORITY WELFARE 2.79 India is a vast nation with the fabric of its society being inter-woven with many cultures, religions and ways of life. As a secular country, it has always been the effort of the government to carry out its entire people on the path of progress. The Government of Andhra Pradesh has always laid emphasis on the progress and empowerment of minorities. Many schemes and policies have been put in place to ensure this under the aegis of the Minorities Finance Corporation. The intricately woven cobweb of poverty, ignorance and diffidence will have to be overcome. The advancement of the minorities would require attention from various angles. The various activities that would usher in confidence among the minorities would include economic development, education eradicating a sense of discrimination promotion and development of their culture and language such as Urdu, protection and development of properties of the Wakf and Church, social and cultural development, and a focus on women’s development. 2.80 The state has set-up Moulana Azad Urdu University and has made Urdu as the Official language in 12 districts. 11 per cent of the population, as per the 1991 Census, belongs to the Minorities. A large segment of them are living below the poverty line. The share of minorities in different economic support schemes has been very low as against the

Table – 2.13: Number of Beneficiaries covered BCCFC

Year No. of beneficiaries covered

1995-96 30407

1996-97 36236

1997-98 66986

1998-99 17403

1999-2000 5482


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population proportion. The Minorities in general and the women counterparts in particular have been highly backward, both educationally and economically. In order to give exclusive attention to their problems and to find solution, in a coordinative manner, the Government announced its policies for advancement of minorities as early as in February 1996. They are as given below:

Î Government has issued orders for 10 percent representation for minorities in Housing. The District Collectors will allot houses to minorities. Orders issued for 10 percent representation for minorities in Economic Support Schemes.

Î Urdu has been declared as second official language in 8 districts of the State and representations are under consideration for Urdu as second official language in the remaining districts

Î Three I.T.I.s have been established for the minority students of which 30 percent seats reserved for girls

Î Three Polytechnics haven been established for the minority students Î A scheme called DOMUA on the lines of DWCUA is implemented for the

development of minorities in urban areas Î Construction of Shadikhanas is in progress in a phased manner duly providing

sufficient funds for execution of work at Mandal and District level through A.P.I.I.C., R&B Departments

Î The work of reconciliation if Wakf and revenue records are in progress. The matter has been discussed in the District Collectors Conference for early completion of works. The Government have decided to nominate minorities to various posts to all discretionary appointments

Î The Draft bill for providing statutory status to A.P. minorities Commission has received the assent of the Honorable President of India. A Legislative Committee on welfare of minorities has been constituted to oversee the implementation of programs for the welfare of minorities.

Î A new demand for the budget exclusively for Minorities Welfare Department has been opened

2.3.5.4 TRIBAL WELFARE 2.81 The total Tribal population of Andhra Pradesh according to 1991 Census is 41.99 lakhs constituting about 6.30 percent of the total population of the State. The Scheduled Areas extend over 31,485.34 sq.kms, which is about 11 percent of total area of the State 5936 villages distributed in Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam, East Godavari, West Godavari, Khammam, Warangal, Adilabad and Mahaboobnagar districts. There are no scheduled areas in the other districts. 2.82 There are 33 Scheduled Tribal Communities living in the State. Of the 41.99 lakhs Tribal population, 26.05 lakhs are found in the above-mentioned 9 districts. The remaining tribal population of 15.94 lakhs is distributed in the other districts. It is important to note that the tribal population in the urban areas is very minimal and most of them are in the rural towns and rural areas that are nearer to the areas protected for the tribal communities. Most of the areas inhabited by primitive tribal groups and the remote areas, institutions like ITDA and MADA are by and large lacking in necessary infrastructural facilities required for a minimum standard of living.


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2.83 The availability of infrastructure facilities in the tribal areas is far below the State and National average. As against the General Literacy rate of 44.09, the literacy rate amongst the tribal is 17.16 and amongst Tribal women it is 8.68 as per 1991 census. The poor infrastructural facilities, the overall backwardness of these areas coupled with poor literacy rate has also resulted in increased exploitation of the tribals. Government accord high priority to the accelerated development of tribals by implementing the welfare and developmental programs, which help the tribals lead a better, qualify of life in terms of health, nutrition, education and employment etc. 2.84 Education is a pre-requisite for development of any society and is therefore, given highest importance. The programmes under this sector envisage provision of incentives to students by way of free boarding and lodging for hostlers and package of incentives like supply of text-books, note-books, dresses etc. It is proposed to continue efforts of Government to improve access of tribal children to schools, measures for retaining them in the schools and to reduce drop out rates. Particular attention is being paid for providing greater access to girl children and also for encouraging higher education among girls and primitive tribals. As envisioned 912 ongoing community schools were maintained besides establishing 411 Community Schools. So far 256 schools were provided with additional accommodation and 3058 schools were provided with teaching, learning material and additional teaching, learning material. Nearly 28401 children were additionally enrolled to the schools. Further 2373 habitations were covered by enrolment drive/Kalajathas and Midday Meal Programme has covered 2360 schools. 2.85 The habitation pattern in the tribal areas has necessitated opening of Ashram schools. In sparsely populated areas, clusters of hamlets and villages are identified and ashram schools are opened. The details of number of ashram schools and strength are as follows. (Table – 2.14)

2.86 There are 505 hostels providing residential facilities for ST student during 1999-2000 with strength of 71493 boarders. The details of hostels maintained and the strength of students are given below. (Table – 2.15)

2.87 There are approximately 10 lakhs Scheduled Tribes families in Andhra Pradesh. Out of them about 5 lakh ST families live in 12403 habitations in the 9 ITDAs i.e., Seethampeta, Parvathipuram, Paderu, R.C.Varam, K.R.Puram, Bhadrachalam, Euturunagaram, Utnoor, and Srisailam. The state Government has proposed to assist 2.5 Scheduled Tribes families under various social and economic upliftment programs to be known as Chaitanyam.

Table 2.14: Ashram Schools in Andhra Pradesh

Year No. of Ashram Schools Strength (Number)

1997-98 451 74,627

1998-99 451 74,627

1999-2000 501 79,627

Source: Commissioner of Tribal Welfare, Government of A.P.

Table 2.15: Scheduled Tribe Hostels in Andhra Pradesh

Year No of Hostels Strength (number)

1996-97 505 65,202

1997-98 505 66,443

1998-99 505 66,443

1999-2000 505 71,443

Source: Commissioner of Tribal Welfare, Government of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad


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2.3.5.5 SCHEDULED CASTES 2.88 In Andhra Pradesh, the SCs constitute around 16percent of the total population, according to the 1991 census. Due to their poor economic status most of them migrate to the urban areas and a large number of the SC populations is fund in the slums in the urban areas. Most of the SCs in the towns are involved in petty works and manual labour and most of them lack access to various facilities and benefits. To overcome this, the government is addressing their problems through the Social Welfare Department. Education 2.89 As per 1991 Census the literacy rate among SCs is only 31.56 per cent against the State generally literacy rate of 44 per cent. Even though a large number of school age children among SCs are being enrolled in schools, the dropout rate of SC children in schools at primary level during 1998-99 is 51.48 per cent. Unless all the school age children are enrolled and the dropout rate is arrested, it would not be possible to improve the literacy rate on par with the general categories. The school age children from poor SC families are not being sent to school because of the tendency of some of the parents to utilize the services of their children at their tender age, in order to augment their family income. 2.90 At present there are 2210 hostels (Boys 1677 and Girls 533) in the state with sanctioned strength of 2.46 lakhs at the rate of 100 per each hostel. There has been considerable improvement in the result of 10th class in social welfare hostels. During March 2000 it was 51.89 per cent as against the state average of 54.48 per cent. This improvement could be possible due to the efforts made by the district functionaries and also due to organizing special hostels by providing special coaching in English, mathematics and science through experienced and dedicated teachers and supply of study material like work book, book banks and study magazines like “Patasala” etc. 2.91 The Government sanctioned a pilot project of the Back to School Programme for SC working children who have either never attended the school or have been dropouts and to prepare them for admission into schools depending on their age, their capacity to learn and reach the required academic standards. During 1998-99 this programme was organized in 1061 centers and coaching was given to 1,20,626 children of which 1,00,894 were admitted in schools out of which 49,872, children were provided admission in S.W/S.T./B.C.W Hotels. Since inception of the scheme 3,19,980 children were retained in schools out of 4,10,471 children admitted in schools. Housing 2.92 The scheme of acquisition of private land for providing house sites to SC, ST, BC and other poor people free of cost has been one of the important welfare measures undertaken by the government. So fare 10,09,723 beneficiaries have been distributed house site pattas.


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Pensions 2.93 Destitute widows whose annual income is less than Rs.1800/- and who are below 65 years of age are eligible for widow pensions. They are sanctioned Rs.50/- per month towards pension. 2.3.5.6 DISABLED WELFARE 2.94 According to 1991 Sample Survey conducted by N.S.S the population of the disabled persons (excluding Mentally Disabled) in the state was estimated at 12.72 lakhs accounting for 3 percent of total population of the state. 2.95 The Disabled Welfare Department of the Government which came into being in 1983 has been implementing schemes for the welfare, development, education and technical skills of the persons with disabilities such as orthapaedically disabled, visually disabled, hearing impaired, mentally disabled and leprosy cured persons. Education being the main concern around 41 homes and hostels, 11 residential schools are being run by the Department. 2.96 Government of Andhra Pradesh has released two policy documents for disabled people viz. Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities (Cheyutha 1998-2000) and State Action Plan for Persons with Disabilities on Welfare of Disabled covering all provision made in the persons with Disabilities Act, 1995. Under special recruitment drives launched in the year 1992 in order to fill up 3 per cent vacancies reserved for disabled, as many as 694 posts in different cadres have been filled up with persons with disabilities. 2.97 For the first time in the country, the State of Andhra Pradesh has introduced welfare programmes for disabled persons “Cheyutha” on mass scale in 7th and 13th round of Janmabhoomi programmes and assets worth Rs, 21.42 crores were distributed towards supply of aids and appliances, marriage incentive awards, unemployment allowance, scholarships, Economic Rehabilitation Scheme besides conducting surgical corrections. 2.98 At present 41 homes and hostels and 11 residential schools are functioning in the state with a sanctioned strength of 3050 boarders / inmates. Free boarding and lodging facilities are provided to the boarders and inmates. They are also provided with various facilities from books to other required facilities with scholarships. 2.3.6 STRUCTURE OF ECONOMY 2.99 Table 2.16 shows the percentage contribution of various sectors to the Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) in Andhra Pradesh. As may be seen the share of agriculture and allied activities in GSDP is gradually decreasing while that for the tertiary sector is on a rising trend. Judging by international experiences, employment is bound to shift from agriculture to manufacturing and service sectors as the inevitable structural transformation of the economy takes place. The implication is that as time proceeds with the shift in the location of economic activities, especially the concentration of services in the urban areas, there will be a shift of population from rural areas to cities and towns. The capacity of planners and policy-makers to deal with this inevitable structural transformation ought to be a matter of concern.


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Table – 2.16: Sectoral contributions in gross state domestic product (at constant 1993-94 prices) Andhra Pradesh

1993-2001

Sl. No Industry classification 1993-94 1995-96 1997-98 1999-2000 (R)

2001-2002 (Q)

1 2 3 5 7 9 11 1 Primary sector

1.1 Agriculture 24.62 21.97 17.16 17.79 17.15 1.2 Livestock 5.49 6.04 5.94 6.27 7.09 1.3 Forestry & logging 1.16 1.07 0.98 0.93 0.87 1.4 Fishing 2.03 1.97 2.08 2.32 2.47 1.5 Mining & quarrying 2.44 2.26 2.52 2.62 2.79

Sub total: primary (1.1 to 1.5) 35.73 33.32 28.68 29.94 30.37 2 Secondary sector

2.1 Manufacturing 2.2 Registered 9.82 10.36 11.00 9.85 8.93 2.3 Un-registered 4.65 5.33 5.52 5.00 4.93

2.4 Electricity, gas & water supply

2.49 2.69 2.84 2.92 2.67

2.5 Construction 4.96 5.17 5.66 5.71 5.96 Sub total: secondary (2.1 to 2.5) 21.92 23.55 25.02 23.48 22.49

3 Tertiary sector 3.1 Trade, hotel & restaurants 13.07 13.59 13.59 13.42 12.98

3.2 Transport, storage & communications

3.3 Railways 1.55 1.58 1.74 1.58 1.58

3.4 Transport by other means & storage 3.88 3.93 4.05 3.84 3.85

3.5 Communications 1.08 1.23 1.73 2.07 2.53

3.6 Financing, insurance, real estate & business service

3.7 Banking & insurance 3.53 3.89 4.84 5.06 4.82

3.8 Real estate, ownership of dwellings & business service 6.61 6.41 6.75 6.65 6.81

3.9 Community, social & personal services

3.10 Public administration 4.32 4.32 4.63 4.83 5.05 3.11 Other services 8.30 8.19 8.97 9.13 9.51

Sub total: tertiary (3.1 to 3.11)

42.35 43.14 46.30 46.58 47.14

R: revise estimates Q: quick estimates Source: State Domestic Product of Andhra Pradesh (1993-94 to 2001-2002), Directorate of Economics & Statistics, and Government of Andhra Pradesh, 2003.

2.3.7 AGGLOMERATION & CONGESTION 2.100 It is generally agreed that the proximity of firms, individuals and institutions, made possible by urbanization, gives rise to agglomeration economies. These economies play an important role in reducing the costs of new firms as they enter the manufacturing and service worlds. Urban economists distinguish between two types of agglomeration economies: localization and urbanization. Localization economies arise from the co-location of firms in the same industry or local concentration of a particular activity. They are external to firms but internal to the industry concerned. Urbanization economies occur from the increased scale of the entire urban economy. They are external to both firms and industry. 2.101 Localization economies in urban areas result from the backward and forward linkages between economic activities. When the scale of an activity expands, the production of many intermediate services: financial, legal, consultancy, repairs and parts, advertising, etc., which feed on such activity, become profitable. Activities like banking and insurance are known for economies of scale. One obvious agglomeration advantage is


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the reduction in transportation and communication costs due to geographical proximity. There are many other important economies associated with urbanization. For example, the concentration of workers with a variety of special skills may lead to labour market economies through a reduction in recruitment and training costs to firms. 2.102 Urbanization economies result due to the concentration of population leading to larger, nearer and more diverse markets, enabling greater division of labour. These economies occur to all firms located in an urban area and not limited to any particular group. A large concentration of firms and individuals results in the reduction of goods delivery and transaction costs, benefits of face-to-face contact, sharing of risks and access to wider choices. Larger urban areas often provide better matching of skills to jobs and reduce the job search costs. The provision of urban infrastructure and services: water supply, sewerage, transport, solid waste management etc. involves economies of scale and these facilities become financially viable only if the tax-sharing population exceeds a certain threshold. Cities offer returns to scale, scope and sharing. 2.103 The economies from urbanization are, however, not without limitations. The disadvantages of agglomeration - known as congestion diseconomies - include shortage and high cost of housing, overcrowding, traffic congestion, environmental pollution, deterioration in civic services, poverty, crime, social unrest, etc. Appropriate polices are required to minimize and effectively manage these congestion diseconomies. These may include effective urban population control, regulation and management of urban growth, deconcentration and decongestion programmes and better municipal management. 2.104 The presence of external economies of agglomeration and external diseconomies of congestion suggest a need for internalizing the benefits and costs of urbanization though planned development. The process of urbanization cannot be stopped and any attempt to control the same is bound to fail as seen from international experience. Given this fact, building the capacity of urban institutions to plan for and manage growth is important. The main planks of urban policy perhaps should be the exploitation of agglomeration economies, augmentation and sustaining of the high productivity of cities, minimization of congestion diseconomies and effective management of the problems of urban growth, environment and poverty, which accompany urbanization. The forces of agglomeration do contain hidden resources to meet the demands of economic growth and population concentration. Urbanization poses both challenges and opportunities. 2.105 The problem of urbanization can be viewed as one of management. In this regard, the role of integrated regional and urban planning, strategy to facilitate housing and infrastructure development, effective service delivery with participatory municipal management, environmental protection and urban poverty alleviation are of critical importance. 2.4 CRITICAL URBAN AND CIVIC INFRASTRUCTURE 2.106 The growing pace of urbanization has brought in its wake an increasing demand for all types of Urban Infrastructure services. Various external funding agencies and agencies like HUDCO are significant contributors to the urban infrastructure sector. In view of this the Government of Andhra Pradesh was embarked upon works like road widening programme on important traffic corridors and “Clean and Green Programme” all


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over the State and also Since the municipal existence depends on maintaining a functioning environment of air, water, drainage, waste disposal, energy resources, transportation and communication and keeping in tune with the programs of Government of Andhra Pradesh, the Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad and other municipalities have successfully addressed this problem by utilizing the present capacities and newly introduced programmes like the APUSP etc. The following paragraphs will give a brief insight into the infrastructure in the urban areas. 2.4.1 WATER SUPPLY 2.107 In urban areas the responsibility of providing water supply and sanitation facilities is that of respective local bodies. However in the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad the responsibility lies with Hyderabad metro water supply and sewerage board (HMWS&SB). The board is in charge of water supply and sewerage systems of 169 kms of metropolitan area of Hyderabad. With the introduction of modern methods and systems the HMWS&SB, Hyderabad is in a position to undertake and implement water supply and sewerage schemes efficiently. 2.108 During 1999 in the state as whole 109 municipalities and 6 municipal corporations were covered under water supply schemes. Table – 2.17 gives the state of water supply schemes in urban towns of Andhra Pradesh from 1991 to 1999.

Table – 2.17: Status of water supply in urban towns of Andhra Pradesh 1991-99

S. No Year

No. Of municipalities /corporations

Population as per 1991 census

P.W. Schemes(in lakh gallons)

Bore wells (hand pumps) Total quantity (in lakh gallons /day)

1 1991 113 10092723 1913.028 1132.82 19230 311.52 1444.34 2 1992 113 10092723 1913.028 1209.56 19759 376.00 1585.56 3 1993 113 10092723 1913.028 1228.79 19786 401.23 1630.02 4 1994 108/4 10058428 1967.77 1210.60 20476 486.02 1696.62 5 1995 108/4 10058428 1967.77 1289.35 24881 408.55 1697.60 6 1996 108/4 10058428 1967.77 1290.37 25255 381.81 1672.18 7 1997 100/4 9130950 1848.70 1411.76 21845 332.87 1744.63 8 1998 111/4 11328624 1920.35 1284.60 27503 382.68 2152.42 9 1999 109/6 11828624 1989.41 1369.55 27256 519.89 2223.48

Source: http://www.apinfrastructure.com/urbanwatersupply.html

2.109 The present per capita water supply in the State is 18.79 gallons per day as against 22/30 per capita water supply as per national standards. Thus, there is a deficiency of water supply in the State, which is presented, in the Table – 2.18.

Table – 2.18: Deficiency of water supply in towns Level of deficiency (%) No. Of towns

75 to 100 11 50 to 75 14 25 to 50 42 Less than 25 33 No deficiency 15 Total 115 Source: http://www.apinfrastructure.com/urbanwatersupply.html

2.110 In order to improve the water supply in municipal towns, 53 water supply improvement schemes costing Rs.46990 crores have been taken up. HUDCO has recently sanctioned loan assistance for 13 water supply projects. Out of the 53 schemes about 37 have already been commissioned.


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2.4.2 SANITATION 2.4.2.1 MUNICIPAL SEWAGE 2.111 With the exception of major towns like Hyderabad, Secunderabad, Visakhapatnam, Vijayawada and Tirupati, most of the towns are not provided with sewerage and pollution of the water bodies and the ground through untreated sewage is a common sight. In fact even, major towns like Hyderabad, and Secunderabad do not have total coverage of sewer and only 1/3 of sewage water is treated while the remaining water flows into Musi River causing heavy pollution. The total length of the sewerage in the Hyderabad city is about 1629 kms. The present sewage system covers about 70% of the jurisdiction of MCH and a small portion of L.B. Nagar municipality. The remaining eight municipalities do not have any ground sewage system. 2.112 The main sewage treatment plant for Hyderabad is at Amberpet, which is designed for an average flow of 115 MLD (25 mgd peak flow). Another STP is installed beside the Hussainsagar with a maximum capacity of 30 MLD. The STP at Amberpet is also being upgraded for better sewerage treatment. 2.4.3 SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL 2.113 Another area under the urban local bodies is the solid waste management. The present status of solid waste management infrastructure in all urban local bodies in Andhra Pradesh is presented in the Table – 2.19.

Table – 2.19: Status of solid waste management infrastructure in urban local bodies of Andhra Pradesh No urban local bodies 110 municipalities and 7 municipal corporations Area under jurisdiction 3100 sq.km 1991 population 175 lakhs Present estimated population (30% over 1991 pop.) 227.5 lakhs Garbage generation /day (0.5kg/capita/day) 11755 m.t. Garbage lifted/day 10460 m.t. Existing traditional garbage containers 26,138 No. Of garbage collection vehicles available 889 no’s No. Of urban local bodies having dump yards 51 No. Of urban local bodies with inadequate dump yards 31 No. Of urban local bodies having no dump yards 36 No. Of urban local bodies having compost plant 1 corporation (Vijayawada) No. Of urban local bodies having no compost plants 115 No. Of urban local bodies having transfer-transport facility 1 (MCH) No. Of urban local bodies having waste to energy plants 1 (MCH) Source: http://www.apinfrastructure.com/urbansolidwaste.html

2.114 Most of the urban local bodies have to up-grade their existing infrastructure in order to comply with the rules and require substantial capital investment, which is very difficult to be met from internal resources. Hence additional resources have to be made available to all the urban local bodies to enable them to modernize solid waste management in all municipalities and municipal corporations to improve the over all sanitation and hygiene and also to reduce adverse environmental impact. Plan of action for improvement of municipal solid waste to ensure compliance of legal obligations by the municipal local authorities and to facilitate the achievement of “healthy Cities”, the following areas are to be modernized.


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2.115 The waste collection and storage lies at the very hub of municipal waste management and hence the bins must be appropriately designed with features like metallic containers with lid, and to have large capacity to accommodate 20% more than the expected waste generation in the area, with design for mechanical loading and un-loading, placement at appropriate locations etc. 2.116 The collection and transportation constitutes 80 to 95% of total budget of solid waste management, hence it forms key component in determining the economics of whole waste management. Besides other factors like collection and transportation time, routing, the design and carrying capacity of vehicles, types of bins will have bearing effect on the efficient waste management system. It is preferable to use vehicles having mechanical loading system and with closed system of having no dust/smell nuisance during the transportation. The relay centers are to be adopted in the municipalities where the distance between collection and disposal facility is more than 6 to 8 kilometers for economic efficiency. This process is aimed at minimization of waste for disposal and conservation of exhaustible natural resources. Lots of waste material like paper, metals, glass bottles, thick plastics, textiles is recycled through informal system of rag pickers. This can be more strengthened by following systematic waste management procedures and private sector participation. All organic/biodegradable wastes are first to be composted by microbial and / or vermi-composting for stabilization of waste and also minimization for final disposal. 2.117 In municipal solid waste management, regardless of the method of processing, the final process, the final disposal called "land fill" is mandatory. Many of the wastes are directly disposed on land, the open dumping and burning of such dumps contribute to release of green house gases, water and air pollution and provide food, harborage and breeding ground for vector insects and rodents. Therefore, an acceptable alternative to the present poor practices of land disposal has been the "sanitary land fill" which is an engineered method of disposing the waste in thin layers, compacting them to the smallest particle volume, and covering them with soil each working day in manner that protects the environment. 2.4.4 URBAN ROADS 2.118 Andhra Pradesh is the fourth largest state of India in terms of area and the fifth largest in terms of population. Roads form an important component of physical infrastructure to promote development and growth. An efficient transportation system is the lifeline of the economy. The status of roads therefore constitutes a significant index of the economic well being of the society. 2.119 The road density in Andhra Pradesh is 0.70 kms per one square kilometer and 293 kms per one lakh population against the all India average of 1.00 kms per one square kilometer and 389 kms per lakh population (as per 1991 census, population of Andhra Pradesh is 66.355 millions and India is around 844.324 millions). While the foregoing figures show that the density and coverage of road network is marginally lower than the national average, however internationally, it is very low compared to the developed countries of the west and developing countries in South East Asia. This indicates that the road network in Andhra Pradesh needs to be expanded and improved substantially to bring it on par with the best national and international levels.


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2.120 The share of road transportation in the total goods has increased from 22% in 1956 to more than 81% in 2000 and the passenger traffic has increased from 28% in 1956 to more than 88% in 2000 and is expected to go up further by 2020. The number of vehicles on road has also registered a phenomenal growth. There has been an annual growth rate of 9 percent to 16 percent per year, which is one of the highest in the country. From a level of 24,500 in 1956, the number of vehicles has risen to 35,97,351 in 2000 and is expected to reach 83,00,000 by 2020. Against this proliferation of vehicular growth, the road network has increased from 26,762 kms in 1956 to 1,91,175 kms in 2000. As a result of the heavy growth in vehicles and non-corresponding increase in roads, there is a tremendous pressure for expanding and developing the road network of the state. 2.121 The state has different categories and classification of roads. The national highways are maintained and developed by Government of India. Roads and Buildings Department of Government of Andhra Pradesh maintain the state highways, major district roads and other district roads. The Panchayati Raj department of the state government maintains the important rural roads. Internal roads in villages, towns and municipalities are maintained by the Urban Local Bodies. There are also certain roads, which are specific to projects and are maintained by the respective project agencies. The road network length in the state has grown from 26,762 kms in 1956 to 2,30,000 in 1999. The total length of existing road network covered in the state is indicated in the Table – 2.20. The state has an excellent rail and road network providing linkage to the various parts of the country with 5050 kms of rail route and 1,79,000 kms of roadways. In addition it has 51,000 kms of internal roads in villages, towns and cities, totaling to 2,30,000 kms. With regard to the urban roads the total length of road network maintained by the municipalities and the municipal corporation in the state for 10,595 and 7,160 respectively.

Table – 2.20: Existing road network in Andhra Pradesh S.no. Type of roads Length in kms

R & B roads -- 1 National highways 3,967 2 State highways 8,763 3 Major district roads 26,482 4 Z.P. Taken over village roads 28,488

Total road length under R&B 67,700 5 Rural or village roads maintained by Panchayati Raj department. 86,109

6 Internal roads in villages and towns 51,000 7 Urban roads maintained by municipalities. 10,595 8 Urban roads maintained by municipal corporations. 7,160 9 Project roads, others 7,436

Grand total road length in the state 2,30,000 kms

2.122 Apart from the above, government of India have launched a mega-city scheme to improve the civic infrastructure in six designated cities. As per the funding norm the of Government of India which is 25 percent, the state government is also providing 25 percent of the funds for such projects while the balance 50% has to be mobilized by the implementing civic agency. For the implementation of the Hyderabad mega-city scheme, the municipal corporation of Hyderabad (MCH) is working along with Hyderabad urban development authority (HUDA) and Hyderabad metro water supply and sewerage board (HMWS&SB). The government of Andhra Pradesh has also launched upon a massive road-widening programme for important high-density corridors. One of the key programmes is the decongestion of the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad which


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includes road widening, development of link roads, improvement of road junctions, installation of traffic signals, proper street lighting, etc. 2.4.5 URBAN TRANSPORT 2.123 The population boom has put a premium on all facilities available in cities. Transport is no exception. The urban shift has only compounded the problem. With cities becoming centers of all major activity, be it in the industry or service sectors, there is an unprecedented demand on the transport sector. Both public and private transport has grown tremendously in the last few decades. The outcome is the higher transport densities moving to and from centralized pockets for employment and education. As public transport falls woefully short of the demand, private transport is thought to be the answer. This is reflected in the increase in private vehicles on the road - motorcycles, scooters and jeeps have registered a steep increase in their numbers among all categories of vehicles. 2.124 In the absence of better rail and mass transit facilities, these individual transport media slow down per-person kilometers traveled. They also add large quantities of un-burnt hydrocarbons, lead particulate and smaller quantities of carbon monoxide to the city-air. This happens due to the leaded petrol as also adulterated fuel-use mostly through two-stroke engines in three-wheelers. This polluted air gets into Andhra Pradesh lungs and is supposed to be a major cause of many respiratory problems. 2.125 Andhra Pradesh state has a large number of vehicles, both transport and non-transport vehicles. In the coastal Andhra region, Krishna district tops the list in the total number of transport vehicles and motorcars on road. About 28.38 percent of the total vehicles in Andhra region are found in Krishna district. One third of the total cars also run in Krishna district. Vizianagaram accounts for the least number of vehicles at 2919 transport vehicles and in motorcars, Srikakulam has the least number with just 417 motorcars on roll and road as on march 31, 1997. 2.126 In the Rayalaseema region, Chittoor has the largest number of transport vehicles and Kurnool the largest number of motorcars. Cuddapah has the least in both the categories. In Telangana, Hyderabad tops the list of vehicles of both categories at 52 percent for transport vehicles and 79 percent of motorcars, followed by Rangareddy district at 7.79 percent and 8.73 percent. The least number of transport cars are found in Adilabad district (1.77%) which also has the least number of motor cars (0.31%) followed by Mahaboobnagar at 2.82 percent Nalgonda district also has the least number of motor cars at 0.55 percent only. 2.4.6 HOUSING 2.127 Andhra Pradesh ranks first in the country in construction of the houses for the poor. A.P. State Housing Corporation Ltd. (APSHCL) was established in 1979 to formulate, promote and execute housing schemes for the Weaker Sections of the society in the State of A.P. The decision to construct permanent houses in the place of hutments scheme implemented under ‘sites and services’ programme in 1983 is an important milestone in Weaker Sections Housing Scheme (WSHS) in Andhra Pradesh. With the humble beginning of construction of 1.54 lakhs houses in 1983 the Corporation reached a


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significant level of 3.75 lakhs units during 1998-99. The Corporation has constructed a total of 52.31 lakhs houses within a limited span of 12 years. 2.128 There are various other facilities that are provided in the urban areas for the development and emancipation of the people. These facilities become important as the urban poor mostly access them. The facilities include the basic amenities like, guesthouses, community halls in the localities, marriage halls etc. Other infrastructure includes burial grounds, reading rooms and libraries, compost yards etc. With regard to the health facilities, the urban authorities are responsible for the provision of health facilities through government health hospitals and clinics and municipal dispensaries and other health facilities maintained by them. Similarly the municipalities and corporations are also vested with provision of educational facilities like municipal and government schools, which are important for the development of the people in the urban areas. The tables with data on basic amenities, health facilities, educational facilities, water supply, roads, sanitation, street lighting, markets, recreation and area density are annexed as Annexure – VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, XIII, XIV, XV and XVI respectively.


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REVIEW OF POLICY ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK

3.1 INTRODUCTION

3.1 The policies, legal provisions and the administrative frameworks provide the context within which the urban development projects need to be implemented. The social development programmes and projects implemented in the urban areas and legislations pertaining to urban issues such as urban planning, urban development, municipal services, acquisitions of land, resettlement and rehabilitation etc., were reviewed to establish an understanding of the prospects and limitations of the prevailing policy and regulatory environment and to link them with the upcoming reforms and investments in the urban sector. The review included secondary literature on urban issues, laws and legislations passed by the state and central governments, reports and documents provided by various departments in the state of Andhra Pradesh. Other precedent and ongoing project documents like the MAPPs under APUSP and other Social and Environmental Studies like Gujarat Sectoral Social and Environmental Assessment and Social and Environmental Management Framework Study, reports of Tamilnadu Urban Development Project etc., were also reviewed. Table 3.1 gives the policies, acts and programmes included under review for social section:

Table – 3.1: Reviewed policies, legal and administrative frameworks and programmes-Social section Policies Legal and Administrative

Frameworks Programmes

Social Section ¾� The Five Year Plans ¾� Vision 2020 of Government of

Andhra Pradesh ¾� Vision 2021 of Government of

India ¾� R&R policy of Andhra Pradesh,

2005 (Irrigation Dept.) ¾� R&R Policy of Andhra Pradesh

2005 as amended in 2008 for road sector projects (TR&B Dept.)

¾� Social Safeguard Policy of Andhra Pradesh Transmission Corporation Limited (AP TRANSCO)

¾� World Bank Operational Policy 4.12 on involuntary Resettlement

¾� World Bank Operational Policy 4.10 on Indigenous people

¾� National R&R Policy ¾� National Slum Upgrading Policy

¾�Andhra Pradesh Municipalities Act, 1965

¾�Andhra Pradesh Town Planning Act, 1920

¾�The Andhra Pradesh Municipal Corporations Act, 1994

¾�The Hyderabad Municipal Corporations Act, 1955

¾�The Andhra Pradesh Urban Areas (Development) Act, 1975

¾� The Andhra Pradesh Infrastructure Development-Enabling Act, 2001

¾� Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Act, 1976

¾�Land Acquisition Act, 1894 as amended in 1984

¾� The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act

¾� The Twelfth Schedule of the Constitution (Article 243W)

¾� Andhra Pradesh Urban Services for Poor (APUSP)

¾� Environmental Improvement of Urban Slums (EIUS)

¾� Nehru Rozgar Yojana (NRY)

¾� Prime Minister’s Integrated Urban Poverty Eradication Programme (PMIUPEP)

¾� Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY)

¾� Integrated Development for Small and Medium Towns (IDSMT)

¾� Integrated Low Cost Sanitation (ILCS)

¾� Urban Basis Services for the Poor (UBSP)

3.2 The Table 3.2 gives the policies, acts and programmes included under review for the environmental section:

3


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Table – 3.2: Reviewed policies, legal and administrative frameworks and programmes-Environmental Section Policies Legal and Administrative Frameworks Programmes

Environment Section ¾� World Bank

Operational Policy Note 11.03 (Cultural property)

¾� Environmental policy of TRANSCO

¾� World Bank Operational Policy 4.01(Environmental Assessment of projects)

¾� World Bank Operational Policy 4.36 (Forests)

¾� World Bank Operational Policy 4.09 (Pest Management)

¾�The Environment Protection Act, 1986 ¾�The national environment appellate Act, 1997 ¾�Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977,

including Rules ¾�Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 as

amended in 1978 and 1988 ¾�Water, Land and Tree Act 2002 ¾�The Air (Prevention and control of Pollution) Act, 1991. ¾�Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 – as amended in 1988 ¾�Wildlife Protection Act-as amended in 1972 ¾�Notification on Coastal Regulation Zone, 1991 ¾�The Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling)

Rules, 2000 ¾�The Bio Medical Waste management ¾�The Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules,

1989 ¾�The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act The Twelfth Schedule of the Constitution (Article 243W)

¾� State Environmental Action Programme

3.2 SOCIAL SECTION 3.2.1 POLICIES 3.2.1.1 URBAN SECTOR AND THE NATIONAL FIVE-YEAR PLANS 3.3 National Policies provides the directions and form the basis for formulation of programmes. The urban sector has, however, not been provided with any National Policy but the national five-year plans reflect the general directions being followed by the central and state governments. An appraisal of the programmes and occasional policy statements in the five-year plans deserve an analysis for the study. First and Second Five Year Plans 3.4 The first and second five-year plans were for the most part dominated by the problems of agricultural and industrial development, and urbanization by and large does not appear as a problem worthy of attention. Nevertheless, the first two plans did witness the establishment of institutions for the study of urban problems at the national level and also for the training of manpower in this area. 3.5 In the first plan, there is no reference to urban policy. However, the plan did recognize the acute shortage of housing and the rapidly rising land prices in metropolitan areas. It recommended a model act for controlling land prices in urban areas, on which no action was ever taken. On the positive side, the first plan period (1951-56) saw massive house construction and land development activity, particularly in Delhi, where several refugee resettlement colonies were established. The response to the refugee problem underlined government policy towards urban housing and land development. 3.6 By the end of the first five-year plan several institutional set-ups were introduced. A new Ministry of Works and Housing was first established and later renamed as the Ministry of Urban Affairs. The National Buildings Organization was established to design


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low cost housing. The School of Planning and Architecture in Delhi and a regional and town-planning department at the Indian Institute of Technology at Kharagpur were established to train personnel in town and country planning. The Town and Country Planning Organization was also established in 1957 to provide advice and policy guidance to the central and state governments on urban problems. 3.7 The second plan recognized the need for planned development of cities and towns and also for an integrated approach to rural and urban planning in a regional framework. However, despite the grandiloquent statement, nothing concrete was contemplated or suggested. The Delhi Master Plan was prepared towards the end of the second plan, being the first of its kind in India. The Delhi Development Authority was set up to implement the master plan by an act of Parliament. This, of course, was a major step in initiating city planning and its implementation in India, which later stimulated similar action in some states. Third and Fourth Five Year Plans 3.8 Urban policy appears to have received major attention in the third and fourth five year plans. The most important contribution of planning at this stage was the diffusion of the idea of town planning from the center to the states. A model state town planning act was prepared by the Town and Country Planning Organization in Delhi and this led to the enactment of laws in all states. As a result, most states established town-planning departments to cope with the problems of urbanization within the state. 3.9 The third plan specifically recognized the role of industrialization in urban development. It advocated a policy aimed at the establishment of new industries away from big cities but establishing in industrially backward districts and in the smaller cities and towns, which had no industry at all. A variety of incentives, in the form of lower taxation, subsidies for infrastructure, assistance in land acquisition, provision of electricity, roads and so on, were offered. All this, in a small way, contributed to the dispersal of industries towards the cities with one lakh population. 3.10 The third five-year plan made financial provisions for the preparation of master plans for cities and towns in the states. Nearly 400 master plans were prepared as a result of this step. Apart from this, the third plan also made massive contributions to the building of state capitals, necessitated by the reorganization of states in 1956; thus, Gandhinagar in Gujarat, Bhubaneshwar in Orissa, Dispur in Assam, and Bhopal in Madhya Pradesh received specific grants for the construction of new townships. The third plan also initiated urban community development schemes in selected cities on experimental basis to solve social and human problems associated with urban slums. This marked a major departure from the earlier approach of slum clearance or slum Improvement. 3.11 The fourth plan, while discontinuing the aid given to the states for the preparation of master plans, recognized the problem of financing urban development schemes. Towards this end, it established an agency Housing and Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO) to provide the funds for metropolitan authorities, state housing boards and other urban institutions to finance schemes for the construction of houses in urban areas. Direct grants were also given to cities with acute problems, such as Kolkata.


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3.12 The fourth plan also laid considerable stress on the improvement of the administrative structure in cities and towns. It advised the state governments to create planning and development authorities for the larger cities and directed them to give more funds to the municipal bodies. Apart from this, it also made a plea for an urban land policy at the state level. According to the plan document the land policy should aim at:

1. Optimum use of the land 2. Making land available for weaker sections 3. Reducing or preventing the concentration of land ownership, rising land values,

and speculation on land, and 4. Allowing land to be used as a resource for financing the implementation of city

development plans. Fifth and Sixth Five-Year Plans 3.13 Fifth and sixth plans have shown increasing recognition for urban problems and the urban poor and have offered more financial incentives to the states for solving the problems of the under-privileged. The fifth plan, for the first time, had the most detailed statement on urban problems and laid down the objectives of its urbanization policy:

1. To augment civic services in urban centers 2. To tackle the problems of metropolitan cities on a regional basis 3. To promote the development of small towns and new urban centers 4. To assist interstate projects or metropolitan projects, and 5. To support industrial townships under government undertakings.

3.14 The major objectives mentioned in the plan appeared contradictory. While small towns were to be encouraged, the plan also wanted to develop metropolitan cities and the major share of the funds was actually allocated to a few metropolitan cities. The fifth plan also suggested steps to achieve the objectives set out in its policy statement. These included:

1. Differential taxes on urban land depending on various uses; higher taxes on vacant land to discourage speculation; higher taxes on land under non-conforming uses to encourage redevelopment;

2. Taxes for mopping up unearned increments in the value of land by means of a recurring tax on capital value of land and property, enhanced stamp duty on sale and transfer of property; conversion tax on change in land-use; and betterment levy on private land owners for indirect benefits accruing to them from development schemes.

3.15 However, not all the suggestions listed above found favour with the state legislatures. For example, the Urban Land (Ceilings and Legislation) Act 1976 aims at a ceiling on the ownership of vacant land in urban agglomerations, but it has numerous loopholes, which make it impractical to implement. 3.16 The sixth plan for the first time took note of regional variations in the levels of urban development. In particular, it noted the low levels of urbanization in the states of


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Bihar, Orissa and Assam and the high levels of urbanization in Gujarat, Maharashtra and Tamilnadu. It did not, however, suggest how the problems of regional disparity were to be tackled. The sixth plan emphasized the role of the small towns in promoting rural development through their function as growth centers. It advocated that the thrust of urbanization policy during the decade should be the provision of adequate infrastructural and other facilities to the small, medium and intermediate towns. Towards this end, a number of schemes were outlined. Two hundred towns were to be identified for integrated development in various states. Grants were to be provided for the development of water supply schemes in 550 towns in the country and sewage projects were to be financed in 110 towns. The plan noted that out of the 3,119 towns, only 118 had sewage facilities, while 1,029 towns did not have a piped water supply system. The plan thus recognized the basic problems of towns and cities and the unsatisfactory conditions existing in them. Seventh Five-Year Plan 3.17 The seventh plan stressed the need for the integrated development of small and medium towns and the need for slowing down the growth of metropolitan cities. Towards this end, the plan envisaged greater private industrial investment in small and medium towns to draw the population away from the larger cities. 3.18 The second major thrust in the seventh plan is the strengthening of municipal administration and municipal tax laws. The plan, while noting the poor state of municipal administration, advises the state governments to give more funds to municipalities. Further, it suggests for land acquisition in concentric rings around cities for urban uses and resale at appropriate times for generating finance, and also to prevent a rapid rise in land values. In addition, the plan would like the city planners to alter the norms and standards for physical planning, keeping in view the social realities of India and in particular the needs of the poor. It also emphasizes the need to look into the problems of the minorities, reflecting the growing concern about communal riots in a number of cities. 3.19 The one major contribution of the seventh plan is the creation of the National Urban Infrastructure Development Finance Corporation, to provide capital for the development of infrastructure in small and medium towns. The seventh plan policy statements on urban development are liberal on advice to the state governments and the private sector, but deficient in terms of allocation of financial resources for urban development. The plan, however, makes it clear that rural development should get priority over urban problems. 3.20 In the following five-year plans there have been various steps that have been taken by the governments to concentrate on the urban sector. In the light of growing infrastructure gaps, especially in the small and medium towns, the Eighth Five Year Plan, laid emphasis for a sizeable outlay for urban development programs, which could take care of growing problems of large, medium and small towns. The Government commenced several schemes for urban poor such as EIUS, UCD, UBS, UBSP and NRY schemes. However, given the large size of the target population these programmes could have a limited reach. The Ninth Five Year Plan emphasises on initiatives to be taken for better provision of basic urban services and improved urban management. Several new schemes were introduced to address the problems of urban infrastructure, to strengthen urban planning efforts, poverty reduction programmes and capacity building of urban local


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governments. Information Technology related programmes received a significant thrust. Based on the suggestive measures to develop the urban areas the Andhra Pradesh state government has taken steps like Supply of potable drinking water for all the households and provision of sanitation facilities. The approach in the 10th plan for Andhra Pradesh is also to cover the existing gaps and the need for capacity upgradation during the next five years to meet the increasing demands. An urgent need to critically review the existing policies and procedures to make them investor friendly, as it is crucial to public-private collaboration in infrastructure development is also discussed. Suitable policy and regulatory framework for providing transparency and accountability is also a prime concentration. Governance reforms have been considered as a critical element in the development strategy of the state in the approach paper to the Tenth Five Year Plan. Performance Monitoring and Evaluation System at all levels in the government with clear-cut goals and targets based on Vision 2020 have been devised for the urban areas. 3.21 Participation of the people has also received considerable importance in the 10th plan for the state for the successful implementation of our plan schemes and programmes. The participation of the stakeholders through their self help groups in our state has been quite successful in reducing leakages in the delivery system while creating a sense of ownership among the people benefiting from such development schemes and programmes. DWCUA, CMEY etc., are some of the programmes that have been organized for employment generation. Plans for strengthening the local bodies in the urban areas with suitable devolution of functions, functionaries and finances is also proposed and is under implementation in Andhra Pradesh. Critique of the Plans 3.22 Urban sector has been given low priority in the five-year plans. Even when its importance is admitted, the resources allocated and programmes undertaken did not commensurate with the requirement. The plans have not given adequate importance to reform the inefficient municipal administration. The need for regulating urban land values receives strong support in the fifth plan, but there is very little follow-up in the subsequent plans. However, certain aspects of the urban economy have received greater attention in the five-year plans. These are: Finance for housing; Slum clearance and improvement; Town water supply and sewerage; Urban transportation; and Preparation of city master plans and the related problems. 3.23 In all these areas, the funds allocated are indeed meagre, and even here; the major share is allocated to a few major projects in some states, while the other parts of the country hardly receive any funds. Small towns and the weaker sections received scant support, though being identified as the areas to address. The five-year plan programmes do not exhibit any comprehensive appreciation of India’s urban problems, nor do they provide a coherent framework for dealing with the increasing tempo of metropolization and the stagnation of small towns particularly in the less urbanized states. Much of the confusion on urbanization policy has to do with centre-state relations. It is high time that the states took direct initiative in this area. 3.2.1.2 VISION 2020 OF GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH


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3.24 The Andhra Pradesh Vision 2020 envisages that the state by the year 2020 will have well planned, economically productive, socially just, environmentally sustainable, culturally vibrant, friendly and safe cities and towns. The development will be planned and balanced with a focus on infrastructure and environmental management. High quality services, such as water supply, sanitation, waste management, street lighting, housing and public transport will be available to all. Participatory, responsive and people-oriented local governments will govern urban areas in the future. The salient features of the Vision 2020 in relation to urban development are as follows.

Î Balanced distribution of urban population Î Healthy and environment friendly cities (with indicators on health etc) Î Efficiency and economy in city planning i.e. lowest cost per thousand population

for roads, transportation system, communication, water sewerage etc Î Achieving maximum possible transportation Î Pollution levels to be well below permissible standards Î Protection of all urban lakes, rivers and other ecologically sensitive areas Î Urban unemployment to be minimized Î Housing shortage in urban areas to be wiped out Î Full computerization with Geographical Information System (GIS) of all urban

data on land use, transportation network, land ownership, geographical attributes, incidence of taxes and full cross-integration of each aspect.

Î Restructuring of local body administration as prescribed under 74th Constitution Amendment.

Î Maximum participation of private investment in banking the capital infrastructure as well as maintenance of urban services

Î Use of land as a resource for urban infrastructure Î Recovery of service costs through user charges Î Development of new township Î Simplification of procedures and regulations

3.2.1.3 URBAN VISION 2021 OF GOVERNMENT OF INDIA 3.25 The vision of Urban India in 2021 is that of making every urban settlement of India safe, healthy, productive and sustainable place in which every family has adequate shelter and basic services and every individual has a socially desirable minimum quality of life, with adequate employment opportunities and income. The strategy to achieve this vision will be based on principles of enablement and participation. The National and local Government will establish institutional, legislative and financial instrumentality’s that will enable the civic society to participate in achieving this vision. 3.26 A National Seminar on future cities, Urban Vision 2021 organized at New Delhi highlighted the need to develop an appropriate legal agenda to meet the challenges of urban growth the need to simplify and modernize the existing laws, which are old and outdated. These include the following:

Î Municipal Act Î Town Planning Acts Î Zoning and Building regulation, including multi-storied building regulations Î Apartment Ownership Act


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Î Rent Control Act Î Local Authorities Loans Act Î Registration Acts Î Stamps Act Î Loan relating Land Records Î Succession Laws Î Fare closure laws Î Urban Development Authority Act Î Laws relating to Housing Î Slum Clearance Acts etc.,

3.27 It was felt that new laws are needed to promote public - private participation and privatization in land development and urban infrastructure, regulation of activities of private builders and regulation of urban utility service tariffs/resolution of disputes etc. A general consensus reached at the seminar was to use urban land including Floor Space Index (FSI) as a major resource to finance urban infrastructure especially in large cities. The national seminar made specific recommendations regarding adoption of development charges, Tradable Development Right (TDR) and Purchasable Development Right and introduction of charges for the instruction/conversion of land use (if such conversion is considered necessary). Follow up action taken by Andhra Pradesh on the recommendations of national seminar on vision 202l 3.28 Various amendments have been initiated by the Andhra Pradesh State Government to include the recommendations suggested by Government of India. Some of the important highlights are as following:

Î Amendments to Section 8, Section 18, and Section 34 of AP Town Planning Act, 1920 to enable local authorities to prepare schemes for any area to regulate the development, to empower that any development coming in Master Plan Area treated as Encroachments and to give time for acquisition up to 10 years instead of 3 years have been proposed. Areas falling under Arterial Roads treated as No Development Zones.

Î Further, amendment to Section 340 of AP Municipalities Act, 1965, is under consideration, to enable the Municipality to collect higher rates of penal amount and to curb unauthorized constructions.

Î Amendment to layout rules to empower local bodies that roads and open spaces automatically stands transferred free of cost to Municipal council

Î Collection of 30% of actual cost as betterment charges to provide amenities outside layout areas

Î Conservation of rain water as there is indiscriminate exploitation of ground water 3.2.1.4 SOCIAL SAFEGUARD POLICY OF ANDHRA PRADESH (THIRD IRRIGATION

PROJECT) 3.29 The AP III Irrigation Project was taken up with the financial assistance of the World Bank to provide new irrigation under the Srisailam Right Bank Canal Project (SRBC). For the persons displaced under this project, a detailed R&R policy has been


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prepared in accordance with the guidelines of the World Bank and the same has been fully implemented. With a view to mitigate the hardships caused by the involuntary displacement under the project, including loss of income, the objective of the government has been to avoid or to minimize wherever feasible, involuntary displacement and also to explore viable alternatives for restoring the economic situation of the people. This policy can give important inputs to the present project while drafting the R&R policy for the Municipal Administration and Urban Development. Following some further refinement by the Irrigation Department and publication in 2005, this policy is equated with a “state R&R policy.” 3.2.1.5 RESETTLEMENT AND REHABILITATION POLICY OF ANDHRA PRADESH

(ANDHRA PRADESH STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT) 3.30 The Resettlement Policy of Government of Andhra Pradesh in respect of APSHP covers all the components that may arise in the construction of road network under the State Highways project. The principles of this policy are given in Box – 3.1. The main objectives of the government Resettlement Policy are outlined below:

Î Families directly and severely affected by the project shall improve or at least retain their previous standard of living, earning capacity and production levels. Affected persons will be assisted in their efforts to improve these matters.

Î Where displacement or loss of income is unavoidable, resettlement shall minimize dependency, and be sustainable socially, economically and institutionally.

Î It shall be ensured that, where there is any disturbance and or displacement, social and cultural values will be maintained.

Î Particular support shall be given to most vulnerable groups of the society.

Box – 3.1: The principles of the R&R (APSHP) ¾� Provision for resettlement for families loosing private land ¾� Provisions for families loosing access to common property resources ¾� Baseline survey of the Project affected persons ¾� Preparation of a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) ¾� Provision of assistance and compensations to the families affected ¾� Provision of relocation sites wherever necessary for the displaced people ¾� Development of adequate civic infrastructure in resettlement sites ¾� Preparation of a Tribal Development Plan to address issues pertaining to tribal populations

3.31 In 2008, the Transport, Roads and Buildings Department of the State issued some amendments to the State R&R Policy to make it applicable to (mostly) linear road sector projects. The amendments include:

• Inclusion of “affected” persons in addition to “displaced” • “Scattered” displacement • Families without legal titles to land that they are using for residence/economic

activities; these are squatters or encroachers • Non-agricultural families • Definition of a PAF as one that loses 25% of its land or 25% of its

residential/commercial structures


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• Cut off dates for legal owners, and for squatters/encroachers. The latter is pegged to the date of the social survey.

• Consultations with PAFs and PDFs • Inclusion of a time schedule in RAPs for provision of R&R entitlements. • Extension of free house/shop sites to PDFs including squatters • Provision of house construction grants to BPL PDFs including squatters

These amendments bring the 2005 policy closer to R&R for urban areas. 3.2.1.6 SOCIAL SAFEGUARD POLICY OF AP TRANSCO 3.32 The objective of ‘Social Safeguard Policy (SSP)’ of AP Transco is to resettle and rehabilitate the affected persons on account of its transmission projects in a manner that they do not suffer from adverse impacts and enable them to improve or at the minimum retain their previous standard of living, earning capacity and production levels. It is also the endeavor of AP Transco that the resettlement shall minimize dependency and be sustainable socially, economically and institutionally. The Policy also ensures that the tribal population are not disadvantaged by these development interventions and enable them to participate in the design and implementation of the programmes and also ensures the benefits intended to them are culturally compatible. The following are the key principles of AP Transco’s Policy statement. (Box – 3.2)

Box – 3.2: Key principles of Social Safeguard Policy of AP TRANSCO ¾� Avoid socially sensitive areas and areas of cultural significance ¾� Avoided involuntary resettlement by exploring all viable alternatives ¾� Persons losing private land and other properties will be compensated under the provisions of Land Acquisition

Act and additional assistance will be provided to top up at replacement cost. Those who do not have title to the land will not be compensated for land but will be assisted at replacement cost for their lost structures.

¾� All adversely affected persons including those without title to land will be assisted to improve or regain their living standards to the pre-project levels.

¾� Special attention for the improvement of living standards of marginalized and vulnerable groups. ¾� Preparation of a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) in close consultation with the affected families to ensure their

acceptability as well as timely delivery of entitlements and assistance. ¾� The entitlements will have options to enable the affected persons to choose the most suitable and least risk one. ¾� If any person’s remaining land holding becomes operationally non viable, the entire holding will be acquired and

compensated accordingly, if the PAP desires. ¾� A separate Tribal Development Plan will be prepared if there are tribal population in the project area, expected

either to be impacted with adverse impacts or considered to be among the intended beneficiaries. ¾� Participation of the affected community will be ensured at every stage of the planning, implementing and

monitoring of R&R programs by effectively using the existing social and cultural institutions. ¾� Suitable arrangements will be made to deal with grievances of the affected persons. ¾� Adequate institutional support and financial and physical resources will be provided to implement resettlement

program in most efficient and timely manner.

3.2.1.7 NATIONAL RESETTLEMENT AND REHABILITATION POLICY, 2007 3.33 A Draft National R&R policy was formulated in the year 1993 by the Ministry for Rural Development and revised in the year 1994. After a review of the draft there were many reactions from various departments of the government and also from other institutions outside the government. In view of this, a concrete decision was not taken to on the draft although it was revised in 1998. Most departments and urban local bodies continued to depend on the LA Act alone to address the issue of land acquisition and compensation. The National R&R Policy was finally enacted in 2007. Along with the AP State R&R Policy, its provisions offer some inputs for R&R in the project.


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Box 3.3A: Provisions of the National R&R Policy

Topics covered: Definitions, Social Impact Assessment (SIA): procedures and content, Appointment and powers and functions of Administrator for R&R, R&R Plan: procedures and contents, Benefits for Affected Families, Additional Benefits fro Scheduled Castes and Tribes, Amenities and Infrastructure to be provided in resettlement areas, Grievance Redressal Mechanism, Monioring and Oversight mechanisms, Information Sharing. Key Provisions include:

¾� Emphasis on minimizing displacement and non-/least-displacing alternatives; adequate and expeditious rehabilitation with participation of PAFs; improvement in living conditions and integration with development; special attention to weaker sections.

¾� Comprehensive SIA including: impacts on public amenities, measures not to be less than provided earlier, public access to SIA report, public hearings and expert group comments

¾� Single point responsibility – the Administrator ¾� R&R planning beginning with public notification of affected areas, baseline survey including its public notification

and inviting objections, notification of resettlement areas, plan paying attention to poorest families, losses of land, assets and livelihoods, and time schedule involving readiness of resettlement area prior to displacement; public hearings and involvement of panchayats; upfront payments by requiring agencies; market valuation of lands and part payment in shares (if RA is a share-based company)

¾� Benefits include free house sites or free house for BPL; financial assistance construction; and for land where available; registration of land/house in joint names of husband and wife; grants for land development, agricultural production, cattlesheds, worksheds or shops, shifting; employment, skill development, contracts, work for laborers; rehabilitation grants; allowances, pensions and transit accommodation; indexation of grants to COL increases

¾� Tribal Development Plan covering compensation for loss of access to NTFP, involvement of Tribal Councils ¾� Lengthy list of amenities to be provided with appropriate norms and ‘not less than before’ ¾� Grievance Redressal mechanisms include R&R Committees with representatives of PAFs, and an Ombudsman;

also provides for a National Monitoring Committee for all R&R, an internal oversight committee and National Rehabiitation Commssion

¾� Public sharing of all relevant information

3.2.1.8 NATIONAL SLUM UPGRADING POLICY (yet to be notified) 3.34 The main objectives of the national slum upgrading policy are the following.

Î To integrate slum settlements and the communities residing within them into the urban area as a whole by creating awareness amongst the public and in Government of the underlying principles that guide the process of slum development and improvement and the options that are available for bringing about the integration.

Î To strengthen the legal and policy framework to facilitate the process of slum development and improvement on a sustainable basis.

Î To establish a framework for involving all stakeholders for the efficient and smooth implementation of Policy objectives.

3.35 The policy tries to cover various social and environmental issues that have to be considered when designing projects and programmes, especially the slum dwellers who constitute the most vulnerable sections in the urban areas. It highlights various issues relating to land acquisition and compensations, social and environmental safeguards, Resettlement and rehabilitation, Environmental improvement, physical infrastructure developments etc., while planning projects for the urban areas and also considering the impact on the vulnerable sections that dwell in the urban slums. The R&R provisions and Land Acquisition features are given in the Box – 3.3 below.


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Box – 3.3B: Resettlement and Rehabilitation and Land Acquisition Provisions in the National Slum Upgrading Policy Land Acquisition While referring to granting of tenure and acquiring land for development of slums the policy lists that,

¾� Tenure shall be granted to all residents on tenable sites owned or acquired by government. This may include: group tenure, collective tenure, co-operative tenure etc.

¾� On lands occupied by Slums/Informal Settlements and owned by Central, State and Local government bodies, Municipal Authorities are to be designated as nodal agencies for initiating the process of resolution of disputes.

¾� To streamline and simplify the procedure to ensure the speedy acquisition of land for slums on private land categorized as Tenable.

¾� The acquisition of land from private parties should be undertaken on a negotiated basis. All the stakeholders (residents, urban local bodies, public agencies, others) may be invited to participate in the negotiation to promote transparency and equity. Compensation may include monetary contributions, sharing of land, lease of land, allocation of an alternate site etc.

Resettlement and Rehabilitation The policy states that all States/ULBs must draw up comprehensive resettlement and relocation guidelines for urban dwellers, which should ensure that:

¾� Alternatives to resettlement should be fully explored before any decision is taken to move people. ¾� Relocation distances should be minimized to reduce the impact on livelihoods. ¾� Resident dwellers must be provided with some choice of alternative sites and where feasible, an alternative

rehabilitation package. ¾� All resettlement sites should be adequately serviced and provision should be made for public transportation

prior to settlement. ¾� The livelihoods of affected people must be sufficiently compensated within a fixed period. ¾� Participation of primary stakeholders, particularly women, in planning and decision-making is a pre-requisite

for any resettlement process. ¾� Women’s particular needs and constraints must be specifically addressed. ¾� Any urban development project that leads to the involuntary resettlement of communities must make provision

to cover the costs of R & R. ¾� All stages of the resettlement process including the transition and follow-up periods should be closely

monitored and supervised by the ULB with community representatives.

3.2.1.9 SAFEGUARD POLICIES OF THE WORLD BANK – SOCIAL SECTOR 3.36 There are various policies that guide the World Bank in implementing development project, which are referred to as the Operational Policies. These provide important guidelines on various issues that are needed to implement a project on a sustainable basis and ease the project processes. In the present context the Operation Policies listed below play an important role drafting policies with regard to resettlement and rehabilitation and also management of cultural property management. Operational Policy 4.12 (Involuntary Resettlement) 3.37 The objectives of this policy are:

Î Involuntary resettlement should be avoided, where feasible/minimized & exploring all viable project designs.

Î Where not feasible to avoid resettlement, sustainable development programmes, providing sufficient investment resources to enable displaced people to share the project benefits & be consulted & have opportunities to participate in planning & implementation of resettlement programmes.

Î Displaced people are to be assisted to improve their livelihoods & at least to restore them to pre-displacement levels.


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Operational Policy 4.10 (Indigenous People) 3.38 The Directive defines Indigenous People, which may differ according to different country’s constitution, statute & legislation. Otherwise the characteristics are:

Î Close attachment to ancestral territories & to natural resources Î Self-identification & identification by others as members of a distinct cultural

group Î Indigenous language, often different from national language Î Presence of customary social & political institutions

3.39 It ensures that development process fosters full respect for indigenous people’s dignity, human rights & cultural uniqueness. It requires free, prior and informed consent of tribal people to the development project. This may not be triggered for tribals living in urban areas who do not have characteristics prescribed. 3.2.2 PROGRAMMES 3.2.2.1 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT OF URBAN SLUMS (EIUS) 3.40 This is an important programme undertaken in the Municipalities of the State for environmental improvement of urban slums. The scheme intends to secure healthy and orderly growth of slums in terms of improved communication, better drainage, adequate street lighting and sufficient water supply to weaker sections of the population such as Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST) and Backward Classes (BC) who basically migrate to urban areas to eke out their livelihood. This programme also includes the 20-point programme and the scheme is being implemented in all the Municipalities from 1974-75. Special Component Plan for Scheduled Castes under EIUS 3.41 Under this programme, slums having more than 50 percent of scheduled Castes population are being taken up for development under EIUS from 1987-88. Status and Achievements 3.42 From the beginning to its end under the EIUS programme the government has released an amount of Rs.4566.75 lakhs of which an amount of Rs.4526.25 lakhs was utilized leaving a balance of Rs.40.50 lakhs. Till date due to the programme around 15,05,435 slum dwellers have been benefited as against the target of 15,13,157. During the year 1997-98 an amount of Rs.50.00 lakhs has been provided in the Budget for the benefit of 9524 slum population. The programme is still being implemented in the urban slums. 3.2.2.2 NEHRU ROZGAR YOJANA (NRY) 3.43 The Nehru Rozgar Yojana is a centrally sponsored scheme being implemented from the year 1989-90 in all municipalities (excluding PMIUPEP towns from 1995-96) in the state for alleviation of poverty in urban areas. The principal aim of the programme is


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to provide the living conditions of the poor with special emphasis on women, Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) through providing employment opportunities to the unemployed and underemployed in the urban poor. The NRY consists of three components namely,

1. Scheme of Urban Micro Enterprises (SUME) which is implemented in all ULB to encourage the underemployed and the unemployed urban poor for setting up small micro enterprises relating to servicing and manufacturing for which there is great scope and potentiality in towns and cities. The scheme also provides training to the beneficiaries in the trades that are taken up for self-employment.

2. Scheme for Urban Wage Employment (SUWE) in the urban areas, which have a population of 20 thousand to 1 lakh. This scheme provides wage employment to poor beneficiaries by utilizing their labour for creation of socially and economically useful public assets.

3. Scheme for Housing And Shelter Upgradation (SHASU), which is applicable to all urban areas with 1 lakh to 20-lakh population. The households belonging to the economically weaker sections with emphasis on households below the poverty line.

Status and Achievements 3.44 The Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY) has replaced this programme in the year 1997. The achievements of this project implemented in Andhra Pradesh are given in the table 3.3.

Table – 3.3: Achievement of Nehru Rozgar Yojana Name of the

Scheme Component Funds Released in

lakhs Funds utilized in

lakhs Achievement

SUME 3114.79 2063.32 1,03,912 units grounded

Training and Infrastructure under (SUME and

SHASHU) 514.07 321.35 15,146 persons Trained NRY

SUWE 2631.67 2338.839 20,64,239 man days generated

Source: Departmental manual, Municipal administration, Dr. MCR HRD Institute of AP

3.2.2.3 PRIME MINISTER’S INTEGRATED URBAN POVERTY ERADICATION PROGRAMME (PMIUPEP)

3.45 This programme is intended to cover 34 Class I towns (Population being between 50,000 and 1,00,000) in Andhra Pradesh, with emphasis on improving the living conditions of the urban poor by providing them basic services like drinking water, sanitation and health, besides providing self employment opportunities. The programme also lays emphasis on strengthening the community based organization such as neighbourhood committees giving due importance to the women in urban slums. The scheme was started in Andhra Pradesh in 1995-96. The various components under the scheme are: civic infrastructure, water supply and sanitation, self-employment, shelter upgradation, skill development etc. Status and Achievement


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3.46 As in the case of NRY, the PMIUPEP has also been replaced by the SJSRY scheme introduced in the year 1997. Table 3.4 below gives the achievements of the programme implemented in the State.

Table – 3.4: Achievement of PMIUPEP Name of Scheme

Component Funds release in lakhs

Funds utilized in lakhs

Achievement

Civic infrastructure 658.22 855.10 235 works completed Low Cost Sanitation 268.25 147.22 41 units Revolving Fund 10.14 4.13 11 84 Thrift Groups formed Self Employment 617.00 54.00 684 units Shelter upgradation 171.17 6.57 85 units grounded Skill Development 180.16 118.80 4757 persons trained Water Supply 484.90 484.90 59 works completed

PMIUPEP

Basic Social 83.88 20.31 10252 Committees formed Source: Departmental manual, Municipal administration, Dr. MCR HRD Institute of AP

3.2.2.4 URBAN BASIC SERVICES FOR POOR (UBSP) 3.47 The main objective of UBSP is to enable the urban poor in slums to have access to basic social services such as non-formal education, immunization, health care, nutrition supplementation assistance to needy sections of society and also to promote communal harmony, national integration and civic consciousness. The scheme was started in 1991-92 and was implemented in 19 Municipal towns including 1 Municipal Corporation. Status and Achievement 3.48 UBSP is replaced with SJSRY, which was introduced in 1997. The programme has achieved considerable success in certain areas. Out of the total fund of Rs. 1692.81 lakhs released under this scheme around Rs. 1562.81 lakhs have been utilized for the following activities that have been undertaken.

Î Mother and Child Health Î Water, environmental sanitation and community facilities Î Education Î Special assistance to aged, handicapped and juvenile delinquents women

development Î Sports, cultural and scientific activities Î Promotion of pluralistic culture Î Communal harmony, National integration and civic consciousness

3.2.2.5 SWARNA JAYANTI SHAHARI ROZGAR YOJANA (SJSRY) 3.49 The SJSRY was introduced as a replacement and improvement over the programmes like the NRY, UBSP and PMIUPEP etc. The SJSRY is working on the framework and structures of the UBSP. It aims at developing community structures for the implementation of urban schemes. Community organizations like NHGS, NHCS and CDS shall be set up in the target areas based on the UBSP pattern. The SJSRY consists essentially of three components, namely:

1. The Urban Self Employment Programme (USEP) 2. The Urban Wage Employment Programme (UWEP) 3. Community development by participatory Management


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The Urban Self-employment Programme (USEP) 3.50 USEP have three distinct parts namely assistance to individual Urban Poor Beneficiaries and groups of Urban Poor Women for setting up gainful self employment ventures. The programme to women is called "The Scheme for Development of Women and Children in the Urban Areas (DWCUA). Urban Wage Employment Programme (UWEP) 3.51 The UWEP seek to provide wage employment to the beneficiaries living below poverty line within the jurisdiction of the Urban Local Bodies (ULB) by utilizing the labour for the construction of socially and economically useful public assets. This programme applies to ULBs with 5-lakh population. Status and achievement 3.52 Table 3.5 gives the details of the assistance made by the Government of India and Government of Andhra Pradesh under various components of SJSRY Scheme for the year 1997-98 and 1998-99. The scheme is still being continued in the urban areas and one of the important programmes, which has achieved considerable success.

Table – 3.5: Achievements of SJSRY Sl. No Name of the component 1978-1998

allocation 1998-1999 allocation

Total funds to be released

1 Community Structures 49.80 - 49.80 2 Urban Wage Employment (UWEP) 353.56 725.87 1079.43

Urban Self Employment Programme (USEP)

a) Subsidy 580.62 596.29 1176.91 b) Training 54.02 54.01 108.03

3

c) Infrastructure 5.44 108.16 113.60 Development of Women &Children in Urban Areas (DWCUA)

a) Subsidy 55.21 216.69 271.90 b) Thrift & Credit Societies 20.86 108.17 129.03

4

TOTAL 1119.54 1809.19 2928.73 Source: Departmental manual, Municipal administration, Dr. MCR HRD Institute of AP

3.2.2.6 ANDHRA PRADESH URBAN SERVICES FOR POOR (APUSP) 3.53 The Andhra Pradesh Urban Services for the Poor (APUSP) Project is a state level project with a comprehensive agenda to improve the urban poor’s accessibility to sustainable services in 32 Class 1 towns. The estimated benefits of the project are to reach around 2.2 million slum dwellers across urban Andhra Pradesh. The project aims to increase participation by primary and secondary stakeholders, integration with other governmental programmes, and building the capacity of beneficiaries, service providers and planners. The seven-year project began in mid 1999. Under the APUSP programmes preparation of the Municipal Action Plan for Poverty Reduction (MAPP) was initiated to be prepared by the municipalities which included comprehensive institutional, social, environmental and reform development plans. Based on the MAPP documents prepared


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the implementation of the programme is being carried out in the selected towns. Annexure – XVII discusses the preparation of the MAPP process. The project has three important components. 3.54 Component one focuses on municipal reforms, especially improving financial planning and implementation capacity, to enable municipalities to become more efficient and responsive to the needs of people, especially the poor. 3.55 Component two aims to supply improved environmental infrastructure - water supply, sanitation, solid waste management, drainage, roads/footpaths, and street lighting - to the poor on a sustainable basis. It targets the slums for these services and excludes town-wide services. 3.56 Component three aims to identify and undertake other poverty reduction measures with the active participation of the poor and civil society. Under this project each municipality will prepare a MAPP to define how to achieve these objectives. The plans are to be prepared in a transparent and objective manner with extensive community involvement. Micro planning exercises will be undertaken in poor settlements. 3.2.2.7 INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT FOR SMALL AND MEDIUM TOWNS (IDSMT) 3.58 Integrated Development of Small and Medium Towns (IDSMT) was introduced in sixth five-year plan in 1979-80. The IDSMT scheme has been incorporated with the main objective of slowing down the migration from rural to the urban areas and larger cities, by providing infrastructure facilities in the selected small and medium towns. The towns have been categorized into five categories based on the population of the towns. The National Commission on Urbanization has identified and desired strengthening the urban growth by improving infrastructural facilities, decentralizing economic growth and employment opportunities, increasing the availability of serviced sites, integrating special and socio-economic planning and promoting resource generation. The Directorate of Town and Country Planning is coordinating the scheme and the Andhra Pradesh Urban Finance and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited is providing institutional finance. The IDSMT Scheme is covering various areas like:

Î Sites and Services Î Development of Bus/Truck terminals Î Construction and Upgradation of Master Plans Î Solid Waste Management Î Development of City/Town Parks, Gardens, Playgrounds, Pay and Use toilets Î Slaughter houses, Markets, Marriage halls etc.

3.2.2.8 INTEGRATED LOW COST SANITATION (ILCS) 3.59 Removal of manual scavenging has been the prime objective of the scheme. The elimination process involves conversion of dry latrines into water seal pour flush latrines. Rehabilitation of the scavenger by providing alternate employment after giving the requisite training. This programme is under implementation in Andhra Pradesh State since 1982-83. The programme comprises the following schemes:


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Î Scavenging Elimination Programme Î Vimukthi Programme Î Integrated Low Cost Sanitation Programme Stage – IÎ Integrated Low cost Sanitation and Liberation of Scavengers Programme Stage – II

Scavenging Elimination Programme 3.60 The programme is assisted with central and state government funds. Fifty percent of the cost was given as grant-in-aid by Government of India and the remaining fifty per cent as interest free loan repayable in 25 installments by the State Government. This programme is under implementation in 12 Municipalities. Vimukthi Programme 3.61 This programme was launched in 1983-84. 72 Municipalities and two Cor-porations of Vijayawada and Visakhapatnam are covered under this programme: It consists of two stages:

Î Conversion of dry type latrines into sanitary type latrines of leach pit system Î Provision of new latrines for all latrine-less households in Municipal towns

including community latrines. Integrated Low Cost Sanitation and Liberation of Scavengers Programme Stage – I

3.62 The objective of the scheme is to totally eliminate manual scavenging by con-version of dry latrines into low cost sanitation units through sanitary two leach pit pour flush latrines with appropriate variations to suit local conditions. The beneficiary has to contribute for the construction of sanitary latrines depending upon his income group. Integrated Low cost Sanitation and Liberation of Scavengers Programme Stage – II 3.63 The programme envisages construction of new sanitary latrines in latrine-less households by adopting the low cost two-leach pit system. This was launched in 34 Municipalities. All households having no sanitary latrine facilities have to be covered under this programme. Status and Achievement 3.64 The status of the ILCS programme through its various components as on 1998 shows that the programme has been able to achieve considerable success. The details and achievement of each component of the ILCS programme is as follows:

Î Under the Scavenging Elimination Programme a total amount of 343.84 lacks was released by the central government along with the loan amount given by State government of Andhra Pradesh. Of the total targets of 63310 household latrines 48584 have been constructed. With regard to community latrines out of the total 1231 latrines to be constructed around 1183 physical targets has been achieved.

Î The Vimukthi programme has also under implementation and of the total 237167 household latrines to be constructed, around 1298 have been completed with the


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funds released under this programme. Around 708 community latrines have been constructed aiming a target of 1176.

Î The Integrated Low Cost Sanitation and Scavengers Elimination Programme Phase – I is being implemented in 22 municipalities across the state. Under the loan and subsidy, around 6668 household latrines and around 67 community latrines have been constructed so far for a target of 13714 and 164 respectively.

Î The Integrated Low Cost Sanitation and Scavengers Elimination Programme Phase – II has been implemented in two stages and of the total funds under the scheme, which amounts to around 5528.79 lakhs around 1012.99 lakhs, have been utilized and around construction of 471 physical targets (Community latrines and household latrines) has been achieved.

3.2.3 LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 3.2.3.1 ANDHRA PRADESH MUNICIPALITIES ACT 1965 3.65 Earlier the Municipalities in Andhra region were governed under Andhra Pradesh (Andhra area) District Municipalities Act, 1920 and the Municipalities in Telangana region were governed under Andhra Pradesh (Telangana area) District municipalities Act, 1956. With a view to securing uniformity in the laws prevailing in both the regions, the Andhra Pradesh Municipalities Act 1965 was enacted. The new act came into effect in the year 1965 and both the earlier Acts were repealed. The APM Act, 1965 comprises of 390 sections dealing with all branches of Municipal Administration. Table 3.6 shows the various schedules that have been discussed in the APM Act, 1965.

Table – 3.6: The schedules in the A.P.M.Act which envisage various functions of the municipalities Schedule-I Rules regarding proceedings of the Council Mode of transacting the business Schedule-II Taxation and Finance rules Schedule-III Building Rules Schedule-IV Purposes for which premises may not be used without a licence Schedule-V List of Infectious Diseases Schedule-VI Ordinary Penalities Schedule-VII Penalties for continuing breaches Schedule-VIII List.of Municipalities in the Andhra Area and Telangana area continued prior to 1 st April, 1961 for

which compensation towards loss of income from tolls or vehicles tax or both is payable and towards loss of income from tolls on animals, and vehicles is payable respectively.

Schedule-IX Transitional provisions

3.66 Acquisition of land is important when new infrastructure projects are implemented in the urban areas. Such an action could have adverse social impact and the APM Act 1965 addresses this issue as follows: Land acquisition under the Andhra Pradesh Municipalities Act 1965

Î Any immovable property which any municipal authority is authorized by this act to acquire or may be acquired under the provisions of the LA Act, 1894 (Central Act 1 of 1894), and on payment of the compensation awarded under the said Act in respect of such property and of any other charges incurred in acquiring it, the said property shall vest in council.

Î Where a municipality proposes to acquire any immovable property otherwise than under the provisions of the Land Acquisition Act of 1894, it shall obtain the previous approval of the District Collectors therefore, while according to his


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approval, the District Collector shall determine the value of which the property is to be acquired and every such acquisition shall be subject to the previous sanction of the government.

Andhra Pradesh Municipal Law Amendments, 1994 3.67 The Andhra Pradesh Municipalities Act has been amended through Act No.1 7 of 1994 in conformity with the provisions of constitution (74th Amendment) Act, 1992 and has come into force with effect from 1.6.1994. The key features of the amendments are as follows:

Clause 12 of Section 2: State Election Commission constituted for panchayats will also deal with Municipal Elections and the Election Commissioner to specify the "Election Authority". Clause 15-a of Section2: Finance Commission constituted by Governor for panchayats will also be the Finance Commission for Municipalities Section 2(42-a) and Sec.2A: Constitution of the Nagar Panchayats for an area in transition from Rural to Urban as per the criteria to be specified. Section 3(1): Constitution of a Municipality for a smaller urban area as per criteria to be specified, Issue of notification for specification of an area as Industrial Township. Section 3(4): Continuance of existing Municipalities with same grade, Constitution of a Municipal Corporation for a larger Urban Area.

Devolution of Functions to Urban Local Bodies 3.68 The 12th Schedule of the Constitution provides an illustrative list of municipal functions to be entrusted to Municipalities. They are 18 in number. Under the APM Act, 1965, the Municipalities are already performing the following 13 functions listed in this schedule. However the municipalities are not performing the following five functions:

1.Planning for economic and social development 2.Fire services 3.Urban forestry, protection of the environment and promotion of ecological aspects 4.Safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society, including the handicapped

and mentally retarded 5.Promotion of cultural, educational and aesthetic aspects.

3.69 Government have constituted an Expert Committee to suggest amendments to the municipal laws to bring them in conformity with the Constitution 74th Amendment Act and the Expert Committee submitted its report to the Government. The committee suggested for endowing the following additional functions to the municipal bodies.

Î Planning for economic and social development Î Urban forestry, protection of the environment and promotion of ecological aspects

3.70 The above recommendations are under consideration of the Government. However, not withstanding the formal devolution of the above functions, the municipalities in Andhra Pradesh are fully involved in town planning and urban greening activities. The


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Committee further suggested constitution of District Planning Committees and Metropolitan Planning Committees. 3.2.3.2 ANDHRA PRADESH TOWN PLANNING ACT, 1920 3.71 The Andhra Pradesh Town Planning Act of 1920 is an important act, which guides and regulates the planned development of towns and cities. It address various issues pertaining to town planning matters like laying and relaying out of land, construction, diversion, extension, alteration, improvement or closure of streets, roads and communications and construction, alteration and removal of buildings, bridges and other structures. It also addresses the issues relating to acquisition of land by purchase, exchange or any other method. It provides regulations for planned town development by laying down guidelines for disposal of land by sale, exchange or lease of land acquired or owned by the council, provision of transport facilities, water supply and drainage, lighting, construction of houses, preservation of objects and buildings of archaeological or historic importance or of natural beauty, imposition of conditions and restrictions on the character, number and architectural features of buildings etc. 3.72 Considering the importance of town planning in the planned growth of a town or a city the provisions of land acquisition and compensation under APM Act, 1920, and APTP Act, 1965, need examination of understand the its preparedness to address social impacts that may arise in the course of town planning. Both the APM Act, 1965 and the APTP Act, 1920, have provisions with regard to the acquisition of land, compensations and other social provisions. But there is a failure in the implemetation of these provisions in the towns. Achieving better implementation of the provisions of acts totally depends on the sensitivity of the town planning staff toward social issues and impacts that may arise out of land acquisition, especially while implementing the infrastrucutre projects in the urban areas. It is also noted that both the acts only consider legal land holders and fails to adress other issues pertaining to impacts on vulnerable sections like, women, aged, squatters, encroachers etc. Provision for Land Acquisition and Compensation under APTP Act 3.73 The following are the components of LA and compensation under the A.P.T.P. Act, 1920:

Î Immovable property required for the purposes of town planning scheme shall be acquired when it is needed for a public purpose through LA Act, 1894.

Î Immovable property in a town required may be acquired under the provisions of the LA Act of 1984. If the land is not acquired within three years of the notification it shall cease to have effect under the LA Act 1894 (Section 6).

Î Some of the sections in the LA Act 1894 (Sections 15, 23 and 24) with regard to land acquisition are superseded by the APTP Act, through the provision made in its Clause b of Section 33 of APTP Act 1920 (The Clause b of Section 33 of APTP Act states that the provisions in the LA Act of 1894 can be modified according to the convenience of the state government regulation). In these cases the compensations fixed by the court or the collector can be taken into consideration for payment of compensations or the market value of the land as on the date of publication of notice for acquisition.


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Î Compensation would also include damage sustained by the person interested by reason by taking of any standing crops or trees, which may be on the land at the time of taking possession of land.

Î Compensations on damages sustained by a person interested, at the time of taking possession of the land, by reason of severing such land from his other land or by reason of the acquisition injuriously affecting his other property movable or immovable in any other manner or his earnings.

Î Compensation to be paid if, in consequence of the acquisition of the land the person interested is compelled to change his residence or place of business, the reasonable expenses (if any) incidental to such change. However the compensation will not be paid to offensive industries, which must be removed under the provisions of the town-planning scheme.

Î The APTP Act also created certain provisions for the Collector and the Courts to consider with regard to the compensation under the Section 33 clause ‘b’ of the APTP Act, 1920 when the affected person approaches the Court or the District Collector for compensations (Section 35 (3) Clause ‘a’ to ‘f’).

Î In cases falling under clause ‘b’ under Section 33 of the APTP Act 1920, if the market value of any land or building is specially high by reason of the use thereof in a manner which could be restrained by any court, or is contrary to law or public policy or is detrimental to the health of the inmates of the building or to the public health, the amount of the increased value due to such use shall be disregarded in determining the amount of compensation.

3.74 The provision of various facilities to be provided under the A.P.T.P Act, 1920 is shown in Box – 3.4. These are the facilities that the municipalities have to provide in the concerned municipality for the service of the people.

BOX – 3.4: Provision of Facilities under the Andhra Pradesh Town Planning Act, 1920 According to the APTP Act 1920 a town-planning scheme provides for the following matters listed under Section 4, from Clause ‘a’ to ‘r’ a. The laying out or relaying out of land, either vacant or already built up on as building sites or for any of the

purposes for urban development. b. The construction, diversion, extension, alteration, improvement or closure of streets, roads and

communications c. The construction, alteration, removal or demolition of buildings, bridges and other structures. d. The acquisition by purchase, exchange or otherwise of any land (or other immovable property) within the area

included in the scheme whether required immediately or not e. The redistribution of boundaries and reconstitution of plots belonging to owners of property comprised in the

scheme f. The disposal by sale, exchange, lease or otherwise of land acquired or owned by the council g. Provision of transport facilities h. Provision of water supply i. Provision of lighting j. Provision of drainage inclusive of sewerage and off-surface draining and disposal k. The allotment or reservation of land for streets, roads, squares, houses, buildings for religious and charitable

purposes, open spaces, gardens, recreation grounds, schools, markets, shops, factories, hospitals, dispensaries, government and municipal buildings and public purposes of all kinds

l. Construction of houses m. Preservation of objects and buildings of archeological or historic interests or of natural beauty or actually used

for religious purposes or regarded by the public with special religious veneration n. The imposition of conditions and restrictions in regard to the character, number of architectural features,

height of buildings allowed in specified areas and the purposes to which buildings or specified areas may or may not be appropriated and the provision and maintenance of sufficient open space about buildings

o. Suspension (restriction or modification so far as may be necessary for the proper carrying out of the scheme of any provision in APTP Act, 1920, AP District Municipalities Act, 1920, AP District Boards Act, 1920 or in any rule by law or regulation made under the said acts and in force in the area included in the scheme.

p. The suspension, restriction or modification so far as may be necessary for the proper carrying out of the scheme of any provision in Andhra Pradesh Estates Land Act, 1908 affecting the conversion of holdings or portions there of into building, land in the area included in the scheme

q. The advance to the owners of the land or buildings comprised within the scheme upon such terms and conditions as may be provided by the scheme of the whole or part of the amount required for the erection of


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buildings or for the carrying out of the works, alterations or improvements in accordance with the scheme. r. Such other matters are not inconsistent with the objects of this act as may be prescribed.

3.2.3.3 HYDERABAD MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS ACT, 1955 3.75 The Hyderabad Municipal Corporations Act was enacted in the year 1955 with laws related to the governance for the municipal corporations of Hyderabad and Secunderabad. This Act gives the State Legislature the right to create a municipal body for the management of municiapl affairs. The Act is very wide in its terms and legislations and is also permissable to the State Legislature to confer powers upon a local authority, provided the power is for self-government. The powers conferred to the State Legislature through this act provide for election of the bodies which shall be in control of administration and appointment of authorities for local self government, provision of various services, construction and development along with other regulations and guidelines. The Hyderabad Municipal Corporations Act is also an important act as it lays down the rules and regulations and provides legal standing to enact other Acts for municipal administration and municipal governance. The other Acts that were enacted based on the Hyderabad Municipal Corporation Act, 1955 are: Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation Act, 1979 3.76 This Act was established under Ordinance 7 of 1981 dated 6.6.1981. Section 7 of the Ordinance laid down that the provisions of the Hyderabad Municipal Corporations Act, 1955 are made applicable to the this Act. Vijayawada Municipal Corporation Act, 1981

3.77 This Act was also established under the Ordinance 7 of 1981 dated 6.6.1981. The Section 7 of the Ordinance laid down that the provisions of the Hyderabad Municipal Corporations Act, 1955 are made applicable to the this Act. The Act states that “ All words and expressions used in this Act are not defined, but defined in the Hyderabad Municipal Corporations Act, 1955, shall have the meanings respectively assigned to them in that Act ”. 3.78 Some of the duties and powers of the corporations according to the Hyderabad Municipal Corporations Act, 1955 are as follows:

Î Demarking the alterations and limits of the city Î Collection and removal, treatment and disposal of sewerage and solid waste Î Construction of drains and drainage works Î Maintenance and cleaning of the infrastructures Î Regulation of dangerous and offensive trades or practices Î Provision of lighting in the streets Î Acquisition and maintenance of slaughter houses Î Maintenance of open spaces, public monuments and other properties Î Provision and maintenance of municipal water supply etc.

3.79 The Act provides for safeguards within the Act if there is any disturbance in the lives of the people due to the activities of the municipal corporations. The Act addresses


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issues pertaining to Land Acquisition and compensation in detail in the Sections 146 and 147 and Sections 648 and 649 respectively, which is shown in Box – 3.5.

BOX – 3.5: Land Acquisition and Compensations Under Hyderabad Municipal Corporations Act ¾� The corporation is vested with the powers to acquire land for a public purpose that is duly mentioned in the

section 146 of the Act ¾� If land is acquired from a private owner the commissioner should compensate for the loss. If the compensation

exceeds Rs.5000 the corporation has to approve before any compensation amount is contracted ¾� Prior written contract or agreement is necessary for acquiring the land for development between the owner

and the corporation ¾� No compensations will be paid to those who are dwelling or have constructed on a municipal land ¾� If any land cannot be acquired by agreement as the case may be then the procedures mentioned in the LA Act

of 1894 may be followed and the compensations and any allowances are also subject to the LA Act ¾� There is no such power under the AP Municipalities Act, 1965 for land acquisition other than the provisions

mentioned in the Hyderabad Municipal Corporations Act, 1955. ¾� The Act also lays down that compensations have to be paid for the damages that may be sustained by the

people by reason of the exercise of any of the powers vested in this Act. ¾� In the event of dispute the Act also provides for the affected person to approach the court of law for redressal.

3.2.3.4 ANDHRA PRADESH MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS ACT, 1994 3.80 The Andhra Pradesh Municipal Corporations Act was enacted on 4th of July, 1994. The Act is was basically enacted to provide for the establishment of municipal corporations in the State of Andhra Pradesh and for matters connected with the formation of corporations. The Act extends to the whole of Andhra Pradesh, except to the local areas covered by the Hyderabad, Visakhapatneam and Vijayawada Municipal Corporations. This Act details various specifications that need to demark a larges urban area, municipal authorities charged with carrying out the provisions of the act, reservation of seats in the administration, election and terms of office of various functionaries, the constitution and powers and functions of the ward committees and provisions of other Acts like the Andhra Pradesh Municipalities Act, 1965, Hyderabad Municipal Corporations Act , 1955., etc that are applicable to it. 3.2.3.5 THE ANDHRA PRADESH URBAN AREAS (DEVELOPMENT) ACT, 1975 3.81 This Act came into action on 20th January 1975 and is applicable to all municipalities of Andhra Pradesh. This is “an Act to provide for development of urban areas in the Andhra Pradesh, according to plan and for matters pertaining to it”. As per the Act the UDAs have few major functions to perform, to aid, control and regulate the development. The functions are:

1. Preparation of master plan and zonal development plan (chapter - III, section 6 of APUAD Act, 1975) consists of different land uses (zones) for the purpose of development at the town and zonal levels.

2. Objects of the urban Development authority (to promote and secure development) (chapter – II, Section 5.1) as per the plan authority includes, acquire land by purchase or otherwise the land required for master plan and zonal plans (as per land acquisition act, 1894), holding and managing the land, plan and develop the land, mortgage or dispose land and other property and to execute operations in areas of building, engineering and mining in connection with water supply, electricity, disposal of sewage, control of pollution and provision of amenities in its jurisdiction.


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3. Constituting an Art commission in an Urban Development Authority (UDA) and its responsibilities, which (A committee constituted by UDA) (chapter – IX, section 39.2) include the restoration and conservation of the urban design, restoration and conservation of the environment, planning and development of the urban design and environment, restoration and conservation of archeological and historical sites of high scenic beauty and provision of grants, concessions and other modes of compensation for purchase or acquisition of land with the support of the government.

4. Levy, assessment and recovery of development charges (Chapter – VII, sections 27.1 and 28.1) lists that the authority shall levy charges (development charges) on the institution of use or change of use of land or building or development of any land or building. The assessment is based on the use of the land or building for which development is required.

5. Performance and monitoring (chapter ll, section 5.2) provides for the authority to constitute any number of committees for monitoring to improve the performance of the authority.

3.2.3.6 THE ANDHRA PRADESH INFRASTRUCTURE ENABLING ACT, 2001 3.82 The Andhra Pradesh Infrastructure enabling Act passed by the Legislative Assemply of the state received the accent and came into being in the month of October, 2001. This act was enacted to enable and provide for the rapid development of physical and social infrastructure in the state and to attract private sector participation in the designing, financing, construction, operation and maintenance of infrastructure projects in the state and provide a comprehensive legislation for reducing administrative and procedural delays, identifying generic project risks, detailing various incentives, detailing the project delivery process, procedures for reconciliation of disputes and also to provide for other ancillary and incedental matters threto with a view to presenting bankable projects to the private sector for improving level of infrastructure in the state of Andhra Pradesh. The Act is applicable and extends to the whole of Andhra Pradesh. It is applicable to all projects implemented through private and public partnership and is not aplicable to any venture in a joint collaboration between state and central governments. 3.2.3.7 URBAN LAND (CEILING AND REGULATION) ACT, 1976 3.83 The Urban Land (Ceiling & Regulation ) Act, 1976 was a central act on a state subject (entry 18 in List II of the Seventh Schedule). This Act was enacted under Article 252 (1) of the Constitution after the Legislatures of 11 States like Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Orissa etc., passed the necessary resolution authorising the Parliament to enact a law in this behalf. The Act was subsequently was adopted by 6 more states namely Assam, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya and Rajasthan on various dates once the Act was repealed by the central government. 3.84 Other States did not adopt the Urban Land (Ceiling & Regulation) Act, 1976, like the State of Tamil Nadu is has its own Act known as Tamil Nadu Urban Land (Ceiling & Regulation) Act, 1978. The Act is now applicable to 12 states and 3 union territories which had towns with a population of more than 2 lakhs as per 1971 Census. The Act is presently applied to 64 urban agglomerations. The salient features of the Act are presented in Box – 3.6.


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BOX – 3.6: Salient Features of The Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Act 1976 ¾� Imposition of a ceiling on both ownership and possession of vacant land in urban agglomerations, the ceiling

being on a grades basis according to the classification of the urban agglomeration. ¾� Acquisition of the excess vacant land by the state with powers to dispose of the vacant land for common good; ¾� Payment of an amount for the acquisition of the excess vacant land, in cash and in bonds ¾� Granting exemptions in respect of certain specific categories of vacant land; ¾� Regulating the transfer of vacant land within the ceiling limit; ¾� Regulating the transfer of urbanisable land or any building (constructed before or after the starting of the Act),

for a period of 10 years from the commencement of the Act or construction of the building whichever is latter; ¾� Restricting the plinth area for the construction of futrure residential buildings.

3.2.3.8 LAND ACQUISITION ACT, 1894 AS AMENDED IN 1984 3.85 The right to eminent domain (The power of the state to take property for public use without the consent of the owner) is the basis of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894, which is directly and exclusively concerned with the acquisition of land by Central as well as the State government. The LA, Act 1894 was amended in the year 1984 by the central government to remove the various bottlenecks inherent in the original act and thereby increasing its applicable efficiency. There are a number of other Central as well as State laws, which permit the government to acquire land for specific purposes. However the state governments can make any amendments to the Act as long as they are opposed to the provisions in the act. The Central and State Governments can acquire land for public purposes and the purposes could include, declaration of reserved forests, planned development of industries, slum clearance, town planning, municipal housing schemes etc. The amendment of the LA, Act in 1984 addresses certain important issues that have aimed to reduce the unnecessary delays, which occurred during the entire process of land acquisition and also awarded compensations to the persons affected. The important features of the LA Act of 1984 are presented in Box – 3.7.

BOX – 3.7: Features of The Land Acquisition (Amendment) Act of 1984 The Land Acquisition Act of 1894 was drastically amended in 1984 by the Central Government. The following are the features of the revised act known as the Amendment Act of 1984. ¾� Setting the time limit for the completion of all formalities from the issue of preliminary notice [Section 4(1)] to

the intended land acquisition [Section 6(1)]. ¾� Setting the time limit within which the collector must make his award (Section-11-A of the Act) ¾� Payment of interest at 12 percent per annum for the period from the date of notice [Section 4(1)] to the date of

award made by the collector [Section 28-A (I-A) of the Act]. ¾� Payment of solatium (i.e. compensation for loss, suffering or injured feelings) at an increased rate of 30

percent of the market value of the acquired land [Section 23(2) of the Act]. Previously the interest rate was fixed at 15 percent of the market value.

¾� The provision of an opportunity to those dissatisfied with the compensation to approach the court (Section 28-A of the LA Act).

3.2.3.9 CONSTITUTION (74TH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1992 3.86 The Constitution (74th Amendment) Act, 1992 prescribes a legal-institutional framework for effective local self-government. The Act envisages that elected municipal representatives remain at the helm of civic affairs and play a critical role in the planning and provision of civic infrastructure and services to the people. The major features of the 74th Amendment are as follows:


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3.87 An important aspect which needs to be emphasized is that the Constitution (74th Amendment) Act 1992 envisages that the Municipalities undertake functions like urban planning including town planning, planning for economic and social development, urban forestry, protection of the environment and promotion of ecological aspects, safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society, including the handicapped and mentally retarded, slum improvement and upgradation, urban poverty alleviation. 3.88 The mandatory provision of the Constitution (74th Amendment) Act, 1992 calls measures to create capacity of key institutions that are to serve as pillars of local-self government. The operationalisation of these institutions, endowing them with appropriate functional responsibilities, finances and autonomy, and making them function effectively remain as major challenges. The Constitutional vision of decentralization and effective and accountable delivery of urban public services cannot be attained unless these pillars of grassroots level democracy are in place and also are in a position to discharge their constitutionally mandated functions efficiently. The clarification of the functions of municipal bodies and other urban institutions vis-à-vis State and Central Governments and para-statals, assignment of finances commensurate with functions, establishment of a system of checks and balances or accountability, adoption of appropriate and cost-effective technologies, simplification of budgeting, accounting and auditing procedures, and institution and upgradation of capabilities at various levels constitute some important policy issues confronting municipal governance. The important features of the 74th Constitutional Amend Act are presented in Box – 3.8.

BOX – 3.8: Major Features of The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act ¾� Regular and fair conduct of municipal elections by statutorily constituted State Election Commissions to

ensure the continuity of elected municipal governments and civic affairs by directly elected representatives of the people

¾� Limitation to State power to do away with democratically elected local governments; ¾� Adequate representations to weaker sections and women in municipal bodies through reservation of seats; ¾� Constitution of Wards Committees in Municipalities with a population of 3 lakhs or more, with no bar for such

committees in cities having lesser population to ensure popular participation in civic affairs at the grass-roots level; ¾� Specification by law by the State Legislatures of the powers and functional responsibilities to be entrusted to

Municipalities and Wards Committees; ¾� A framework for the earmarking of government functions for urban local bodies through the 12th Schedule of

the Constitution; ¾� Placing on a firm footing the relationship between the State Governments and urban local bodies with respect

to local taxation powers and revenue-sharing between States and local authorities through statutory State Finance Commissions to be set up every five years; and

¾� Critical role to directly elected representatives of the people in the preparation, implementation and monitoring of development plans at the district and metropolitan levels through Metropolitan and District Planning Committees.

3.2.3.10 THE TWELFTH SCHEDULE OF THE CONSTITUTION 3.89 The 74th Amendment Act adds the Twelfth Schedule to Part IX of the Constitution of India (Article 243W). This Schedule provides an illustrative list of municipal functions (Box – 3.9) which includes:

BOX – 3.9: The 12 th Schedule (Article 243 W) ¾� Urban planning including town planning; ¾� Regulation of land use and construction of buildings; ¾� Planning for economic and social development; ¾� Roads and bridges; ¾� Water supply for domestic, industrial and commercial purposes; ¾� Public health, sanitation, conservancy and solid waste management; ¾� Fire services; ¾� Urban forestry, protection of the environment and promotion of ecological aspects; ¾� Safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society, including the handicapped and the mentally retarded; ¾� Slum improvement and up-gradation; ¾� Urban poverty alleviation;


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¾� Provision of urban amenities and facilities such as parks, gardens, and playgrounds; ¾� Promotion of cultural, educational and aesthetic aspects; ¾� Burials and burial grounds, cremations, cremation ghats/grounds, and electric crematoria; ¾� Cattle pounds, prevention of cruelty to animals; ¾� Vital statistics including registration of births and deaths; ¾� Public amenities including street lighting, parking lots, bus stops and public conveniences; ¾� Regulation of slaughterhouses and tanneries.

3.3 ENVIRONMENTAL SECTION 3.3.1 POLICIES 3.3.1.1 ANDHRA PRADESH INFRASTRUCTURE POLICY 3.90 The Policy would apply to all infrastructure projects implemented with Private Public Partnership (PPP) that enhances the environmental improvement. The Policy envisaged the need for a special legislation called Infrastructure Development Act (IDA). The IDA constitutes a special Infrastructure Promotion Authority (IPA) having quasi-judicial functions, while the Task Force would undertake the executive functions outlined in the IDA that is helpful for environment and Infrastructural development. 3.91 The infrastructure sectors covered by the policy, related to the urban environmental civic infrastructure, useful for the environmental up gradation are as follows:

1. Roads (Government Highways, Major District Roads, Other District Roads & Village roads, bridges and by passes.

2. Minor ports and Harbors. 3. Canals, Dams. 4. Industrial/Knowledge Parks and Townships. 5. Waste Management. 6. Sewerage, Drainage. 7. Inland Water Transport. 8. Tourism. 9. Education. 10. Public Markets. 11. Trade Fair, Convention, Exhibition and Cultural Centres. 12. Water Supply, Treatment and Distribution. 13. Metro Railroads and other Urban Transport Systems.

3.92 In addition to the above, it is mentioned in the policy document that it provides for the inclusion of other sectors to the ambit of the policy as and when required. The policy provides necessary support for the development of town wide infrastructure and encourages public participation that would enhance the environment. The policy is in conjunction with the environmental section of VISION 2020 document of the state. 3.3.1.2 VISION 2020 - CLEAN AND GREEN ANDHRA PRADESH 3.93 “By 2020 Andhra Pradesh will have clean air and water, hygienic, well planned, and pleasant villages and cities. The state will utilize its natural resources with a view to conserving them. Conservation of environment, in fact, be an integral part of its developmental planning, ensuring that economic development remains sustainable. By 2020, the state will proactively planning for and managing its environment, emphasizing


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positive linkages with development and carefully scrutinizing all development choices that may adversely effect the environment. It will use superior environmental management as a competitive advantage to attract investment in to the state.”

The important resolutions made in the document with respect to environment are,

Î Environmental resource planning study as an integral part of conserving and utilizing environmental resources of the entire state.

Î Internalizing environmental considerations in planning and policy making. Î Local environmental standards with reference to the zonal carrying capacity. Î Strategic SEA study mandate for all policies, plans, projects and programmes. Î Reforms and other state’s growth agenda to improve environmental conservation

and up gradation. 3.94 The other sections of the vision document, related to the urban and infrastructure development i.e. “Managing Urban Growth and Infrastructure: creating basis for growth”, also emphasize on the importance of protecting and upgrading the environment. Thus the vision document and the A.P. Infrastructure policy provide necessary support for urban infrastructure development with a bearing on the environmental component. 3.3.1.3 WORLD BANK OPERATIONAL POLICIES – ENVIRONMENTAL SECTION 3.95 In the present context the Operation Policies listed below play an important role for drafting policies with regard to Environmental Assessment of projects, resettlement and rehabilitation and also management of cultural property. Operational Policy 4.01(Environmental Assessment of projects) 3.96 The Operational Policy 4.01 outlines the methodology to be adopted for Environmental Assessment (EA) of Projects for funding. All projects of Category A, EA is mandatory irrespective of the project type, until and unless the project is of emergency recovery project and is exempted from EA study. For the category B projects, the scope of the EA study varies from project to project but it is narrower than category A EA, but the EA for the category B project shall examine the potential negative and positive environmental impacts and shall recommend any measures needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate or compensate adverse impacts and improve environmental performance. For Projects of C category, no EA is required beyond screening. Operation Policy Note 11.03 (Cultural Property) 3.97 The United Nations term "cultural property" includes sites having archeological (prehistoric), paleontological, historical, religious, and unique natural values. Cultural property, therefore, encompasses both remains left by previous human inhabitants (for example, middens, shrines, and battlegrounds) and unique natural environmental features such as canyons and waterfalls. The rapid loss of cultural property in many countries is irreversible and often unnecessary.


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3.98 The OP 11.03 detailed how background information on all aspects with regard to the management of cultural property. Important aspects of the policy are as follows:

Î To assist in preservation and to seek to avoid elimination of cultural properties Î Avoid damage to non-replicable cultural property Î Protection and enhancement of cultural properties Î Relocation of sites and structures that can be preserved studied and restored on

alternate sites Î Scientific study, selective salvage, and preservation Î Include the training and strengthening of institutions entrusted with safeguarding a

nation’s cultural patrimony Operation Policy 4.36 (Forests) 3.100 The management, conservation, and sustainable development of forest ecosystems and their associated resources are essential for lasting poverty reduction and sustainable development. The objective of this policy is to assist the governments to harness the potential of forests to reduce poverty in a sustainable manner, integrate forests effectively into sustainable economic development, and protect the vital local and global environmental services and values of forests. 3.101 Where forest restoration and plantation development are necessary to meet these objectives, the World Bank assists the state governments with forest restoration activities that maintain or enhance biodiversity and ecosystem functionality. The World Bank also assists the governments with the establishment and sustainable management of environmentally appropriate, socially beneficial, and economically viable forest plantations to help meet growing demands for forest goods and services. The scope of policy ensures and covers the following issues:

Î Impacts on the health and quality of forests Î Affects on the rights and welfare of people and their level of dependence upon or

interaction with forests, and Î Changes in the management, protection, or utilization of natural forests or

plantations, whether they are publicly, privately, or communally owned. Operation Policy 4.09 (Pest Management) 3.102 This policy provides guidance to the governments to manage pests that affect either agriculture or public health. It is important to consider issues of pest management while planning sub-projects especially, in the class – II and the Class – III towns where the land under agriculture is more. A strategy that promotes the use of biological or environmental control methods and reduces reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides is important to achieve environmental sustainability in the long run. The issues of pest management are to be addressed in the context of the project's environ-mental assessment. Hence capacity building towards better pest management is suggested in the policy. 3.103 The policy also provides for a criterion in selecting the pesticides to be used during the implementation of sub-projects especially, sub-projects associated with Public Health.


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According to the policy the following criteria apply to the selection and use of pesticides in World Bank financed projects:

Î They must have negligible adverse human health effects Î They must be shown to be effective against the target species Î They must have minimal effect on non-target species and the natural environment. Î The methods, timing, and frequency of pesticide application are aimed to minimize

damage to natural enemies. Î Pesticides used in public health programs must be demonstrated to be safe for

inhabitants and domestic animals in the treated areas, as well as for personnel applying them.

Î Their use must take into account the need to prevent the development of resistance in pests

3.3.1.4 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF AP TRANSCO 3.104 AP Transco states its commitment to the protection and enhancement of the environment, and its endeavor in always seeking new ways to minimize the environmental impacts of their past, present and future activities. Transco is committed to maintaining the highest standard of environmental performance. To meet its commitments it has decided to:

Î Meet, and where appropriate, exceed the requirements of environmental legislation, policies, charters and other commitments to which it subscribes;

Î Prevent pollution, including the releases of oil and hazardous materials, wherever possible, but if an incident occurs respond effectively to minimize impact on human health and the environment;

Î Minimize and properly manage the waste generated, and reuse or recycle waste materials whenever economically feasible;

Î Help protect the environment for future generations by making their contribution to minimizing climate change;

Î Monitor Electric and Magnetic Fields (EMF) research developments and assess continually the implications for the way in which they operate;

Î Manage the risks associated with sites that have been contaminated from their past operations and improve these sites where appropriate;

Î Protect and improve, where appropriate, the environmental status of the land on which it operates;

Î Require their contractors to demonstrate the same level of commitment as NGT in the management of the environment;

Î Ensure that their employees have the skills, knowledge, and resources necessary to contribute to their environmental commitments.

3.105 Transco promotes continual improvements in environmental performance. To do this they undertake the following:

Î Encourage open and constructive dialogue with employees, members of the public and other stakeholders to continually challenge their performance;

Î Identify and manage risks associated with their activities and deliver any improvements through effective environmental management systems;


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Î Monitor their environmental performance, audit the effectiveness of their management systems, and report their performance to employees, shareholders, the public and other stakeholders.

3.3.1.5 NATIONAL CONSERVATION STRATEGY AND POLICY STATEMENT ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT, 1992: MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTS

3.106 The National Conservation Strategy and the Policy Statement on Environment and Development are in response to the need for laying down the guidelines that will help to weave environmental considerations into the fabric of our national life and of our development process. It is an expression of our commitment for reorienting policies and action in unison with the environmental perspective.

Î The policy addresses the necessity to control population, emphasizing the link between poverty, population growth and the Environment.

Î It emphasizes the environmental assessment and environmental clearance of all investments before they are grounded, and the need for organizational restructuring and capacity building to address environmental issues.

Î The policy also states the conservation of cultural and heritage sites and structures. 3.107 According to the policy, Environmental problems in India can be classified into two broad categories:

a. Those arising as negative effects of the very process of development; and b. Those arising from conditions of poverty and under-development.

3.108 The policy says, “Although technological progress will add to the capabilities for sustaining a large number of population, the need for a vigorous drive for population control can hardly be over emphasized in view of the linkage between poverty, population growth and the environment.” It also states “The causes and effects are often interwoven in complex webs of social, technological and environmental factors.” 3.109 The policy suggests the following measures under each head for the environmental improvement. Prevention and Control of Pollution

Î Water and air quality monitoring stations in selected areas. Î Use-based zoning and classification of major rivers. Î Rules for manufacture, storage, transportation and disposal of hazardous

substances. Î On-site and off-site emergency plans for preparedness against chemical accidents. Î Fiscal incentives for installation of pollution control devices. Î Identification of critically polluted areas and of highly polluting industries.

Environmental Impact Assessment

Î Formulation of Environmental guidelines for projects in various sectors.


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The agenda for action in this regard will include the following

Î To ensure sustainable and equitable use of resources for meeting the basic needs of the present and future generations without causing damage to the environment;

Î To prevent and control future deterioration in land, water and air which constitute our life-support systems;

Î To take steps for restoration of ecologically degraded areas and for environmental improvement in our rural and urban settlements;

Î To prevent further damage to and conserve natural and man-made heritage; Î To ensure that development projects are correctly sited so as to minimize their

adverse environmental consequences; Î To ensure that the environment and productivity of coastal areas and marine

ecosystems are protected; Î To protect the scenic landscapes, areas of geomorphologic significance, unique and

representative biomes and ecosystems and wildlife habitats, heritage sites/structures and areas of cultural heritage importance.

To address the above stated agenda, the instruments for action will include the following:

Î To carry out environmental impact assessment of all development projects right from the planning stage and integrate it with their cost-benefit considerations. Appropriate costs of environmental safeguards and regeneration would continue to form an integral part of the projects;

Î To ensure that all projects above a certain size and in certain ecologically sensitive areas should require compulsory prior environmental clearance;

Î To incorporate environmental safeguards and protection measures, in policies, planning, site selection, choice of technology and implementation of development projects like agriculture, water resource development, industry, mineral extraction and processing, energy, forestry, transport and human settlements;

Î To elicit and ensure participation of people in programmes for environmental improvement and for integrating the environmental concerns in planning and implementation of development programmes;

Î To create environmental consciousness through education and mass awareness programmes;

Î To develop appropriate organizational structures and a pool of professional manpower to serve as the cadre for environmental management service; and,

Î To effectively implement the various environmental laws and regulations for environmental protection through creation or strengthening of the requisite enforcement machinery.

3.3.2 PROGRAMMES


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3.3.2.1 STATE OF ENVIRONMENT, PLANNING COMMISSION, INDIA 3.110 The Planning Commission of India, in the year 2000, has taken a decision to have state of Environment report prepared each year, for all the states and union territories. As per the decision, the Ministry of Environment and Forests has offered to four national host institutions, to prepare “the state of environment “ reports for the states and union territories of India. Under this program, In Andhra Pradesh, the SOE for the year 2001 has already been prepared and published by state pollution control board. The SOE for 2002 –03 is towards completion. 3.111 The report is useful that contains the information about the sectoral environmental characteristics and parameters of a region of the state. The report informs the status of ambient air and water quality, urbanization, mining, solid waste management etc. and their impacts on environment of the state. This may be referred in understanding the base line and environmental characteristics of a region of the state, during the investment for the sub projects under the project APMDP. 3.3.2.2 STATE ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PROGRAMME (SEAP) 3.112 The State Environmental Action programme is devised in 1990’s and implemented in the 1990’s by the Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board (APPCB). The State Environmental Action Plan identified and ranked the most important urban environmental problems. Inadequate water availability, both in quality and quantity terms topped the list as first priority environmental problem. 3.113 In addition, the following problems emerged as the other most important problems to be addressed.

1. Lack of sanitation/toilet facilities 2. Inadequate and inefficient urban water supply systems 3. Indiscriminate disposal of waste water 4. Deteriorating urban air quality and 5. Inadequate solid waste management

3.114 In line with these action plans with commercialization of water supply systems, privatization of solid waste management, reduced vehicular pollution through economic disincentive schemes and introduction of measures to achieve reduction in travel demand are being developed. Strengthening monitoring environmental quality, public disclosure of information are other essential ingredients of the action plan. 3.115 The environmental action plan addresses the various issues pertaining to the environment in a holistic manner by using a top down approach. However by incorporating implementation and monitoring aspects it also follows a bottom approach for effective achievement of the concerned objectives. 3.116 The APPCB has outlined in detail the various functions and activities it will be undertaking in order to assist the Government in effectively carrying forward its Environmental Action Plan. These various monitoring and support functions and activities of the task force are described.


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3.117 As part of the Environmental Action Programme several innovative schemes such as "Clean and Green" programme had been launched to make every habitation in the State "Clean and Green" by 2020, so as to enable every man, woman and child in the State to lead a healthy life. 3.118 In order to tackle the pollution problems effectively the Board has created a Task Force cell in August 1995. The main objective of the Task Force is to respond to various complaints made by the public and to provide immediate relief besides effective monitoring of polluting industries located in hotspot areas of the State. 3.119 The goal of the Task Force is defined as "Prompt action on Public Complaints as well as on erring industries for Prevention and Control of Water and Air Pollution problems in the State to protect Public Health and Environment". The main objectives of the task force can be summarized as follows:

Î Initiate quick action on the complaints lodged on Pollution problems in the State. Î To inspect hot-spot areas and prepare time bound action plans to mitigate pollution

problems. Î To recommend appropriate action against defaulting industries under the

provisions of Water and Air Acts. Î To ensure the implementation of directions issued by the Honorable Courts. Î To under take Ambient Air Quality, Stack and Wastewater monitoring in critically

polluted areas. 3.3.3 LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 3.3.3.1 THE ENVIRONMENT (PROTECTION) ACT, 1986 3.120 The Environment (Protection) Act was conceived as an "umbrella legislation" seeking to supplement the existing laws on the control of pollution (the water Act and the Air Act) by enacting a general legislation for environment protection and to fill the gaps in regulation of major environmental hazards. 3.121 The Ministry of Environment & Forest (MoEF), Government of India under the Act has passed notifications regulating citing of industries and operations. Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) is not required for infrastructure sub-projects covered under APMDP, as they do not fall in the categories listed in Schedule – I of the EIA Notification, 1994. However, the Act includes a provision for projects costing above Rs. 60 Crores.

Box: 3.10: The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 Section 6 empowers Central government to make rules to regulate environmental pollution, such as- The standards of quality of air, water, soil for various areas and purposes The maximum allowable limits of concentration of various environmental pollutants (including noise), prohibition and restrictions on location of industries and carrying of process in various areas. The procedures and safe guards for the prevention of accidents, which may cause environmental pollution. Section 7 prohibits carrying out of any industry, operation or process which discharges or emits environmental pollution in excess of standards Section 8 of the act regulates handling of hazardous substances Section 9 states, the persons responsible for discharges, bound to prevent or mitigate environmental pollution and intimate the any accidents due to any occurrences.


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3.3.3.2 NOTIFICATION ON ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF DEVELOPMENTAL PROJECTS , 1994

3.122 The MoEF, Government of India has under the Environmental (protection) Act 1986 promulgated a notification on 27 January 1994 making environmental clearance mandatory for expansion or modernization of any activity or for setting up new projects listed in schedule I of the notification. Till 1994, EIA clearance was the administrative requirement for big projects undertaken by the Government or public sector undertakings. EIA clearance is required for 29 categories of industries from the central government, which can be broadly categorized under the following sectors:

Î Industries Î Mining Î Thermal power plants Î River valley projects Î Ports Î Harbors and airports Î Communication Î Atomic energy Î Transport (rail, road, highway) Î Tourism (including hotels, beach resorts)

3.123 Evidently, the EIA notification does not cover the developmental projects in urban domain except for the Landfill site approval for Urban Solid waste management. This is also the basic rationale behind the detachment of the Pollution Control Board with the Environmental implications of urban infrastructure and management projects. 3.3.3.3 WATER (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) CESS ACT, 1977

INCLUDING RULES 3.124 As per the Act, levy and collection of a cess on water consumed by persons, industries and local authorities shall be utilized to augment resources for the Pollution Control Boards. As per the provision of Section 3, all specified industries under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 are liable to pay cess in the prescribed rate made under the statute. It is provided under Section 5 that every specified industry or local authority is liable to furnish cess to respective authorities. Also all specified industries and local authorities for the purpose of measuring the quantity of water consumption should install suitable meters. 3.3.3.4 WATER (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT, 1974 - AS

AMENDED IN 1978 & 1988 3.125 The Act vests regulatory authority on the SPCB and empowers them to establish and enforce effluent standards for industries and local authorities discharging effluents. Some important provisions of the act are: 3.126 Section 24 of the Act prohibits the use of stream or well on land for disposal of polluting materials in accordance with the disposal standards laid down by the SPCB.


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3.127 It further states that no person shall cause or permit to enter into any stream any other matter, which may directly or indirectly impede the proper flow of water of the stream in a manner leading or likely leading to pollution. But the section permits constructing, improving or maintaining in or across on the bank or bed of any stream any building, bridge, weir, dam, sluice, dock, pier, drain or sewer. 3.128 Section 25 restricts the operation or process, or any treatment and disposal system or an extension or additions thereto, which is likely to discharge sewage or trade effluent. It also restricts, bring into use of any new or altered outlets. The section further makes the consent necessary establishment of any operation or process or any treatment and disposal system or any extension or additions thereto. 3.129 According to Section 32 of the Act, in case of any poisonous, noxious or polluting matter is present in any stream or well or on land due to discharge of such matter due to any accident or any other unforeseen act, the state board shall take emergency measures such as prohibiting the discharge of any such matter. 3.130 Section 55 asserts that all local authorities shall render help and assistance and furnish information to the board as it may require for discharge of its functions, and shall make available to the board for inspection and examination such records, maps, plans and other documents as may be necessary. 3.3.3.5 ANDHRA PRADESH WATER, LAND AND TREES ACT, 2002 3.131 It was conceived as a comprehensive piece of legislation that would regulate the exploitation of ground and surface water resources, while providing for punishment to those violating the guidelines. It extends to the whole of the State of Andhra Pradesh. The provisions of the Andhra Pradesh Water, Land and Trees Act, 2002 in brief are: 3.132 Section 3 states that the Government through notification would constitute an authority called the Andhra Pradesh State Water, Land and Trees Authority to oversee the progress of efforts made to promote water conservation and increase tree cover. The Government, may in consultation with the State Authority, constitute by notification, authorities at District and Mandal levels with such composition and to perform such functions in such manner as may be prescribed. 3.133 Sections 8 to 19 give the various ground water protection measures to be followed in the State and various guidelines for the reference and implementation of these measures by the Authority constituted. Procedures for registration of wells, guidelines for prohibition of water pumping in certain areas temporarily, limitations to granting permission for well sinking near drinking water source, guidelines to declare a particular ground water basin as over exploited temporarily and protection of public drinking water sources are given in these sections. Provisions for closure of wells, compensations applicable are also spelled in these sections. 3.134 Sections 20 to 27 give the various surface water protection measures to be followed in the State and various guidelines for the reference and implementation of these measures by the Authority constituted. Guidelines are given for land use modifications based on water quality, to ensure that land and water use in watersheds shall be conducive for


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efficient utilization, to ensure optimum use of surface and ground water in irrigation command areas, notification of lakes, ponds and tanks as heritage bodies. These sections also empower the authority for imposing and implementing a ceiling on water usage by an industry or commercial unit and sand mining in environmentally sensitive areas. 3.135 Sections 28 to 32 give the various guidelines for the Authority to direct the ULBs to take up responsibility for trees in their jurisdictional limits and procedures to make plantation and protection of trees and landscaping mandatory. Further these sections also give guidelines for the authority to encourage stall fed goat rearing and protection of the forests in the fringe areas. 3.136 Sections 33 to 47 consists of the miscellaneous provisions of the act which pronounce the guidelines for appeals by persons affected by the act, power of the authority to levy penalties, procedures for service of notices, compounding of offences and other similar clauses to aid in implementation of the act. The Andhra Pradesh Water, Land and Tree Ordinance and the Andhra Pradesh Ground Water (Regulation for drinking water purposes) Act.1996 are repealed in these sections. 3.3.3.6 THE AIR (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT, 1991 3.137 An Act to provide for the prevention, control and abatement of air pollution, for establishment, with view of carrying out the afore said purposes of Boards, for conferring on and assigning to such Boards powers and functions relating thereto and for matters connected therewith. Important provisions in the Act are given below:

Section 17 (g): To lay down standards for emissions. Section 17(h): To advice the state government on location of any industry Section 17(2): The central and State Boards may establish or recognize a laboratory or laboratories to enable the state board to perform its functions efficiently. Section 18: Powers to give directions to state boards by central pollution control board/ state government. Section 19: Power to declare air pollution control areas. Section 19(3): To prohibit the use of any fuel other than an approved fuel, in any air pollution control area or part thereof. Section 19(4): To prohibit the use of any appliance other than an approved appliance, in the premises situated in an air pollution area. State 19 (5): To prohibit burning of any material (not being fuel), which may cause air pollution in the air pollution control area. Section 20: Powers to give instructions for ensuring standards for emissions from automobiles. Section21: Restrictions on use of certain industrial plants. Require consent to establish or operation of any plant from the board. Section22: Powers to give direction (closure, stoppage of electricity, water or any other service). Or for the discharge of any air pollutant into the atmosphere from any other source whatsoever not being a ship or an aircraft. . No person operating any industrial plant, in any air pollution control area shall discharge or cause or permit to be discharged the emission of any air pollutant in excess of the standards laid down by the State Board under clause (g) of sub


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section (I) of section 17. Section 22 (a): Powers of board to make application to court for restraining persons from causing air pollution. The board shall make an application to a court not inferior to metropolitan magistrate or a judicial magistrate of the 1st class. Rule 27 of A.P. Air (prevention and control of pollution) rules, 1982 states that this act shall be applicable to the entire state of Andhra Pradesh. Section 24: Power of entry and inspection. Section 24(4): If any person willfully delay and or obstructs any person empowered by the board in discharging duties shall be guilty of an offence under this act. Section 25: Power to obtain information Section 26: Power to take samples of air or emission and procedures to be followed in connection therewith. Section27: Reports of the results of analysis on samples taken under section 26 & procedures to be followed. Section 31 9(A): Powers to give direction (closure, stoppage of electricity, water or any other service.)

3.3.3.7 FOREST (CONSERVATION) ACT, 1980 - AS AMENDED IN 1988 3.138 The Central Government enacted The Forest (Conservation) Act in 1980 to stop large-scale diversion of forestland for non-forest use. 3.139 State Government or any authority shall not make, except with the prior approval of the Central Government any order directing:

Î Reserved forest or any portion there of shall cease to be reserved; Î Any forest land or any portion there of may be used for any non-forest purpose; Î Any forest land or any portion there of may be assigned by way of lease or

otherwise to any private person to any authority corporation, agency or any other organization not owned, managed by Government; and

Î Any forest land or any portion there of may be cleared of trees, which have grown naturally in that land or portion for the purpose of using it for re-forestation.

Box – 3.11: The Indian Forest Act, 1927

Section 5 states that after declaring the particular land as reserved forest, no fresh clearings for any purpose shall be made except in accordance with such rules made by state government Section 26 states the acts prohibited in such forest in addition to the section 5. Sections 30, 32 furnish power to the State government to regulate certain acts (clearing for cultivation, or building or any other purpose of any land etc, in such forests) specified in the section, in protected forests. Section 35 furnishes power to state government to prohibit certain acts (clearing of vegetation etc) in lands not being the property of government.

Box- 3.12: The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 Section 2 of the Act restricts the state government on the de-reservation of forests or use of forestland for non-forest purposes The Forest (Conservation) Rules, 1981 Rule 4 states the procedure to make proposal by state government seeking prior approval to de-reserve the forest for non-forest purposes (section 2 of Forest Act, 1980), provided that all proposals involving clearing of naturally grown trees in forest land or portion or thereof for the purpose of using it for re-afforestation shall be sent in the form of working plan / management plan. The details of the project activates shall be given according to the form.


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3.3.3.8 WILDLIFE PROTECTION ACT, 1972 3.140 An act to provide for the protection of wild animals birds and plants and for matters connected therewith. The provisions under this act are:

Î Section 9 of the Act mentions that no person shall hunt any wild animal specified in Schedule I;

Î The act prohibits picking, uprooting, damaging, destroying, acquiring any specified plant from any forestland;

Î It bans the use of injurious substances, chemicals, explosives that may cause injury or endanger any wildlife in a sanctuary;

Î No alteration of the boundaries of a National Park shall be made except on a resolution passed by the Legislature of State; and

Î Destruction or damaging of any wildlife property in national Park is prohibited. 3.3.3.9 NOTIFICATION ON COASTAL REGULATION ZONE, 1991 3.141 This is in exercise of the power conferred by Clause (d) of sub-rule (3) of Rule 5 of the Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986, and all other powers vesting in its behalf, the Central Government hereby declares that 3.142 All coastal stretches of seas, bays, estuaries, creeks, rivers and backwaters which are influenced by tidal action up to 500 mts from the High Tide Line and the land between the Low Tide Line and the high tide line comes within the jurisdiction of Coastal Regulation Zone. (HTL is defined based on the spring tides). However, the distance from the HTL to which proposed regulations will apply in the case of rivers, creeks and backwaters may be modified on a case to case basis for reasons to be recorded while preparing Coastal Zone Management Plans by the competent authority. However, in this latter case, the distance from the HTL will not be less than 100 meters or width of the creek, river or back water, which ever is less.

Classification of Coastal Regulation Zone 3.143 For regulation of developmental activities, the coastal stretches within 500m of HTL on the landward side are classified into four categories, namely Category I (CRZ -I), Category II (CRZ -II), Category III (CRZ -III) and Category IV (CRZ-IV). Category I (CRZ -I) 3.144 Areas that are ecologically sensitive and important, such as national parks/marine parks, sanctuaries, reserve forests, wild habitats, mangroves, corals/coral reefs, area close to breeding and spawning grounds of fish and other marine life, areas of outstanding natural beauty, historical and heritage areas, areas rich in genetic biodiversity, areas likely to be inundated due to rise in sea level consequent upon global warming and such areas as may be declared by the authorities. Areas between the Low Tide Line and High Tide Line are also to be avoided under this Zone.

Box-3.13: CRZ-I No new construction shall be permitted within 500 metres of the High Tide Line. No construction activity, except as listed under prohibited activities below will be permitted between the Low Tide Line and the High Tide Line.


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Category II (CRZ -II) 3.145 The areas that have already been developed up to or the shoreline. For this purpose, ’Developed area’ is referred to as that area within the municipal limits or in other legally designated urban areas which are already substantially built up and which have been provided with drainage and approach roads and other Infrastructural facilities, such as water supply and sewerage mains.

Box – 3.14: CRZ-II ��Construction is not permitted on the seaward side of the existing road (or roads proposed in the approved Coastal

Zone Management Plan of the area) or on seaward side of existing authorized structures. Construction is permitted on the landward side but shall be subject to the existing local Town and Country Planning Regulations & FSI/FAR rules.

��Reconstruction of the authorized buildings to be permitted subject to the existing FSI/FAR norms and without change in the existing use.

��The design and construction of buildings shall be consistent with surrounding landscape and local architectural style.

Category III (CRZ -III) 3.146 Areas that are relatively undisturbed and those, which do not belong to either Category I or II. These will include coastal zone in the areas (developed and undeveloped) and also areas within Municipal limits or in other legally designated urban areas, which are not, substantially built up.

Box-3.15: CRZ-III 1. The area up to 200 metres from the HTL is to be earmarked as ’No Development Zone’. No construction shall be

permitted within this zone except for repairs of existing authorized structures not exceeding existing FSI, existing plinth area and existing density. However, the following uses may be permissible in this zone-agriculture, horticulture, garden pastures, parks, play fields, forestry and salt manufacture from seawater.

2. Development of vacant plots between 200 and 500 metres of High Tide Line in designated areas of CRZ-III with prior approval of Ministry of Environment and Forests (MEF) permitted for construction of hotels/beach resorts for temporary occupation of tourists/visitors subject to the conditions as stipulated in the guidelines.

3. Construction/reconstruction of dwelling units between 200 and 500 metres of the HTL permitted so long it is within the ambit of traditional rights and customary uses such as existing fishing villages and gaothans. Building permission for such construction/reconstruction will be subject to the conditions that the total number of dwelling unit shall not be more than twice the number of existing units, total 0covered area on all floors shall not exceed 33 percent of the plot size; the overall height of construction shall not exceed 9 metres and construction shall not be more than 2 floors (ground floor plus one floor).

4. Reconstruction/alterations of an existing authorized building permitted subject to (i) to (iii) above.

Category IV (CRZ -IV) 3.147 Coastal stretches in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep and small islands, except those designated as CRZ I, CRZ II and CRZ III 3.3.3.9.6 Prohibited Activities under Coastal Regulation Zone 3.148 Setting up and expansion of new and existing industries, handling/ disposal of hazardous waste, fish processing, discharge of untreated and industrial effluents, dumping of town waste or land filling, mining, harvesting / drawing of ground water, construction activities (between the LTL and HTL except facilities for carrying treated effluents and waste water discharges into the sea). Those directly related to waterfront or directly needing foreshore facilities are not prohibited.


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Regulation of Permissible Activities

3.149 All other activities except those mentioned above will be regulated as under clearance for waterfront and foreshore activities only.

3.3.3.10 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES (MANAGEMENT AND HANDLING) RULES, 2000

3.150 Central Government notified in exercise of the Powers conferred by Section 3, 6 and 25 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 with the objective of regulating the management and handling of the Municipal Solid Wastes. Applicability 3.151 Applies to all municipal authorities responsible for collection, segregation, storage, transportation processing and disposal of municipal solid wastes. 3.152 The responsibilities of a Municipal Authority as described in these rules are:

1. Every municipal authority shall, within the territorial area of the municipality, be responsible for the implementation of the provisions of these rules, and for any infrastructure development for collection, storage, segregation, transportation, processing and disposal of municipal solid wastes.

2. The municipal authority or an operator of a facility shall make an application in Form-I, for grant of authorization for setting up waste processing and disposal facility including landfills from the State Board or the Committee in order to comply with the implementation programme laid down in Schedule-I

3. The municipal authority shall comply with these rules as per the implementation schedule laid down in Schedule-I.

4. The municipal authority shall furnish its annual report in Form-II. (a) To the Secretary-in charge of the Department of Urban Development of the concerned State or as the case may be of the Union Territory, in case of a metropolitan city; or (b) To the District Magistrate or the Deputy Commissioner concerned in case of all other town and cities, with a copy to the State Board or the Committee on or before the 30th day of June every year.

Management of Municipal Solid Wastes 1. Schedule-II of the rules gives guidelines for management and handling of municipal

solid waste generated in a city or a town 2. Specifications and standards to be met for setting up the waste processing and disposal

facilities by the municipal authority on their own or through an operator of a facility in accordance with the compliance criteria and the procedure laid down in (2) are specified in Schedule-III and Schedule-IV.


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3.3.3.11 HAZARDOUS WASTES (MANAGEMENT AND HANDLING) RULES, 1989 3.153 These rules aim at providing control for the generation, collection, treatment, transport, import, storage and disposal of hazardous wastes. These Rules are provided for making effective and proper inventory, control, handling and disposal of hazardous waste. The projects covered under APMDP will not require handling of specified substances

3.3.3.12 BIO-MEDICAL WASTE RULES, 2000 3.154 The Ministry of Environment and Forests has issued a notification in July 1998, for the handling and management of Bio Medical Waste generated from hospitals, medical institutions, and biological labs and related. 3.155 It says it is the responsibility of the institution to safely manage and dispose the waste in conformity to the schedules provided in the notification. The G.O. contains six schedules of categorization, classification, transportation, color-coding, and incineration etc. for different categories of the waste. 3.157 The ULB may take the responsibility to see that the respective institutions handle the bio medical waste, so that it does not create any adverse social and environmental impacts in the region and the public. 3.3.3.13 EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATORY FRAMEWORK IN INDIA 3.158 India is one of the first countries, which has provided for the protection and improvement of environment in its Constitution. Article 51-A (g) of the constitutions stipulates that" It shall be the duty of every Indian citizen to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures".

Î This and other constitutional provisions are implemented through environmental protection Acts, Rules and Notifications, which are promulgated from time to time.

Î Under the above Acts/Rules, the Ministry of Environment and Forests issue various notifications from time to time.

Organizational Framework

3.159 The MoEF is the nodal agency in the administrative structure. MoEF deals with:

Î Environmental Policy Planning Î Survey and Conservation of Forests Î Survey, conservation and utilization of resources. Î Environmental impact assessment and clearance of developmental projects Î Prevention and Control of pollution Î Research, Education and Training

3.160 MoEF is assisted by the CPCB, a statutory authority at the central level in executing responsibilities of prevention and control of pollution. Some of the responsibilities of CPCB include:


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Î Advise the Central Govt. on matters concerning pollution prevention and control.

Î Co-ordinate and provide technical assistance to State Pollution Control Boards.

Î Lay down, modify various pollutant emission/discharge standards.

Î Planning and execution of nation wide programs for prevention, control or abatement of Water and Air Pollution.

Î Ensure compliance with provisions of Environmental (Protection) Act. 3.161 Implementation of relevant Acts and Rules and policy issues at the State level is overseen by the SPCB and the State Department of Environment (DoE). The broad functions of SPCB are:

Î Issue Consents/Permits to projects under various Acts/Rules such as Air Act, Water Act.

Î Ensure compliance with various Acts and initiate legal action against defaulters.

Î Advise State Government on prevention, control and abatement of pollution.

Î Information dissemination, training, awareness Environmental Clearance Framework

3.162 Depending on the type/nature/capital investment of the project/industry, permits are issued by SPCB and subsequently by MoEF. Only large projects above Rs. 50 crore investments, projects at sensitive locations such as in coastal regulation zone, reserved forests etc. and highly polluting projects such as pesticide, paints etc. need to obtain environmental clearance from central government (MoEF). Normally, a project requiring a clearance from MoEF has to follow the following path:

1. Submit Application for Consent to Establish to SPCB

2. Carry out EIA Study and submit Executive Summary to SPCB.

3. SPCB reviews the applications and Holds Public Hearing for the project 4. After satisfactory evaluation, SPCB issues Consent to Establish

4. Apply to MoEF, submit EIA report, Consent to Establish etc.

5. MoEF evaluates the applications, holds presentations by client/consultants and decides on project clearance.

6. Construction activities can start after obtaining MOEF clearance.

7. Application to be made to SPCB for obtaining "Consent to Operate" 9. Plant operation can start only after Consent to Operate is granted by SPCB.

1.163 The above procedure could vary and other Departments may be involved depending on the type of project, its location etc. For example sub-projects located in notified forest areas will require their application to be routed through State Forests Department.


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3.4 ANALYSIS MATRIX OF POLICY LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK – SOCIAL SECTION

Policy Legal andAdministrative

Framework

Issues addressed by the Policy/Programme/Law/Act Review of Policy/Programme/Law/Act Relevance for Reforms andInvestments under APMDP

POLICIESVision 2020 ofGovernment of AndhraPradesh

¾�Balanced distribution of urban population¾�Healthy and environment friendly cities¾�Efficiency and economy in city planning¾�Achieving maximum possible transportation¾�Pollution standards¾�Protection ecologically sensitive areas¾�Minimization of urban unemployment¾�Housing in urban areas¾�Full computerization with Geographical Information

System (GIS) of all urban data¾�Restructuring Municipal Administration as prescribed in

74th Constitution Amendment¾�Private investment in banking the capital infrastructure

as well as maintenance of urban services¾�Use of land as a resource for urban infrastructure¾�Recovery of service costs through user charges¾�Development of new townships¾�Simplification of procedures and regulations

The Vision 2020 document of Andhra Pradesh visualizes apath and suggests viable strategies for the balanced growthand development of urban areas in the state. Some of theimportant changes that the document foresees with regard tosocial issues are:¾�Provision of social infrastructure like community halls,

schools etc. and also concentration on employmentgeneration activities

¾�Rational pricing of the services provided to the people¾�Involvement of private sector investments through several

models like BOT (Built, Operate and Transfer) etc.¾�Ensuring local participation and accountability at

administrative, political and financial levels by constitutingdistrict planning committees, preparing ground rules for taxresources, sharing revenues and including politicalinstitutions in administrative work plans etc.

¾�Ensuring shelter and basic services for all and specialschemes for economically weaker sections of the societythrough provision of house sites, constructing housing etc.and others like water, sanitation etc.

Issues pertaining to¾�Levy of user charges¾�Streamlining urban land ceiling¾�Amending rent control laws¾�Revenue management¾�Issues of capacity building¾�Issues for developing better

interaction with people in localgovernance

¾�Safe guards for vulnerablegroups and economicallyweaker sections

¾�Provision of services like water,sanitation, health, housing etc.

Vision 2021 ofGovernment of India

¾�Municipal Act¾�Town Planning Acts¾�Zoning and Building regulation, including multi-storied

building regulations¾�Apartment Ownership Act¾�Rent Control Act¾�Local Authorities Loans Act¾�Registration Acts¾�Stamps Act¾�Loan relating Land Records¾�Succession Laws¾�Fare closure Laws¾�Urban Development Authority Act¾�Laws relating to Housing¾�Slum Clearance Acts

Various amendments have been initiated by the AndhraPradesh State Government to include the recommendationssuggested by vision 2021 of Government of India. Some of theimportant highlights are as following.¾�Amendments to Section 8, Section 18, and Section 34 of

A.P. Town Planning Act, 1920 to enable local authorities toprepare schemes for any area to regulate the development,to empower that any development coming in Master PlanArea treated as Encroachments and to give time foracquisition up to 10 years instead of 3 years have beenproposed.

¾�Further, amendment to Section 340 of A.P. MunicipalitiesAct, 1965 to enable the Municipality to collect higher ratesof penal amount and to curb unauthorized constructions isalso under consideration.

¾�Amendment to layout rules to empower local bodies thatroads and open spaces automatically stands transferredfree of cost to Municipal council, collection of 30% of actualcost of betterment charges to provide amenities outside

Issues pertaining to¾�Various Acts and laws¾�Land use planning¾�Review of regulatory framework¾�Urban growth and development¾�Provision and maintenance of

services¾�Safe guards for vulnerable

groups and economicallyweaker sections


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Framework


layout areas, conservation of rain water as there isindiscriminate exploitation of ground water are also underconsideration.

¾�Amendment to Section 18 of A.P. Town Planning Act, 1920so as to empower that any development coming in MasterPlan Area treated as Encroachments and areas fallingunder Arterial Roads treated as No development Zones.

PROGRAMMESEnvironmentalImprovement of UrbanSlums (EIUS)

¾�Maintenance and Improvement of urban slums through¾�Secure healthy and orderly growth of slums¾�Improved communication better drainage¾�Adequate street lighting¾�Sufficient water supply¾�Address problems of weaker sections in slums¾�Includes the 20-point programme implemented by

municipalities since 1974-75

The scheme intends to secure healthy and orderly growth ofslums in terms of improved communication better drainage,adequate street lighting and sufficient water supply to weakersections of the population such as SC, ST and BCcommunities who basically migrate to urban areas. A specialcomponent of the scheme focuses on Schedule Castespopulation and slums having more than 50 percent ofscheduled Castes population have being taken up fordevelopment. Presently, the programme has been replacedby the SJSRY and the components of the scheme are beingaddressed through it.

Issues pertaining to¾�Lessons Learnt in the due

process of implementing theprogramme can be very useful.

¾�Since the programme has specialcomponent for the vulnerablegroups the strategies adoptedcan be made use

¾�Process of consultations underthe programme for useful inputsfor the development of theInformation and ConsultationStrategy

Nehru Rozgar Yojana(NRY)

¾�Scheme of Urban Micro Enterprises (SUME)¾�Scheme for Urban Wage Employment (SUWE)¾�Scheme for Housing And Shelter Upgradation (SHASU)

There are three components of the programme namely:¾�Scheme of Urban Micro Enterprises (SUME) which is

implemented in all Urban Local Bodies (ULB) to encouragethe underemployed and the unemployed urban poor forsetting up small micro enterprises relating to servicing andmanufacturing for which there is great scope andpotentiality in towns and cities. The scheme also providestraining to the beneficiaries in the trades that are taken upfor self-employment.

¾�Scheme for Urban Wage Employment (SUWE) in theurban areas, which have a population of 20 thousand to 1lakh. This scheme provides wage employment to poorbeneficiaries by utilizing their labour for creation of sociallyand economically useful public assets.

¾�Scheme for Housing and Shelter Upgradation (SHASU),which is applicable to all urban areas with 1 lakh to 20-lakhpopulation. The households belonging to the economicallyweaker sections with emphasis on households below thepoverty line.

¾�The scheme also has been providing training for to thebeneficiaries in establishing micro enterprises andmanaging the units. This programme has presently beenreplaced by the centrally sponsored SJSRY scheme.

Issues pertaining to¾�Lessons Learnt in the due

process of implementing theproject can be very useful.

¾�The programme has specialcomponent for the vulnerablegroups and covers issuespertaining to self-employment,wage employment and trainingthat can be reviewed whenpreparing the social safeguardpolicy under the APMDP.

¾�Steps can be suggested underthe safeguards to encourageself-employment and wageemployment.

¾�The process of consultationsunder the programme can alsogive useful inputs for thedevelopment of the Informationand Consultation Strategy


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Framework


Prime Minister’sIntegrated UrbanPoverty EradicationProgramme(PMIUPEP)

¾�Improving the living conditions of the urban poor¾�Providing them basic services like drinking water,

sanitation and health¾�Providing self employment opportunities¾�Strengthening the community based organization¾�Importance to the women in urban slums¾�Skill development

This programme has various components addressing thefollowing issues:¾�Environmental improvement through Basic Physical

Amenities: Under this component, works like water supply,Low Cost Sanitation, drainage and solid wastage disposal,parks, playgrounds, urban forestry, pay and use toilets etc.,can be taken up for urban poor in slum areas.

¾�Self employment through setting up of’ MicroEnterprises: The unemployed and under employed urbanyouth will be assisted under this programme to set up smallenterprises relating to servicing, petty business andmanufacturing with local skills and crafts.

¾�Skill Development: Training is provided to the urbanunemployed in institutions like ITIS, Polytechnics, ShramikVidyapeeths, Engineering Colleges and HUDCO BuildingCenters etc.

¾�Shelter Upgradation: Under this item, a loan of Rs.10,000/- by Financial Institutions or commercial banks is givento the beneficiary, with a subsidy at 25% for upgrading thedwellings.

¾�Basic Social Amenities: Emphasis under this componentwas on important social inputs like health care with specialfocus on mother and child care, education/literacy includingpre school, non formal/adult education and welfareprogrammes especially for children in difficultcircumstances including street children.

¾�Involvement of NGO’S: The active NGO’s in the municipalarea are involved in the implementation of the scheme.There is provision for financial support to NGOs who arewilling to promote development approach aimed atcommunity self-reliance.

This centrally sponsored programme was also replaced by theSJSRY programme.

Issues pertaining to¾�The components in this

programme address variousissues helpful in formulatingstrategies

¾�Lessons Learnt in the dueprocess of implementing theproject can be very useful.

¾�Training components andcapacity building

¾�Involvement of NGOs in theproject implementation

¾�Also inputs for the preparationof the Information andConsultation Strategy

Urban Basic Servicesfor the Poor (UBSP)

¾�Urban Poor to have access to basic social services¾�Assistance to needy sections of society¾�Promoting communal harmony, National Integration and

civic consciousness¾�Foster neighbourhood development committees in slums¾�Ensuring effective participation of slum dwellers¾�Income generation activities¾�Physical infrastructure facilities in the slums

The programme has successfully implemented and successhas been achieved under various components like:¾�Mother and Child Health¾�Water, environmental sanitation and community facilities¾�Education¾�Special assistance to aged, handicapped and juvenile

delinquents women development¾�Sports, cultural and scientific activities¾�Promotion of pluralistic culture¾�Communal harmony, National integration and civic

consciousness

Issues pertaining to¾�Implementation experience of the

scheme¾�Provision of services¾�Capacity building issues with

regard to neighbourhoodcommittees

¾�Participation and consultationmechanisms


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Framework


The programme is currently not being implemented but theimplementation practices followed during its implementationcan be useful.

Andhra Pradesh UrbanServices for Poor(APUSP)

¾�C1 components dealing with Municipal Reforms¾�C2 components dealing with Infrastructural Investments¾�C3 component dealing with Capacity Building

The programme is one of the most important urbanprogrammes currently implemented by the Government ofAndhra Pradesh. The C1, C2 and C3 components of theproject handle various components which can be adopted bythe APMDP to enhance its functioning and also see thatsimilar procedures are adopted in the present project. Thecomponents highlight the following points like;¾�Urban Reforms and urban infrastructure¾�Institutional development plans¾�Capacity building plans¾�Infrastructure investment plans¾�Social development plans¾�Consultation mechanisms¾�Community mobilization etc.





¾�Employment and training¾�Urban reforms and urban

infrastructure components¾�Social and environmental

development plans¾�Resettlement and rehabilitation¾�Information and consultation

strategy¾�Capacity Building Action Plan

Swarna Jayanti ShahariRozgar Yojana(SJSRY)

¾�The Urban Self Employment programme (USEP)¾�The Urban Wage Employment Programme (UWEP)¾�Community development by participatory Management

The Government of India has introduced the SJSRY as animprovement over the existing programmes like the NRY,UBSP, PMIUPEP etc., and in time to replace these schemeswith SJSRY. The SJSRY in time has successfully replacedthe earlier programmes that were implemented in the urbanareas. The SJSRY is completely working on the frameworkand structures developed on the UBSP pattern, in all UrbanAreas. It aims at developing community structures for theimplementation of urban schemes. Community organizationslike Neighbourhood Groups (NHGS), NeighbourhoodCommittees (NHCS) and Community Development Societies(CDS) shall be set up in the target areas based on the UBSPpattern. The programme is being successfully implemented inthe urban areas of Andhra Pradesh.





¾�Employment and training

IntegratedDevelopment for Smalland Medium Towns(IDSMT)

¾�Sites and Services¾�Development of Bus/Truck terminals¾�Construction and Upgradation of Master Plans¾�Solid Waste Management¾�Development of City/Town Parks, Gardens,

Playgrounds, Pay and Use toilets¾�Slaughter houses, Markets, Marriage halls etc.

Integrated Development of Small and Medium Towns (IDSMT)was introduced in sixth five-year plan from 1979-80. TheIDSMT scheme has been incorporated with the main objectiveof slowing down the migration from rural to the urban areasand larger cities, by providing infrastructure facilities in theselected small and medium towns. Out of the total 280schemes taken up, 115 schemes relate to shopping and officecomplexes and the balance relate to Slaughterhouses, Roadsetc. Importance has been given to the shopping complexes






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Framework


and office complexes with a view to improve the financialposition of the Municipalities so as to meet the additionalresponsibilities devolved on urban local bodies under 74thConstitution Amendment Act, 1992. The programme is underimplementation in various towns of Andhra Pradesh.

¾�Employment and training¾�Inputs for developing

infrastructure facilities that aresocially and environmentallysound and sustainable

¾�Infrastructure Planning¾�Social safeguards while providing

infrastructureIntegrated Low CostSanitation (ILCS)

¾�Scavenging Elimination Programme¾�Vimukthi Programme¾�Integrated Low Cost Sanitation Programme Stage – I¾�Integrated Low cost Sanitation and Liberation of

Scavengers Programme Stage – II

Removal of manual scavenging has been the prime objectiveof the Government of India in the Welfare and UrbanDevelopment Departments and the State Government with aview to have an integrated approach and to eliminate manualscavenging the programme has been linked with HUDCO.This will hasten the progress of elimination, which was set atthe end of Eighth Five Year Plan. The Scheme of eliminationprocess involves conversion of dry latrines into water seal pourflush latrines-rehabilitation of the scavenger or the dependentby providing alternate employment after giving the requisitetraining. The ILCS programme is still being implemented inthe urban areas and has achieved considerable success.





¾�Employment and training¾�Inputs for developing

infrastructure facilities that aresocially and environmentallysound and sustainable

¾�Infrastructure Planning¾�Social safeguards while providing

infrastructureLEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORKAndhra PradeshMunicipalities Act, 1965

¾�Rules regarding proceedings of the Council Mode oftransacting the business

¾�Taxation and Finance rules¾�Building Rules¾�Purposes for which premises may not be used without a

license¾�List of Infectious Diseases¾�Ordinary Penalties¾�Penalties for continuing breaches¾�List of Municipalities in the Andhra Area and Telangana

area continued prior to 1st April, 1961 for whichcompensation towards loss of income from tolls orvehicles tax or both is payable and towards loss ofincome from tolls on animals, and vehicles is payablerespectively.

¾�Transitional provisions

The Act has a very important role to play in the administrationof the municipalities. The Act details various issues pertainingto municipal administrations, revenues, staffing, elections etc.,but there are no specific chapters or sections in the Act thathandle social and environmental issues. The Act is alsolacking on the issues of compensations and acquisition ofland. The Act specifies lands are to be acquired under theprovisions of the LA Act of 1894. There are no specialprovisions to address the issues that may arise out ofdevelopment interventions with regard to the vulnerablegroups. A comprehensive coverage of resettlement andrehabilitation issues is absent in the Act. The Act is more orless directs and steers the functioning of the municipalities. Itis also the only Act, which details the scope of activities andvarious duties of the functionaries of the municipalities. Thedetailing of the functions and duties of the municipalities in theAct provide good insight for preparation of policies that can besocially and environmentally sustainable and acceptable.

Issues pertaining to¾�Planning of development

activities in municipalities¾�Provision of basic urban services¾�Land Acquisition and

compensation¾�Taxation and finance¾�Interface of departments¾�Town and land-use planning¾�Rules and bylaws¾�Inputs for Capacity building¾�Inputs for preparation of Social

safeguard policy¾�Tribal development and their

safeguards


Rev.21May09 101


Framework


Andhra Pradesh TownPlanning Act, 1920

¾�Guidelines and regulations for planned development oftowns and cities

¾�Town planning¾�Laying and relaying out of land¾�Construction, diversion, extension, alteration,

improvement of structures¾�Roads and communications¾�Construction alteration and removal of buildings, bridges

and other structures¾�Acquisition of land¾�Laying down guidelines on disposal by sale, exchange

or lease the land¾�Provision of transport facilities¾�Water supply and drainage¾�Lighting¾�Construction of houses¾�Preservation of objects and buildings of archaeological

or historic importance or of natural beauty¾�Imposition of conditions and restrictions on the

character, number and architectural features ofbuildings etc.

This act addresses various issues pertaining to town planningmatters like laying and relaying out of land, construction,diversion, extension, alteration, improvement or closure ofstreets, roads and communications and construction alterationand removal of buildings, bridges and other structures. It alsoaddresses the issues relating acquisition of land by purchase,exchange or any other method. It provides regulations forplanned town development by laying down guidelines ondisposal by sale, exchange or lease the land acquired orowned by the council, provision of transport facilities, watersupply and drainage, lighting, construction of houses,preservation of objects and buildings of archaeological orhistoric importance or of natural beauty, imposition ofconditions and restrictions on the character, number andarchitectural features of buildings etc. This act very clearlydetails the various issues of town planning and land usemanagement. It also clearly details the process of acquisitionof land and to a large extent the Act provides forcompensations and allowances to be given to the peopleaffected by development interventions. The field experienceshows that though there have been provisions made for R&Rthe implementation is lacking. This Act is an importantdocument that can give inputs for the preparation ofsafeguards for urban projects.

Issues pertaining to¾�Urban Land use planning and

management¾�Urban development and provision

of services¾�Inputs for reforms¾�Land Acquisition and

compensation¾�Inputs for the preparation of the

Tribal Development Plan¾�Inputs for the preparation of the

social safeguard policy¾�Building rules and bylaws¾�Inputs for capacity building and

interface of various departmentsetc.

Hyderabad MunicipalCorporations Act, 1955

¾�Demarking the alterations and limits of the city¾�Collection and removal, treatment and disposal of

sewerage and solid waste¾�Construction of drains and drainage works¾�Maintenance and cleaning of the infrastructures¾�Regulation of dangerous and offensive trades or

practices¾�Provision of lighting in the streets¾�Acquisition and maintenance of slaughter houses¾�Maintenance of open spaces, public monuments and

other properties¾�Provision and maintenance of municipal water supply etc¾�Land Acquisition and Compensations

This Act gives the State Legislature the right to create amunicipal body for the management of municiapl affairs. TheAct is very wide in its terms and legislations and is alsopermissable to the State Legislature to confer powers upon alocal authority, provided the power is for self-government.The powers conferred to the State Legislature through this actprovide for election of the bodies which shall be in control ofadministration and appointment of authorities for local selfgovernment, provision of various services, construction anddevelopment along with other regulations and guidelines. TheHyderabad Municipal Corporations Act is also an important actas it lays down the rules and regulations and provides legalstanding to enact other Acts for municipal administration andmunicipal governance. The other Acts that were enactedbased on the Hyderabad Municipal Corporation Act, 1955 arethe Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation Act, 1979 and theVijayawada Municipal Corporation Act, 1981. The act alsocovers various issues pertaining to land acquisitions andcompensations and safeguards that need attention forimplementation of urban projects in municipal corporations.






social safeguard policy¾�Inputs for capacity building and



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Framework


Andhra PradeshMunicipal CorporationsAct, 1994

¾�All provisions mentioned in the Hyderabad MunicipalCorporations Act

¾�Composition of Institutional arrangements incorporations

¾�Other provisions

The Andhra Pradesh Municipal Corporations Act came to beimplemented on the 4th of July, 1994. The Act is was basicallyenacted to provide for the establishment of municipalcorporations in the State of Andhra Pradesh and for mattersconnected with the formation of corporations. This Act detailsvarious specifications that need to demark a larger urban area,municipal authorities charged with carrying out the provisionsof the act, terms of office of various functionaries, etc. The alsoconsists provisions of other Acts like the Andhra PradeshMunicipalities Act, 1965, Hyderabad Municipal CorporationsAct , 1955. etc., that are applicable to it. This act has beenenacted for guiding the formation of the municipalities. Butinputs with regard to social and environmental issues are morecovered in the other acts incorporated by this act.

Issues pertaining to¾�Urban development and provision

of services¾�Inputs for reforms¾�Inputs for capacity building and


The Andhra PradeshUrban Areas(Development) Act,1975

¾�Preparation of master plan and zonal development plan¾�Objects of the urban development authority¾�Art commission responsibilities¾�Levy, assessment and recovery of development charges¾�Performance and monitoring

This Act came into action on 20th January 1975 and isapplicable to all municipalities of Andhra Pradesh. This is “anAct to provide for development of urban areas in the AndhraPradesh, according to plan and for matters pertaining to it”. Asper the Act the UDAs have major functions to perform, to aid,control and regulate the development.








The Andhra PradeshInfrastructureDevelopment EnablingAct, 2001

¾�Provisions to enable and provide for the rapiddevelopment of physical and social infrastructure

¾�Private sector participation in the designing, financing,construction, operation and maintenance ofinfrastructure projects in the state

¾�Provide a comprehensive legislation for reducingadministrative and procedural delays, identifyinggeneric project risks, detailing various incentives,detailing the project delivery process

¾�Procedures for reconciliation of disputes and also otherancillary and incidental matters

¾�Private and public partnership

This act was enacted to provide for the rapid development ofphysical and social infrastructure by atracting private sector toparticipate in the grounding infrastructure projects in the state.It also aims to provide a comprehensive legislation forreducing administrative and procedural delays, generic projectrisks, detailing various incentives, and project delivery process,procedures for reconciliation of disputes etc. Though this Actis an important milestone in initiating development projects inthe state and addressess various issues that smooth theprocessess involved in implementing infrastructure projects inthe urban areas, it does not specifically adress social andenvironmental issues. It address how best infrastructure canbe developed in the urban areas with the help of investors,especially the private sector. Though the Act does not clearlyaddress environmental and social issues, it is a well drafted

Issues pertaining to¾�Identification of risks in a project’s

implementation¾�Urban development and provision

of services¾�Inputs for reforms¾�Inputs for the preparation of the




Rev.21May09 103


Framework


set of guiding principle for initiating and implementing projectsfor the government . It aso stressess on capacity building andproposes the formation of the Infrastrucutre Authority to lookafter the infrastructure projects in the state. It also detailsvarious agreements through which a government agency or alocal body can follow while implementing the projects.

Urban Land (Ceilingand Regulation) Act,1976

¾�Imposition of a land ceiling in urban agglomerations on agrades basis according to the classification of theurban agglomeration.

¾�Acquisition of the excess vacant land by the stateGovernment

¾�Payment for the acquisition of the excess vacant land¾�Granting exemptions in respect of certain specific

categories of vacant land¾�Regulating the transfer of vacant land within the ceiling

limit¾�Regulating the transfer of urban or urbanisable land or

buildings¾�Regulations for construction of future residential

buildings

The Urban Land (Ceiling & Regulation) Act, 1976 is a CentralAct enacted under Article 252(1) of the Constitution with theconsent of 11 State governments. It can be amended orrepealed only if the Legislature(s) of at least 2 concernedStates pass a resolution empowering the Parliament to amendor repeal the Act. States of Haryana and Punjab sent aResolution of its Legislatures, authorising the Parliament toenact a repealing Act. The Committee invited views fromexperts/interested parties/ organizations and individuals inorder to examine the Bill. The Committee recommendedrepeal of the Act with certain safeguards for the poor and thelow-income group in urban housing. The Union Cabinetresolved to repeal the Act in its meeting on December29,1998. The present status of the land ceiling in the AndhraPradesh is yet to be repealed or revised.



of services¾�Inputs for reforms¾�Land Acquisition¾�Inputs for the preparation of the

social safeguard policy

Land Acquisition Act,1894 as amended in1984

¾�Land Acquisition¾�Compensation¾�Laws¾�Development and Displacement

The Land Acquisition Act, 1894 is the only act that is beingfollowed by most of the urban bodies acquiring the land fordevelopment purposes. It is also the only act, which clearlytalks about the acquisition processes and compensationpackages in view of displacement. But it is found that the LAAct is lacking in clarity with regard to social and environmentalsafeguards. The compensations provisions are also notcommensurate to the loss that is incurred by the people. It isimportant that the provisions in the LA Act are considered andworked upon to cover the shortcomings that have not beenproperly been addressed.

Issues pertaining to¾�Inputs for reforms¾�Land Acquisition and





The 74th ConstitutionalAmendment Act

¾�Urban governance¾�Inclusion of weaker sections and women in municipal

administration and governance¾�Constitution of Wards Committees¾�Ensure popular participation in civic affairs at the grass-

roots level¾�Powers and responsibilities of Municipalities and Wards

Committees¾�12th Schedule of the Constitution;¾�Relationship between the State Governments and urban

local bodies¾�Local taxation powers and revenue-sharing between

The Constitution (74th Amendment) Act introduces certainuniformity in the structure and mandate of MunicipalGovernments across the country. It emphasises theparticipation of directly elected representatives of the people inplanning, management and delivery of civic services. The 74thAmendment Act is built on the foundation that all power in ademocracy rightfully belongs to the people. The 74thAmendment envisages a ‘systemic change’ in the pattern ofmunicipal government. It prescribes a legal-institutionalframework for the efficient delivery of municipal services. Thisframework comprises a number of mandatory institutions andthe responsibility for creation and operationalization of these

Issues pertaining to¾�Inputs for reforms¾�Inputs for the preparation of the



¾�Institutional assessment for thestudy

¾�Roles and responsibilities ofmunicipal functionaries andmunicipal services


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Framework


States and local authorities¾�Role to directly elected representatives in the

preparation, implementation and monitoring ofdevelopment plans

and other institutions, the legal-institutional framework that isassigned to the State Governments. The amendment alsoclearly details the criteria for municipalization, composition ofmunicipalities and ward committees etc.

¾�Inputs for the preparation ofinformation and consultationstrategy

The Twelfth Scheduleof the Constitution(Article 243W)

¾�Urban planning including town planning;¾�Regulation of land use and construction of buildings;¾�Planning for economic and social development;¾�Roads and bridges;¾�Water supply for domestic, industrial and commercial

purposes;¾�Public health, sanitation, conservancy and solid waste

management;¾�Fire services;¾�Urban forestry, protection of the environment and

promotion of ecological aspects;¾�Safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society,

including the handicapped and the mentally retarded;¾�Slum improvement and upgradation;¾�Urban poverty alleviation;¾�Provision of urban amenities and facilities such as parks,

gardens, and playgrounds;¾�Promotion of cultural, educational and aesthetic aspects;¾�Burials and burial grounds, cremations, cremation

ghats/grounds, and electric crematoria;¾�Cattle pounds, prevention of cruelty to animals;¾�Vital statistics including registration of births and deaths;¾�Public amenities including street lighting, parking lots,

bus stops and public conveniences;¾�Regulation of slaughterhouses and tanneries.

The Twelfth schedule of the constitutions also provides for theservices that are to be provided in the urban areas by theurban local bodies.

Issues pertaining to¾�Inputs for reforms¾�Inputs for the preparation of the



¾�Institutional assessment for thestudy

¾�Roles and responsibilities ofmunicipal functionaries andmunicipal services

R&R Policy of AndhraPradesh, 2005(IrrigationDepartment)

¾�Definitions¾�Displacement – minimization and alternatives¾�R&R – Plans, procedures to be followed for census of

AFs and PDFs, assessment of land for resttlement¾�Powers and functions of R&R Administrator¾�Benefits for PAFs and STs including house sites, grants,

economic restoration, allowances, amenities etc.¾�Grievance Redressal mechanism¾�Third Party audit of R&R

This was one of the first R&R policies drafted for developmentprojects in the state. The policy provides useful definitions andguidance on the topics in the column to the left. It providedinputs for the project documents for APMDP. It is alsopotentially useful for subprojects related to the canals andirrigation channels that pass through some urban areas.

Issues¾�Urban development and provision

of services¾�Inputs for reform component¾�Land Acquisition and





¾�Institutional assessment¾�Information and consultation


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Framework


strategyR&R Policy of AndhraPradesh, 2005 asamended in 2008 forroad sector projects(Transport, Roadsand BuildingsDepartment)

¾�The basic document is described above.¾�An earlier policy that was developed for the AP State

Highways Project has been replaced by this one andthe amendments described to the right.

The amendments fit the 2005 R&R policy to linear roadprojects and cover:¾�Inclusion of “affected” persons in addition to “displaced”¾�“Scattered” displacement¾�Families without legal titles to land that they are using for

residence/economic activities; these are squatters orencroachers

¾�Non-agricultural families¾�Definition of a PAF as one that loses 25% of its land or 25%

of its residential/commercial structures¾�Cut off dates for legal owners, and for

squatters/encroachers. The latter is pegged to the date ofthe social survey.

¾�Consultations with PAFs and PDFs¾�Inclusion of a time schedule in RAPs for provision of R&R

entitlements.¾�Extension of free house/shop sites to PDFs including

squatters¾�Provision of house construction grants to BPL PDFs

including squattersThese amendments bring the 2005 policy closer to R&Rfor urban areas.








strategy

Social SafeguardPolicy of AndhraPradeshTransmissionCorporation Limited

¾�Land Acquisition¾�Compensation¾�Solatium¾�Social safeguards¾�Laws¾�Definitions¾�Development and Displacement

The construction and maintenance of transmission linesand electricity infrastructure is carried out by APTRANSCO. AP TRANSCO has its own social andenvironmental safeguard policies which were useful in thepreparation of the policies and reference documents forthe APMDP. Land acquisition, compensation, capacitybuilding activities, etc., are addressed in this document. Italso describes special institutional provisions that may bemade to address the social and environmental problemsthat may arise due to the implementation of electricityprojects.








strategyOperation Policy 4.12of World Bank onInvoluntaryResettlement

¾�Involuntary resettlement should be avoided, wherefeasible/minimized & exploring all viable projectdesigns.

¾�Where not feasible to avoid resettlement, sustainabledevelopment programmes, providing sufficient

This document emerges out of the experience that involuntaryresettlement under development projects, if unmitigated, oftengives rise to severe economic, social and environmental risks,production systems are dismantled, people faceimpoverishment risks when their productive assets or income

Issues¾�Inputs for reforms¾�Acquisition and compensation¾�Inputs for the preparation of the

social safeguard policy


Rev.21May09 106


Framework


investment resources to enable displaced people toshare the project benefits & be consulted & haveopportunities to participate in planning &implementation of resettlement programmes.

¾�Displaced people to be assisted to improve theirlivelihoods & at least to restore them to pre-displacement levels.

sources are lost, people are relocated to environments wheretheir productive skills may be less applicable and thecompetition for resources greater, community institutions andsocial networks are weakened, kin groups are dispersed andcultural identity, traditional authority and the potential formutual help are diminished or lost. The policy basicallyincludes safeguard to address and mitigate theseimpoverishment risks.

¾�Inputs for capacity building andinterface of various departmentsetc.


strategy

Operational Policy 4.10of World Bank onIndigenous People

Definition of Indigenous peoples¾�Have close attachment to ancestral territories & to

natural resources;¾�Self-identify and are identified by others as members of

a distinct cultural group;¾�Have a language often different from national language¾�Have customary social & political institutions

This policy describes the World Bank processing proceduresfor projects that affect indigenous people. It sets out the basicdefinitions, policy objectives and guidelines for the design andimplementation of project provisions or components forindigenous people, and processing and documentationrequirements. The policy provides guidance to ensure thatindigenous people benefit from development project, avoid ormitigate potentially adverse affects on indigenous peoplecaused by development projects. Special action is foreseenwhere the investments affect indigenous people, tribes, ethnicminorities or other groups who’s social and economic statusrestricts their capacity to assert their interests and rights inland and other productive resources. Free, prior and informedconsent to the development project is an important aspect ofthe policy.

Issues¾�Inputs for reforms¾�Acquisition and compensation¾�Inputs for the preparation of the





strategy

Operation Policy 4.11of World Bank onCultural Property

¾�To assist in preservation and to seek to avoid eliminationof cultural properties

¾�Avoid damage to non-replicable cultural property¾�Protection and enhancement of cultural properties¾�Relocation of sites and structures that can be preserved

studied and restored on alternate sites¾�Scientific study, selective salvage, and preservation¾�Include the training and strengthening of institutions

entrusted with safeguarding a nation's culturalpatrimony

The management of cultural property of a country is theresponsibility of the government. Before proceeding with aproject, however, an assessment of the risk of damagingcultural property (e.g., any project that includes large scaleexcavations, movement of earth, surficial environmentalchanges or demolition), the policy guides the implementingagencies on determining what is known about the culturalproperty aspects of the proposed project site, attention shouldbe drawn specifically to that aspect and appropriate agencies,NGOs or university departments should be consulted,conducting brief reconnaissance survey by a specialist etc.

Issues¾�Inputs for reforms¾�Inputs for the preparation of the




strategy¾�Preparation of the cultural

property management planNational R&R Policy,2007

¾�Definitions¾�Social Impact Assessment¾�Powers and functions of R&R Administrator¾�R&R Plans¾�R&R Benefits for PAFs¾�Benefits for SC/ST PAFs¾�Amenities and Infrastructure in Resettlement Areas¾�Grievance Redressal mechanism

The NRRP addresses the needs of PAFs and among themespecially to vulnerable communities (SCs, STs). Itproceeds from a basic assumption that displacementinvolves a trauma, which cannot be fully compensated butcan be mitigated to a large extent in physical andeconomic terms. Among other things the policy involves acommitment to ensure that displaced persons are betteroff after displacement, i.e., it views displacement as aninstrument of positive change. The policy provides a

Issues¾�Inputs for reform component¾�Inputs for the preparation of the

social safeguard policy¾�Inputs for capacity building¾�Institutional arrangements¾�Land acquisition and

compensations.


Rev.21May09 107


Framework


useful framework to address R&R issues and to buildconsensus for resettlement and rehabilitation. See 3.3.

National SlumUpgradation Policy(yet to be notified)

¾�Tenure¾�Resolution of disputes on lands occupied by

Slums/Informal Settlements¾�Acquisition of land for slums¾�Compensation issues like monetary contributions,

sharing of land, lease of land, allocation of an alternatesite etc

¾�Resettlement and Rehabilitation¾�Alternatives to resettlement¾�Impact on livelihoods¾�Adequately serviced and provisioned resettlement sites¾�Participation of primary stakeholders, particularly women¾�Addressing Women’s particular needs and constraints

must be specifically¾�Provision to cover the costs of R & R within the project¾�Transition and follow-up¾�Monitoring and supervision

The policy tries to cover various social and environmentalissues that have to be considered when designingprojects and programmes, especially the slum dwellerswho constitute the most vulnerable sections in the urbanareas. It highlights various issues relating to landacquisition and compensations, social and environmentalsafeguards, Resettlement and rehabilitation,Environmental improvement, physical infrastructuredevelopments etc., while planning projects for the urbanareas and also considering the impact on the vulnerablesections that dwell in the urban slums.

Issues¾�Inputs for reform component¾�Inputs for the preparation of the

social safeguard policy¾�Inputs for capacity building¾�Institutional arrangements¾�Land acquisition and

compensations.¾�Specific slum policies that can be

developed

National Policy forStreet Vendors andHawkers, 2003

Advocates planning and provision of spaces, markets,licenses and credit to ensure adequate economic returnsfor informal sector vendors and hawkers, including thosewho are displaced/relocated

National Water SupplyPolicy

Focuses on providing drinking water of adequate quantity andquality to the urban poor and slums, including householdconnections and links to trunk lines

National SanitationPolicy, 2009

Calls for state and city-wide sanitation strategies to beprepared to build open-defecation-free cities, including accessto toilets in slums, solid waste management and waste waterdisposal, and information to foster good knowledge andpractice of hygiene

National SlumUpgrading Policy(yet to be notified)

Advocates slum upgrading in situ (i.e., no relocation); focuseson land tenure and housing. Includes social aspects toconsider when designing projects and programmes for slumdwellers who constitute the most vulnerable sections in urbanareas. Also provides guidance on R&R, land acquisition andcompensation.

National Urban PovertyReduction Strategy(under development)

Will focus on livelihoods, microfinance and economicopportunities.


Rev.21May09 108

3.5 APPLICABILITY OF ACTS/REGULATIONS/RULES/POLICY TO APMDP – ENVIRONMENTALSECTION

ENVIRONMENT SECTORSub Project Sub-Project

Investment areasApplicability of Environmental Laws and Policies Relevance to APMD Project

The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 Any act during implementation causing damage to environmentWater (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 including RulesWater (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 - as amended in 1978&1988

Applicable to all activities, which discharge effluents as a result ofprocess or operations.

Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 – as amended in 1988 Applicable if the project involves any activities in the reservedforests, village forests, protected forests and other areas as declaredby the state government.

Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 The act prohibits picking, uprooting, damaging, destroying, acquiringany specified plant from any forest landIt bans the use of injurious substances, chemicals, explosives thatmay cause injury or endanger any wildlife.

Notification on Coastal Regulation Zone, 1991 Permissions to be taken for undertaking any activity in the coastalregion of 500 m from the HTL.

The Hazardous Wastes (Management And Handling) Rules, 1989 Materials such as heavy metals, toxic inorganic, oils, emulsions,spent chemicals and Metal-finishing wastes emanating duringconstruction and operation shall be stored and disposed of as perthe Rules.

Andhra Pradesh Water, Land and Tree Act, 2002 Applicable for protection of natural water resources in Urban areasand specifically regulate the exploitation of ground and surface watersources

Andhra Pradesh Infrastructure Development Enabling Act, 2001 Applicable to all urban infrastructure projects involving private sectorinvolvement in the development, finance, construction and operationand maintenance phases

World Bank operational policy 4.01 All the investments of the of the sub project shall undergoenvironmental screening and categorization, as said in the OP 4.01of World Bank

Water Distribution

Water mains

Water PumpingStation

Water TreatmentPlants

Source development

Water OHT

Water UGT

Un accounted forwater (Leak detectionprojects)

World bank operation policy 4.11 All the investments intervening with the cultural properties / sitesshall be treated as environmentally sensitive areas.

Water

Purchase of watertankersPurchasing of software

Not applicable _____

The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 Any act during implementation causing damage to environmentWater (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 including Rules

Sewerage • SecondarySewers

• Main Trunksewers

Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 - as amended in 1978&1988

Applicable to all activities which discharge effluents as a result ofprocess or operations.


Rev.21May09 109




Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 The act prohibits picking, uprooting, damaging, destroying, acquiringany specified plant from any forest land

It bans the use of injurious substances, chemicals, explosives thatmay cause injury or endanger any wildlife.


• Sewage PumpingStations

• SewageTreatment Plants

• Pay & Use Toilets• Community

Toilets• Septic

Tanks/Soak Pits• Recycling &

Reuse of SewageThe Hazardous Wastes (Management And Handling) Rules, 1989 Materials such as sludge, heavy metals, toxic inorganic, oils,

emulsions, spent chemicals and Metal finishing wastes emanatingduring construction and operation shall be stored and disposed of asper the Rules.

Air Act, 1987 Obnoxious gases either from the process or from the equipmentshall not be emitted leading to degradation in air quality



• SewageTreatment Plants

• Recycling &Reuse of Sewage



Applicable to all activities which discharge effluents as a result ofprocess or operations




Storm WaterDrainage

• Drainage Lines• Interception and

Diversion Works• Interception

Chambers/ OutfallChambers

• Percolation &RechargingSystem



Rev.21May09 110










Supreme court directives on solid waste management & Municipal SolidWaste (Management & Handling) Rules 2000.

Burman Committee recommendationsDoor to door collection of solid wasteBan on throwing waste on roads and open areasInstitutional strengthening and capacity building


• PrimaryCollection Systems– Tools &Equipment

• SecondaryStorage


The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986

EIA Notification, 1994

Any act during implementation causing damage to environment

Environmental Clearance to be mandatorily obtained for location ofLandfill sites

Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 including Rules Applicable to all activities, which discharge effluents as a result ofprocess or operations.

Bio Medical waste rules 2000 All schedules (I to VI) and guidelines


Solid WasteManagement

• Processing ofWaste andDisposal

Judgment by High court of Andhra Pradesh,WRIT PETITION NOS.30006 OF 1998 & 20435 OF 1999

Night patrol to check unauthorized dumping of waste in water bodiesand open areas.Participation of NGOs for quick response of PCB in urgentenvironmental issues


Rev.21May09 111







The Hazardous Wastes (Management And Handling) Rules, 1989 Materials such as sludge, heavy metals, toxic inorganic, oils,emulsions, spent chemicals and Metal-finishing wastes emanatingduring construction and operation shall be stored and disposed of asper the Rules.


Transportation -Procurement ofTrucks, Trailers

Not applicable

Solid WasteManagement

All projects Solid waste management and bio-medical wastes rules Applicable to all projects in implementation of solid wastemanagement.

The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 Any act during implementation causing damage to environment

The noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000. Categorize the areas into industrial, commercial, residential orsilence areas/zones for the purpose of implementation of noisestandards for different areas.

Andhra Pradesh Motor Vehicles Act, 1989 Ban of air horns and limitation of sound signals in audible range.

Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 including RulesWater (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 - as amended in 1978&1988



Roads andTransportation

• New Roads• Foot paths• Sub ways• Cycle tracks• RUB/ROB• Culverts and

Small Bridges• Service Ducts• Bus Shelter• Bus

terminals/Stands• Truck Terminals• Workshops /

Depots• Traffic Islands




Rev.21May09 112






Judgment by High court of Andhra Pradesh,WRIT PETITION NOS.30006 OF 1998 & 20435 OF 1999Date of Judgment: 11-07-2001

Permanent installation of Air quality monitoring and meteorologicalstations for data base.


Road Medians The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 Any act during implementation causing damage to environment

• Signals

• Street Lights

• Sign Boards

• Pedestrian waysFleet Expansion The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 Any act during implementation causing damage to environmentParking Notification on Coastal Regulation Zone, 1991 Permissions to be taken for undertaking any activity in the coastal

region of 500 m from the HTL.Construction &maintenanceequipment

Not Applicable ___________


The noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000. Categorize the areas into industrial, commercial, residential orsilence areas/zones for the purpose of implementation of noisestandards for different areas.


Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 - as amended in 1978&1988Notification on Coastal Regulation Zone, 1991 Permissions to be taken for undertaking any activity in the coastal

region of 500 m from the HTL.

Area Upgradation

Provision of Physical& SocialInfrastructure (In siteupgradation withoutdisplacement)• Partial Relocation

of Slums



Rev.21May09 113






• Hospitals• Schools• Reading Rooms /

Libraries• Parks and Play

Grounds• Cultural

Institutions• Marriage Halls /

Community halls






• Crematorium


• Ambulances The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 Any act during implementation causing damage to environment• Fire Tenders and

Other Equipment

Critical CitywideInfrastructure

• Rescue andRelief Equipmentduring Disasters


Organised Marketspaces




Shopping/OfficeComplexes




Vegetable/FishMarketsSlaughter Houses



Rev.21May09 114







EnvironmentImprovement






• Lake / PondDevelopment

• River FrontDevelopment

• Urban Forestry /Green Belt

• Recharging ofOld Tanks / Wells

• Recharging ofPercolationSystem

• Rain WaterHarvesting

• River Cleaning /Dredging



Rev.21May09 115














Integrated AreaDevelopment

• CC , BT roadsconnecting slumsto City

• Expansion/Extension ofexisting watersupply networks

• Extension ofdrainage/seweragenetworks to coverslum areas



Rev.21May09 116



• Construction &maintenanceequipment





Sanitation • Community toilets

• Public toilets/Urinals






• Operation andMaintenance

• Procurement ofsanitation relatedinfrastructure



Rev.21May09 117

INSTITUTIONAL AND IMPLEMENTATION

ARRANGEMENTS FOR URBAN SUB-PROJECTS 4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.1 Provision of various services and infrastructure in the urban areas involve various institutional arrangements. These institutional arrangements are also responsible for carrying out the implementation of various schemes, projects and drives initiated by the government. The present chapter discusses the various institutions and their capacities in planning, implementation and management of urban services and infrastructure. 4.2 A number of institutions are involved in the maintenance of infrastructure, effective management and delivery of services in the urban sector. For effective planning, implementation, management and monitoring of the projects in the urban sector and to form a clear understanding of the capacities of the urban institutions, the institutional assessment under the present study has identified the following institutions.

Î Commissionerate and Directorate of Municipal Administration (CDMA) Î Andhra Pradesh Urban Finance Infrastructure Development Corporation

(APUFIDC) and AP Urban Infrastructure Fund (APUIF) Î Urban Local Bodies (ULB) Î Directorate of Town and Country Planning (DTCP) Î Public Health and Engineering Department (PHED) Î Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board (APPCB) Î Roads and Buildings Department (R&B) Î Andhra Pradesh Housing Board (APHB) Î Urban Development Authorities (UDA) Î Andhra Pradesh Urban Services for Poor (APUSP) Î Revenue Department under the District Collector (DC) Î Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (HMWS&SB) Î Medical and Health Department (MHD)

4.2 INSTITUTIONS UNDER MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION AND

URBAN DEVELOPMENT 4.3 The institutions listed above function at various levels i.e. state, district and local in provision of services. The interface between these institutions is pivotal for the planning, implementation, management and monitoring of services in the urban areas. 4.2.1 COMMISSIONERATE AND DIRECTORATE OF MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION (CDMA) 4.4 The CDMA is the apex organization, which is in charge of all the activities undertaken in the municipalities and the corporations. It is a blanket organization that encompasses all activities undertaken in the urban areas of the state and also acts as the

4


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coordinating structure between the various other departments responsible for development in the urban areas. 4.5 The Organization is headed by the Commissioner and Director Municipal Administration assisted by two Additional Directors in charge of planning and administration. Joint Directors, Deputy Directors, Special Officers and heads of various sections assist the Additional directors. To manage the municipal administration across the state, the state has been divided into 6 regions for municipal administration headed by the Regional Director-Cum-Appellate Commissioners of Municipal Administration. The Regions are Visakhapatnam, Rajamundry, Guntur, Ananthapur, Warangal and Hyderabad in charge of the various districts in Andhra Pradesh. The CDMA is a more an administrative unit and is in control of all municipalities and the corporations in the state. The broad functions of the CDMA are as follows.

Î Municipal Administration of all municipalities and corporations Î Implementation and provision of services like water, sanitation, sewerage, health,

housing, education, roads etc along with the help of other department. Î Coordinating role between various department in charge of municipal services and

act as a link between the administration and the legislature Î Supervising overall planning, implementation, management and monitoring of

municipal services and infrastructure. Î Advising the elected municipal legislative Council in its activities Î Provision and disbursement of grants and loans to various municipalities to provide

the services to the people in the urban areas.

4.6 The role of the Municipal Strengthening Unit (MSU) reporting to the CDMA would undertake the implementation, planning and coordination of the activities under the APMD Project. The broad functions of the MSU would pertain to the following:

Î Coordinate and monitor reform activities undertaken by the ULBs Î Assist ULBs in procurement-related issues, for example, in understanding of

World Bank procurement procedures, etc. Î Social & environmental appraisal of sub-projects and recommend the same to

the Board of Directors, Government, etc. Î Finalise and manage training components for the ULB staff Î Assist ULBs in the tendering process, including e-procurement, and acquaint

them with best practices

4.2.2 ANDHRA PRADESH URBAN FINANCE INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION (APUFIDC)

4.7 As part of the reform measures, strengthening of APUFIDC has been proposed. The objective is to make APUFIDC the premier advisor to the State on urban affairs and a skilled coordinator of State-funded urban development activities. APUFIDC currently acts as a channel to direct funds from central and state run programmes and devolutions to urban local bodies. GoAP wants to enhance the role of the Corporation to include capacities for appraising state funded urban projects and programmes and monitoring their implementation. APUFIDC would also provide advice and assistance to municipalities on urban affairs.


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4.8 The APUFIDC’s broad functions would be:

Î Financial appraisal of sub-projects and recommend the same to the Board of Directors, Government, etc.

Î Funding sub-projects under the proposed APMDP Î Assist ULBs in deciding on the types of loans to suit specific types of projects,

e.g., World Bank, Asian Development Bank, local institutional loans, bond, etc.

4.9 The study on APUFIDC Business Plan and Operating Procedures, conducted by the Centre for Good Governance, provides detailed information on the role of the APUFIDC.

4.2.3 URBAN LOCAL BODIES (ULB) 4.10 The ULB is a part of the organizational structure of the CDMA. The ULBs are in charge of the municipal administration at the local level whereas the CDMA is in charge of municipal activities at the state level. The ULBs are the divided into Municipal Corporations and Municipalities. 4.11 The municipalities have been formed from time to time once they comply with the formation of municipality provisions in the Andhra Pradesh Municipalities Act, 1965 and the Hyderabad Municipalities, Act 1956. According to the section 3 of the Hyderabad District Municipalities, Act 1956 the government shall by notification declare every town, which at the last official census has a population of 15000 or more to be a City Municipality and every town which at the last official census has a population more than 5000 and less than 15000 to be a town municipality. There are currently 7 municipal corporations and 109 municipalities in the state. 4.12 The governance of the municipal bodies covers an executive wing and a deliberative wing. While the commissioner heads the executive wing, the deliberative wing consists of the chairperson and members of the council, an elected body. The municipal body (which constitutes municipal corporations and municipalities) is primarily concerned with the construction and maintenance of roads and drains, street lighting, providing protected water, maintenance of public markets slaughter houses, parks and play grounds etc., and maintenance of sanitation. The municipal body is also responsible for certain regulatory functions like land use, building permissions and trade licenses etc. 4.13 In order to attend various functions entrusted to the municipal bodies, the municipal bodies are entrusted with certain financial powers like levying taxes and fees. They are also empowered to take up remunerative enterprises and collect rents on the buildings. Apart from these internal revenues, government assists the municipal bodies by releasing certain grants/compensations. 4.14 Since implementation of all sub-projects is closely linked with both CDMA and the ULBs the environment and social management within these institutions is very much necessary. The institutional assessment shows that the Executive wing of the ULB is more


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apt and to a large extent is equipped to implement sub-projects including the sub-project management and monitoring. But it is noted that institutional arrangements that have been formed under the APUSP project have combined both Executive and the Deliberative wings and the community to implement sub-projects. This arrangement could be put to better use for the purpose of APMDP. However presently, since both the Executive wing and the Deliberative wing of the ULB are found to be playing a vital of coordination and the same would also be useful for APMDP. Functionally for planning and constructions the municipal administration is assisted by the PHED and the DTCP. The organizational structure of the Deliberative and the Executive Wing of the ULB is given in figures 4.1 and Figure 4.2.

Fig-4.1 ORGANIZATIONAL CHART OF ULB (DELIBERATIVE WING)

COUNCIL

Chairperson

Ward Committees Statutory Committees Committees under Section 31A of APM Act, 1965 (non

statutory)

Compulsory in towns with 3 Lakh or more pop

Optional in towns with less than 3 Lakh pop

Panel Committee for Mpl Employees under Sec 74

of APM Act, 1965

Panel committee for HM’s of High Schools under Sec 74 of APM

Act, 1965

Contract Committee under section. 43 of APM

Act, 1965

Review and superintending of Education Health Sanitation Water Supply Drainage Welfare of SC, ST, W & C


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COMMISSIONER

P.O. (UPA)

Dy. P.O. CO

M.E

WaterSupply

CivilWorks

Streetlighting

CW – A.E, Work Inspectorand support staffWS – A.E, Electrician, TapInspector and support staffSL – A.E, Line supervisorand support staff

M.H.O

Sanitation Dispensaries MaternityServices

S – Sanitary Supervisor, SanitaryInspector and support staffD – Medical Officer, Componder,M.N.O, F.N.O, and support staffMS – W.M.O, Ayah, M.A, and supportstaff

T.P.O

TownPlanning

TPSTPBOTracerChairman

Ministerial(Manager)

Revenue(RO)

Accounts(Accountant)

MANAGER

Administration

Sr.AsstJr.AsstTypist &Supportstaff

Rev.InpBillcollector& Supportstaff

Sr.AsstJr.Asst& Supportstaff

S.S

Education

Secondary schools U.P. schoolsEle. Schools

Teaching & Non-teaching staff

Teaching & Non-teaching staff

FIG-4.2 ORGANIZATIONAL CHARTOF ULB (EXECUTIVE WING)


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4.2.4 DIRECTORATE TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING (DTCP) 4.15 The Director of Town and Country Planning is the Head of the Directorate. Joint Directors, Deputy Directors, Assistant Directors, and Statistical Officer, Administrative Officers and other subordinate administrative and technical staff at the Directorate level to assist him in his functions. There are seven Regional Offices stationed at Hyderabad, Warangal, Guntur, Rajamundry, Visakhapatnam, Nellore and Ananthapur. There are Seven Master Plan Survey Units i.e. one in each Regional Office for conducting physical survey of the selected towns in order to prepare Master Plans. In addition, the Director is having administrative control over the Town Planning staff of 117 Municipal Corporations/Municipalities/Nagar Panchayats. The DTCP occupies such an important role because it is the sole institution that controls all town-planning activities and infrastructural development in the municipalities. The Town Planning officer, Town Planning Supervisors and the Town Planning Building Overseers in the municipality will work under the disciplinary control of the Director, TCP who is empowered to inspect any municipality in so far as town-planning matters are concerned. The broad functions of this office are:

Î Framing of town and country planning policies and advice government in all planning matters. It also involves in the urban development planning and policies and preparation of master plans for the towns on behalf of the respective municipal councils.

Î Formulation of regulations for enforcement of building and land use standards according to the master plans and guidance in and implementation of building regulation, sub division of lands through layout approval.

Î Approval of industrial, commercial, residential and agricultural area proposals as per A.P. Municipalities Act, 1965.

Î Approval of road development plans and approval of type designs and plans for various public and community buildings assignments, alienation’s etc.

Î Assistance in formulation, implementation and monitoring of schemes under IDSMT by municipalities.

Î Assistance in regulation of grants to Municipalities for implementation of Master Plan Proposals, E.I Schemes (Environmental Improvement schemes) and coordination with the other departments under Municipal Administration &Urban Development Department, Commissioner & Director of Municipal Administration, Engineer-in-Chief (Public Health), Urban Development Authorities etc., and technical assistance to other government departments like A.P. Housing Board, A.P. Housing and Urban Development Corporation, A.P. Pollution Control Board , Revenue, Panchayat Raj Department and UDA's etc.

Î Advising the State Government on over all planning and U.D. policies Î Regulation and administration of Town Planning matters including service matters

of Town Planning staff in the State. 4.16 The functions of the DTCP clearly state the importance of the department in the planned growth of the urban areas. Its relevance to the APMD Project is through the infrastructure sub-projects that would be undertaken in the future which have to be in compliance with the rules and regulations that are guided by the DTCP.


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4.2.5 PUBLIC HEALTH AND ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT (PHED) 4.17 The PHED is under the administrative control of MAUD at the secretariat level. The Engineering-in-Chief (Public Health) has jurisdiction over the municipalities and municipal corporations in the state except the Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad (MCH) and Secunderabad. The department under the control of the Engineer-in-Chief (PH), with headquarters at Hyderabad, has 7 Circles headed by Superintending Engineers (SE). There are 21 Divisions under the control of these 7 Circles and are headed by the Executive Engineers (EE) with requisite sub-ordinate staff. A Deputy Chief Engineer (PH) and 2 Executive Engineer assist the Engineer-in-Chief (PH) in the office for Designs and works. 4.18 All the engineering personnel working in Hyderabad Metro Water Supply & Sewerage Board, including the Chief Engineers, belong to the PHED cadre strength. Similarly, there are separate Chief Engineers who look after all other engineering works of the Municipal Corporations of Hyderabad, Visakhapatnam and Vijayawada. The Municipal Engineers (ME) of all grades and Deputy Executive Engineers (DEE) working in all the municipalities are also part of PHED. There is one Chief Engineer (PH) in the office of the Engineer-in-Chief for the preparation schemes for urban water supply and sanitation. The functions of the PHED are:

Î The department is in charge of investigation, designs and execution of water supply and sewerage schemes in all the municipal towns and corporations in the state

Î The department also has control over the technical aspects over all the engineering works in these municipal towns and corporations.

Î All engineering works that cost more than 1 lakh rupees in a municipal town are sanctioned by the PHED.

4.19 The PHED occupies an important role in the execution and planning of the engineering works undertaken in the municipalities and all the engineering staff in the municipalities are under the control of the PHED. Under the APMD Project all infrastructure projects would be undertaken by the PHED by virtue of the power vested with it. The PHED would play a very important role in the implementation of the APMD Project. It is also seen that presently most of the infrastructure sub-project that are implemented at the ULB level are monitored by PHED. Under APMDP also the PHED can assist the ULBs in monitoring and management of the sub-projects whenever required. The Figure 4.3 shows the organizational structure of PHED, which helps us to see if any capacities can be used for the benefit of APMDP.


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4.2.6 ANDHRA PRADESH POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD (APPCB) 4.20 The Andhra Pradesh State Board for Prevention and Control of Water Pollution was constituted in the year 1976, after adoption of Water Act by State Legislature in 1975. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act 1977 was enacted by the Parliament in the year 1977 to augment the resources of the board. The Member Secretary of the board is the collecting authority of cess. The board was entrusted with additional responsibility of Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, in the year 1981. After implementation of Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, the boards name was changed as Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board. The important functions of the board are namely:

Î To plan a comprehensive program for the prevention, control or abatement of pollution of streams and wells in the State

Î To advise the State Government on any matter concerning the prevention, control or abatement of water pollution

Î To collect and disseminate information relating to water pollution and the prevention, control or abatement thereof

SUPERINTENDENT ENGINEER (PH) (Leads circle office with support staff)

DY. ENGINEER (PH) Leads sub division office with support staff

ASST. ENGINEER Leads section office with support staff

EXECUTIVE ENGINEER (PH) (Leads division office with support staff)

ENGINEER-IN-CHIEF (PH)

EXECUTIVE ENGINEER (DESIGN)

EXECUTIVE ENGINEER (WORKS)

CHIEF ACCOUNTS OFFICER

DY. CHIEF ENGINEER (PH)

AT THE CENTRAL OFFICE

AT THE CIRCLE OFFICE

FIG-4.3: ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE PHED


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Î To encourage, conduct and participate in investigations and research relating to problems of water pollution and prevention, control or abatement of water pollution

Î To collaborate with the Central Board in organizing the training of persons engaged or to be engaged in programs relating to prevention, control or abatement of water pollution and to organize mass education programs

Î To inspect sewage or trade effluents, works and plants for the treatment of sewage and trade effluents and to review plans, specifications or other data relating to plants set up for the treatment of water, works for the purification thereof and the system for the disposal of sewage or trade effluents or in connection with the grant of any consent as required by this Act

Î Lay down, modify or annul effluent standards for the sewage and trade effluents and for the quality of receiving waters (not being water in an inter-State stream) resulting from the discharge of effluents and to classify waters of the State

Î To evolve economical and reliable methods of treatment sewage and trade effluents, having regard to the peculiar conditions of solids, climate and water resources of different regions and more especially the prevailing flow characteristics of water in streams and wells which render it impossible to attain even the minimum degree to dilution

Î To evolve methods of utilization of sewage and suitable trade effluents in agriculture

Î To evolve efficient methods of disposal of sewage and trade effluents on land, as are necessary on account of the predominant conditions of scant stream flows that do not provide for major par of the year the minimum degree of dilution

Î To lay down standards of treatment of sewage and trade effluents to be discharged into any particular stream taking into account the minimum fair weather dilution available in that stream and the tolerance limits of pollution permissible in the water of the stream, after the discharge of such effluents

Î To make, vary or revoke any order – For the prevention, control or abatement of discharges of waste into streams or wells

Î Requiring any person concerned to construct new systems for the disposal of sewage and trade effluents or to modify, after or extend any such existing system or to adopt such remedial measures as are necessary to prevent control or abate water pollution

Î To lay down effluent standards to be complied with by persons while causing discharge of sewage or sullage or both and to lay down, modify or annul effluent standards for the sewage and trade effluents

Î To advise the State Government with respect to the location of any industry the carrying on of which is likely to pollute a stream or well (List of Polluting Industries)

Î To perform such other functions as may be prescribed or as may, from time to time be entrusted to it by the Central Board or the State Government

Î The Board may establish or recognize a laboratory or laboratories to enable the Board to perform its functions under this section efficiently, including the analysis of samples of water from any stream or well or of samples of any sewage or trade effluents.


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4.21 With regard to the APMDP the APPCB is likely to play a very important role as most of the sub-projects to be categorized as environmentally safe is to be provided by the APPCB. Especially with regard to sub-projects pertaining to Solid Waste Management, Water Supply, Sewerage and Storm Water Drains in the urban areas need sanction and guidance from the APPCB. The APPCB would also help in giving its advice in handling the environmental problems at the local level as they are well informed and keep a track of environmental conditions at the local level. 4.2.7 ROADS AND BUILDINGS DEPARTMENT (R&B) 4.22 The Roads and Building Department is the agent of the state government that executes various construction activities. The operations of the department are in the name and authority of the Governor of Andhra Pradesh and the Minister for Roads and Buildings and Ports in the state cabinet is responsible to the legislature for the work undertaken by the department. At the government level 2 secretaries to the state government control the functions of the department. For administrative purposes one Engineer-in Chief (R&B) heads the department with jurisdiction over the entire department. The Andhra Pradesh Road Development Corporation, headed by a Managing Director (MD) is linked to the R&B department, specifically catering to the development of important road links connecting to the state and national highways. There are 7 wings in the department addressing various functions. The broad functions of the department are:

Î Construction and maintenance of roads, bridges, causeways and ferries and other means of communication by roads

Î Function as an agent for construction and maintenance of roads classified under the national highways

Î Construction and maintenance of roads within the municipal and urban limits Î Construction and maintenance of state government buildings used and also

intended in connection with administration of the government of Andhra Pradesh 4.23 The role of the R&B becomes important as it works very closely with the concerned municipalities and urban bodies when it comes to the maintenance and construction of roads. The roads constructed in the urban local bodies and the municipal corporations are transferred to the R&B department for maintenance. Along with these it is also in-charge of maintaining the state and national highways that are passing through the local bodies and the urban areas. The R&B department also plays an important role as a planning and advisory body for the urban bodies. Since the APMD Project includes development of road network in the urban areas the R&B department can play an important role in the planning of the activities. 4.2.8 ANDHRA PRADESH STATE HOUSING CORPORATION LIMITED

AND ANDHRA PRADESH HOUSING BOARD (ASHCL AND APHB) 4.24 The Andhra Pradesh Housing Board has come into existence in the year 1960 under the Andhra Pradesh Act, 1956 by emerging from the erstwhile City Improvement Board and Town Improvement Trust of Twin Cities. Given the shortage of funds with the government, migration of the rural population into the urban areas, increase in the number of slums in the urban areas and the increasing demand for ownership housing among the


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middle and low-income groups of the society, the role of APHB occupies an important role in the urban infrastructure provision. Though the APHB is limited with regard to its activities in the urban areas of the state as a whole, it has accomplished significant achievements and contributed for housing at affordable prices in cities like Hyderabad, Secunderabad and other major cities of the state. The APHB is constituted as a statutory body and is managed by a Board constituting of a Chairman appointed by the government, Vice-chairman, the Housing Commissioner and other official and non-official members. The main functions of the Board are:

Î Implementation of various housing schemes introduced by the state government for the economically weaker sections and vulnerable groups of the society (Weaker Section Housing Schemes – WSHS)

Î Construction of houses under integrated/composite housing schemes and allotment of houses on hire purchase basis and on outright sale basis, under lower income group, middle income group and higher income group categories

Î Self-financing housing schemes Î On-site services in the housing colonies and Î Construction of shops, commercial complexes and buildings to let out on rent to

augment financial resources to the board etc. 4.25 Though the department is carrying out its activities there have been certain problems associated with implementation of the projects for the APHB. Lack of inter-departmental coordination with departments like, Revenue Department for acquiring land, Registrar for registration of documents, Electricity Board for provision of electricity etc are causing delays in the processes and service delivery. But the role of APHB can become important for the APMD project if the state government plans to undertake new housing, township development and slum clearance activities in the urban areas in the future. 2.4.9 URBAN DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITIES (UDA) 4.26 The Urban Development Authorities have been formed as the apex planning agencies at the local level. The municipalities, which fall under the jurisdiction of the UDAs have to consult the concerned UDA in the matters relating to the land use pattern and regulation and planning and building regulations. The UDA encircles not just the municipalities but also the area falling under the surrounding gram panchayats. The UDA Boards are instituted and constituted by the government from time to time. The Chairman generally heads the boards and other members include Vice-chairman, official members representing the Municipalities, Town and Country Planning Department, Finance Department and non-official members representing the municipalities and legislators and experts from different fields. The UDAs are dependent on their own revenues through development charges, processing fees, sale receipts on disposal of developed plots and build up houses rent etc., besides annual grants for specific purposes from the state and the central governments, loans and debentures etc. 4.27 There are 6 UDAs in the Andhra Pradesh namely, Hyderabad UDA, Visakhapatnam UDA, Tirupati UDA, Kakatiya UDA, Cyberabad UDA and Vijayawada Guntur Tenali Mangalagiri UDA. The broad functions of the UDAs are:


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Î Planning and preparation of revision of Master Plan and Zonal Development Plans. Î To regulate and control the development through statutory plans and other

measures. Î To undertake various developmental projects in the Developmental Area. Î To co-ordinate with other public agencies concerned with provision of urban

infrastructure, services and amenities. Î They work as a competent & multi-function a bodies and are well equipped multi-

functional group representing various branches of urban planning and development viz., town planning engineering, traffic and transportation, land acquisition, revenue collection, accounting and finance, administration, public relations, urban forestry etc.

4.28 The UDAs form the most important institution, which is very closely knit with the municipal administration. The layout plans for construction of buildings and developing townships have to sanctioned by the UDAs. All issues pertaining to the land use planning for the urban local bodies are drafted by the UDAs which includes updating the master plans for the towns and preparation of new master plans for towns which do not have any. Since land use planning is an integral aspect of the APMD Project, the role of the UDA is vital in urban planning. 4.2.10 DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE HEADED BY THE DISTRICT

COLLECTOR (DC) 4.29 The Revenue Department (RD) headed by the District Collector (DC) at the district level occupies an important role in the overall district administration, which includes rural Panchayats and urban municipalities. The DC is the administrative head of the district and the activities within the municipality are carefully monitored and executed in compliance with the office of the district collector. There is a lot of interface between the DC as the head of the Revenue Department and the municipal administration at the district level. The DC of the district involves in the municipal administration at various levels. They are:

Î In case of emergencies, the DC is empowered for the execution of any work or the doing of any act, which the council is empowered, if such action is felt necessary for the safety of the public.

Î The DC is also competent to suspend a resolution, order, license and permission or act as the case may be and report to the government.

Î He has the power to enforce the execution of the council resolution it the chairman or the commissioner fail to do so.

Î He has the power to inspect any immoveable property or any progress under the control of any municipal authority.

4.30 It was observed that, by the power vested in the office of the DC, the RD plays an important role in the overall administration of the municipality and also for the successful implementation of the APMD Project. Moreover he is the overall in-charge of the implementation of social development schemes like, Janmabhoomi, Prajala Vaddaku Palana, Sramadanam, Clean and Green towns, Flood Relief, Drought Relief and other


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schemes in the district. The DC’s office is also responsible for all alienation and acquisition of lands for the utilization of municipal institutions. 4.31 Since the APMD Project includes major infrastructure projects problems arising by acquiring land can become an important issue to address and for this purpose the role of the RD becomes even more important. The municipal administration has to work closely with the revenue department for these purposes. The municipality can explore issue of interdepartmental coordination, land acquisition and local and district administration etc., by working closely with the RD. 4.2.11 HYDERABAD METROPOLITAN WATER SUPPLY AND

SEWERAGE BOARD (HMWS&SB) 4.32 The HMWS&SB was constituted in the year 1989 under the provision of Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Act, 1989 (Act no.15 of 1989). It caters to both the water supply and sewerage infrastructure to the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad and the adjoining municipalities. There are around 10 municipalities in the Hyderabad and Secunderabad urban agglomeration. 4.33 The Board is headed by the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh as the Chairman and the Minister for MAUD as the Vice-chairman. The board also consists of various high-ranking officials from departments like APPCB, Irrigation Department, MAUD, MCH, Finance Department and respective directors of various wings in HMWS&SB. For administrative purposes a Managing Director (MD) heads the HMWS&SB. The major functions of the board are:

Î Supply of potable water, including planning, design, construction, maintenance, operation and management of all water supply projects.

Î Collection, treatment and disposal of sewage including planning, design, construction, maintenance, operation and management

Î Preparation and implementation of water supply and sewerage schemes introduced by the government of Andhra Pradesh

Î Planning and designing water supply and sewerage schemes for the 10 surrounding municipalities around Hyderabad and Secunderabad

4.34 The role of the HMWS&SB and its relevance to the present project can be seen as an important one. It is one organization of its kind that maintains the largest water supply and sewerage network in the state. It has both the experience and expertise in providing facilities and infrastructure at both Mega City level (Hyderabad and Secunderabad) and at the municipality level (Qutbullapur, L.B.Nagar, Kapra etc). And since officials belonging to varied departments headed by the Chief Minister head the board it is also charged with special responsibility to guide and advise the state government on various issues pertaining to water supply and affluent disposal through sewerage systems. The best practices of HMWS&SB can be considered to improve the water supply and sewerage network in other municipalities across the state. 4.35 The HMWS&SB has also become more sensitive to social and environmental issues through its projects and included them into its mission statement to protect the environment and minimize the damage and take an active role in minimizing the social


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impacts. Its practices could also give important inputs for the development of the SEAMF guidelines. It could play an important role, as it would be the primary agency in providing, drafting and planning water supply schemes under the APMDP in the adjoining municipalities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad. 4.2.12 MEDICAL AND HEALTH DEPARTMENT (MHD) 4.36 The Medical and Health Department is also an important institution in the delivery of services for the urban areas. All medical and health infrastructure in both urban and rural areas is in the watchful eyes of this department. 4.37 Construction and maintenance of medical and health infrastructure is vested with the municipality. It is also responsible for sufficient provision of health facilities and helps the poor and the needy in the municipality by provision of free treatment, distribution of drugs and medicines, provision for in-house treatment, clothing and diet. With a view to provide these services the municipality has to comply by the rules and regulations fixed by the MHD. The functions of the MHD in the municipalities can be listed as:

Î All the hospitals and dispensaries including ayurvedic, siddha, unani and homeopathic institutions may be inspected by the District Medical and Health Officer concerned and the Director of Medical and Health Services.

Î They have the right to inspect any of the hospitals maintained by the municipality when ever may think fit.

Î For additions reductions and alterations of the medical staff in the dispensaries, the sanction of the government and if delegated, the concerned authority’s approval has to be obtained duly routing the proposals through the District Medical Health Officer who is the head at the district level.

Î The instructions of the District Medical and Health Officer with regard to health matters, family planning and implementation of various health schemes are to be followed by the Municipal Health Officer and in his absence by the Commissioner for implementation.

4.38 Provision of health and medical infrastructure in the municipality is an significant indicator of municipal services. Provision of new health infrastructure in the municipalities and improvement of municipal services under the APMD Project, would give the MHD to play a role in the project implementation. 4.2.13 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS UNDER ANDHRA PRADESH

URBAN SERVICES FOR POOR PROJECT 4.39 The Andhra Pradesh Urban Services for the Poor (APUSP) project is a state level project with a comprehensive agenda to improve the urban poor's accessibility to sustainable services in 32 Class – I towns in Andhra Pradesh. The APUSP project has three components, which constitute the project objectives namely:

Î Component one focuses on municipal reforms, especially improving financial planning and implementation capacity, to enable municipalities to become more efficient and responsive to the needs of people, especially the poor.


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Î Component two aims to supply improved environmental infrastructure - water supply, sanitation, solid waste management, drainage, roads/footpaths, and street lighting - to the poor on a sustainable basis. It targets the slums for these services and excludes town-wide services. Half of these infrastructure works have been budgeted for.

Î Component three aims to identify and undertake other poverty reduction measures with the active participation of the poor and civil society. Under this project each municipality will prepare a Municipal Action Plan for Poverty Reduction to define how to achieve these objectives. The plans are to be prepared in a transparent and objective manner with extensive community involvement. Micro planning exercises will be undertaken in poor settlements.

4.40 The project is under implementation in the towns of Andhra Pradesh in various phases. The APMD Project can be examined with the background of the APUSP and the institutional arrangements devised under the APUSP can be used in successful planning and implementation of the APMD Project. Other than the apex institutions in municipal administration that have a strategic oversight of the APUSP project like MAUD, PHED, DTCP, Finance Department, Planning Department etc., there are various planned institutional arrangements at the ULB level. 4.41 The institutional arrangements at the ULB level under the APUSP have increased the capacity of the ULBs in planning and implementing projects and have developed an established process for problem identification, prioritization, need assessment, implementation and then finally monitoring the works in the ULBs considering the social and environmental issues. With such an enhanced capacity of the ULBs, which has brought together the legislature, the executive and the people on to one podium could be very helpful in realizing the objectives of any new project that is introduced for implementation. The Municipal Council, the Office of the Municipal Commissioner, Standing Committee Members, experts in urban affairs, and social organizations like Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO), Civil Society Organizations (CSO), Community Based Organizations (CBO), Self Help Groups (SHG) etc have come together for the planning and implementation of the APUSP. The process and methodology for execution of projects and local knowledge and capacities of the institutional arrangements under the APUSP can be internalized into the APMD Project and can play a crucial role. 4.42 Though all the institutions listed above play an important role in the delivery of services an improvement of infrastructure in the urban areas the most important institutions however are the CDMA, PHED, DTCP, ULB and the UDA. All the other departments associate with the provision of urban services whenever the need may be. 4.3 SUB – PROJECT CYCLE 4.43 The sub-project cycle tries to bring out the involvement of various institutions from initiation to the completion of the sub-project. From the consultation with the institutions and the analysis of the process of initiation and implementation of a sub-project, a typical sub-project cycle has been identified. In the urban areas there are various infrastructure sub-projects that one may encounter like water supply, roads, sewerage, parks, health, sanitation etc., and the involvement of the institutions and their interplay may depend and vary based on the type of sub-project that is proposed. A typical sub-


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project cycle and the involvement of the institutions in that cycle for various types of projects are presented in the table in the forth coming pages. A project cycle has 5 phases namely:

1. Identification of the sub-project 2. Planning and Grounding the sub-project 3. Implementing and Executing the sub-project 4. Monitoring and Completion of the sub-project and 5. Operation and maintenance stage of the sub-project

4.3.1 IDENTIFICATION OF THE SUB-PROJECT

4.44 The first step in the implementation of the sub-project is the identification of the sub-project. The identification may take place due to various sources in a municipality. Firstly, the most important sources for identifying a sub-project are the concerned ULB or the Municipal Council (MC). They may identify a sub-project, as they are the administrative and legislative institutions, which are responsible for the provision of services in a municipality. As a combined governing unit in a municipality both these administrative and the legislative institutions based on their assessments of the problems in the municipality can identify and propose a sub-project. Secondly, the community also plays an important role in identification of a sub-project. The people in the municipality may face specific problems in the areas where they live and inform the respective Ward Members and the councilors or through the municipal authorities to rectify the problem. Through this process they are able to communicate to the municipal authorities and initiate the process of identification in a sub-project area. They also play important role in the identification of a sub-project, as they are the primary stakeholders and experience problems firsthand. Thirdly government involves in the identification of the sub-project as a policy and responsible institution for provision of services for the people and directs the responsible institutions at the Local Body Level to initiate the sub-project. 4.3.2 PLANNING AND GROUNDING THE SUB-PROJECT

4.45 Planning and grounding the sub-project is an important phase where the approval and feasibility of the sub-project, finance required, architectural plans and finally the grounding of the sub-project for the implementation takes place in this phase. Various institutions play their role in planning and grounding the sub-project. 4.46 Once the sub-project is identified it is sent for the MC approval. The MC discusses all the implications and necessities of the sub-project and approves if it feels the sub-project is appropriate. Once the MC gives the approval the ULB headed by the Commissioner orders the Municipal Engineer for a detailed estimate of the sub-project. The sub-project is then sent for approval of the funding agency for the required finances. The CDMA releases of funds through funding institutions according to the estimates sent by the ULB. Depending upon the cost of the sub-project the Municipal Engineer (Below 10 lakhs) or the PHED (10 lakhs to 50 lakhs) or the Chief Engineer, PHED (50 lakhs and above) prepare the technical sanction of the sub-project. The DTCP and the UDA also involves in the sub-project as it is in charge of the planned development of the town and the technical sanctions that are prepared have to be examined by DTCP to see whether it is in lieu with the planning rules laid down for the urban areas. Finally for all lands that are to be acquired for the sub-project the technical and financial proposals are sent to the DC


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who is head of the revenue department as well as the head of District Administration (Govt. rep) for sanction. Once all the respective departments clear these proposals the sub-project is ready for implementation. 4.3.3. IMPLEMENTING AND EXECUTING THE SUB-PROJECT

4.47 Once the technical and financial proposals are through, the commissioner calls for tenders, for the implementation of the sub-project. In consultation with the standing committee, councilors and chairperson, the tenders are received, and disposed. The selected contractor enters into a contract agreement with the municipality, for the implementation of the sub-project. The officials of the ULB from the Engineering and the Town Planning wings along with the contractors implement the sub-project, while the PHED supervises and monitors the works in the municipalities. The staff of the RD is involved in the activity of acquiring the land for the smooth implementation of the sub-project. 4.3.4 MONITORING AND COMPLETION OF THE SUB-PROJECT

4.48 The officials of the ULB both from the engineering and the town planning sections monitor and complete the sub-project in the stipulated time allotted for the completion of the sub-project. The involvement of other department is reduced in this phase when compared to the sub-project initiation and planning stages. 4.3.5 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE STAGE OF THE SUB-PROJECT

4.49 Once the works are completed the sub-project is handed over to the ULB for maintenance and operations. The sub-projects sustainability and regular operations and maintenance fully depends on the ULB’s staff and its respective sections. The sub-project is totally under control of the ULB once the sub-project is completed. 4.50 A typical sub-project cycle identified through the consultations with the institutions is shown as Figure – 4.4. It shows the existing situation as to who a sub-project is executed in the municipalities. 4.3.6 PROJECT SPECIFIC AND SUPPORT INSTITUTIONS

4.51 In a sub-project cycle, based on the involvement of the institutions, the institutions can be divided into ‘Primary Institutions’ that are involved in direct implementation of sub-projects, ‘Support Institutions’ whose technical support and manpower is necessary for the implementation of sub-projects and ‘Project Specific Institutions’ whose technical knowledge and manpower is necessary in planning and implementing certain specific projects. The primary institutions in a typical project cycle identified are Municipal Council (MC), Urban Local Bodies (ULB), Commissionerate & Directorate of Municipal Administration (CDMA), Andhra Pradesh Urban Infrastructure Fund (APUIF), Public Health & Engineering Department (PHED), Directorate of Town & Country Planning (DTCP) and the Urban Development Authorities (UDA). The support institutions are Revenue Department (RD), District Collector (DC), Community Based Organizations (CBO), Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO) etc., and the project specific institutions can be the Roads and Buildings Department (R&B) in case of roads sub-projects, Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (HMWSSB) in case of water


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supply sub-projects, Electricity Distribution Companies (DISCOMS) and Andhra Pradesh Transmission Corporation Limited (AP TRANSCO) for electricity sub-projects, Medical and Health Department (MHD) for health related sub-projects etc. Institutions like the Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board (APPCB) may involve in the planning and execution of the projects on the request of the municipality. Depending upon the type of project, the ULBs will seek specialist and technical support from these departments and elsewhere for planning and implementing sub-projects. 4.52 Table – 4.1 shows the interplay and involvement of various institutions in a sub-project cycle between the across the type of sub-project. Figure – 4.5 shows the flowcharts of sub-project cycles across the type of sub-projects.


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Community GOVTULB MC

PLANNING & GROUNDING

CommunityConsultations

ProjectFeasibility

Fin and techestimates

ULB and the other concerned departments based on the type of sub-project

Approval by theMunicipal Council

FundingAgency

CDMARelease ofFinances

PHED, DTCP or UDAfor technical sanction

IMPLEMENTATION & EXECUTION

Tenders &work contract

Execution of work

Clearance on the type of sub-project (R&B, PCB, MHD)

Monitoring of Execution(ULB, PHED, DTCP, UDA)

Management of Execution(ULB, PHED, DTCP, UDA)

MONITORING & COMPLETION

ULB Concerned Departments

OPERATION & MAINTENANCE

ULB

MAPP and CMAPP


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Table – 4.1: Involvement of institutions in a sub-project cycle under various types of projectsType of Project and Phases DMA ULB DTCP PHED APPCB MC R&B APHB UDA DC HMWS

SBMHD DISCOMS &

TRANSCOCBO GOVT

WATER SUPPLYIdentification and initiationPlanning and GroundingImplementing and executionMonitoring and completionOperation and MaintenanceROADSIdentification and initiationPlanning and GroundingImplementing and executionMonitoring and completionOperation and MaintenanceSEWERAGEIdentification and initiationPlanning and GroundingImplementing and executionMonitoring and completionOperation and MaintenanceHEALTH AND SANITATIONIdentification and initiationPlanning and GroundingImplementing and executionMonitoring and completionOperation and MaintenanceHOUSINGIdentification and initiationPlanning and GroundingImplementing and executionMonitoring and completionOperation and MaintenanceSTREETLIGHTINGIdentification and initiationPlanning and GroundingImplementing and executionMonitoring and completionOperation and MaintenanceSTORM WATER DRAINSIdentification and initiationPlanning and GroundingImplementing and execution


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Table – 4.1: Involvement of institutions in a sub-project cycle under various types of projectsType of Project and Phases DMA ULB DTCP PHED APPCB MC R&B APHB UDA DC HMWS

SBMHD DISCOMS &

TRANSCOCBO GOVT

Monitoring and completionOperation and MaintenanceSOLID WASTE MANAGEMENTIdentification and initiationPlanning and GroundingImplementing and executionMonitoring and completionOperation and MaintenanceEDUCATIONIdentification and initiationPlanning and GroundingImplementing and executionMonitoring and completionOperation and MaintenancePARKS AND OTHERS AMENITIESIdentification and initiationPlanning and GroundingImplementing and executionMonitoring and completionOperation and MaintenanceDMA – Directorate of Municipal Administration, ULB – Urban Local Body, DTCP – Directorate of Town and Country Planning, PHED – Public Health and Engineering Department,APPCB – Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board, MC – Municipal Council, R&B – Roads and Buildings Department, APHB – Andhra Pradesh Housing Board, UDA – UrbanDevelopment Agency, DC – District Collector heading the Revenue Department, HMWSSB – Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board, MHD – Medical and HealthDepartment, AP TRANSCO – Andhra Pradesh Transmission Corporation Limited, CBO – Community Based Organizations and GOVT – Government.


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WATER SUPPLY MAUD

Identification and Initiation

EXTERNAL

PROJECT SPECIFIC

ULB

MC

CBO

MAUD

Planning and Grounding

EXTERNAL

PROJECT SPECIFIC

ULB DMA

DC

HMWSSB

MC

PHED DTCP UDA

MAUD

Implementing and execution

EXTERNAL

PROJECT SPECIFIC

ULB

PHED

MAUD

Monitoring and completion

EXTERNAL

PROJECT SPECIFIC

MAUD

Operation and Maintenance

EXTERNAL

PROJECT SPECIFIC

ULB

ULB

PHED

ROADS MAUD


EXTERNAL

PROJECT SPECIFIC

ULB

MC

CBO

MAUD


EXTERNAL

PROJECT SPECIFIC

ULB

DMA

DC

R&B

MC

PHED DTCP UDA

MAUD


EXTERNAL

PROJECT SPECIFIC

ULB

PHED

MAUD


EXTERNAL

PROJECT SPECIFIC

MAUD


EXTERNAL

PROJECT SPECIFIC

ULB

ULB

R&B

R&B

SEWERAGE MAUD


EXTERNAL

PROJECT SPECIFIC

ULB

MC

CBO

MAUD


EXTERNAL

PROJECT SPECIFIC

ULB

DMA

DC

HMWSSB

MC

PHED DTCP UDA

MAUD


EXTERNAL

PROJECT SPECIFIC

ULB

PHED

MAUD


EXTERNAL

PROJECT SPECIFIC

MAUD


EXTERNAL

PROJECT SPECIFIC

ULB

ULB

PHED

HEALTH&SANIT MAUD


EXTERNAL

PROJECT SPECIFIC

ULB

MC

CBO

MAUD


EXTERNAL

PROJECT SPECIFIC

ULB

DMA

DC

MHD

MC

PHED DTCP UDA

MAUD


EXTERNAL

PROJECT SPECIFIC

ULB

PHED

MAUD


EXTERNAL

PROJECT SPECIFIC

MAUD


EXTERNAL

PROJECT SPECIFIC

ULB

ULB

MHD

MHD

MHD

HOUSING MAUD


EXTERNAL

PROJECT SPECIFIC

ULB

MC

CBO

MAUD


EXTERNAL

PROJECT SPECIFIC

ULB DMA

DC

APHB

MC

PHED DTCP UDA

MAUD


EXTERNAL

PROJECT SPECIFIC

ULB

PHED

MAUD


EXTERNAL

PROJECT SPECIFIC

MAUD


EXTERNAL

PROJECT SPECIFIC

ULB

ULB

APHB

APHB

STREETLIGHTING MAUD


EXTERNAL

PROJECT SPECIFIC

ULB

MC

CBO

MAUD


EXTERNAL

PROJECT SPECIFIC

ULB

DMA

APTRANSCO

MC

MAUD


EXTERNAL

PROJECT SPECIFIC

ULB

MAUD


EXTERNAL

PROJECT SPECIFIC

MAUD


EXTERNAL

PROJECT SPECIFIC

ULB

ULB

APTRANSCO

APTRANSCO

STORM WATER DRAINS MAUD


EXTERNAL

PROJECT SPECIFIC

ULB

MC

CBO

MAUD


EXTERNAL

PROJECT SPECIFIC

DC

MAUD


EXTERNAL

PROJECT SPECIFIC

MAUD


EXTERNAL

PROJECT SPECIFIC

MAUD


EXTERNAL

PROJECT SPECIFIC

ULB

ULB

DMA MC

PHED DTCP UDA

ULB

PHED

ULB

PHED

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT MAUD


EXTERNAL

PROJECT SPECIFIC

ULB

MC

CBO

MAUD


EXTERNAL

PROJECT SPECIFIC

DC

MAUD


EXTERNAL

PROJECT SPECIFIC

MAUD


EXTERNAL

PROJECT SPECIFIC

MAUD


EXTERNAL

PROJECT SPECIFIC

ULB

ULB

DMA MC

PHED DTCP UDA

ULB

PHED

ULB

PHED

APPCB

APPCB

EDUCATION MAUD


EXTERNAL

PROJECT SPECIFIC

ULB

MC

CBO

MAUD


EXTERNAL

PROJECT SPECIFIC

DC

MAUD


EXTERNAL

PROJECT SPECIFIC

MAUD


EXTERNAL

PROJECT SPECIFIC

MAUD


EXTERNAL

PROJECT SPECIFIC

ULB

ULB

DMA MC

PHED DTCP UDA

ULB

ULB

PARKS & OTHER AMENITIES MAUD


EXTERNAL

PROJECT SPECIFIC

ULB

MC

CBO

MAUD


EXTERNAL

PROJECT SPECIFIC

DC

MAUD


EXTERNAL

PROJECT SPECIFIC

MAUD


EXTERNAL

PROJECT SPECIFIC

MAUD


EXTERNAL

PROJECT SPECIFIC

ULB

ULB

DMA MC

PHED DTCP UDA

ULB

PHED

ULB

PHED

Fig – 4.5: Sub-project cycle of various Infrastructure projects and the role of institutions

Andhra Pradesh Municipal Development Project Social and Environmental Assessment Report

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4.4 SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL TASKS IN A SUB-PROJECT CYCLE 4.53 The sub-project cycle described above shows how a sub-project is carried out from its identification to completion. There are various social and environmental tasks that would feature in the sub-project cycle which are important to see that the sub-project complies with the social and environmental safeguards and attains sustainability. For this purpose it is important to know the social and environmental tasks that fall in a typical sub-project cycle (Table – 4.2).

Table – 4.2: Social and Environmental Tasks in a typical sub-project cycle Stages of the Sub-project

Social Task Environmental Task Institution Responsible

Sub-project Identification through MAPP and CMAPP process, which includes social and environmental aspects, issues and problems

People, ULB, GOVT, MC

Collection of information required for social and environmental screening of the sub-project

APPCB, R&B, Forest Dept. ULB, PHED

Identification Stage

Social screening of the sub-project Environmental screening of the sub-project into EA, EB and EC

ULB, MSU, Consultants

Land acquisition screening and assessment

____ ULB, MSU

Undertaking Socio-economic Household survey and household verification of assets and also identification of PAPs and preparation of Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) and Tribal Development Plan (TDP) wherever necessary.

Environmental assessment for category A and B sub-projects including Environmental Management Plans (EMP) wherever necessary

ULB, MSU, Consultants

Preparation of a detailed sub-project proposal detailing social and environmental aspects, alternatives for minimizing the negative impacts and inputs from the RAP, TDP and EMP

ULB, consultants, support departments

Preparation of ICS Plan for social and environmental issues to be addressed ULB Initial consultations with the PAPs and Beneficiaries on the project and its feasibility and detailing the possible impacts and mitigation measures prepared for redressal.

Initial consultations with the people on the mitigation measures for the possible negative environmental impacts

ULB, NGO

Assess and build Institutional capacities to implement mitigation measures, monitor social and environmental aspects of the sub projects

ULB, CDMA, APUFIDC, MAUD

Design social management and monitoring plans for implementation of the sub-project.

Design a environmental monitoring plan for A & B categorized sub projects

ULB, Consultants, NGO, CBO etc.


Establishing Grievance Redressal Mechanisms to address and solve, the social and environmental problems, issues that arise during the implementation and operational phases of the sub project intervention.

ULB, MC, PCB

Initiating implementation with the help of people and the NGOs ULB, NGO Provision of entitlements to the PAPs and mitigate other social impacts

Implementation of sub project specific mitigation measures

ULB, NGO, RD Implementing and

executing Information dissemination and consultation with the PAP’s and beneficiaries through FGDs on the implementation of the subproject, its progress and acquiring the feedback on provision of entitlements and other arrangements.

ULB, NGO

Monitoring and evaluation of progress and quality of the investments - Third party assurance

CDMA, APUFIDC, Consultants

Monitoring and Evaluation through participation on the sub-project

Environmental monitoring of the sub-project

ULB, NGO, CBO Monitoring and

Evaluation Identification of shortcomings and redressal of these grievances

Addressing the adverse impacts identified through monitoring and consultations

ULB, NGO, CBO

Operation and

maintenance

Maintenance of infrastructure through support from the community

Implementation of mitigation measures as specified for O & M

ULB


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4.5 THE CMAPP PROCESS 4.54 The preparation of the CMAPP under the APUSP project is a commendable step towards incorporating the participatory principles into municipal governance. The CMAPP process constitutes formation of groups namely, the Municipal Reforms Committee (MRC), the Municipal Task Force (MTF) and Working Groups (WG) for identification of sub-projects and reform and social development initiatives. The committees and working groups constitute representatives of various concerned departments, members and chairman of municipal council, municipal executive staff, community representatives like the Neighbourhood Action Committee (NAC) conveners, CBOs etc. Through the CMAPP the concerned ULBs have been able to prepare various plans for the development of the municipality like the Municipal Reforms Action Plan (MRAP), Municipal Infrastructure Action Plan (MIAP) and the Social Development Action Plan (SDAP) is a participatory process involving the Council, representatives of the CBOs like NACs, SHGs, and CSOs like Bar Associations, Trade and Industry, Academic Institutions, NGOs, media, and the municipal officials etc. The process involved several steps like developing database, constitution of committees, review of performance including the implementation of the Basic MAPP, poverty survey, participatory micro-level planning, identification of proposals for reform, infrastructure and social development, community consultations and feed-back, etc. 4.55 It is to be noted that at least in the 32 Class – I towns where APUSP is being implemented the MAPP and the CMAPP processes have become an integral part to the project cycle. They have successfully incorporated the participatory principles in the sub-project cycle through MAPP and CMAPP and as a part of the first cycle of the CMAPP the ULBs have identified and prepared various perspective plans for the development of various areas with regard to overall municipal functioning at the ULB level. It is primarily this process of MAPP and the CMAPP that gives an advantage of better capacities to the APUSP towns. 4.5.1 THE PERSPECTIVE PLANS 4.56 Under the first cycle of the CMAPP process the ULBs have been in the process of preparing certain Perspective plans for a three to five year time schedule. The purpose is to direct efforts through these plans to achieve the objectives of good urban governance, reduce urban poverty and vulnerability of the urban poor. These plans are implementable across a continuously through a series of CMAPP cycles.

4.5.1.1 MUNICIPAL REFORMS ACTION PLAN (MRAP) This plan talks of various reform measures and initiatives that have been identified through the CMAPP process. Depending on the suitability and the need the reform initiatives would be implemented. The MRAP has two more plans that would assist in implementation, namely,


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Financial (Revenue) Improvement Action Plan (FIAP) Under this plan the ULBs shall plan for financial reforms covering revenue improvement, expenditure control, financial operating plans, cost centered approach, improving budgeting and accounting, asset management etc.

Institutional Development Action Plan (IDAP) In this plan the ULBs shall plan for institutional reforms covering organizational change, modernization of equipment, improved service delivery mechanisms, simplification of procedures, etc. The plan also includes the Capacity Building Plan (CBP) and a Communication Strategy (CS).

4.5.1.2 MUNICIPAL INFRASTRUCTURE ACTION PLAN (MIAP) This plan identifies various areas for the investment to be made in the concerned towns for improving the infrastructure based on the criterion of poverty and infrastructure deficiency. Funding projects for relating to notified poor settlement as per priority were identified. Also off-site infrastructure, rehabilitation of infrastructure linked with poor settlements would feature in the proposals identified in this plan. The MIAP has three other plans that link with investments. Critical Infrastructure Investment Plan (CIIP)

This plan discusses in detail the town wide needs of critical infrastructure and assesses the indicative requirement of investment. The funds from various sources like central and state governments; municipalities and public funds etc., including various loans from various institutions and agencies will be used to implement the projects in this plan. It is to be noted that the funds that may be released under the APMDP would be used to fund the proposals identified in the CIIP for each town. So around 19 municipalities are gearing up to prepare the CIIP so that investments under the APMDP can begin. The first year sub-projects for the APMDP will also be from the CIIP of a town. Extending the CMAPP process to other urban towns (Class – II and the Class – III) will have more meaning and usefulness as APMDP aims at investments in all the 117 municipalities. Operation and Maintenance Plan (O&MP)

This plan brings to the forefront the possibilities of improved service delivery and citizens’ satisfaction by improving and better managing issues related to operation and maintenance. The preparation of the O&MP for the towns under the CMAPP is therefore a thrust area of reform for better municipal services. General Town Plan (GTP)

This plan is felt essential for regulated and proper growth of the cities and towns. Therefore GTP has been identified as a priority area of reform under APUSP. The GTP also has relevance to the APMDP wherein it also focuses on the General town Planning, Land Use-management etc in its investment component.


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4.5.1.3 SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ACTION PLAN (SDAP) The SDAP has been prepared under the CMAPP process to see that the capacities of the community and the overall development of the people through methods of participation and consultation. The aim of this plan is to induce the overall social development of the town by providing assistance, training, undertaking skill development activities, initiating employment programmes, etc., through people’s participation in the municipality. It also undertakes activities to strengthen the capacities of the community to organize themselves in this social development initiative.

4.57 A review of the Basic MAPP and the CMAPP processes under the APUSP show that they successfully involve the community and both the Executive and the Deliberative wings of the ULB in a participatory process of identifying infrastructural sub-projects and reform and social development initiatives based on the needs of the municipality. But what needs to be noted here is that the consultation and participatory activities and involvement of people under the CMAPP process is only limited to the need assessment which involves micro-panning exercises for identification of the sub-projects and initiatives. In other words, CMAPP is a participative process of identifying perspective plans covering various needs of the ULBs namely institutional development, capacity building, consultation and so on and a

FIG: 4.6 – FLOW CHART of CMAPP PROCESS

Eligibility

Next Cycle Community

Consultation

EC Endorsement

Draft Report

finalized

Implementation

MoU with Municipality

Field Appraisal

Revised Draft

Report

Council Approval

Infras Proposal

Social Devp

Proposal

Reform Proposal

Poverty Survey

Working Groups

deliberations

Preparatory Steps Data compilation

and updation

Constitution of MRCs, WGs, MTF

Orientation workshop

MAPP Review

Community Consultation

PMPL


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typical sub-project cycle specified above only starts once the CMAPP process comes to an end. 4.58 The CMAPP process identifies the proposed sub-projects and initiatives and then the implementation begins. The typical sub-project cycle for APMDP and the social and the environmental tasks under it are external to the CMAPP process. The project-specific consultations, project-specific capacities for handling social and environmental tasks, institutional arrangements for implementation etc., are not addressed by the CMAPP, but need to be developed for implementation. However the CMAPP has initiated and developed a good consultation mechanism and through it the ULBs have come much closer to the community. Due to this the implementation under APMDP will be much easier if the ULBs can utilize and develop their capacities that are needed for social and environmental tasks. Figure 4.6 shows the CMAPP process. 4.6 PROPOSED INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT FOR APMDP

4.59 After deliberations and discussions with the concerned departments under the MAUD, the institutional arrangements for the implementation of APMDP have undergone changes since the inception of the project. The government of Andhra Pradesh is still under the process of finalizing the arrangements but it can be deduced that some of the institutions in MAUD will be considered for the present project. An important role will be played by the APUIF along with other players like the CDMA, RDMA, APUSP, ULBs and MAUD itself. 4.60 The capacities of CDMA and APUIF are being built in this direction. The MSU will lead the project and provide required support to all ULBs. It will also assist in building capacity at the local level. It will also verify that all sub-projects comply with social and environmental safeguards. APUIF will finance the sub-projects and potentially assist ULBs in better financial management, loan recovery, etc. 4.61 The institutional arrangements for the proposed APMDP for handling the social and environmental aspects of the project are as follows: 4.6.1 AT THE TOP LEVEL

4.62 The APMD Project would be implemented in the State by the Department of Municipal Administration and Urban Development (MAUD) through the CDMA and APUFIDC. The Principal Secretary MAUD will be heading the activities under the project at the State Level. 4.6.2 AT THE MIDDLE LEVEL 4.63 The CDMA, in its capacity as the authority in charge of ULBs, would provide general institutional and administrative support to all ULBs. A Municipal Strengthening Unit (MSU) would be set up at CDMA to assist ULBs to undertake infrastructure sub-projects under APMD Project, monitor their implementation and provide institutional support, in the form of capacity building and reforms, to ULBs and also assist them. The MSU will engage an environmental specialist and a social development expert for assessment of social and environmental compliance of sub-projects.


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4.64 The APUFIDC would be the nodal agency responsible for financing and appraising the sub-projects under APMDP. It will have three project windows – the Project Development Division (PDD) for appraisal of sub-projects, the Investment Division (ID) for financing the sub-projects and the Institutional Development Division (IDD) for sub-project specific institutional development. 4.6.3 AT THE BOTTOM LEVEL

4.65 At the field level the concerned ULBs would play an important role in implementation of the project. The ULBs would be responsible for designing, implementing and managing the sub-projects. They will form an Environment and Social Management Committee to carry out the necessary social and environmental functions in the sub-project areas. Institutional arrangements for addressing social and environmental aspects of the project constitute the S&E officer and the ESMC. 4.66 The role and the functions of the ESMC would include, but not be limited to, the following:

Î Ensuring social and environmental compliance in sub-project preparation Î Coordinating acquisition of land and undertaking surveys Î Overseeing preparation of SMPs/EMPs through internal sources and/or external

consultants Î Social/Environmental Impact Assessments Î Implementation of SMPs/EMPs Î Approval of SMPs if done through external consultants Î Undertaking/coordinating construction of resettlement colonies Î Coordinating with NGOs in SMP/EMP implementation and various agencies involved Î Grievance redressal Î Organize training programmes for identified PAPs through the Government agencies/

NGOs / other sources 4.67 The S&E officer, working under the Municipal Engineer, would ensure the implementation of RAP/TDP/EMP at sub-project level through the existing machinery by entrusting the execution of separate sectoral components of the RAP to the concerned line departments. The responsibilities for handling social issues would be coordinated with the Town Planning and the Revenue Wings as they are more acquainted with issues such as land acquisition, measurements, structural assessments, etc. Similarly the S&E Officer will coordinate with the other Engineering department officials, the Medical and Health Officials and environmental consultants on environmental issues such as solid waste management, sanitation, etc. The role and the functions of the S&E Officer would include, but not be limited to, the following:

1. Coordinate planning and implementation of social and environmental aspects of sub-projects in the ULB.

2. Assess the Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) for social and environmental compliance with safeguard framework.

3. Monitor the sub-project interventions for social and environmental sustainability 4. Support and coordinate trainings programmes for the capacity building of the PIA and

its partners like the NGOs and CBOs as the case may be.


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5. Coordinate with all the agencies for ensuring implementation of social & environmental activities.

6. Assist consultants to carry out assessment of the project affected people and in the assessment of vulnerability and entitlement issues and coordination of SMP/EMP implementation at the ULB.

7. Mobilizing the community and ensuring their participation in addressing emerging social and R&R issues.

8. Reporting the progress, highlighting the social and environmental issues not addressed and also provide for course correction in subsequent projects

9. Develop a system of environmental monitoring and social audit to achieve maximum benefits from the sub-project.

10. Auditing the monitoring indicators collected by the implementing staff 4.68 The organizational structure at the ULB is given as Figure 4.7. Each ULB will consist of the implementation arrangements and the ESMC. Municipal Commissioner, Municipal Engineer and S&E Officer (senior officer designated by the CDMA), supported by section heads at the ULB, and representatives from NGOs/community will form the primary implementing arrangements at the ULB and the ESMC will be responsible for overlooking social and environmental activities implemented under each sub-project in the ULB. For specific environmental issues, the Regional Officer of APPCB may be consulted. 4.69 It can be seen that the social and environmental needs of the APMD Project would be managed at different levels. At the state level, the MAUD, at the middle level the MSU of CDMA would enable ULBs to prepare socially and environmentally sound project proposals and help build required skills through a concerted capacity building programme. The S&E Manger at the APUFIDC would ensure that appraised sub-projects are socially and environmentally sound, apart from providing advisory services to ULBs. And finally at the bottom level the S&E officer and the ESMC would be vested with powers to monitor and manage S&E issues during sub-project implementation at the ULBs. Figure 4.8 Shows the overall institutional arrangements for the project implementation under APMDP.

FIG: 4.7 – INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS AT THE ULB

S&E Officer

Municipal Engineer / Manager

Town Planning Wing

Revenue Wing

Health and Sanitation Wing

Engineering Wing

CommissionerESMC

Municipal Chairperson (Chairman) Commissioner (Exec – Chairman) Municipal Engineer/Manager S&E Officer (Designated) Town Planning Officer Medical and Health Officer R Officer


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ID IDD PDD

Municipal Engineer

ESMC

Town Planning Revenue

Office of the Principal Secretary (MAUD)

CDMA-MSU

FIG – 4.8: INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR APMDP

Flow of activities under the institutional arrangements for APMDP (Project implementation)

Director, APUIF

Commissioner, ULB

S&E MANAGER

S&E OFFICER

Engineering Health and Sanitation

Consultants

NGOs


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4.7 INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS MATRIX

4.70 The institutional analysis matrix explains the role and function of the institutions and various issues identified that are acting ashindrances in achieving better success in planning and implementing the urban projects. The matrix also brings out the social and managementroles of the institutions in the project planning exercise. The matrix shows all institutions – primary and external - under the MunicipalAdministration and Urban Development like the CDMA, DTCP, PHED, ULB, UDA and the Revenue Department under the District Collectorwho are more or less involved in all the projects that are initiated in the urban areas and describes their functions and roles.

SOCIAL SECTIONProjects Institutions Role and function Issues identified Social Assessment and Management

RolesALL PROJECTS Commissionarate

and Directorate ofMunicipalAdministration(CDMA)

¾�Acts as an apex organization in charge of allactivities for development in the urban areas.

¾�Implementation and provision of services likewater, sanitation, sewerage, health, housing,education, roads etc along with the help of otherdepartment.

¾�Coordinating role between various department incharge of municipal services and act as a linkbetween the administration and the legislature

¾�Supervising overall planning, implementation,management and monitoring of municipalservices and infrastructure

¾�Provision and disbursement of grants and loansto various municipalities

¾�Closer coordination between the otherdepartments with regard to water supply has tobe maintained

¾�Flow of information from CDMA to the ULBs onthe various programmes and initiatives ofMunicipal Administration and UrbanDevelopment has to be improved

¾�Input and feedback mechanism has to beimproved between the ULBs and the CDMA

¾�Procedures and modus operandi of the CDMAwith regard to the sanction and dispensation ofthe project requirements has to be eased andsmoothened for quick action and faster results

¾�The organization lacks a social safeguard policyfor implementing infrastructure projects

¾�Social and environmental training would benecessary if it has to act as projectmanagement unit.

¾�Developing matrices for betterinformation flow

¾�Preparation of a social safeguard policyand entitlement matrix

¾�Supervision of projects and enhancinginter departmental coordination

¾�Organizing meetings and reviews onthe projects implemented

¾�Plan for provision of training and skilldevelopment programmes for the staff

¾�Plan for provision of training on R&Rand preparing social assessments forprojects

¾�Act as a link between otherdepartments and the ULBs

¾�Plan the monitoring and managing thesub-projects identified by the ULBs

ALL PROJECTS Andhra PradeshUrban Finance andInfrastructureDevelopmentCorporation(APUFIDC)

¾�Acting as a banker for funding the sub-projectsundertaken in the ULBs across the state.

¾�Capacities of the officials are only limited to thatof banking operations and financing.

¾�The staff of the APUFIDC should be trained toadopt themselves to the new social andenvironmental responsibilities.

¾�Financing new sub-projects and alsocatering to their financial feasibility

¾�Institutionalizing new divisions andproviding capacity building support toULBs

ALL PROJECTS Urban Local Bodies(ULB)

¾�In charge of the municipal administration at thelocal level

¾�Primarily concerned with the construction andmaintenance of roads and drains, street lighting,providing protected water, maintenance of publicmarkets slaughterhouses, parks and

¾�The ULBs lack institutional arrangements forhandling social issues for the project.

¾�The knowledge of the staff on R&R issues isshallow and peripheral

¾�Lack of coordination with the NGOs and otherprofessional groups in the implementation of the

¾�Assist consultants in the preparation ofthe SMPs for the projects implementedbased on the R&R policy adopted.

¾�Developing institutional arrangementsand capacities for the implementationof R&R provisions


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Projects Institutions Role and function Issues identified Social Assessment and ManagementRoles

playgrounds etc., and maintenance of sanitation.¾�Responsible for certain regulatory functions like

land use, building permissions and tradelicenses etc.

¾�Levying taxes and fees¾�Releasing certain grants and compensations for

the development activities

projects¾�Good capacity building exercise has been

undertaken under the APUSP project to developcommunity organizations especially in theClass-1 towns and these capacities can beused for future projects

¾�Class-2 and Class-3 towns need capacitybuilding and incorporating communityorganizations in the project planning andimplementation

¾�Community participation is not directed properlyto include them in the planning of infrastructureprojects

¾�Lack of a professional consultation strategy¾�Better infrastructure and computerization is

necessary for better service delivery¾�Lack of technical staff in planning and drafting

the infrastructure projects¾�Regular coordination and maintaining

information flow to the CDMA

¾�Hiring and involving professional NGOsin the project planning andimplementation

¾�Informing the Community BasedOrganizations on the programmes thatare to be implemented and alsoIncluding them in planning andimplementing the project

¾�Regular training to the staff to developtheir capacities in operating workoriented computer knowledge and alsoon consultations with the people

¾�Instituting a grievance redressal cell atthe ULB to address the queries of thepeople in the project implementationstage

¾�Developing a regular feedbackmechanism with the CDMA

¾�Developing the capacities of the staff inpreparation of social assessments andevaluations

¾�Regular coordination with otherdepartments for advise and planning

ALL PROJECTS Municipal Council(MC)

¾�It is the legislative wing of the municipality¾�It is the sole authority to sanction and approve

the projects in the municipality¾�It is very closely knit with the people in the

municipality as it has elected representatives ofthe people.

¾�The municipal councilors are incremental inidentifying the projects for the development ofthe towns

¾�Maintenance of the social infrastructure relatedto social development, health, sanitation,education etc., is vested with the MunicipalCouncil.

¾�Political affiliation to a party is causing problemsin identifying the right projects for investments.

¾�Favoritism and wrong prioritization of projectsare causing problems in providing services.

¾�Select people or community groups are onlybeing included into the project identification andplanning

¾�Training to be provided on consultationstrategies and participatory methods

¾�Lack of regular attendance to the municipalcouncil meetings and lack of coordinationamong the council

¾�The council can play a very importantrole in the planning and execution ofthe project.

¾�Identification of the infrastructureprojects can be easy with the help ofthe council

¾�Community participation in theidentification, planning andimplementation of the project can beencouraged through the council as theyare more closer to the people

¾�Organizing meetings and reviews withother departments at the ULB level

¾�Informing the Community BasedOrganizations on the programmes thatare to be implemented and alsoIncluding them in planning andimplementing the project.


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ALL PROJECTS Directorate of Townand CountryPlanning (DTCP)

¾�Involves in the urban development planning andpolicies and preparation of master plans for thetowns

¾�Formulation of regulations for enforcement ofbuilding and land use standards

¾�Approval of industrial, commercial, residentialand agricultural area proposals

¾�Approval of road development plans andapproval of type designs and plans for variouspublic and community buildings assignments,alienation’s etc.

¾�Assistance in formulation, implementation andmonitoring of schemes under IDSMT bymunicipalities.

¾�Assistance in regulation of grants toMunicipalities for implementation of Master PlanProposals, E.I Schemes (EnvironmentalImprovement schemes)

¾�Technical assistance to other governmentdepartments like APHB, APHUDCL, APPCB,Revenue, Panchayat Raj Department etc.

¾�Developing close coordination with the CDMAand the ULBs for town planning activities isneeded

¾�Though there is supervision actual fieldparticipation is in implementing the project islimited

¾�Concentrates on technical planning alone andhas no provisions for project specific socialaspects in planning and implementation

¾�Lack of policy which identifies social and R&Rissues

¾�Staff need to be trained in Social and R&Rissues (The town planning section of the ULB)

¾�Can play a very important role in theplanning and implementation of aproject

¾�Planning land use and landmanagement

¾�Regular coordination with thedepartments at the local level whileimplementing the project

¾�Drafting urban land use andmanagement policies and drafting rulesand regulations

¾�Important inputs in the preparation ofthe R&R policy and also theResettlement Action Policies for theproject implementation

¾�Develop consultation strategies tominclude the people in theimplementation and planning of theproject

ALL PROJECTS Public Health andEngineeringDepartment(PHED)

¾�In charge of investigation, designs and executionof water supply and sewerage schemes in all themunicipal towns and corporations

¾�The department also has control over thetechnical aspects over all the engineering works

¾�All engineering works that cost more than 1 lakhrupees in a municipal town are sanctioned bythe PHED

¾�Developing close coordination with the CDMAand the ULBs for town planning activities isneeded




¾�Lack of staff at the regional offices to cater tothe technical help for the municipalities

¾�Can play a very important role in theplanning and implementation

¾�Preparing engineering plans¾�Regular coordination with the

departments at the local level whileimplementing the project

¾�Important inputs in the preparation ofthe R&R policy

¾�Develop consultation strategies tominclude the people in theimplementation and planning of theproject

ALL PROJECTS UrbanDevelopmentAuthorities (UDA)

¾�Apex planning agency at the local level¾�Planning and preparation of revision of Master

Plan and Zonal Development Plans.¾�To regulate and control the development through

statutory plans and other measures.¾�To undertake various developmental projects in

the Developmental Area.¾�To co-ordinate with other public agencies

concerned with provision of urban infrastructure,services and amenities.

¾�Competent body and is well equipped with multi-functional group representing various branchesof urban planning and development viz., town

¾�Developing close coordination with the CDMA,DTCP and the ULBs for town planning activitiesis needed

¾�Though there is supervision actual fieldparticipation is in implementing the project islimited




¾�Can play a very important role in theplanning and implementation of sub-project

¾�Planning land use and landmanagement


¾�Drafting urban land use andmanagement policies and drafting rulesand regulations



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planning, engineering, traffic and transportation,land acquisition, revenue collection, accountingand finance, administration, public relations,urban forestry etc.

ALL PROJECTS RevenueDepartment underthe DistrictCollector (DC)

¾�The Revenue Department (RD) is headed by theDistrict Collector (DC) is the administrative headof the district and the activities within themunicipality are carefully monitored andexecuted in compliance with the office of thedistrict collector.

¾�In case of emergencies, the DC is empoweredfor the execution of any work or the doing of anyact, which the council is empowered, if suchaction is felt necessary for the safety of thepublic.

¾�Involves in the day-to-day activities of themunicipality within the district if the municipalityfails to do so.

¾�Power to inspect any immoveable property orany progress under the control of any municipalauthority.

¾�He is the overall in-charge of the implementationof social development schemes like,Janmabhoomi, Prajala Vaddaku Palana,Sramadanam, Clean and Green towns, FloodRelief, Drought Relief and other schemes in thedistrict.

¾�The DC’s office is also responsible for allalienation and acquisition of lands for theutilization of municipal institutions

¾�There is severe lack of coordination with theRevenue department with regard to landacquisition.

¾�The Revenue Department has good capacitywith regard to land acquisitions and otherdeliberations concerned with land. Thiscapacity is not being made use of by themunicipalities. The municipalities totally dependon the Revenue Department for Acquisitions.

¾�Delays in the project are arising due to lack ofidentification of land for the purpose of resettlingpeople.

¾�Limited participation of the revenue departmentin the implementation of the project

¾�Lack of policy which identified social and R&Rissues

¾�Since the APMD Project includes majorinfrastructure projects problems arisingby acquiring land can become animportant issue to address and for thispurpose the role of the RevenueDepartment becomes even moreimportant.

¾�The municipal administration has towork closely with the revenuedepartment for these purposes. Themunicipality can explore issue ofinterdepartmental coordination, landacquisition and local and districtadministration etc., by working closelywith the Revenue Department.

¾�Can play a very important role in theplanning and implementation of aproject



¾�Develop consultation strategies toinclude the people in theimplementation and planning of theproject

ALL PROJECTS Community BasedOrganizations(CBO)

¾�Identifying the infrastructure projects in a ULB asthey experience the problems

¾�Social networking in the towns and alsoimportant in coordination projects

¾�Organizing programmes at the community level¾�Bridging the gap between the community and

municipal authorities¾�Conglomeration of community institutions¾�Building the capacity of the municipalities in

various projects¾�Information carriers and disseminating agents

¾�Other than identification of the projects in thetowns the CBOs are not being fully included intothe planning and implementation of the projects.

¾�The CBOs do not have free access to themunicipal functionaries when it come togrievances and problem solving steps

¾�The potential of the CBOs is not being fullyutilized by the municipalities in dissemination ofthe project

¾�Wherever the CBOs are recruited that areunderpaid

¾�A good network of the CBOs has beendeveloped under the APUSP, but themunicipalities do not have a plan to sustain theirparticipation.

¾�The CBOs can play a very importantrole in bringing the people closer to themunicipality if a new project is initiated.

¾�Role in disseminating the projectobjectives

¾�Creating awareness and educating thecommunity

¾�Identifying important impacts on thesocial side

¾�Better role in planning andimplementing the project

¾�Can facilitate grievance redressal¾�Create efficiency in implementing the

project¾�Can give important inputs for the


Rev.21May09 150


¾�Lack of good consultation strategies isnecessary

¾�Very few of the CBOs have developed theircapacities but a lot more planning id needed todevelop them to participate in the daily activitiesof the municipality.

preparation SMPs¾�Can play an important role in the

implementation of the SMP

WATER SUPPLYAND SEWERAGE

HyderabadMetropolitan WaterSupply andSewerage Board(HMWS&SB) andPublic Health andEngineeringDepartment(PHED)

¾�It caters to both the water supply and sewerageinfrastructure to the twin cities of Hyderabad andSecunderabad and adjoining 10 municipalities.

¾�Supply of potable water, including planning,design, construction, maintenance, operationand management of all water supply projects

¾�Collection, treatment and disposal of sewageincluding planning, design, construction,maintenance, operation and management

¾�Preparation and implementation of water supplyand sewerage schemes introduced by thegovernment of Andhra Pradesh

¾�It has both the experience and expertise inproviding facilities and infrastructure at bothMega City level and at the municipality level.

¾�It is also charged with special responsibility toguide and advise the state government onvarious issues pertaining to water supply andaffluent disposal through sewerage systems.

¾�The practices and policies of the HMWSSB canbe made use while planning similar projects inmunicipalities

¾�Help of the pollution control board is veryimportant while planning projects, which is notbeing done in most of the municipalities. Inputsfrom APPCB can give very important inputs tothe planning process.

¾�The best practices of HMWS&SB canbe considered to improve the watersupply and sewerage network in othermunicipalities across the state

¾�The HMWS&SB has drafted a policyfor R&R that can be made use of.

¾�Can play an important role in theplanning and implementation of watersupply projects across the state.

¾�Its practices could also give importantinputs for the development of theSEAMF guidelines.

¾�Advise the state government onvarious water supply across the state

ROADSRoads andBuildingsDepartment (R&B)

¾�Construction and maintenance of roads, bridges,causeways and ferries and other means ofcommunication by roads

¾�Function as an agent for construction andmaintenance of roads classified under thenational highways

¾�Construction and maintenance of roads withinthe municipal and urban limits

¾�Construction and maintenance of stategovernment buildings used and also intended inconnection with administration of thegovernment of Andhra Pradesh

¾�The R&B department also plays an importantrole as a planning and advisory body for theurban bodies.

¾�There is a good coordination between the R&Bdepartment and the municipalities with regard tothe construction of roads and this coordinationcan be utilized for better provision of services tothe people.

¾�The R&B department has prepared an R&Rpolicy for Andhra Pradesh State HighwaysProject, which can be very useful whileimplementing roads projects in the urban areas.


¾�The R&B department can coordinatewith the ULBs to formulate plans,execute and complete construction ofroads in the municipalities

¾�The R&B department has an R&Rpolicy that may be used in developingthe R&R policy for the MAUD.

¾�Could give important inputs for thepreparation of the guidelines underSEAMF

¾�Regular coordination with otherdepartments and the ULBs till thecompletion of the project

¾�Advise the ULBs in drafting newpolicies and plans for roads projects.


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HEALTH ANDSANITATION

Medical and HealthDepartment (MHD)and MunicipalCouncil (MC)

¾�All the hospitals and dispensaries includingayurvedic, siddha, unani and homeopathicinstitutions may be inspected by the DistrictMedical and Health Officer concerned and theDirector of Medical and Health Services.

¾�They have the right to inspect any of thehospitals maintained by the municipality whenever may think fit.

¾�For additions reductions and alterations of themedical staff in the dispensaries, the sanction ofthe government and if delegated, the concernedauthority’s approval has to be obtained dulyrouting the proposals through the DistrictMedical Health Officer who is the head at thedistrict level.

¾�The instructions of the District Medical andHealth Officer with regard to health matters,family planning and implementation of varioushealth schemes are to be followed by theMunicipal Health Officer and in his absence bythe Commissioner for implementation.

¾�Through there is a close coordination betweenthe MHD and the ULB it is limited tomaintenance of infrastructure.

¾�Involvement of the concerned staff within themunicipality in charge of maintaining themedical and health infrastructure is limited.


¾�Planning and developing healthinfrastructure in the ULB

¾�Developing close coordination with theULB in identifying the health needs inthe municipality

¾�Advise the ULBs in drafting newpolicies and plans for rods projects.


¾�Inputs for the preparation of the R&Rpolicy for the MAUD

¾�Developing special schemes for thevulnerable groups

¾�Maintenance of the healthinfrastructure in the municipalities thatfall within the project


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HOUSING Andhra PradeshHousing Board(APHB)

¾�Implementation of various housing schemesintroduced by the state government for theeconomically weaker sections and vulnerablegroups of the society (Weaker Section HousingSchemes – WSHS)

¾�Construction of houses underintegrated/composite housing schemes andallotment of houses on hire purchase basis andon outright sale basis, under lower incomegroup, middle income group and higher incomegroup categories

¾�Self-financing housing schemesOn-site services in the housing colonies andConstruction of shops, commercialcomplexes and buildings to let out on rent toaugment financial resources to the board etc.

¾�The municipalities themselves generally undertake housing activity that may arise in theimplementation of the project. The help of theHousing Board is only sought if the housingproject is of a larger scale. Regular help fromthe department could save time and planningexercise and well-planned activities can bechalked out.

¾�There is lack of coordination between theHousing Board and the ULBs on housing plans,which needs to be increased.

¾�Interdepartmental coordination, especially withthe Revenue Department is necessary forsuccessful implementation of the housingschemes, as it is in charge of identification ofland for housing. Delays are occurring in thisprocess.


¾�Can be very helpful in planning andimplementation of housing projects inthe municipality.

¾�The housing plans and economichousing schemes will be helpful inpreparing the entitlements for theproject affected people and also in thepreparation of the R&R policy for theMAUD.

¾�Developing the coordination with otherdepartment s especially the revenuedepartment and the ULBs in identifyingthe land for the construction of housesfor the displaced people.


¾�Advise the ULBs in developing housingplans and housing projects

¾�It can also successfully address theproblems pertaining to the generalimprovement of the cities, opening outcongested areas by planned housing,clearance and construction of housingin the slum areas and improvement ofgeneral sanitary conditions tosafeguard public health etc.

¾�But the role of APHB can becomeimportant when the ULB plans toundertake new housing, townshipdevelopment and slum clearanceactivities in the urban areas in thefuture.

STREET LIGHTING Andhra PradeshTransmissionCorporation Limited(AP Transco)

¾�Provision of electricity infrastructure in the townsand municipalities

¾�Repairs and maintenance of the infrastructure¾�Planning new transmission towers and lines and

substations for the towns¾�Other services with regard to electricity supply

¾�ULB’s coordination with the electricitydepartment is very limited

¾�There are maintenance problems in managingelectricity infrastructure

¾�Delays in service delivery¾�The TRANSCO has R&R policy that could give

important inputs for the preparation of R&Rpolicy

¾�The TRANSCO can coordinate with theULBs to formulate plans, execute andcomplete construction of electricityinfrastructure in the municipalities

¾�The R&R policy of TRANSCO that maybe used in developing the R&R policyfor the MAUD.


¾�Regular coordination with otherdepartments and the ULBs till the


Rev.21May09 153


completion of the project¾�Develop consultation strategies to

include the people in theimplementation and planning of theproject

¾�Advise the ULBs in drafting newpolicies and plans for electricityprojects.

STORM WATERDRAINS ANDSEWERAGE

Urban Local Bodies(ULB) and PublicHealth andEngineeringDepartment(PHED)

¾�One of the primary duties of the ULBs and thePHED is provision proper sewerage and stormwater drains for the people in the municipality


¾�There are problems in maintaining thesewerage and storm water drains once theconstruction is completed. This has to berectified and better planning is necessary

¾�Planning the sewerage and SWDdrains with the help of APPCB

¾�Encouraging the participation of thepeople and the communities in theplanning and implementation of theproject.

¾�Coordination with the APPCB to reduceany environmental impacts on the[people with regard to the infrastructureprovided

SOLID WASTEMANAGEMENT

Andhra PradeshPollution ControlBoard (APPCB)

¾�To plan a comprehensive program for theprevention, control or abatement of pollution

¾�To collaborate with the Central Board inorganizing the training of persons engaged or tobe engaged in programs relating to prevention,control of pollution and to organize masseducation programs

¾�To evolve economical and reliable methods oftreatment of waste and sewage

¾�To lay down standards of treatment of sewageand waste disposed

¾�The Board may establish or recognize alaboratory or laboratories to enable the Board toperform its functions

¾�The APPCB is only concentrating on the Solidwaste management projects alone in amunicipality. It has to take up the same for theother projects like sewerage, storm water, watersupply etc.

¾�Help in preparing plans and executionof projects in the municipality.

¾�Inputs for the R&R and Environmentalpolicies of the MAUD

¾�Monitoring the execution of the projectsconsidering the environmentalsafeguards and Acts



¾�Advise the ULBs in drafting newpolicies and plans for betterenvironmental sustainability with theprojects undertaken.

EDUCATION Urban Local Bodies(ULB)

¾�One of the primary duties of the ULBs isprovision of educational facilities.

¾�Problems with the maintenance of educationalfacilities

¾�Problems with the staff and attendance¾�Better infrastructure in the educational

institutions

¾�Provision of better quality infrastructureand planning for dispersal ofeducational institutions in the towns

¾�Better and qualified staff to be recruitedand wherever there is a shortagerecruit temporary staff to solve theproblem.

¾�Coordination with other departments inplanning educational infrastructure inthe towns and municipalities


Rev.21May09 154



PARKS AND OTHERAMENITIES

Urban Local Bodies(ULB) and PublicHealth andEngineeringDepartment(PHED)

¾�One of the primary duties of the ULBs and thePHED is provision proper sewerage and stormwater drains for the people in the municipality

¾�Lack of maintenance¾�Improper planning of social infrastructure

¾�Proper planning and implementation ofthe projects

¾�Considering social and environmentalsafeguards while constructing theinfrastructure



Rev.21May09 155

ENVIRONMENT SECTIONHIERARCHY INSTITUTION INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS TO ADDRESS ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

MA & UD¾�Municipal administration and urban development is the institution at the secretariat headed by the ministry and principal secretary.¾�Public health & Engineering, Town and Country Planning, Few municipal corporations functions directly under this institution.¾�The project related policy decisions and funding should be made at MA&UD.¾�Ministry shall take the review of projects at the ULB’s in coordination with Directorate for Municipal Administration.

CDMA¾�Directorate for Municipal Administration is the top most institution for all the municipalities and corporations. All the ULBs take

instructions from CDMA in their functioning.¾�As per the decisions made at the MA & UD, the CDMA shall instruct, monitor the ULB’s and Corporations to identify, implement and

review the sub projects.¾�The institution shall coordinate, monitor and assess the social and environmental assessment reports prepared by the “Social and

Environmental Section” in the ULBs.

APUFIDC¾�Andhra Pradesh Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation (APUFIDC), the banking institution at the state head quarters, would

finance the proposed sub projects. The finance will be released only after the social and environmental screening and assessment ofthe sub project.

APPCB¾�Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board will coordinate with the regional and local Pollution Control Boards in procuring the

environmental baseline information for a mini air shed/water shed information. Monitoring the air and water qualities etc. in the subproject areas/locations may be coordinated with the respective PCBs.

¾�It will see that all the regional PCBs are equipped with technical and instrumental infrastructure and skilled environmental monitoringspecialists.

Engineer –in –Chief, PHED¾�This department prepares all the technical sanctions of the sub project above 50 lakhs investments.¾�The environmental mitigation measures shall be monitored by this institution for major sub-projects based on the mitigation plan

prepared by ULBs.


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HIERARCHY INSTITUTION INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS TO ADDRESS ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

STATE LEVEL

DTCP¾�This department prepares all the major layouts for all the municipalities. The master plans for all the towns that do not come under

the purview of any urban development authority are prepared by DTCP.¾�All sub project interventions (lay outs/roads) should be crosschecked and referred to the DTCP for its approval with reference to the

master plan and building byelaws, wherever applicable. Intervention of reserved forest areas, environmentally sensitive areas maybe verified.

UDA¾�Urban development authorities prepare master plan for the urban development limits and are responsible for planned town growth.

These institutions have the responsibility to grant permission to major constructions that are not in the purview of town planning wingof the ULBs.

¾�All sub project interventions (lay outs/roads) should be crosschecked and referred to the UDA for its approval with reference to themaster plan and building byelaws.

COLLECTORATE¾�District collectorate is involved in the acquisition of land and pay compensation for the ownership of the lands that fall in the project

area. This is the major administration at the district level.¾�The collectorate implements all the Government proposed schemes and projects at the district level.

REGIONAL LEVEL /DISTRICT LEVEL RDMA

¾�The Regional Directorate for Municipal Administration is the administrative body at regional level, which monitors all the ULB’s in theregion.

¾�These institutions may be enhancing in their capacities and proper institutional arrangements to monitor the social andenvironmental issues related to the sub project investments. If possible, the assessments of sub projects of all the ULB’s in theregion can be handled by this institution.

Urban Local Body¾�The ULB shall be the prime institution for the implementation of sub projects as per the instructions and guidelines provided by the

CDMA and MAUD. The ULB shall identify, design, implement, monitor and operate the sub projects.¾�Additional section called “Social and Environmental Section” (SEMS) shall be established in all the ULB’s or at the regional ULB’s as

per the feasibility, that shall monitor and implement all the environmental issues like environmental screening, assessment andmitigation measures. This section shall be reporting to the Manager, Social and Environmental, of APUFIDC. The section shall carryits activities in close coordination with different sections of municipality, P.C.B. and other related departments, whenever necessary.


Rev.21May09 157

HIERARCHY INSTITUTION INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS TO ADDRESS ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

PHE.D.¾�Any water and sewerage sub project construction that has an estimate between 10 to 50 lakhs is taken up by this regional

department¾�The social and environmental section of the municipality shall work in close liaison with PHED. This department will implement the

environmental mitigation measures as suggested by SEMS.

M.R.O.¾�Mandal revenue offices have all the land related registers of the town with the survey numbers, ownership and extent. Any kind of

land related information during the acquisition could be had from this department.¾�The SEMS shall consult the M.R.O. office for the land particulars related to the sub project interventions.

R & B¾�Roads and buildings is another department that is responsible for construction of all the roads other than the municipal roads. High

ways within the municipal limits are also constructed and maintained by this department.¾�Clearance from this department is necessary for any road cutting in the implementation of water and sewerage sub projects.

TOWN LEVEL

P. C. B.¾�Ambient air quality, water quality and noise pollution, geology, soil conditions and related base line information are recorded by

P.C.B.¾�Base line data of the sub project area to assess the impact is to be made available from this institution.¾�The SEM section of ULB shall work in close liaison and coordinate with PCB for the baseline information at the initial, intermediate

and final stages of the sub project implementation.


Rev.21May09 158

STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS

5.1 Consultations and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with the stakeholders and administering the household and town questionnaires in the selected towns was undertaken by the study team for gathering both qualitative and quantitative for social and environmental analysis and assessment. Though all the activities undertaken were parallel, the inputs that each one of these activities has contributed to the study are independent and important for a complete and overall understanding of the project. The activities undertaken are as follows:

Î A household perception survey and administering the Town Schedule Î Consultations and FGDs for Sub-project Assessments and Î Public Consultations

5.1 THE HOUSEHOLD PERCEPTION SURVEY 5.2 Baseline information was gathered from the primary stakeholders identified for the assessment to identify and assess the present status and type of services provided to people by the municipality and also the perceptions held by the people on the municipal services and their functionaries. The Baseline Household survey is rudimentary as it provides a basic building block to understand the existing scenario in the study area. The information collected through the primary survey included perceptions on services like roads, electricity and street lighting, water supply, sewerage and storm water infrastructure, parks and other amenities etc. The study observations were also intended to provide verification to the inputs obtained from the institutional review and the public consultations. The baseline survey constituted of both quantitative and qualitative information. The baseline information has been gathered from the primary stakeholders identified for the assessment. The household survey results and findings are presented below. 5.1.1 THE PROCESS 5.3 For the purpose of conducting the household survey a field plan was drafted which has already been explained in Chapter – I. The field teams were divided into three groups for each region, namely Telangana, Andhra and Rayalaseema. Each team consisted of three field coordinators and ten field investigators. To cover a sample of 400 in each town the field team spent 6 days in each town. One of the important tasks of the field coordinators was to train the field investigators in gathering the information through the household schedule. Training the investigators was an important task because the questionnaire administered was long and detailed and needed good understanding to complete the task in time. For the convenience of the field investigators and the respondents the questionnaire was also translated into Telugu and used in collecting the data. 5.1.2 KEY FINDINGS OF THE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY 5.4 As part of the study a baseline household survey was undertaken in six selected towns. A total of 2395 households were covered – approximately 400 in each town. In each town 16 wards were covered in three strata categorized on the basis of incidence of below poverty line households. The tables and charts below provide an overview of the key

5


Rev.21May09 159

86.58

11.142.28

89.8

8.961.24

82.96

9.277.77

86.53

2.9910.47

91.92

5.812.27

69.15

29.6

1.24

84.47

11.324.22

0

20

40

60

80

100

3HUFHQWDJH�

QTBP RMG TNL KKD TPT HDP Total

Towns

Figure. 5.2 : Religion

Hindu Muslim Christian

76.20

20.90 16.79

40.65 37.37 37.81 38.2023.80

79.10 83.21

59.35 62.63 62.19 61.80

0.0010.0020.0030.0040.0050.0060.0070.0080.0090.00

QTBP

RMG

TNL

KKD

TPT

HDP

Total

Percentage

Towns

Figure 5.1 : Slum Profi le across towns

Slum Non-Slum

findings from the household survey across different sectors. They pertain to not only the degree of access to a particular municipal service but also the level of satisfaction with the services provided. 5.1.2.1 GENERAL PROFILE OF THE HOUSEHOLDS 5.5 The numbers of households for the study were selected after identifying the localities in the respective selected wards. When observed across the six towns the percentage of the households falling in the slum areas is found to be lower (38.20%) than those households falling in the non-slum (61.80%) areas. It is found that in Qutbullapur the area covered by slums is more (76.20%) than any of the selected towns. In contrast, Tenali has the largest non-slum areas (83.21%) when compared to other towns. Qutbullapur has a large number of slums because the municipality is dominated by people who are workers or labourers in the nearby industrial areas and factories. Slums dominate almost every locality in Qutbullapur municipality. On the hand Tenali is a very developed area where there is large-scale agricultural and business activity. It is one of the very prosperous towns in Andhra Pradesh and hence most of the town though not planned has very few slum areas. Figure 5.1 shows the location of households across all the towns with reference to slums and non-slums 5.6 Figure 5.2 gives the division of the households on the basis of the religion they belong. When observed across the religion the Hindus constitute the highest (84.47%) number of households followed by Muslims (11.32%) and Christians (4.22).


Rev.21May09 160

Figure. 5.3: Social Group

36.71

16.67

64.16

47.88

57.8352.49

45.9354.18

67.66

21.0525.94

33.84 35.3239.67

7.8512.94 11.28

17.96

5.819.95 10.98

1.27 2.74 3.518.23

2.53 2.24 3.42

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80


Towns

3HUFHQWDJH�

GeneralBCSCST

5.7 The social group of the households across the six towns it is found that the families belonging to the General Category (GC) are the highest (45.93%) followed by the families belonging to the Backward Classes (BC) (39.77%). The number of the Schedules Caste (SC) (10.98%) and the Scheduled Tribe (ST) (3.42%) population is comparatively very less when compared to the GC and BC households. The SC population is higher in the towns of Kakinada (17.96%), Ramagundam (12.94%) and Tenali (11.28%). With regard to the ST population it is the highest (8.23%) in the town of Kakinada when compared to the other towns. (Figure: 5.3) 5.8 The levels of literacy in the households selected for the study the number of households with more than three literates in the family are more (33.11%) followed by two literates (24.47%) in a family and three literates (18.33%) in a family. There are 13.57 percent of the families with only one literate in the family and around 10.52 percent of the families are illiterates. The highest number of families with no literate in the family is highest (21.97%) in Tirupati and on the other hand the highest number of families with more than three literates in the family is highest (45.82%) in Qutbullapur. (Table-5.1)

5.9 With regard to the family size of the households selected for the study it is found that more than fifty percent (55.82%) of the households have 4-5 members in a family. Families with less than three or three members constitute around 19 percent of the sample followed closely by families with 6-7 members (18.54%). Families, which constitute more

than 7 members in the family, are the lowest (6.64%) across the six towns. (Table-5.2) 5.10 Figure 5.4 shows that number of working people in the family. The number of families with only one person working in the family is more than three quarters (77.95%) of

Table 5.1: Number of Literates No Literates

One Literate

Two Literates

Three Literates

More than three literates

Table Total Name of Municipality

% % % % % No. % Qutbullapur 5.06 11.90 22.28 14.94 45.82 395 100 Ramagundam 1.49 11.69 27.86 28.11 30.85 402 100 Tenali 11.53 15.54 24.56 16.29 32.08 399 100 Kakinada 14.46 15.46 28.43 17.71 23.94 401 100 Tirupati 21.97 11.87 18.69 18.18 29.29 396 100 Hindpur 8.71 14.93 24.88 14.68 36.82 402 100 Table Total 10.52 13.57 24.47 18.33 33.11 2395 100 Source : CMSR, 2003

Table – 5.2: Family Size

<=3 4-5 6-7 >7 Table Total Name of the Municipality % % % % No. %

Qutbullapur 13.92 55.44 20.76 9.87 395 100

Ramagundam 15.17 57.46 20.90 6.47 402 100

Tenali 27.82 54.64 12.28 5.26 399 100

Kakinada 15.21 63.84 17.46 3.49 401 100

Tirupati 27.27 55.30 13.64 3.79 396 100

Hindupur 14.68 48.26 26.12 10.95 402 100

Table Total 19.00 55.82 18.54 6.64 2395 100

Source CMSR, 2003


Rev.21May09 161

73.92

17.97

8.1

85.57

12.94

1.49

75.94

17.04

7.02

86.78

10.972.24

82.07

12.885.05

63.43

23.88

12.69

77.95

15.95

6.1

0102030405060708090

Per

cen

tag

e


Towns

Figure 5.4 : Number of People working in the family

One Two More than two

the total sample across all the towns. Families with 2 working people constitute around 15.95 percent and families with more than 2 working people constitute the least with around 6.10 percent.

Table – 5.3: Basic Occupation of the Households

Name of the Municipality

Business/Shop

Keeping

Govt. Service

Pvt. Service

Professional

Non-Agrl.

Labour

Agrl. Labour

Farmer/Cultivator

Others (Specify) Table Total

% % % % % % % % No. %

Qutbullapur 22.28 10.13 42.03 8.35 9.87 4.30 0.51 2.53 395 100

Ramagundam 12.69 53.73 8.96 4.23 9.70 0.50 4.73 5.47 402 100

Tenali 30.83 15.29 19.05 1.50 18.05 1.50 2.76 11.03 399 100

Kakinada 12.47 14.71 18.95 2.24 37.41 0.50 0.00 13.72 401 100

Tirupati 28.03 15.40 26.26 1.77 14.65 1.01 0.25 12.63 396 100

Hindupur 20.90 15.67 29.60 1.00 20.15 4.73 1.99 5.97 402 100

Table Total 21.17 20.88 24.09 3.17 18.33 2.09 1.71 8.56 2395 100

Source CMSR, 2003

5.11 When observed across the six towns with regard to the basic occupation of the households the number of households whose basic occupation is private service are the highest (24.09%) followed by households pursuing business (21.17%) and then by households dependent on government service (20.88). The total number of households dependent on agricultural as well as non-agricultural labour is around 20.42 percent across the six towns. The others category constitutes (8.56%). (Table-5.3) 5.12 Table 5.4 gives the income details of the households selected for the study. The number of households with annual income in-between 20,000-40,000 are the highest (34.91%) followed by household with an annual income of less than 20,000 (23.63%) and those earning in-between 40,000-60,000 (20.29%). Families earning more than 60,000 rupees per annum are around 21.17 percent.

Table – 5.4: Annual Income of the family

<=20,000 >20,000-40,000

>40,000-60,000

>60,000-80,000 >80,000 Table Total Name of the

Municipality % % % % % No. %

Qutbullapur 35.95 36.71 15.44 5.82 6.08 395 100

Ramagundam 12.94 20.40 25.37 25.87 15.42 402 100

Tenali 24.31 53.13 11.78 4.01 6.77 399 100

Kakinada 28.43 39.90 17.96 3.99 9.73 401 100

Tirupati 18.94 32.58 22.98 7.07 18.43 396 100

Hindupur 21.39 26.87 28.11 11.69 11.94 402 100

Table Total 23.63 34.91 20.29 9.77 11.40 2395 100

Source CMSR, 2003


Rev.21May09 162

Figure - 5.5: Type of Road facility in towns

23.0

4

29.8

5

62.1

6

59.3

5

75.7

6

53.9

8

50.6

9

15.7

35.3

2

1.75

24.6

9

14.1

4

6.22

16.3

3

6.33 13

.68

4.26

2 4.04

23.3

8

8.98

9.62 11.4

4

6.52

2.99

1.52 7.

71

6.64

45.3

2

9.7

25.3

1

10.9

7

4.55 8.

71 17.3

7

0

20

40

60

80


Towns

3HUFHQWDJH�

CC BT Metal Gravel Kutcha

Figure - 5.6: Vehicular Access

42.0

3

71.6

4 86.2

2 99.7

5

83.5

9

59.9

5 73.9

44.8

1

19.4

6.27

0.25 12

.88 32

.09

19.2

5

13.1

6

8.96

7.52

0 3.54 7.96

6.85

0

20

40

60

80

100

120


Towns

Per

cen

tag

e

Yes, No difficulty Yes, Always difficult No vehicular access

Figure - 5.7: Satisfaction on the quality of roads and services provided

9.37

24.1

3

27.8

2

16.4

6

12.6

3

7.21 16

.28

42.0

3

38.0

6

48.1

2

70.5

7

79.0

4

50.2

5

54.6

6

26.0

8

15.9

2

14.5

4

6.23

3.79

20.6

5

14.5

3

22.5

3

21.8

9

9.52

6.73

4.55

21.8

9

14.5

3

0

20

40

60

80

100


Towns

Per

cen

tag

e

Very Satisfactory Somewhat Satisfactory

Somewhat dissatisfied Very dissatisfied

5.1.2.2 ROADS 5.13 Figure – 5.5 gives the details of the type of road facility in the towns. With regard to the type of road facility in the localities across the municipalities it is found that a majority of the households have CC roads (50.69%). The other type of roads when compared to CC roads are very few in number with least being gravel roads (6.64). Tirupati town has the highest (75.76%) number of CC roads, which indicates better quality roads, and Qutbullapur has the highest (45.32%) number of kutcha roads that shows the bad quality of roads in that town. Relatively it is seen that across all the towns selected for the study that they have a good number of CC roads. This is because the of various road sub-project that have been taken under the APUSP project.

5.14 When asked about the vehicular access to their houses around 73.90 percent of the respondents across the six towns have said that the vehicular movement to their houses is not difficult, followed by 19.25 percent who say that access is difficult. Around 6.85 percent of the people have stated that there is no vehicular access. The highest number of people

who do not have vehicular access is highest in Qutbullapur town with 13.16 percent. (Figure: 5.6) This is because slum areas cover a majority of the Qutbullapur town and most of the slums are very densely and closely constructed. Around 99.75 percent of the people in Tirupati have vehicular access without any difficulty. 5.15 Figure: 5.7 shows that more than half (54.66%) of the respondents say that they are somewhat


Rev.21May09 163

86.08

13.92

76.12

23.88

77.94

22.06

96.76

3.24

93.94

6.06

75.62

24.38

84.38

15.62

020406080

100

Per

cen

tag

e


Towns

Figure - 5.8: Streetlight facility in towns

Yes No

Figure - 5.9: Service of local streetlights

86.4793.79

70.74

89.18 95.783.88 86.99

10.29 4.58

27.65

10.57 4.0312.5 11.33

3.24 1.63 1.61 0.26 0.27 3.62 1.680

20

40

60

80

100

120


Towns

Per

cen

tag

e

Daily Not Lit Others

Figure - 5.10: Satisfaction on the quality of street lights provided

14.7

1 30.0

7

31.8

3

18.8

1

11.5

6

13.8

2

19.7

4

62.6

5

61.7

6

53.0

5 74.7

4

83.8

7

56.2

5

66.3

18.8

2

4.9 9.32

5.67

3.23

20.3

9

10.0

9

3.82

3.27 5.79

0.77

1.34 9.

54

3.86

0

20

40

60

80

100


Towns

Per

cen

tag

e

Very satisfactory Somewhat satisfactory

Somewhat Dissatisfied Very Dissatisfied

satisfied with the road network in the town. Around 29.06 percent of the people are either somewhat dissatisfied or very dissatisfied with the services. 5.1.2.3 STREET LIGHTING 5.16 Figure 5.8 gives the details of the streets covered with street lighting. It is found that across the six towns selected for the study that majority (84.83%) of the streets are covered by the street-lighting facility. And 15.62 percent of them say that streets are not covered by street lighting. Most of the streets in the towns are covered by tube light facility. The unavailability of street lighting facility is the highest in Ramagundam.

5.17 Figure 5.9 shows the service of the streetlights that are provided in the towns. A majority (86.99%) of households say that the streetlights are in good working condition are lit daily across the towns. Only a very few (11.33%) have complained that the streetlights are not lit in their streets.

5.18 It is observed that across the six towns the 66.30 percent of the respondents are somewhat satisfactory with the services provided, followed by 19.74 percent of the respondents who are very satisfied with the services. Around 13.95 percent of the respondents are either somewhat dissatisfied or very dissatisfied with the street lighting services provided to them by the municipality. (Figure: 5.10)


Rev.21May09 164

Figure - 5.11: Satisfaction on the quality of municipal water supply and services provided

13.1

6

13.1

8

22.5

6

11.4

7

5.05

2.74 11

.3632

.66 55

.22 71

.18

80.3

83.0

8

31.5

9 59

32.6

6

16.9

2

5.26

3

7.23

2

9.59

6

22.8

9

15.7

4

21.5

2

14.6

8

1.00

3

0.99

8

2.27

3

42.7

9

13.9

0

20

40

60

80

100


Towns

Per

cen

tag

e

Very satisfactory Somewhat satisfactory Somewhat dissatisfied Very dissatisfied

5.1.2.4 WATER SUPPLY

5.19 The main source of water supply across the towns is provided in Table 5.5. The survey found that around the most important source of water is through the municipal water connection, which is the highest with

47.27 percent of the households with water connections. It is only in Tenali town people do not have any water connections and this is because there is no water supply network in the town. The ground water in Tenali is available at just 5 to 10 feet and every household has a hand pump. 5.20 Provision of a public tap or a public water post wherever necessary is one of the duties of the municipality in its endeavor to supply safe drinking water to its citizens. In the study the public tap forms the second most important source of drinking water with 25.39 percent of the households using them. People dependent on public water supply are more in the town of Kakinada (61.60%) and the least in the town of Tenali (1.5%). 5.21 The third most important source of water supply across the towns is through own hand pumps. Around 23.67 percent of the people are dependent on their own hand pumps for drinking water needs. It is seen that in Tenali almost 98.50 percent of the total respondents of that town have own hand pumps and it is their major source of water. This is because the ground water in Tenali is available at 5 feet under the ground. In all the other towns own hand pumps are very when compared to Tenali. All the other sources of water supply are very less when compared to the above mentioned sources. 5.22 Figure 5.11 describes the satisfaction levels of the respondents on the quality of services with regard to municipal water supply and services. It is observed that across all the towns more than fifty percent (59.00%) of the respondents feel somewhat satisfied with the services provided to them. And around 11.36 percent are very satisfied with the services provided to them. And around thirty percent (29.64%) of the respondents are either somewhat dissatisfied or very dissatisfied with the water supply services.

Table – 5.2: Family Size

Municipal water

connection

Own Hand pump

Public Tap

Community bore

well Well Municipal

water tank

Private water tank

Total Sampl

e Name of the Municipality

% % % % % % % No Qutbullapur 63.54 8.35 7.59 11.65 2.53 12.91 1.77 395

Ramagundam 57.21 4.73 23.88 3.23 18.66 0 8.21 402

Tenali 0.25 98.5 1.5 0 0.5 5.01 2.76 399

Kakinada 36.16 3.49 61.6 1.25 2.49 0.25 0.25 401

Tirupati 66.67 26.01 17.93 3.03 2.02 0.76 1.52 396

Hindupur 59.95 1.24 39.3 0.75 0.25 0.25 0.5 402

Table Total 47.27 23.67 25.39 3.3 4.43 3.17 2.51 2395

Multiple answers, hence totals do not add up to 100 percent Source CMSR, 2003


Rev.21May09 165

Figure - 5.12: availability of Sewerage connection

30.89

47.01

8.520.25

40.4

6.47

22.21


49.87

61.19

40.1

83.79

46.21

42.79

54.03

50.13

38.81 5

9.9

16.21

53.79

57.21

45.97

020406080

100


Percentage

Towns

Figure - 5.13: Strom Water Drain facility

Yes No

5.1.2.5 SANITATION 5.23 Across all the towns it is found that a majority of the people is using the latrine facility available in their house. Around 9.65 percent are defecating in the open spaces and around 3.17 percent are using public toilets. When compared across the towns the people defecating in the open spaces are more (16.46%) in Qutbullapur. This is because of lack of public toilets in the towns. (Table-5.6) 5.24 Across all the towns it was found that the number of houses with sewerage connections is very few (22.21%). It is in the towns of Qutbullapur (30.89%), Ramagundam (47.01%) and Tirupati (40.40%) that a substantial number of the respondents have sewerage connections. Low number of sewerage connections in the towns of Tenali and Kakinada is due to the presence of septic tanks in most houses and there is no sewerage network in these towns. (Figure 5.12) 5.25 Table 5.7 gives the satisfaction levels among the people with regard to the quality of sewerage facilities provided. It can be seen that across all the six towns about one-half (53.70%) of the people are somewhat satisfied with the services provided to them. Around 23.97 percent are somewhat dissatisfied and 14.95 percent are very dissatisfied. Only 7.39 percent of the people feel very satisfied with the sewerage services provided by the municipalities. 5.1.2.6 STORM WATER DRAINS

5.26 Across the 6 towns more than half (54.03%) of the households have storm water drain facility. The storm water drain facility is the highest in Kakinada (83.79%) followed by Ramagundam (61.19%). (Figure: 5.13)

Table – 5.2: Family Size Latrine or Pit in our

house

Community latrine

Open Space Table Total Name of the

Municipality

% % % No %

Qutbullapur 83.04 0.51 16.46 395 100

Ramagundam 91.54 1.49 6.97 402 100

Tenali 91.23 3.51 5.26 399 100

Kakinada 88.78 3.99 7.23 401 100

Tirupati 87.37 7.07 5.56 396 100

Hindupur 81.09 2.49 16.42 402 100

Table Total 87.18 3.17 9.65 2395 100

Source CMSR, 2003

Table – 5.7: Quality of sewerage services

Very sati.

Somewhat Sati.

Some what

dissati.

Very dissatis. Table Total Name of the

Municipality

% % % % No %

Qutbullapur 7.34 25.32 44.56 22.78 395 100

Ramagundam 9.45 50 23.13 17.41 402 100

Tenali 14.54 63.66 17.79 4.01 399 100

Kakinada 2.24 72.07 21.7 3.99 401 100

Tirupati 3.03 68.94 6.818 21.21 396 100

Hindupur 7.71 42.04 29.85 20.4 402 100

Table Total 7.39 53.7 23.97 14.95 2395 100 Source CMSR, 2003


Rev.21May09 166

Figure - 5.14: Satisfaction on the quality of storm water drain facility provided

6.08

4.48

5.51

1.75 6.

06

4.23

4.68

31.9

43.7

8

48.6

2

68.5

8 78.2

8

37.8

1 51.4

8

35.4

4

18.9

1 28.5

7

15.2

1

10.8

6

31.8

4

23.4

7

26.5

8

32.8

4

17.2

9

14.4

6

4.8

26.1

2

20.3

8

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90


Towns

Per

cen

tag

e


5.27 Among those who have access to storm water drainage facility, around 71.33 percent of the respondents have pucca open drain facility followed by 21.87 percent of kutcha open drains which and 6.80 percent have closed pucca drains. Out of all the storm water facilities available in the towns Pucca open drains are the highest in the towns of Kakinada (93.15%) followed by Tenali (88.75%) and Hindupur (67.74%). (Table – 5.8) 5.28 Figure – 5.14 gives the description of the satisfaction levels among the respondents with regard to the storm water facility available to them in their towns. It can be observed that about one-half of the respondents are somewhat satisfied (51.48%) with the services followed by those who feel that the services are somewhat dissatisfactory (23.47%). Respondents who are very dissatisfied (20.38%) with the services are very high when compared to those who are very satisfied (4.68%). 5.1.2.7 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 5.29 Table – 5.9 shows the various ways followed by the households in disposing their solid waste. When observed across the six towns a majority (53.99%) of the households use the municipal garbage bins for the disposal of the solid waste. In Tirupati a majority (92.42%) of the households use the municipal garbage bins for the disposal of the solid waste generated in their houses. The usage of the same is minimal in Hindupur (34.83%) and Kakinada (11.72%). The reason for such low usage could be the non-availability of these facilities. In the rest of the towns the usage of municipal garbage

Table – 5.8: Type of Storm water drains

Name of the Municipality

Open drains

(Pucca)

Open drains

(Kutcha)

Closed drains Table Total

% % % No %

Qutbullapur 44.67 32.99 22.34 197 100

Ramagundam 52.44 45.12 2.44 246 100

Tenali 88.75 10 1.25 160 100

Kakinada 93.15 6.85 0 336 100

Tirupati 73.77 11.48 14.75 183 100

Hindupur 67.44 27.33 5.23 172 100

Table Total 71.33 21.87 6.8 1294 100 Source CMSR, 2003

Table – 5.9: Disposal of solid waste

Municipal garbage

bins

Roadside and open spaces

Open drains

Mini carts

Local dumping

site

Total Sample Name of the

Municipality

% % % % % No Qutbullapur 49.62 8.1 1.01 50.13 1.77 395

Ramagundam 65.42 19.15 1 40.05 1.24 402

Tenali 70.43 25.06 4.51 2.26 0.5 399

Kakinada 11.72 89.03 1.25 0 0 401

Tirupati 92.42 6.57 0.51 4.8 0.76 396

Hindupur 34.83 65.17 5.47 5.22 1 402

Table Total 53.99 35.66 2.30 17.04 0.88 2395 Multiple answers, hence totals do not add up to 100 percent Source CMSR, 2003


Rev.21May09 167

Figure - 5.15: Satisfaction on the quality of solid waste facility provided

13.9

2

20.1

5

21.5

5

9.23

5.56

3.73 12

.36

50.6

3

55.4

7

60.1

5

66.8

3

81.0

6

32.8

4 57.7

9

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Figure - 5.16: Availability of health facility in the towns

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bins is found to be encouraging where it is (65.42%) in Ramagundam and (49.62%) in Qutbullapur. 5.30 Around 35.66 percent of the households throw their waste on the roadside and open spaces. The usage of roadside and near by open spaces for the disposal of the solid waste is found to be more in Kakinada (89.03%) followed by Hindupur (65.17%). Most of the people in these towns said because of the non-availability of other facility they mostly use the nearby open spaces for the garbage disposal. The usage of the same facility is found to be low in Tirupati (6.57%) and Qutbullapur (8.10%) and moderate usage in Tenali (25.06%). The reason for such an action has been found cue to lack of garbage bins in the towns. More garbage bins are needed for the better and cleaner disposal of the waste. 5.31 A wide usage of mini carts (17.06%) for the disposal of the solid waste is seen in the towns of Qutbullapur (50.13%) and Ramagundam (40.05%). The reason for such a wide usage is found to be the special efforts of these municipalities in providing these facilities under APUSP project. It is seen that it is only a small number of households (2.30%) who use the near by drain to dispose their solid waste. 5.32 When asked for their satisfactory levels with the quality of the solid waste management system available in their locality a majority (57.79%) of them are somewhat satisfactory followed by the people who are somewhat dissatisfied (17.45%). Around 12.40 percent of them are found to be very dissatisfied and a same percentage of them being very satisfied with the existing arrangements for the solid waste management. (Figure: 5.15) 5.1.2.8 HEALTH 5.33 Out of the total sample it is only 57.12 percent of the people across the six towns who have any kind health facility near their house. The availability of the same is more in Ramagundam (77.61%) followed by Kakinada (65.34%). However it is found that in Hindupur a majority (64.43%) of them do not have any health facility near by to their house. The reason for this is found to be the scattered location of the residential areas. Similar is the case with the Tenali town where a majority (60.15%) do not have any health facility. (Figure: 5.16)


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Figure - 5.17: Availability of municipal school facility in the towns

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5.34 Table 5.10 gives the details of reasons for falling sick in the towns due to the any negligence in the services provided by the municipality. The reason for the sickness for a majority of them is found to be the contamination of water (41.46%) followed by the poor sanitation facilities (29.27%) and other important reasons are found to be lack of proper

drainage facilities (17.99%). The problem of contamination of water is found to be more in Tenali (75%) and Kakinada (61.54%). The reason found to be the high level of underground water table. 5.1.2.9 EDUCATION 5.35 Figure – 5.17 gives the availability of the municipal educational facilities in the towns. It is only 44.3% of the people who said that they have a municipal run public school near by their house. Out of all of the six towns a majority (70.32%) of the people in Kakinada have this facility followed by Tenali (51.13%). In Ramagundam and Qutbullapur, a majority does not have accessibility to a municipal run public school. 5.36 With regard to the satisfactory level with the existing educational facility that are run by the municipality a majority (44.43%) of them are somewhat satisfactory with the existing facilities whereas around 24.93 percent of them are very dissatisfied with the same. (Table – 5.11) 5.1.2.10 PARKS AND ENTERTAINMENT 5.37 More than 83 percent of the households do not have any kind of leisure facility and interestingly out of all of the six towns it is found that a majority (96.96%) in Qutbullapur do not have these facilities. Across the six towns only 16.53 percent of them said that they have

Table – 5.10: Reasons for falling sick due to lack of municipal facilities

Contaminated Water

Poor Sanitatio

n

Lack of proper

drainage of water

Can't Say Table total Name of the

Municipality

% % % % No %

Qutbullapur 59.72 20.83 8.33 11.11 72 100 Ramagundam 15.69 23.53 43.14 17.65 51 100 Tenali 75 12.5 0 12.5 16 100 Kakinada 61.54 17.31 7.69 13.46 52 100 Tirupati 16.67 25 41.67 16.67 12 100 Hindupur 31.2 44 17.6 7.2 125 100 Table Total 41.46 29.27 17.99 11.28 328 100 Source CMSR, 2003

Table – 5.11: Satisfaction on the quality of educational facility provided

Very satisfactory

Some what

satisfactory

Some what

dissatisfied

Very dissatisfied

Can’t say Table Total Name of the

Municipality % % % % % No %

Qutbullapur 4.56 18.99 32.15 44.3 0 395 100

Ramagundam 2.74 35.82 18.16 42.04 1.24 402 100

Tenali 5.26 45.36 30.08 19.3 0 399 100

Kakinada 3.74 62.84 21.45 11.72 0.25 401 100

Tirupati 1.01 56.82 23.99 13.89 4.29 396 100

Hindupur 6.22 46.52 25.87 18.41 2.99 402 100

Table Total 3.92 44.43 25.26 24.93 1.46 2395 100

Source CMSR, 2003


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park facility near by their houses, which are provided by the municipality. The other leisure facilities which are owned and run by private people available to the households account more than fifty percent (59.37%) and cinema halls facility is available to around 22.34 percent of the households. The availability of municipal library facility across the six towns, which is maintained by the municipality, is also very low (9.06%) in all the municipalities. Tenali (27.32%) and (22.19%) Kakinada towns have better municipal library facility when compared to other municipalities. (Table – 5.12)

Table – 5.12: Availability of leisure facilities

Parks Pvt. leisure centers (Cinema halls)

Play grounds

Municipal libraries Clubs Others Total

Sample 1. Name of the Municipality

% % % % % % No

Qutbullapur 3.04 3.8 3.29 0.25 0 89.87 395

Ramagundam 17.16 5.72 20.15 2.74 5.97 56.22 402

Tenali 34.84 42.61 5.26 27.32 1.75 33.83 399

Kakinada 26.43 33.67 1 22.19 0.5 48.88 401

Tirupati 11.87 22.22 2.02 0 3.28 63.13 396

Hindupur 5.72 26.37 4.48 1.74 0.25 64.68 402

Total 16.53 22.42 6.05 9.06 1.96 59.37 2395 Multiple answers, Hence totals do not add up to 100 percent Source CMSR, 2003

5.38 It is found that a majority (62.05%) of the people is somewhat satisfied with the existing leisure facilities available in their locality. However around 14.77 percent of them are very dissatisfied with the maintenance of these facilities and around 15.08 percent of them being somewhat dissatisfied. It is only a small number of them about 8.10 percent of them who found the services to be very satisfactory. (Table – 5.13)

5.2 CONSULTATIONS AND FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS FOR SUB-

PROJECT ASSESSMENT 5.39 The second activity in stakeholder consultations was the sub-project assessments. The sub-project assessments were undertaken as pre-feasibility studies, which intend to derive a framework in order to deal with the adverse impacts that may arise due to infrastructure investments and reforms in various sectors in the urban areas. For obtaining qualitative inputs to the SEA and gives direction to the design of the SEAMF the sub projects draw information from analysis of the ongoing projects in the municipalities. Based on the understanding of town specific social and environmental issues that have been highlighted

Table – 5.13: Satisfaction on the quality and service of leisure facilities provided

Very satisfactory Somewhat satisfactory

Somewhat dissatisfied

Very dissatisfied Table Total Name of the

Municipality % % % % No %

Qutbullapur 7.32 31.71 41.46 19.51 41 100

Ramagundam 19.32 59.09 5.68 15.91 176 100

Tenali 7.58 71.59 11.36 9.47 264 100

Kakinada 1.46 69.76 23.41 5.37 205 100

Tirupati 2.04 54.42 11.56 31.97 147 100

Hindupur 11.27 53.52 17.61 17.61 142 100

Table Total 8.1 62.05 15.08 14.77 975 100

Source CMSR, 2003


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through public consultations, study of general social and environmental Impacts in urban infrastructure projects, identification of projects based on base line data on towns in general and town level projects in specific, sub-projects were chosen from the existing projects in the six case study towns to span over the whole cross section of possible sector wise infrastructure investments under the proposed project. Valuable inputs for this social and environmental assessment were obtained from conducting interviews with experts and Focus Group Discussions at the sub-project sites with the stakeholders to know pre-implementation, implementation and post-implementation issues related to the sub-projects. The aim of the sub-project assessments is to identify and analyze the impacts of project interventions already in place in the case study towns and to draw important inferences and to suggest preventive measures for future inventions. Each sub- project situation is analyzed and alternatives and preventive or mitigation measures were suggested. The projects that have been identified are based on the indicative list of projects proposed by the World Bank for investments and actual choice of investment proposals which were based on an understanding of implemented, ongoing and proposed projects in the six case study towns, the consultants own understanding of the sector and the inputs received as part of the consultation s in the preliminary visits. 5.2.1 THE PROCESS 5.40 Initially once the study team reached the selected town, its first activity was to familiarize themselves with the town and identifying the areas under the jurisdiction of the municipality. Once this task was accomplished, the study team initiated discussions with the important functionaries of the municipality namely the Municipal Chairman, the Municipal Commissioner, Town Planning Officer, Municipal Engineer, Revenue Officer etc., on the preparedness of the institution to handle social and environmental responsibilities that may arise while initiating development projects. It is during these discussions a select number of infrastructure projects in the town were selected for sub-project assessments to see how the municipality is handling social and environmental issues that they have encountered in the implementation of the selected projects. 5.41 To prioritize and determine specific projects from a larger list of projects for the sub-project assessments the study team depended upon various processes:

Î�Assistance of the SHGs and CBOs that were closely involved with the municipality under the APUSP project was taken by inviting them to FGDs at the municipality office. During these meetings projects selected were prioritized for sub-project assessments based on the inputs and first hand experiences described by the community groups.

Î�Discussions with the Municipal officials also helped in selecting the project pertaining to particular infrastructure like water supply, sewerage etc. The problems faced by the municipality in implementing the project have also given direction in selecting the projects for sub-project assessments.

Î�All the projects were selected in such a way that the project had both social and environmental issues to be addressed. Projects, which had only social or only environmental considerations, were not given priority. This was done to ease the process of assessment and also see the linkages between the social and environmental issues.

Î�The infrastructure projects that were listed in the MAPP documents prepared for the towns also helped in selecting the projects for the assessment. The projects with


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larger investments were selected where the possibility of encountering social and environmental impacts is more likely.

Î�The projects selected were not only those that are being implemented presently, but also projects, which are proposed or those, which have been completed by the municipality. This was done to examine the preparedness of the municipality, their planning and also their methods of implementation to handle social and environmental problems in a project.

Î�Projects were also selected from the inputs that have emerged out of public consultations that were conducted at the municipalities. Specific problems pertaining to the town were highlighted in the public consultations and based on those inputs and discussions with the concerned municipal councilors and people the projects were selected.

Î�Various projects that were selected were not only those listed under the APUSP MAPP documents, but also other projects being constructed under other development programmes. Such projects are much larger when compared to the infrastructure projects proposed under APUSP.

5.2.2 FINDINGS 5.42 Considering all these factors a select number of sub-projects were selected from each town and the study team embarked upon consultations with both people, for whom the project benefits are directed to, and as well as the project implementing authorities. The study team visited the site of the project to get first hand information of the situation that prevailed at the project site. Consultations with the people were conducted in and around the project site and information on the consultation mechanisms and the interaction of the municipality with the people were examined. The concerned project implementation authorities were also consulted to see how they have handled the social and environmental problems or issues that have risen during the planning, and implementation of the project. The sub-projects have been presented below as case studies in the report and Table – 5.14 below shows the selected subprojects undertaken for the purpose of assessments.

Table – 5.14: List of Sub-projects selected for sub-project assessment Sl.no Name of the project Case study town

1 Storm water Drain at Murikinenigunta Tirupati 2 Storm water drain in Model Colony Slum-B Hindupur 3 Proposed fly-Over connecting temple street and NTR bridge at Jagannayakapur Kakinada 4 Sambamurthi Nagar storm water drain covering 6 wards Kakinada 5 Solid Waste Dumping sites in Kakinada Town Kakinada 6 Market Complex under IDSMT Scheme at Existing Vegetable Market Tenali 7 Nehru Road Tenali 8 Ayodhya Nagar storm water drain covering the 5 localities Qutbullapur 9 Rag pickers rehabilitation programme coordinated by MAST Ramagundam 10 24 hours/7 days water supply scheme Ramagundam

5.2.2.1 CASE STUDY – 1: STORM WATER DRAIN AT MURIKINENIGUNTA (TIRUPATI) 5.43 The storm water situation in Murikinenigunta locality was very poor and people faced lot of problems due to water logging and overflowing. Year after year in the monsoons large quantities of storm water overflowing into the streets, sometimes knee-deep water was a common sight in this locality. The storm used to flow continuously for a long time even after the rain is stopped. This water used to mix with the sullage/ sewage in the drains and result in very unhygienic conditions often becoming perilous for the people living in the area. This stagnated water in the low-lying areas became a breeding place for mosquitoes and the danger of waterborne diseases presented a grave danger. Thus there was an imperative need


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to provide a comprehensive and urbanized method of collection of storm water and also utilize the storm water effectively by feeding the tanks nearby. Social section 5.44 In view of these problems the municipal authorities proposed a complete well- functioning urban drainage as an effective solution to the urban runoff problem. Complete urban storm water system drainage can be optimally and economically developed when protection of receiving waters and their ability to assimilate sullage are included in the design. After the construction of the project the project was able to address the following problems:

Î�It has successfully disposed off rain water Î�It is able to prevent the flooding of roads and low-lying areas Î�It is feeding the tanks nearby for effective utilization of storm water runoff Î�It has improved the aesthetic value of the town Î�It was able to prevent foundation problems due to water logging

Environment section 5.45 The storm water drain at Murikinenigunta has definitely cleared a long-standing essential infrastructure problem of Storm water drainage, which was posing a serious environmental risk and a greater health threat. The direct and indirect impacts that were addressed by the project were:

Î�Improved health conditions due to proper channelizing of storm water checking the exposure of the community to water-borne diseases

Î�Indirect environmental improvement by checking the contamination of groundwater due to overflowing drainage and sullage. With growing dependence on Groundwater, especially in slum settlements, groundwater contamination would have indeed posed a health hazard in near future, if not for the immediate action taken up in this regard.

Î�Optimal utilization of the storm water by channelizing to feed tanks has resulted in saving and reusing a precious natural resource. This also cleared the issue of outfall location and its implications on the surrounding downstream communities.

5.46 The community during FGDs stated complete satisfaction towards the action taken by the Municipality in this regard. Improved health conditions have been reported by way of fewer mortality rates as well as reduced expenditure on health requirements. This comfort has definitely led to improved affordability and hence better quality of life in a poor settlement as Murikinenigunta. 5.2.2.2 CASE STUDY – 2: CONSTRUCTION OF OPEN SEWAGE DRAIN IN MODEL

COLONY SLUM-B (HINDUPUR) 5.47 Model colony slum-B has a population of 1212 dominated by the low-income group families. The total number of households in the slum is around 265. This particular sub-project was undertaken to enhance the better living standards in the slum and was sanctioned under the C-2 component of the APUSP project proposal. Construction of the drain was completed in July 2003 with a cost of 22.1 lakhs. The slum dwellers are predominantly wage labourers. The slum dwellers faced severe problems due to the lack of any sewerage network


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Box – 5.1: A case of loss of income

While laying the household drain under the project the house of a weaver, was partly dismantled without by the municipal authorities without giving any notice him. Since the weaver was lining on the government land as a squatter he was not given any assistance for reconstruction and opportunity for expressing his grievances. The weaver himself took up the reconstruction of the house for which he spent around Rs. 3,000. Added to this he incurred an additional loss of Rs. 4,500 as one of his handloom (out of the two owned by him) could not be accommodated in the reduced area of his house. Further due to change in the drain layout he was intimated that he would have to forego some more area in his house. This is expected to yield further economic loss to him. The weaver feels that after the construction of the drain he has not only lost his savings but also an important source of income by the loss of his handloom. The municipality has not served a notice with the pretext that in the event of serving the notice the project affected person will be bestowed a opportunity to seek court assistance.

in the area and most of the sewerage was let out into the open spaces, which resulted in seepage and contaminating the ground water and also resulted in severe health problems due to occurrence of diseases due to abundant mosquito breeding. To overcome these problems an open CC drain of about 2.5M wide and 400M in length was proposed. The households are to be connected to the drain with smaller open drains. Social section 5.48 The observations from the sub-project assessment highlights certain important details, namely

Î�Labour for the construction of the project was hired from outside the slum and was not from the affected community. This led to conflicts of interests among the resident labour and the contract labour.

Î�Though the people were included into the planning, design and execution of the project considerable results achieved are yet to reach a full realization.

Î�Most of the residents of the slums do not hold pattas and due to this all those who have lost their land or built-up property in the construction have not been compensated fully.

Î�After the construction the maintenance of the drain was neglected and inspection after construction has not taken place. The purpose of constructing the drain was lost as there is more stagnation of water and further increase the mosquito problem due to lack of maintenance.

Î�The technical plan for the construction of the drain was very weak. The lack of planning has resulted in many houses situated below the level of the drain rendering the drain useless. Due to this the people are forced to lift the wastewater by buckets to be thrown into the drain. Due to the slum being on a slope problems of back siphonage are also causing problems to the people.

Environment section 5.49 The construction of the open sewage drain in Model Colony slum was although absolutely required, misappropriate planning defeated its purpose. Site-specific environmental and social considerations were not included into the project design that has resulted in a greater nuisance than earlier. The operation and maintenance segment of the project have not been sufficiently addressed, which is also, a main reason for dissatisfaction and non-cooperation from the slum residents. Health conditions which are the most visible manifestation of environmental problems have seen no improvement even after the project and diseases such as Malaria, Hepatitis, etc are still rampant. The community has clearly indicated to specific issues regarding the environmental implications of the project:


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Box – 5.2: A case of loss of livelihood An auto garage mechanic used to run a business in the place of the existing NTR Bridge. He has been dependent on the business for the last 12 years. The mechanic first was exposed to problems when the NTR Bridge was first constructed in the year 1996 on the road where his shop is located. The traffic, which earlier was moving in front of his shop, was diverted to the top of the flyover. Due to this his business was affected drastically as there is no vehicular traffic anymore in front of his shop. From 1996 when the bridge was constructed to till date there has not been any improvement in his business. Due to this most of the people working in his garage left their jobs, as he could not afford to pay them anymore. If the new proposed extension to the bridge is constructed he would loose a major part of his shop for the construction and will be forced to move to other place. Even if he continues in the same place in the remaining small bit of land he feels that his shop would be virtually invisible to the people and he would incur heavy losses and loose his livelihood.

5.50 After the construction the maintenance of the drain was neglected and was inspected even once after its construction. The purpose of constructing the drain was lost as there is more stagnation of water and further increase the mosquito problem due to lack of maintenance. 5.51 The technical plan for the construction of the drain was very weak. The lack of planning has resulted in many houses situated below the level of the drain rendering the drain useless. Due to this the people are forced to lift the wastewater by buckets to be thrown into the drain. Due to the slum being on a slope problems of back siphonage are also causing problems to the people. 5.52 Such a situation calls for increased attention to site-specific conditions and more importantly consultation with the beneficiary community to not only create awareness but also gain more inputs into local conditions and achieve consensus in proposals. 5.2.2.3 CASE STUDY – 3: PROPOSED EXTENSION TO FLY-OVER CONNECTING

TEMPLE STREET AND NTR BRIDGE AT JAGANNAYAKAPUR (KAKINADA) 5.53 The NTR Bridge constructed on the Upputeru canal is one of the important links roads in the Kakinada town for the incoming and the outgoing heavy traffic (lorries and other transport vehicles). This bridge is the only link connected to the National Highway 214, which is passing through the centre of the town. The domestic as well as the external traffic is causing a lot of traffic congestion and overcrowding in the town. 5.48 To address this problem and also to divert the domestic traffic the municipality has proposed to divert the domestic traffic by extending the NTR Bridge into the Temple Street, which lies perpendicular to the NTR Bridge. Social section 5.54 It is found that the area around the NTR Bridge is already congested and the proposed project (extension of the existing bridge connecting the temple street) requires demolition of houses, commercial shops, rice mills and acquisition of land. The project has been stalled as the project affected persons and the municipality have been unable to come to a consensus on the construction of the project. The observations and focus group discussions with the people in the proposed project site highlight the following:


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Box – 5.3: Pro blems with cultural property management The temple street gets its name from a temple that is situated in the center of the road. The temple is an encroachment that has been extended almost into the centerline of the road. The traffic today is moving around the temple and there have not been any efforts to stop this encroachment. To construction of the extension of the NTR Bridge would almost cut the temple into half. Since the temple is associated with the religious sentiments of the people the municipality is unable to take any action. Added to this the municipality is severely lacking capacity in managing the cultural property issues that may arise in planning an infrastructure projects. In view of this problem the municipality had to make changes in the plan for the construction of the extension in such a way that the temple is avoided from the right of way. This has resulted in the loss of around 20 to 25 people loosing their lands and built-up properties, which includes residential as well as commercial establishments on one side of the road. There has not been any effort from the municipality’s side to initiate any talks for shifting the cultural property that is falling in the middle of the proposed road, which would avoid loss to the people residing on both sides of the road. Preparedness with proper capacities and know-how on cultural property management could have at least helped the municipalities to overcome this problem.

Î�The residential houses constructed on the either side of the Temple Street may have to be demolished

Î�There may be severe damage to the existing commercial and business establishments

Î�Since most of the businesses are small and petty the risk of impoverishment is high with regard to these business owners

Î�At least 10 to 15 people may lose their income sources as they are working in the small businesses establishments in the Temple Street

5.55 It is observed that there has not been any compensation package that is declared for the proposed project. The local ward councilors are of the feeling that the bridge could be laid with out any land acquisition or disturbing any structures, as the proposed bridge is only for one-way traffic, but the R & B officials argue that a minimum of 15 feet width of place is required all along the length of the bridge on both sides. Due to these problems and lack of consensus between the departments the officials of the municipality have not arrived at a concrete plan about the project. Since the project is a desperate need to reduce congestion in the town and no other alternative is found, the compensation packages for the displaced families/ businesses need to be done. Environment section 5.56 One of the major threats being posed by the NTR flyover in Kakinada is a Traffic hazard. Though the Municipality has good intentions in trying to clear the traffic congestion menace for one of the main roads entering the Port town, lack of risk-oriented planning may lead to severe consequences. 5.57 The technical requirements being unfulfilled with the NTR Flyover meeting at the bridge abruptly, and Major goods vehicles traversing at high speeds not expecting this phenomenon, may lead to fatal accidents. 5.58 Loss of livelihood and cultural property issues have also surfaced for the construction of this Flyover. The Temple street, which derives its very name from the temple that will have to be disturbed for the construction, has become an issue of contention for the approval of the project. With no particular legal requirements catering to urban project-related cultural property conservation in place, achieving consensus has become an issue. With the traffic congestion problem increasing by the day, a better alternative which carries the least damages needs to be worked out.


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Box – 5.4: Lack of Planning and loss of shelter

The dairy farm areas falls near the tail end of the Sambamurthi Nagar storm water drain. Under the slum clearance programme the municipality of Kakinada has provided the poor and the vulnerable families with small plots to construct houses near the dairy farm area. Though the step taken by the government is for a good social cause the people are unable to use that land. Due to the kutcha tail end of the drain and improper pumping of sewerage and storm water most of the area near the dairy farm is submerged under sewerage and wastewater. For the last 1-year to 6 months the people are unable to construct their houses and are living in the most unhygienic and hazardous conditions. Around 120 plots are lying submerged under water. The people have complained that though they have land they are unable to use it and most of them are living in temporary thatched houses. A total of around 6 acres of land has become useless. So it is very important that the municipality plans a project in such a way that it socially and environmentally sustainable. The project should not pose any threats to the people in the future.

5.2.2.4 CASE STUDY – 4: SAMBAMURTHI NAGAR STORM WATER DRAIN COVERING 8 WARDS (KAKINADA)

5.59 Kakinada is a town that is situated on the on the coast and there a lot of problems with the flow of water into the sea. The gradient of the land in the town is such that the flow of water is not fast and at many places the town is below the sea level. Due to this utmost care has to be taken when planning sewerage and storm water projects for towns like Kakinada. The Sambamurthi Nagar storm water drain is one of the earlier projects undertaken by the municipality to address the problems of storm water in Kakinada. This sub-project was selected to highlight the various social and environmental problems that have risen due to lack of planning and maintenance in such projects. 5.60 Sambamurthi Nagar storm water drain is an important drain, which is passing through the centre of the town almost covering 8 wards. The municipality first constructed the drain in the year 1988. Due to lack of funds the construction of the drain was stopped and only 1 km of the drain was constructed. Owing to the problems of stagnation of water the people of the concerned wards contributed 30% of the construction cost and undertook the construction of the drain in the year 1996 under the Janmabhoomi programme. The total length of the drain today is around 2.5 kilometers and covers ward numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 31. Social section 5.61 Some of the observations and issues that have emerged out of discussions with the people highlight the following.

Î�The problem with the present project is that though the drain is able to collect the storm water from the wards and is carrying it up to the sea. But the tail end of the drain is left out openly into the adjoining lands near the beach. At the tail end the water flows through a kutcha canal dug till the sea. Due to the natural gradient problems of the area and as the drain is not pucca near the sea, the water rather than flowing into the sea, is getting stagnant and all through the year around 100 acres of land is always submerged under sewerage and storm water that is flowing through the drain.

Î�To overcome this problem is very important that the drain be made a pucca drain at the tail end and pumping the water from the drain into the sea is very much necessary.

Î�Whenever there is a high tide the water that is flowing into the sea gushes back into the town through the drain. A gate has to be arranged with a lock to stop the water from flowing back into the town.

Î�People near the tail end of the drain are facing severe health problems and the stagnant water is becoming a dangerous breeding ground for mosquitoes and vermin.

Î�The seepage of water is very fast at the stagnant area and the underground water is also being polluted.


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Î�Most of the people are unable to construct houses because of the stagnant water and it is becoming virtually impossible for the people living near the tail end in the rainy season.

5.62 In view of the present project it can be stated that while designing a project the implementing authorities have to be planned to overcome the social and environmental problems that may arise out of it. Lack of proper planning during the construction stage has resulted in the drain becoming a major environmental hazard to the people. This has also led to various other social problems also where most of the people living in the areas are unable to construct houses as the land is always submerged under the water. The project is a good example to improve the shortcomings in pre-project planning and implementation stage. Care needs to be taken to see that all the projects implemented are technically sound to avoid future problems. Environment section 5.63 The Kakinada Case is typical with regard to highlighting infrastructure requirements and the special considerations required in the coastal scenario. Lack of proper planning during the construction stage has resulted in the drain becoming a major environmental hazard to the people. Outfall location planning has always been a major component in the design and planning of any drainage system. This aspect was not appropriately handled which has resulted in the present problem. 100 acres being inundated with stagnant storm water always has resulted into fertile land turning into wastelands. Being a coastal area, whenever there is a high tide the water flowing into the sea gushes back into the town through the drain. An arrangement to stop the water from flowing back into the town is urgently required. 5.64 People near the tail end of the drain are facing severe health problems and the stagnant water is becoming a dangerous breeding ground for mosquitoes and vermin. The seepage of water is very fast at the stagnant area and the underground water is also being polluted. Care needs to be taken to see that all the projects implemented are technically sound to avoid future problems. 5.65 The FGDs revealed total dissatisfaction and helplessness from the communities who have lost their land and the surrounding communities who reside adjacent to the Outfall location suffering its health implications. Urban infrastructure projects hence require a legal binding to cater to the required purpose and arrive at consensus especially for the technical approval. 5.2.2.5 CASE STUDY – 5: SOLID WASTE DUMPING SITES IN KAKINADA TOWN

(KAKINADA) 5.66 Disposal of solid waste is one of the important problems faced by the municipalities. The waste generated in the town has to be safely disposed and treated to reduce and rule out any environmental hazards and social impacts on the people. It is the duty of the municipality to construct compost yards to convert the waste into manure and recycle the waste reducing the impact on the environment. Kakinada municipality is dumping the solid waste in many open places in the midst of the town. As part of the sub-project assessment, solid waste management issues in Kakinada have been examined. The selected solid waste disposal sites include the area between the Port Railway Station and FCI storehouses,


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boundary of Dummulapeta and Parlaopeta, Sambamurthi Nagar solid waste dumping site, Rangaraya medical collage hostel grounds and Jagannayakpur dumping site. Social section 5.67 Some of the issues that have emerged out of the discussions conducted with the people are as follows.

Î�Most of the housing colonies and in many cases the slums in the town are very near to these dumping yards.

Î�Most of the dumping of solid waste takes places in the localities within the town limits. There is no separate dumping yard identified for the town.

Î�None of the dumping yards have a compound wall and no environmental mitigation measures have been followed.

Î�The surrounding atmosphere of these garbage-dumping yards is heavily polluted and poses a serious health and environmental hazard.

Î�During the rainy season the problem is aggravated in these areas as the rainwater that flows in to the low-lying dumping yards lifts the garbage and deposits it on the roads and nearer to the houses of the people.

Î�Stagnation of water, water logging, stench and unpleasant smell is turning the surroundings into uninhabitable areas.

Î�Breeding places for mosquitoes is also a major problem and is posing a threat to the health of the people.

5.68 The assessment shows that the municipality lacks capacity to handle social and environmental issues pertaining to such projects and they also lack staff to handle regular cleaning of the solid waste dumping sites. There is also a severe lack of coordination between the important institutions responsible for solid waste management like the pollution control board. To improve the services of the municipality it is important to strike proper coordination between the various departments that are responsible for the success of the projects. Environment section 5.69 Kakinada is a very rapidly growing urban center, it being a Port and Industrial hub. The assessment of the project shows that the municipality is severely lacking in maintaining proper environmental safeguards in the town. The Municipality is also not equipped with proper facilities to handle the waste generated in the town. There is also a severe lack of coordination between the important institutions responsible for solid waste management like the PCB, National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), etc. It is interesting to note that though the Municipality is handling critical environment–related functions, it is grossly inadequately equipped to do so, either technically or financially. 5.70 The unplanned disposal and mismanagement of waste in the town by dumping it into low-lying areas where the waste is washed into the canals, etc that finally meets the sea has created a lot of direct and indirect environmental impacts. Communities being exposed to this waste disposal in the vicinity of their habitat viz. slums, etc., are suffering severe health problems, such as water-borne diseases, skin infections, etc. The waste polluting the coastal seawaters has resulted in decrease in the marine catch statistics owing to their mortality. The marine ecosystem is also tremendously affected due to mismanagement of human wastes.


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Box – 5.5: Lack of proper consultation strategy

One of the most visible issues in the IDSMT project proposed in Tenali town is; the lack of proper consultation strategy adopted by the municipality in planning and addressing the problems pertaining to the project. It was observed that a majority of the vendors were unaware of the project need and provisions under it. Most of the vendors have been running their businesses in the old market for the last 5 years. None of the vendors were consulted about the project. They have just been served notices to evacuate the premises and were promised that they would be provided with a place in the new market complex. It is still unclear where the vendors have to continue their existing business till the construction is complete, they have no idea what would be the new price for leasing a place in the new market, no written agreement has been given to the existing vendors, the strife between the fruit market and the old market vendors have not been addressedproperly and finally there no grievance redressal mechanism in the municipality which can address the problems of the vendors. All these issues highlight that the municipality needs to plan their consultations keeping in view the vulnerability of the people who may face impoverishment risks through the loss of work and livelihood.

5.2.2.6 CASE STUDY – 6: MARKET COMPLEX UNDER IDSMT SCHEME AT EXISTING

VEGETABLE MARKET (TENALI) 5.71 A market complex has been proposed under the IDSMT scheme in Tenali town at the existing vegetable market. The vegetable market is very old which thatched and semi-pucca structures spread over a very large area. The market does not have proper facilities like electricity, dustbins and dumping site, storm water and sewerage lines etc. To overcome these problems and also construct a well-planned market utilizing smaller place to avoid congestion the present project was proposed. The project is an upgradation of the present complex, by dismantling the existing structures and replacement with new structures. The total project is cost is estimated around 3 crores. Social section 5.72 The outcomes of the focused group discussions conducted are:

Î�One of the important issues identified during the project assessment is that there are many squatters who have illegally settled in and around the old market complex. All these squatters were shifted before any construction of the work was started.

Î�All these squatters have been provided with resettlement sites to move away from the existing old market complex.

Î�Around 100 families have been sanctioned housing loans under the Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana (VAMBAY) and around 40 houses have already been constructed.

Î�With regard to the business community, a majority of the vendors in the old market are small and petty vegetable vendors who pursue a day-to-day business activity. Many amongst them are women and old people who sell vegetables.

Î�The people being evacuated from the old market place are being asked to resettle in the nearby fruit market till the completion of work.

Î�The vendors of the old market place have been promised a place in the new market that would be constructed under the IDSMT scheme but there has not been any kind of official agreement between the municipality and the vendors. This has given rise to lot of speculation among the vendors and they feel insecure whether they would be provided a place in the new market.

Î�All the vendors in the old market are using the market place owned by the municipality on lease and there is no permanent ownership. Since the new market would be constructed with better facilities, the vendors feel that there may be a steep


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Box – 5.6: Displacement and Resettlement in the project

The IDSMT scheme in Tenali municipality has been implemented in two phases. The first phase of the project has been completed, where three complexes have been constructed with 99 shops accommodating various businesses. Though the market was constructed on the municipal land, it was occupied illegally by a number of families’ predominantly by the urban poor and those who belonged to the vulnerable sections of the society like the SC and ST communities. All of them were squatters living in thatched huts and had no legal right on the land. When the project was proposed the municipality conducted consultations with the community and shifted around 180 families from the project location to newly identified resettlement sites on the outskirts of the town namely, Chandrababu Naidu Nagar and Yedla Lingaiah Colony. The displaced people were provided with legal rights to the sites provided to them and also steps have been taken by the municipality to see that they are helped to construct their houses. Under the VAMBAY scheme 100 families have been provided with houses. To provide the resettlement sites with electricity and also goods internal road network and connecting roads to the town the municipality has spent an around 55 lack rupees. Apart from the people relocated from the project site the new resettlement sites under the slum clearance programme also provide plots to squatters who are living in small pockets across the town. Around 740 families have been provided with plots in the two colonies. An analysis shows that providing the squatters with permanent land to live has been a welcome step but their displacement has resulted in loss of work and income as most of them were labourers and petty businessmen in the market. The municipality has undertaken no income generation activities to overcome this problem. The revenue department undertook acquisition of land and the municipality has not really involved in it. Considering the large number of people displaced from their houses the municipality has handled the problem very well. The municipality would have been well equipped if it had some guidelines to guide them in such activities. The municipalities also need capacity building in this direction to handle R&R issues.

rise in the prices for leasing a place in the new market, which may not be affordable to most of them.

Î�The people have not been properly been informed about the project and most of them lack clear clarity on the benefits or losses that they may incur due to the project. They were served notices to evacuate the market and most of them are reluctant to move out without any promise from the municipality. But since the project has been sanctioned most of the vendors are forced to move out.

Î�The R&R issues have to be addressed and special care needs to be taken to cover the vulnerable groups like the women and the old people who are engaged in petty businesses.

Î�The grievance redressal mechanism needs to be established to address the problems of the vendors.

5.73 The project has many benefits that are important for the development of the town as well as for the development of the revenues of the municipality. The project is adding additionally 220 shops, which would create more employment to the people. There is no parking facility to the existing market place, which would also be provided in the new market. Vendors from the fruit markets and other places would also be accommodated into the new market complex. Though the project has good benefits to the people as well as the municipality care has to be taken to minimize and address the social and environmental issues that may arise in the due process of the implementation of the project. The project does have lot of social impacts on the people who are engaged in the small businesses in the market. There are severe impoverishment risks involved in the project to vulnerable groups like the women and old people, and these need to be addressed properly by the municipality. Environment section 5.74 As mentioned earlier the renovation of the market space under the IDSMT scheme has been beneficial in many ways. Apart from remodeling the market into a more hygienic and functional environment that is very essential for a market dealing with food items, it has also handled the issue of resettling the squatters in a reasonably effective manner. In the earlier scenario, the lack of proper waste disposal system, drainage network, and old sheds were all unhygienic affecting the quality of the vegetables and fruits being sold. The FGDs revealed that the squatters who had been evacuated for the present project were living in poor environment conditions with no infrastructure facilities. The facilities that have been offered during their resettlement have been beneficial to them in every way. The secured status that


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Box – 5.7: R&R issues not addressed

Under the Nehru Road project it was found during the discussions that the R&R issues were not addressed properly. Some of the observations are as follows: ¾� Issues pertaining to rental allowances and compensations

for temporary loss of income were totally overlooked. ¾� No special provisions were devolved for the small and petty

business people. ¾� There are no special provisions for people who have lost

their land or property fully. ¾� The squatters and encroachers though not entitled to any

benefits; they are vulnerable to any development interventions. Under the project also they were totally ignored and exposed to impoverishment risks.

¾� No specific steps were taken to include the people in the discussions on the entitlements and there is lot of confusion and disturbance among the PAPs.

All these issues highlight that the municipality does not have a planned programme to address the R&R issues that have risen in the project implementation stage.

more than 800 families have obtained is definitely an asset to them, inspite of the speculation regarding the employment security. The project has definitely offered an enhanced quality of life not only for the resident community but also for the Market as well. A very important feature of the implementation of this project has been the consultation mechanism adopted by the Municipality to persuade the community to cooperate for the project. 5.2.2.7 CASE STUDY – 7: WIDENING AND RESURFACING OF NEHRU ROAD (TENALI) 5.75 The Nehru Road is one of the important roads in the town of Tenali. Due to gradual increase in the traffic the road started becoming congested and the movement of traffic was a major problem for a ling time. To overcome this problem and induce better movement of traffic the municipality has proposed the widening and concreting of Nehru road with metal with the municipal funds. The Nehru road is a 20 feet road and an important link road of the town. The total length of the road is around 350 meters from Gandhi Nagar to Rajaka Cheruvu, widening it from 20 feet width to 40 feet. The construction of the project has already been initiated and is in progress. Social section 5.76 The demolition of structures on both sides of the road has been started and to a large extent completed. Some of the issues identified in the assessment of the project are as follows.

Î�The issue of compensating the loss incurred by the people was addressed according to the Land Acquisition Act 1894. Compensation for land was paid according to the LA Act 1894 as stated in the Basic Value Registers (Government price) maintained by the Registrar’s office.

Î�For loss of structural Construction the compensations paid according to the Floor Area Ratio.

Î�If the price for the land is negotiated according to the market value the PAPs have to sign an understanding/affidavit that is provided by the municipality to curtail them from going to court for further enhancements.

Î�In some cases the evaluation and compensations for the loss of structures was carried according to the guidelines prescribed by the R&B Department.

Î�Other than the legal owners of the land no compensations or allowances were paid to the squatters and encroachers who were doing businesses at the project road. It is these groups that have totally lost their income source due to the development intervention. Most of them have said that they would wait till the construction is complete and then reestablish themselves wherever little land is available.

Î�With regard to the landowners they were only compensated for the loss of land and structure.


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5.77 An assessment of the project shows that proper consultations have not been conducted properly. There is no proper grievance redressal mechanism in the municipality to address the queries of the people disturbed through the project. Though most of the people feel that project is an important step in the development of the town they were dissatisfied with the procedures followed by the municipality in handling the problems of the people. It was also found that some of the shopkeepers have also approached the court for proper compensations to be paid. The project at present has been stopped due to the pending court cases that have to be resolved. Environment section 5.78 The decongestion of Nehru road in Tenali is absolutely essential with regard to the increased urbanization of the town. The present width and road conditions, according to the residents abutting the road have often led to traffic problems like accidents and air pollution during jams etc. Widening the road and repairing the road were the only solutions to the problem, which cannot be neglected since Nehru road is an important link road in the town. Nevertheless, the project is presently facing public disapproval and resentment due to the heavy demolition that will be required for the widening activity. This reaction is very natural unless a favorable compensation package is offered to the PAPs. The Municipality also has not planned for alternative diversion routes and handling the pollution levels for the implementation stage of the project. This aspect is very essential since the widening activity will take place over a long period of time, and the regular commuters of the road can expect a lot of disturbance. The critical facet of the project, which has not been addressed, is the lack of an Information and consultation mechanism, which has increased the speculation amongst the PAPs and hence non-cooperation, which has led to litigation cases stalling the project. 5.2.2.8 CASE STUDY – 8: CONSTRUCTION OF STORM WATER DRAIN FROM

AYODHYA NAGAR TO CHEMICAL NALA (QUTBULLAPUR) 5.79 The storm water drain from Ayodhya Nagar to chemical nala was constructed on the earlier existing kutcha drain that used to flow alongside the slums and all the sullage water and storm water generated near the slums used to flow through this. The reconstruction of the drain from a kutcha drain to a pucca drain was under taken by the municipality owing to the problems that were faced by the people with regard to health ground water pollution and water logging creating a hazardous atmosphere for the people to live in. As a part of the APUSP C2 component, investments were made in creating basic infrastructure in poor settlements. The construction of this storm water drain is a case in example of one such investment. This drain caters to seven slum settlements and is one of the major projects taken up under APUSP. Social section 5.80 Some of the observations and issues that have been identified in the sub-project assessment are as follows:


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Box – 5.8: A case example of loss of shelter

Omar Ghousuddin is a resident of Markandeya Nagar who lost almost 60 percent of his house in the construction of the drain. In view of this the municipal authorities promised him that he would be compensated for the loss by providing him with an alternative house site. When the construction work started he was provided with an alternative site. But when he went to check on the land he found that some other family was already living on that land. When he claimed that the land was provided to him buy the municipality, the people who have occupied the land sent him away and threatened him not to return back. When Omar Ghousuddin brought this problem to the municipality’s notice they did not entertain him by saying that it was his personal problem to evacuate the person living on the land provided to him. Helplessly he tried again and again to capture the attention of the municipality but was unsuccessful. More than half of his house was demolished but he was not paid any compensation for his promised alternative site. He was also not provided with any rental allowances or shifting allowances for the temporary period for loss of shelter. He and his family were living in the demolished house all along the construction of the drain, as they could not afford to take a house for rent. Today Omar Ghousuddin is left with no house, no alternative site and without any compensations or allowances for the losses he has incurred under the construction of the project.

Î�Though the drain was constructed to serve as a storm water drain, it is now being used for sewage disposal also. This is now posing a major health threat and environmental problem for the inmates of the settlements, which was not found earlier with all households having septic tanks for sewage disposal.

Î�During the construction phase, though consultations were made with the public with regard to the construction of the drain results have not been appreciated. This led to non-cooperation from the people and hence misuse by them. This is a classic case of the use non-conforming with the intended design of a project, leading to further nuisance to the community rather than solving a prior problem.

Î�It was also found that most of people living in the slums were daily wage labourers. The people complained though the project was constructed in their locality for their benefit most of them could not secure any work under the construction work of the drain. The contractors have brought their own labour and though interested to work the local people were not provided any opportunity for working in the project.

Î�Whatever few consultations were made under the project there are very few who have participated and the consultations have failed to serve the purpose for which they were initiated.

Î�With regard to R&R there were many people living along the boundary of the drain who have lost their houses and built-up properties. Around 30 families have lost their houses during the construction stage. A majority of the households were in the slums of Markandeya Nagar and Sanjay Gandhi Nagar.

Environment section 5.81 The construction of the storm water drain was a major investment under the APUSP C2 component serving eight slums. Though the drain was constructed to serve as a storm water drain, it is now being used for sewage disposal also. This is now posing a major health threat and environmental problem for the residents of the settlements, which was not found earlier with all households having septic tanks for sewage disposal. With the R & R issues not addressed at all, the residents have developed a cold attitude and hence have started misusing the drain, by letting out sewerage and solid waste into the drain, with the result of which mosquito and viral breeding have started. This has led to greater exposure of the community to Health hazards. With the additional load of sewerage and solid waste, the drain capacity is being exceeded at times leading to overflowing onto the roads. 5.82 Also, the drain was constructed such that it meets the chemical nala carrying raw and treated industrial effluents from the Jeedimetla industrial estate, finally falling into the River Musi. With no STP, the drain is adding to the pollution loads of the river waters. However,


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Box – 5.9: A case of Rehabilitation

The project apart from creating an avenue for Municipal solid waste management has also rehabilitated the local people in more than one way. This is one of the many successful stories that were found because of the project, which in a way has multiple affects. Mr.Pochaiah earlier was a casual labor. As he did not get work through out the year was living under acute poverty. He was also an alcoholic and everyday use to beat his wife for no reason and was a nuisance in the locality. When this program was announced his wife approached the concerned authorities and joined the group. She persuaded her husband to join the same and was successful. Now both of them get an assured income of 3000 Rupees per month. Moreover as both wife and husband work together she could control her husband from drinking habit. Further, the couple said that as they were poor and does not have any shelter the authorities promised a house. They are not only happy with the scheme but also take pride in their work.

since the drain has been channelised, location of an STP will be appropriate at the meeting point of the Drain into the river. STPs are now being proposed along the course of the Musi under the Musi River Conservation Plan. The chemicals corroding the construction material of the drain has resulted in several fissures in the drain leading to seepage of the sewage and chemicals into the ground water leading to contamination. 5.2.2.9 CASE STUDY – 9: 24/7 WATER SUPPLY SCHEME (RAMAGUNDAM) 5.83 The 24/7 water supply scheme implemented in Ramagundam is the first of its kind in Andhra Pradesh. With the abundance in source of water in the form of River Godavari, this initiative was taken up on a pilot basis catering to 1500 households for a demand of 2.1 MLD. 5.84 Since the change to continuous supply, consumer demand has probably not increased significantly. Many families have been concerned about the likely increase in the cost of the water they use with regard to being metered for the first time and the introduction of the new-tiered tariff. Nevertheless, the consumers have expressed much comfort in the fact that the water supply is continuously available. With this project in place, wastage of water has been reduced due to the availability at will. Also, a substantial contribution to the quality of life has been made, with consumers starting to adopt plumbing systems and individual sanitary facilities. Some of the consumers have expresses discontent with regard to the low pressure at which the water is delivered consuming more time, but this issue can be resolved with increase in demand leading to pressure management requirement. 5.85 The change to continuous water supply has raised significant management issues in the Municipality in lieu of its sustainable operation like, ability to quantify the amount of water entering the Pilot Area and thus the ability to calculate the volume and value of the water lost and ability to reduce losses to an acceptable level by being able to locate and repair non-visible leaks both on the distribution system and the consumer’s connection. 5.2.2.10 CASE STUDY – 10: RAG PICKERS REHABILITATION PROJECT UNDER

APUSP- C-3 COMPONENT (RAMAGUNDAM) 5.86 As a part of the APUSP C3 component and to carry forward the “Clean Ramagundam” programme, the Ramagundam Municipal Council introduced Rag pickers rehabilitation project through solid waste collection and management. A tremendously successful project, it has given livelihood assurance to over 200 rag pickers. The rag pickers were given orientation training towards solid waste collection along with a tricycle (one for a batch of two people) for the door-to-door collection of waste with designated areas of collection. Each batch of rag pickers cover over 200 houses and collects separately the biodegradable and non-biodegradable garbage. Each house, shop, establishment has to pay user charges for availing


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this service, out of which the worker’s earnings are made. This project has addressed two significant issues namely:

Î�The rehabilitation of rag pickers thus permanently solving the nuisance created by their anti-social practices for earning their livelihoods

Î�Creating an avenue for Municipal solid waste management 5.87 Substantial changes have been brought about in the form of the social upliftment of degraded section of the society, with assured income levels leading to investment in savings and thrift schemes and a cleaner town by strategically tackling the peril of mismanaged solid leading to greater awareness in the society regarding hygienic requirements. This has resulted in falling levels of infectious disease recordings at the town level. However the health risks of constant exposure to waste of the Rag pickers needs to be given greater attention and precautionary equipment needs to be provided at regular periodic intervals. With the project now having completed two phases with laudable success, other underprivileged and needy groups of the population can be targeted thus covering the entire town with increased work force. 5.3 PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS 5.88 Public Consultations at the municipalities has constituted an important activity in the overall fieldwork conducted for the SEA study. The primary goal of the public consultations has been to expose the objectives of the APMDP to the general public and also highlight importance of conducting an SEA and SEAMF under the study. The task also entails to document the social and environmental concerns identified by the people with regard to reforms and infrastructure projects that would be undertaken in the town. The consultations also aim to design a forum where all the stakeholders participate in the assessment process by way of voicing their concerns in public and to streamline the study by way of including public opinion in the assessment process to increase the applicability of the proposals. The objectives of these consultations were:

Î�To disseminate overall aim and objectives of future GoAP interventions and facilitate them to participate in the pre-project preparation;

Î�To identify the projects and sub-projects to be considered for funding by GoAP in urban areas;

Î�To ascertain opinion on likely adverse social and environmental impacts due to implementation of various urban infrastructure projects in Andhra Pradesh;

Î�To create awareness on the importance of safeguarding environmental conditions and social concerns of urban area during construction and operation of urban infrastructure projects;

Î�To appreciate institutional and procedural issues related to planning financing implementation and management of urban infrastructure projects.

5.89 Public consultations were done at two stages. The first stage consultations were conducted during the preparation of the SEA and the SEAM Framework reports and the second stage consultations after the preparation of the two reports. This consultation schedule was strategically placed to gain maximum advantage from the public consultation exercise at crucial stages of the study. The first consultation acted as a counter-check to the scientific assessment of the envisaged project by presenting the assessment to public scrutiny. The inputs obtained helped to firm up the SEA report and preparation of the SEAM


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Framework. The second consultation was held after the SEAM framework was prepared to enable public feedback on the format, before its application on actual sub-projects. The inputs from this consultation were used to finalize the SEAM framework and proceed with the assessment exercises for sub-projects using it. 5.3.1 THE PROCESS 5.90 The aim of the public consultations was to ensure that there is good representation from various groups, associations, institutions and government offices that are participating in the day to day working of the municipalities and also the general public for whose benefits the projects are designed. For this purpose the study team briefed all the officials at the municipality about the project and the importance of conducting a public consultation, made a list of all the CBOs, SHGs, Citizens groups, NGO etc., along with the various government departments like the Municipality, the Municipal Council, PHED, PCB, DTCP, Electricity Department etc., involved in provision of services in the urban areas. After finalizing the list with the help of the municipal officials and the commissioner a date was fixed for the public consultations. Efforts were initiated to include and invite other important participants like special government officials of listed sectors, project consultants, location-specific community-representatives, legal and financial consultants, environmentalists etc. To ensure that there is also participation from the general public, all the contacted people during the sub-project assessment and the household survey were extended invitations to participate in the public consultation. 5.91 The study team spent 5 days in each town for its consultations and all the public consultations were organized on the last day of the field visit, which facilitated the study team to inform all the line institutions to participate in the meeting. A separate invitation was prepared inviting all the concerned to the public consultation. The invitation was sent to all the institutions through the office of the Commissioner and with the attestation of Municipal Chairman. A one-page note highlighting the issues that would be discussed at the public consultation was attached to the invitation. The Telugu version of the attachment has been distributed to the people at the sub project assessment and household survey areas. Translating the public consultation note into Telugu was undertaken for better understanding of the people. Thus care was taken to invite both primary stakeholders as well as the secondary stakeholders to the consultation from across the cross-section of the town to represent and discuss their concerns in the context of social and environmental issues of management, implementation and monitoring of urban sub-projects and thereby steering the study onto the practical viability process and giving the way forward. The list of participants representing various groups and institutions both government and private is presented as Annexure – XVIII. The detailed discussions and issues identified in the public consultations that were conducted in the selected towns are presented as Annexure – XIX. Public consultation in Tenali could not be organized due to internal elections of the municipal council. 5.3.2 ISSUES AND OBSERVATIONS 5.3.2.1 GENERAL ISSUES 5.92 Adequate involvement of people in project planning and design was absent. This lack of involvement may also result in frequent disturbances for effective implementation of


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the project. So to avoid these problems and to improve the public participation in the development process the project authorities need to involve people at all stages of the project i.e. from the project formulation stage to project implementation and completion stage. 5.93 Technical issues constitute one of the important factors that determine the success or failure of the project. It is found from the consultations that the technical aspects of the infrastructure projects do not receive the kind of attention that is necessary resulting in the improper designs. The authorities should not only take special care about the technical aspects of the project but also keep them abreast of the latest technological innovations in their respective departments and use the modern equipment in this process. 5.94 Another important issue that is observed is the lack of coordination of the Municipal authorities with other departments like Revenue, PCB, Electricity, Telecom etc which play a major role in the implementation of the infrastructure projects. It is seen that the lack of coordination not only hampers the quality of the work but also results in unwanted delays. Effective coordinative mechanism need to be established between the various departments which not only will speed up the process of the implementation but also brings in accountability amongst the officials. 5.95 Undue dependency of the municipality on other departments like PCB, Revenue etc for the environmental and social clearances of the infrastructure projects is found to be another revelation from the consultation process. The municipal authorities are observed to be totally dependent on revenue department for land acquisition process and have to agree upon the conditions they put forward. The over dependency is creating lot of delays in the implementation of the projects and in some occasions is resulting in faulty assessments. To avoid such kind of a situation the municipality can have its own mechanism with which it can undertake the necessary social and environmental clearances. 5.96 Lack of consensus between the municipality and the people in the construction of the infrastructure projects is leading to unwanted delays and tensions between the project affected persons and project authorities. This is seen mainly because of the non-involvement of the people in the project planning stage. The people do not trust the officials due to lack of transparency in their actions and deeds. A proper negotiable mechanism to avoid such kind of tensions and transparent methods of periodic publication of the progress of the projects to avoid any confusion between the people are some of the areas that need attention. 5.97 The stakeholder consultations also revealed that the municipalities do not have a sound consultation mechanism to involve people in the project implementation process. The authorities mostly neglect this aspect and even if pursued give least importance and consider it as a formality. But lack of a sound consultation process is resulting in confusion among the people and put them ignorant of the developmental activities in their areas. The municipality can take special efforts in this regard and formulate a strategy by which it can inform and involve people in the development process. 5.3.2.2 SOCIAL ISSUES 5.98 The consultations showed that there is no proper grievance redressal mechanism in the municipality to address the queries of the people disturbed by any project. The common practice that is observed in the municipality is that the affected person has to meet the higher authorities of the level of Commissioner to air their grievances. But, mostly these higher


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authorities do not have time as they are pre-occupied by other works. To avoid such kind of inconvenience to people and to solve their problems a Grievance redressal cell can be created and also a Grievance redressal committee with representatives from all agencies involved in the project implementation can be formed. 5.99 Another important social issue that is totally neglected by the municipality is the issue of resettlement and rehabilitation of the displaced persons of any development infrastructure project. In some cases the issue was dealt through the guidelines provided by other departments like R&B but lack of a proper reference document like a resettlement action plan in this regard is hampering their efforts to do justice to the affected persons. 5.100 From the consultations it is found that the project authorities did not employ the local work force in the construction of the infrastructure projects but employed the labour brought from outside the project area. This created social tension in the areas and resulted in the delays and other unwanted complications. As there are limited employment opportunities in these projects, the project authorities should give priority to the local work force and provide them with employment even if it is short period to avoid any social conflicts and to improve the condition of the people living in these areas. 5.101 Any social development project is expected to give special attention to address the concerns of women and vulnerable groups. But it seems that the municipal authorities do not have any policy of such kind and by and large ignore their interests. These groups like the women, old people; SCs and STs being disadvantaged socially and economically do need special care. Neglecting these sections may risk their livelihood. Proper safeguard measures and special considerations in the development programmes can be explored. 5.102 The municipalities have limited mechanisms/provisions for addressing the problems of compensations and allowances for the people who lost their property or their livelihood as part of the infrastructure development projects. In some cases the evaluation and compensations for the loss of structures was carried according to the guidelines prescribed by the R&B Department. However, many R&R policies, especially those aimed at non-titleholders require greater clarity. 5.103 The sub-project assessments show that as part of the infrastructure projects, issues pertaining to squatters and encroachers were ignored. Firstly, the municipalities do not have a proper mechanism to identify the squatters and encroachers. Secondly, the squatters and encroachers who happened to be affected by the sub projects were not considered for any kind of temporary assistance or relief. The municipalities need to evolve a proper mechanism to undertake this task and the help of professional NGOs and community organizations can be taken in this regard. 5.3.2.3 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES 5.104 Various public consultations conducted in the sub project assessment towns as part of this project has revealed the following issues pertaining to the environment. These issues are useful as some of the references to understand the present scenario in the ULBs with respect to sub project interventions that helped to design few important components of this report and SEAM framework.


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5.105 The ULBs do not have proper information and communication/consultation strategies during the identification and design of the sub projects, particularly to address environmental issues. There is no mechanism of building and periodical monitoring of baseline information of the town and the sub project investment areas. 5.106 The project APUSP has got good appreciation in the masses. However, this project has considered minimum environmental issues. The project lacks to prioritize the mechanism of identification investments, which addresses the most severe and sensitive environmental problems. This needs immediate attention. 5.107 Presently there is no environmental monitoring during the implementation and operational phases of any sub project investments. Analysis of various consultations has put forth the urgent needs of the towns, which could be prioritized as below, for the investments under this proposed project APMDP.

Î�Water supply projects Î�Roads and Transportation Î�Sewerage projects Î�Solid waste management Î�Air and water pollution control

5.108 The ULBs lack proper capacities to address environmental issues during the sub project intervention. They do not have the skilled environmental professionals to address these issues. The overall sub-project cycle lacks the intervention of environment considerations at all the stages such as environmental screening, categorization of investment areas, assessment, mitigation measures during design, implementation and operational phases of the sub project and environmental monitoring. Environmental Conclusions

Î�A mechanism to coordinate with the pollution control board or build self sufficiency, which ever is feasible, to develop the baseline information of the town and the investment areas.

Î�Environmental considerations at each stage of the sub project investment to be incorporated.

Î�Environmental management plans that details the mitigation measures to be implemented should be prepared.

Î�An environmental monitoring plan that gives the status of the baseline of the sub project intervention area should be part of the framework. This also ensures the effectiveness of the mitigation measures taken.

Î�Capacities of all the municipalities and the project implementing agencies to be enhanced to address the environmental part of the project by employing the environment professionals to coordinate these issues

Î�An Information and Consultation or Communication strategy plan to be part of sub project intervention from its inception till operation and maintenance has to be developed for addressing environmental issues effectively.


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REFORMS

6.1 INTRODUCTION 6.1 Change towards development is a natural phenomenon. Reform plays a major role in bringing about change and development. Reforms and reform measures are a continuous process for any civil society to improve its efficiency from time to time. Urban reforms for the state as a whole are mandatory to withstand the increasing urban pressures in terms of increasing population and increase in demand for civic amenities. 6.2 Andhra Pradesh is one of the first states to adopt a multi-sectoral public sector reform programme, the first to introduce information technology in government services and one of the first states to undertake a basic restructuring of the power sector to corporatize the public utility, restructure subsidies and improve services. The government’s fiscal reform efforts since 1995 have aimed to re allocate resources towards essential public services and investment in the social sectors and infrastructure. The reforms are within the broader vision that envisages economic growth by creating employment, social development by eradicating poverty, improving health, education, and providing services and promoting rural and urban development through active participation of people and empowerment of disadvantaged groups. The ongoing reforms are primarily at the state level, within the overarching objective of reducing poverty. 6.3 The present chapter draws inferences from a general analysis and outlines general recommendations relevant to further action required in each of the reform areas. Specific direct and indirect social and environmental impacts will have to be analyzed to formulate action plans and necessary guidelines for the reforms processes so as to achieve the objectives of the social and environmental management plan and the social and environmental capacity building action plan. 6.1.1 STRUCTURE OF URBAN ADMINISTRATION 6.4 Organizations at the state, regional to administer the municipalities and corporations. At the state level, the department of municipal administration and urban development in the secretariat is responsible for policymaking, administrative coordination, monitoring and guidance. Directorates of municipal administration, town planning and the public health engineering are the line agencies for implementation of urban policies and projects. Andhra Pradesh Urban Finance and Infrastructure Development Corporation is another agency involved in urban development in the state. 6.1.2 REFORMS AT STATE LEVEL 6.5 The government has constituted an expert committee to suggest amendment to the municipal laws to bring them in conformity with the constitution’s 74th amendment act. Based on the expert committee report, the government decided to entrust the following functions to the urban local bodies.

6


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Î�Urban planning including town planning Î�Planning for economic and social development Î�Urban forestry, protection of the environment and promotion of ecological aspects Î�Urban poverty alleviation Î�Safeguarding vulnerable groups, slum improvement and upgradation

6.1.3 REVENUE ENHANCEMENT PROGRAMMES 6.6 The Andhra Pradesh State Government initiated several measures to improve the revenues from the internal sources of the municipal bodies through Revenue Improvement Action Plan I & II. The emphasis has been on both tax and non-tax sources. These measures are outlined below:

1. The assessment of property tax has been restructured on the plinth area basis in 1993 in all municipalities, which reduced the subjective element on a considerable extent and improved the revenues to the tune of 20 crores annually.

2. The ceiling of 100 percent on the increase in property tax imposed in 1993 was withdrawn in March 2000. This measure is expected to increase tax yield from the newly assessed properties in the municipalities.

3. The method of self-assessment of the property tax introduced in Hyderabad Municipal Corporation during 1999, received good response from the taxpayers besides yielding additional income.

6.2 REVIEW OF REFORMS 6.7 studies pertaining to various reforms identified for investments by the bank have been carried out from secondary sources. Valuable inputs have also been drawn from the consultations and the institutional reviews conducted on field. Brief descriptions of the procedures involved and status for some of the reforms are discussed in the following sections. 6.2.1 REPEAL OF URBAN LAND CEILING AND REGULATION ACT, 1976 6.8 The repealed Urban Land (Ceiling & Regulation) Act, 1976 (ULCRA) was a central act on a state subject (entry 18 in list II of the Seventh Schedule). This Act was enacted under Article 252 (1) of the Constitution after 11 state legislatures of the country like Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Tripura and Uttar Pradesh, west Bengal and all union territories have passed the necessary resolution authorizing the parliament to enact a law. Subsequently, six other states - Assam, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya and Rajasthan -have also adopted the act. 6.9 The remaining states did not adopt the ULCRA. The state of Tamilnadu is, however, having its own act known as Tamilnadu urban land (ceiling & regulation) act, 1978. The Act was applicable to 12 states and 3 union territories, which had towns with a population of more than 2 lakhs as per 1971 census. The act was applicable to 64 urban agglomerations.


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6.2.1.1 THE MAIN FEATURES OF THE ACT

Î�Imposition of a ceiling on both ownership and possession of vacant land in urban agglomerations, the ceiling being on a grade basis according to the classification of the urban agglomeration.

Î�Acquisition of the excess vacant land by the state government with powers to dispose of the vacant land to sub serve the common good;

Î�Payment of an amount for the acquisition of the excess vacant land, in cash and in bonds.

Î�Granting exemptions in respect of certain specific categories of vacant land; Î�Regulating the transfer of vacant land within the ceiling limit; Î�Regulating the transfer of urban or urbanisable land with any building (whether

constructed before or after the commencement of the act), for a period of 10 years from the commencement of the act or the construction of the building whichever is latter;

Î�Restricting the plinth area for the construction of future residential buildings. 6.2.1.2 PERFORMANCE OF THE ACT 6.10 The performance of the Act has been quite dismal. The state governments could physically acquire only 19,020 ha. Of excess vacant land out of an area of 2,20,674 ha. This works out to a mere 9 per cent of the total estimated excess vacant land. At the same time, as much as 56,640 ha. Of excess vacant land were exempted under sections 20 of the act (on grounds of "public interest" or on account of "undue hardships). 5327 ha. Of the excess vacant land were exempted under section 21 of the act for the purpose of construction of dwelling units for weaker sections of the society. It is widespread knowledge that the provisions of the act, while unduly restricting the supply of land for meeting various needs, have led to corruption and unnecessary harassment of the people holding small parcels of land in the 64 notified urban agglomerations. 6.2.1.3 SHORTCOMINGS IN THE ACT 6.11 The Act has been termed as a draconian law and has been criticized severely. The implementation of the act in the States/UTs has been dismal, mainly due to the following reasons:

Î�Vesting of too much of discretionary powers in the state governments for granting exemptions.

Î�Highly expropriatory nature of the act. Î�The act, as it stands, does not provide for a mechanism to force the entry of the vacant

urban land into the land market through appropriate fiscal measures. 6.12 In view of the shortcomings in the act, the government from time to time has received suggestions for review/repeal of the act. In the united nations conference on human settlements (Habitat II) held in Istanbul, in June 1996, it was resolved that the governments at the appropriate levels including local authorities should strive to remove all possible obstacles that may hamper equitable access to land. It was also resolved to promote efficient land markets and support the development of land markets by measures of effective legal framework.


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6.2.1.4 REVIEW/REPEAL OF THE ACT 6.13 The ULCRA, 1976 is a Central Act enacted under Article 252(1) of the Constitution with the consent of 11 state governments. It can be amended or repealed only if the legislature(s) of at least 2 concerned states pass a resolution empowering the parliament to amend or repeal the act. States of Haryana and Punjab sent a resolution of its legislatures, authorizing the parliament to enact a repealing act. The committee invited views from experts/interested parties/ organizations and individuals in order to examine the bill. The committee recommended repeal of the act with certain safeguards for the poor and the low-income group in urban housing. The union cabinet resolved to repeal the act in its meeting on December 29, 1998. 6.2.1.5 THE WAY FORWARD 6.14 in consultations with municipal functionaries, other stakeholders in the case study towns and from the consultants understanding of past experiences in the repeal of urban land ceiling and regulation act certain general recommendations are made for further action in regard of the urban land ceiling and regulation act.

Box – 6.1 recommendations for ULCRA ¾�The statistics of exemption from the act shown above unveils the loopholes in the

act, which is against the purpose of the act. More over this is contributing corruption to a large extent by the law evaders, in order to be exempted them from the act.

¾�The multi divisional of single owner ship on fake names (benami) in order to escape from the act has made the land transactions difficult and on the other hand, the potential buyers already owning the land to the maximum extent of the act could not buy the land easily, thus putting the large extents of lands vacant with out any development, thus contributing to the emerge of slums and encroachments.

¾�This has severely effected the urban development in some areas while it has contributed to the development of sites by the government through land acquisition act.

¾�The success of the act depends on the effectiveness of implementation of the act.

¾�Hence, the act may be either repealed in the state or may be amended conforming to the above-discussed loopholes.

¾�The institutions for registration of land documents (sub registrars’ offices) should be totally computerized, for the effective implementation of such acts and to arrest mal practices in land registration. It technology shall encounter the illegal practices in registration.

6.2.2 PROPERTY TAX REFORMS 6.2.2.1 INTRODUCTION 6.15 Property tax is the largest revenue source for the Urban Local Bodies in Andhra Pradesh state. In fact this is the single largest revenue source for all the states in India, except where property tax is not implemented such as in Chandigarh.


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6.2.2.2 REVENUE IMPROVEMENT ACTION PLAN I & II 6.16 The State Government has initiated Revenue Improvement Action Plan in all the urban bodies to increase the revenue by instituting a special drive. An 18-point strategy was given to all municipal commissioners to concentrate on revenue improvement programme. Some of the main features are:

Î�Detection of un-assessed and under assessed properties. Î�Revision of tax plans to the buildings where expansions have taken place/ change of

use Î�Imposing vacant land tax Î�Detection of illegal water tap connections and collecting regulation fees Î�Computerization of accounts Î�Levying penal interest @ 2% on defaulters (as per the act) Î�Arrears recovery drive Î�Updating demand collection and balance register Î�Special tax mobilization camps

6.17 Owing to the RIAP I & II GoAP began introducing property tax reforms way back in 1993, which has geared up from 2002. Prior to this, there existed a ceiling of 100% on the increase in property tax, which was with drawn in march 2000. 6.18 The director of municipal administration of Andhra Pradesh has directed through a GO that all the 117 urban local bodies have to enhance property tax to a maximum limit of 75 percent of the existing tax. This has rapidly increased the revenue base of the municipalities and corporations. This also included the survey of all the assessments in municipal limits in order to identify the un-assessed and under assessed properties. 6.19 Under APUSP, sponsored by DFID (Department for International Development) the C1 component of municipal reforms has excluded the property surveys since the municipalities have already undertaken the exercise, recently. However, the project contains the revenue improvement survey as one of its important components covering all the revenue sources (taxes and non taxes). 6.2.2.3 COMPONENTS OF PROPERTY TAX 6.20 The components of general tax as laid out in Section 85 of Andhra Pradesh Municipalities Act 1955 are as follows:

1. Tax for general purpose 2. Water and drainage tax (The council decides the proportion of tax between water and

drainage) 3. Lighting tax 4. Scavenging tax 5. Education Cess and 6. Library Cess


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6.2.2.4 BASIS OF LEVY 6.21 The broad nature of levy of property tax (Table 6.1) is as follows:

Table – 6.1: levy of property taxes Nature of the property Scheme of use Rate of tax

Lands and buildings Self-occupied or rented, residential or commercial

Percentage of annual rental value

Lands not adjacent or appurtenant to buildings

Self-occupied or rented and not exclusively used for agricultural purpose

Percentage of capital value*

Lands Used exclusively for agricultural purpose Not taxed

6.2.2.5 METHOD OF ASSESSMENT OF PROPERTY TAX 6.22 A general revision of the assessments is undertaken every 5 years under Rule 8 of Schedule II (Taxation and Finance Rules). The government appoints a valuation officer for each town to undertake a comprehensive reassessment exercise. Upon revision of the assessments, a special notice is served on the owner of the property. Objections are invited for a period of sixty days after which the assessments are confirmed.

1. Every building shall be assessed together with land appurtenant to the building 2. Annual rental value is the expected reasonable rent with reference to location,

type of construction, plinth area, age of the building, nature of use and other criteria prescribed

3. The reasonable rent shall be determined by the commissioner with reference to location, type of construction, plinth area, age of the building, nature of use and other criteria prescribed.

4. Permissible deductions and rebates include:

Î�Annual rental value is the expected reasonable rent less a deduction of prescribed rate (10% to 30% based on age of the building) on gross rent.

Î�A rebate of 40% of the annual rental value shall be allowed in respect of the residential buildings occupied by the owner inclusive of the deduction permissible under this sub-section (d).

Î�In respect of municipalities on the seashore a rebate of 5% of the annual rental value shall be allowed in addition to rebates allowed under the other provisions of the act in respect of the buildings.

6.2.2.6 EXEMPTIONS 6.23 General exemptions provided for under Section 88 of the AP Municipalities Act, 1955 are as follows:

1. Places used for public worship 2. Rent free choultries (rest-houses) or choultries which collect rent and use rent for

charitable purposes 3. Building and land exclusively used for educational purposes by institutions

receiving grant-in-aid from government 4. Ancient monuments 5. Charitable hospitals and dispensaries 6. Burial and burning grounds 7. Building or land appurtenant to irrigation work


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8. Water and drainage tax shall not be levied for the land used exclusively for agricultural purposes

9. The council with previous sanction of Government can exempt water, drainage and scavenging tax for any particular part of municipality which not using the amenities given by municipality

10. The council by resolution can exempt any class of buildings or lands from the property tax:

Î�If the annual rental value of the same does not exceed Rs. 300/- incase of the

owner occupied residential buildings within municipality limits Î�The person to be assessed does not own any other buildings or land assessed to

the property tax and is not liable for profession tax or income tax. 6.2.2.7 CRITICAL ISSUES 6.24 In the absence of strong enforcement of town planning and construction permit regulations, the identification of new properties is time-consuming, manpower intensive and is dependent on owners approaching the ULB. Verification of property tax receipts before issuing electricity connections is not being complied in many cases. Though water connections are only provided to assess properties, the presence of unauthorized connections, personal tube-wells and public taps could hamper this. Thus, the number of properties on municipal records could be significantly lower than the actual number of properties. All municipalities also express concern over the difficulty in detecting under-assessment of properties. Though most towns have fairly healthy collection efficiency, in some towns the municipality is able to collect only 50 percent of the demand that is raised. 6.2.2.8 MUNICIPAL CORPORATION OF HYDERABAD 6.25 Revision of property tax as contemplated in the Hyderabad Municipal Corporation Act of 1955 was not done for 19 to 23 years in various circles of the corporation. This made the property tax system become iniquitous, with vertical and horizontal imbalances, resulting in financial loss to the corporation. Attempts made to rationalize and improve the property tax base in Hyderabad were caught in legal problems. Prolonged litigation and locking up of potential taxes left the corporation with no alternative but to introduce self-assessment of property tax. During 1999 – 2000, MCH introduced self assessment of property tax, which has increased number of assessments from 4.10 lakhs (1999-2000) to 6.0lakhs and significantly increasing the tax demand. 6.2.2.9 A GLANCE AT MCH PROPERTY TAX REFORMS

Î�Tax reform strategy depends to a great extent on the preconditions, but certain principles such as the close involvement of the tax service linkage, incentives for filing of tax returns, disincentives for non filing, tax education etc. Are important in the designing of successful reforms.

Î�Arbitrary adoption of slab rates of tax in the name of elimination of discretion in the levy of tax is not desirable. Slab rates are useful in the case pf homogeneous properties. But for heterogeneous properties such as commercial properties with low rentals and under tax those with high rentals as averages are affected by extreme conditions. This is against the fundamental principle of tax reforms i.e. the market orientation of the tax system.


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Î�Correction of inequities in the tax system can be an important source of enhanced mobilization of property tax revenues in most cities. Keeping tax rates low and emphasizing on compliance led to significant increases in property tax collection in Hyderabad.

Î�Tax education and organized publicity campaigns to address the psychology of tax payer are often more important than economic factors such as tax rate and tax base in realizing the potential of property tax; people must perceive the tax system to be fair and appreciate the linking knowledge between tax and service provision.

Î�Direct involvement of taxpayers in the provision of civic services is a must for better tax compliance.

Î�Tax reforms may be needed to be perused in an incremental manner. Elaborate and time-consuming design may lead to the bouncing back of effort to clean a tax system.

Î�The self-assessment scheme of MCH has fully realized its potential yield from property tax. The scheme proves that even with very low rate of tax, the revenue from property tax can go up significantly if systemic issues are tackled rather than dealing with traditional economic aspects such as tax rate and tax base.

6.2.2.10 THE WAY FORWARD 6.26 In consultations with municipal functionaries, other stakeholders in the case study towns and consultants, certain general recommendations are made for further action in regard of enhancement of the revenue from property tax. (Table 6.2)

Table– 6.2 Recommendations for Property Tax Identification ¾�Complete implementation of GOs by the electricity companies

Existing rules state the electricity companies should verify that property tax has been fully paid before providing new electricity connections. However, in some of the cities, this rule was not being followed strictly. The implementation of this rule should be made mandatory in all towns, if necessary through the issue of the further GOs.

¾�Periodic surveys and re-assessment

Under-assessment of properties is thought to be the biggest source of revenue leakage. To deal with this problem, it is suggested that comprehensive surveys be undertaken every 5 years. Utilization of private/external agencies could increase the efficiency of these surveys. The frequency of random checks to detect under-assessment should be increased and 20% of the town could be re-assessed each year (so that the entire city is re-assessed at least once in 5 years). Increased frequency of survey and reassessment would be more feasible if recommendations of role-specialization within the revenue section are also implemented.

¾�Display of construction permit at all construction sites

Improving the town planning and building permission regulatory framework will also contribute to better coverage of properties. A significant improvement is possible if it is made mandatory to prominently display the building license or building permission at all construction sites. Any construction site that fails to display such permission would immediately and easily be identified as an un authorized construction. This feature would also make it feasible for resident associations and community-based organizations to support the municipality in detecting unauthorized construction.

¾�Formal linking of building licenses and property tax

In some municipalities there is a lack of internal communication to share information between the town planning section and the revenue section. This in inspite of the presence of rules requiring the sharing of such information. This lack of internal communication leads to an under utilization of existing data and increases the workload of the revenue section. At present, the implementation of this rule is dependent on the initiative of the commissioner or revenue officer.


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Table– 6.2 Recommendations for Property Tax Collection ¾�Settlement of court cases

In some of the towns, considerable sums are tied up in litigation. In order to realize this revenue, the municipalities may be given a one-time permission to settle these cases. Retired judges may be asked to advice the municipality of the merits of each case, as was done in Vijayawada a few years ago. The precise situations under which settlement would be permitted should also be clearly specified in order to avoid further complications.

¾�Government properties

Often the government clears the property tax dues of its properties by giving a lump-sum grant to each ULB. The ULBs face the difficulty that it is not clear how the lump sum is to be credited against individual property accounts. To overcome this, it is suggested that a consolidated account is created for the government with sub-accounts for each property. The lump sum could be credited against the consolidated account, thus enabling updating of property tax records. This measure would be more feasible if property records are computerized.

Enforcement ¾�No land transactions are to be registered if property tax is not paid

Through appropriate government orders or local coordination, the registrar offices could be directed to reject applications for registering property documents if municipal taxes have not been paid. This measure has been successfully introduced in some cities.

¾�Publish list of large defaulters in newspapers

Some municipal corporations such as Vadodara regularly publish lists of defaulters from each ward along with a notice that attachment of the property will follow if all dues are not cleared within a specified timeframe. It has been found that such a notice in the newspaper is sufficient to convince defaulters of the municipality’s intent to collect all its taxes. The fear of social stigma also convinces some potential defaulters of the need to pay their taxes in a timely manner. This measure also helps in increasing the public’s confidence in the impartiality of the municipality.

¾�Disconnection of water supply and other municipal services for non-payment of property tax

Though this is not specifically provided for by the act, the government may authorize this measure through the issue of appropriate government orders.

¾�Disconnection of electricity

The government has ensured that the electricity companies verify payment of property tax before providing new connections. This is a one-time check against un-assessed properties. In order to also tackle regular defaulters, further GOs could be issued permitting the municipality to request the electricity provider to disconnect the electricity supply of those in default, say over Rs. 5000 or for over 3 billing periods.

6.2.3 COMPUTERIZED PROCESSES FOR REGISTRATION OF

DOCUMENTS 6.2.3.1 INTRODUCTION 6.27 The state government in a big way has initiated e-governance in the state. The director of municipal administration in the recent past began the process of computerization of all the revenue sources viz. assessments, water connections, d & o trades etc. And service delivery in all the 117 municipalities of the state. This is necessary for the initiation of e-Seva services. Some of the e-Seva centers are already functioning in places like Hyderabad, Visakhapatnam and Vijayawada etc. Pending accounts were also updated under APUSP, Municipal C1 reforms, which is useful to start with the e-Seva centers.


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6.2.3.2 E-SEVA CENTERS 6.28 With the introduction of the citizen e-Seva centers, it is envisaged that a significant portion of taxes, fees and charges are collected at these centers, thus reducing the difficulty in controlling and auditing the cash collection process. From the performance of e-Seva centers, in Hyderabad and in other cities of Andhra Pradesh, it is evident that the tax collection, payment of bills has increased considerably. The public extensively uses them as they create easy access. 6.2.3.3 ISSUE OF DOCUMENTS 6.29 Presently only the registration of births and deaths and issue of birth and death certificates are the only services pertaining to the computerization of registration of documents that are offered in the e-Seva centers. The issue of birth and death certificates within a week after receiving the application has been computerized. The building license is also issued within 15 days from the date of application. After the due date, each day, the concerned official has to pay a fine of Rs.50 to the applicant after the stipulated time for the issue of the license or any other document. This has become a benchmark and performance indicator of the employees in the ULB. 6.2.3.4 STATUS OF COMPUTERIZATION 6.30 On the whole, the level of computerization is basic/moderate in some of the municipalities. A higher level of computerization would address many deficiencies in the present system such as backlog of records updation, information availability, coordination and information sharing among different sections of the municipalities, shortage of staff, etc. 6.2.3.5 THE WAY FORWARD 6.31 In consultations with municipal functionaries, other stakeholders in the case study towns and from the consultants’ observation and understanding of the status of computerized processes for registration of documents in the case study towns and the state, certain general recommendations are made for further action in regard of computerized processes for registration. (Box 6.1)

Box – 6.2: Recommendations for Computerization of Registration of Documents ¾� The preparation of base map and property and utility mapping using GIS technology under APUSP project (in

progress) in class one towns should be used effectively between the sections for all the basic functions of the municipality. This activity has to be extended to all the towns across the state.

¾� Use of GIS technology will aid the municipality to give faster sanctions and have an up to date status of each of the sites in its jurisdiction.

¾� Creating an asset register and computerizing the system would enable the municipalities to strengthen their asset management system.

¾� The updation of new water supply connections in engineering section should be automatically available to the revenue section for them to identify the new connections and tax them accordingly.

¾� The building permission for new construction or renovation given by the town planning section should be readily available with the revenue section for them to impose property tax, with the complete computerization of the municipal system.


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6.2.4 LEVY OF USER CHARGES 6.2.4.1 INTRODUCTION 6.32 As per the Andhra Pradesh Infrastructure Development Enabling Act, 2001, “User Levies” means the right or authority granted to the developer by the government agency or the local authority to recover investment and fair return on the investment and includes toll, fee, charge or benefit by any name. 6.33 In the new scheme of things, the GoAP envisages that the various utilities and departments would have to generate their own resources to meet their expenditure needs. For example, urban local bodies may have the freedom to charge less than what the water regulator prescribes, but they have much work to do to attain respectable revenues. According to estimates, only 40 per cent of the urban households in the state have water connections; the rest draw water free from public taps. Understandably, revenues are meagre from this source and the state government wants to tap fully through the new dispensation. 6.34 The Andhra Pradesh Government, which has recently decided to augment additional resources to make various developmental schemes self-supportive, plans to make user-charges index-linked, which will have automatic periodic revision mechanism. 6.35 Recognizing the need to make the system more user-friendly and cost-effective, the state government has decided to permit the concerned department to mobilize their own resources and retain with them the amounts so collected to improve the services. 6.36 The retention of user fees is also related to existing initiatives to allow more revenues to be retained and utilized directly by concerned public agencies, according to the state finance ministry. This thinking is based on the fact that in many cases, the government can recover costs from the users as these services are individualized and users can be identified and charged according to the extent of their usage. While the cost of providing services has been increasing, the fees and user charges have remained virtually frozen in nominal terms for years. With the state government looking at various options towards additional resource mobilization, apart from streamlining tax administration, it is felt that there is scope for improving non-tax revenues especially, user charges and cost recovery in a range of public services. 6.37 The State Finance and Planning Department has directed all revenue earning departments to orient into modern, efficient and user-friendly agencies capable of making scientific and accurate analysis of the revenue potential in their respective area of operation. While all user charges are to be treated as non-tax revenues, all non-tax revenues are not user charges. Currently, user charges are being levied in the shape of license fee, examination fee, audit fee, corporation fees, fee for technical advice and providing infrastructural facilities and other services, fines and penalties of all types. The government has directed the departments to identify and levy user charges for items not covered in the budget estimates. While empowering departments to take initiatives, clear instructions have been given to deposit the amount into the government treasury as per existing procedures. The recommendations for levy of user charges are shown in Box 6.4.


Rev.21May09 201

Box – 6.3: Case Example of User Charges At a recent review meeting on user charges, it was decided to persuade users to pay up if the quality of services is commensurate with the price and the delivery of the services is cost-efficient. However, these users will not be made to pay for the inefficiency of the public agencies.

Box – 6.4 Recommendations for Levy of User Charges

The urban local bodies may introduce the concept of the user charges on the services provided by them for those services, which are not charged currently. This includes ¾� User charges on parks and play grounds ¾� Municipal primary health centers ¾� Door to door collection of solid waste by private agencies / NGOs. ¾� User charges on sanitation and solid waste for institutions, hospitals, hostels etc. That produces solid waste in bulk. ¾� Parking charges by appointing private agencies ¾� Identifying new sources of revenue or taxation, if they are to be sustainable and free from legal challenge, require

amendment to the municipal legislation. Within the limits imposed by the present legislation, the potential for new sources is fairly limited. The potential exists more in extending the scope of existing source.

6.2.5 MUNICIPAL FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 6.2.5.1 INTRODUCTION 6.38 As per the report of “Andhra Pradesh Urban Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy”, of the 117 ULBs, 76 present an operating ratio of less 1, implying revenues surplus and investments in capital works. A detailed assessment would be necessary given the fact that the method of accounting is on a cash basis and it was included that select local bodies have been faulting on salary payments. While it would be an issue of management, equally important is the need to empower the local bodies in decision making with regard to taxation. Property tax base was last revised in 1993, followed by a revision based on a nominal increase in 2000. 6.39 In addition to non–of property tax, the rate of taxation is one of the lowest in the country. These constraints coupled with variations in collection performance reduce the fiscal capacity of the local governments to investment in infrastructure, which to a large extent determines the attractiveness of a city. The operating performance of ULBs with regard to property taxes is given in Table 6.3.

TABLE – 6.3: OPERATING PERFORMANCE OF URBAN LOCAL BODIES Operating ratio Corporations No. Of ULBs

> 1 1 39 < 1 6 70

< 0.75 1 13 Total 7 109

0r = current expenditure / revenue (94 ULBs have a Dr of < 25%; source: urban poverty reduction strategy report of Andhra Pradesh

6.40 The review of some of the parameters that contribute to the financial system of the local bodies have been discussed below: 6.2.5.2 REVENUE IMPROVEMENT 6.41 The municipalities of Andhra Pradesh are implementing the revenue improvement schemes in a rapid phase. The revenue improvement surveys, strengthening municipal asset management, preparation of base map and property and utility mapping with GIS technology is in progress under the project Andhra Pradesh urban services for the poor for the revenue improvement of the municipalities.


Rev.21May09 202

6.42 The municipalities have improved their revenue base considerably by the enhancement of property tax and survey of properties identifying un-assessed and under-assessed properties. The varied activities taken up under APUSP shall contribute to the increased revenues thus leading them for a better financial management system. 6.2.5.2 EXPENDITURE REDUCTION 6.43 This is one of the important areas that the ULBs may concentrate by rationalizing the man power with required skills, replacing existing service delivery systems with new technology and out sourcing, capacity building etc. 6.2.5.3 MAINTENANCE OF UPDATED ACCOUNTS AND AUDIT 6.44 Updation of arrears of accounts and audit shall equip the finance system with the factual figures of receipts along with the arrears and expenditure. Thus the municipality may concentrate on recovery of arrears pending for many years. All most all the class one towns taken up under APUSP project have updated their accounts and are ready to start e-Seva centers. 6.2.5.4 ASSET MANAGEMENT 6.45 Municipal assets, both movable and immovable, are not maintained systematically in any of the municipalities. Municipal asset register is not available in any of the study towns. Movable and immovable assets will increase the municipal finance considerably, if managed properly. Strengthening of municipal assets can be done as per the following exercise

Î�Identification of movable and immovable assets Î�Recording the physical status of the assets through physical surveys Î�Valuation and right use of the assets

Box – 6.5: Recommendations for Municipal Financial Management System

To improve the municipal financial management system, along with the above-discussed parameters, total computerization of municipal system that improves transparency in the system, payment of salaries through banking system may be employed.

6.2.6 BENCHMARKING AND MONITORING SYSTEM 6.2.6.1 INTRODUCTION 6.46 To improve the services of municipal system, performance analysis is very necessary for the utilities and benchmarking is the continuous and systematic process of identifying, analyzing and adapting the best practices that will lead them to superior performance. Benchmarking is nowadays an important management tool to analysis the performance of the organizations. Previously it was limited to the private organizations. In Europe or in America this was a very important management tool to analyze the performance between the organizations. 6.47 In India, essential public services are usually run by government agencies. Most of these agencies enjoy monopoly in their areas of operations, which gives rise to a certain degree of inefficiency and lack of responsiveness towards the needs of the people. Benchmarking is an effective management tool to improve the overall performance of the


Rev.21May09 203

utilities. “Benchmarking is simply about making comparisons with other organizations and then learning lessons that those comparisons throw up”. It essentially involves learning, sharing and adopting best practices to bring about changes in performance. So, as it’s simplest, benchmarking means: 6.48 In practice, benchmarking usually encompasses:

Î�Regularly comparing aspects of performance (function or process) with best Î�Practitioners. Î�Identifying gaps in performance. Î�Seeking fresh approaches to bring about improvements in performance. Î�Following through with implanting improvements. Î�Following up by monitoring progress and reviewing the benefits.

6.2.6.2 BENEFITS FROM BENCHMARKING 6.49 Benchmarking can also have a beneficial effect on aspects needed to support continuous improvement, such as:

Î�Raised awareness about performance and greater openness about relative strengths and weaknesses

Î�Learning from other and greater confidence in developing and applying new approaches

Î�Greater involvement and motivation of staff in charge programmers Î�Better understanding of the ‘big picture’ and gaining a broader perspective of the

interplay of the factors (or enablers) that facilitate the implementation of good practice

6.50 Currently, both qualitative and quantitative indicators are being developed to measure the level of municipal performance. The indicators initially relate to area viz. solid waste disposal, protected water supply, revenue collection, accounts finalization, recovery of user charges, construction of individual toilets, implementation of SJSRY and NSDP, formation thrift groups and redressal of public grievances. These indicators would enable the government to measure performance and efficiency, develop a competitive environment and build the image of the urban local bodies.

Box – 6.6: Recommendations for Establishing Benchmarking and Monitoring System The following are some of the indicators that may be used to assess the performance of the municipalities.

1. Daily per capita supply 2. % roads surfaced 3. Street light spacing 4. Waste collection performance 5. Revenue per capita 6. Expenditure per capita 7. Operating ratio 8. % establishment expenditure 9. Share of property tax in revenue income 10. Growth in income


Rev.21May09 204

Board of Directors

Managing Director

General Manager Other Managers

Office Superintendent

Accountant

Computer Operator

Consultant

UDCS Typist

FIG- 6.1 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF APUFIDC

6.2.7 STRENGTHENING ANDHRA PRADESH URBAN FINANCE AND INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION (APUFIDC)

6.2.7.1 INTRODUCTION 6.51 APUFIDC was constituted in 1993 under the chairmanship of the minister for municipal administration and urban development authority. An IAS officer heads the corporation. The main objectives of the corporation are to guide the ULBs in improving their administrative machinery and to provide financial and technical assistance to them in the preparation and implementation of development schemes. The corporation is expected to act as a conduit between the local bodies, the Government of India and financing agencies. The corporation on behalf of the municipalities borrows loans from HUDCO and other financial institutions. APUFIDC was constituted as a corporation to impart flexibility in its management and operations, unlike the government departments, as well as to facilitate quick decision-making and borrowings from financial institutions and the open market. The corporation has been structured to operate through consultants with limited staff. The organizational structure of APUFIDC is given in Figure 6.1. 6.2.7.2 OBJECTIVES OF APUFIDC 6.52 The key objectives of APUFIDC are:

Î�To provide financial assistance by way of loans and advances to urban local bodies including municipalities, notified area committees, urban development authorities or such other local bodies as may be notified by the government from time to time.

Î�To provide technical or any other assistance and guidance to urban local bodies in the matter of their developmental schemes, including implementation of the master/ detailed development plans prepared for the urban local bodies i.e. Low cost sanitation schemes, NRY, etc.

Î�To provide assistance and guidance to urban local bodies for improving their administrative machinery and procedure.


Rev.21May09 205

APUFIDC

MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRA TION & URBAN DEVELOPMENT

HOUSING & URBAN DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION

LIMITED (HUDCO)

STATE BANK OF HYDERABAD (SBH)

STATE LEVEL SANCTIONING COMMITTEE

DIRECTOR OF TOWN &

COUNTRY PLANNING

DIRECTOR OF MUNICIPAL

ADMINISTRATION

ENGINEER IN CHIEF PUBLIC

HEALTH

MUNICIPALITIES AND CORPORATIONS OF

A.P.

Fig – 6.2: Financial Management flow chart of APUFIDC

6.2.7.3 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT 6.53 The authorized share capital of APUFIDC is Rs. 500 lakhs divided in to 5 lakh equity shares of 100 each. As on march 31, 203, APUFIDC has a share capital of Rs. 15 lakhs. Fixed assets are to the tune of Rs. 21.07 lakhs. Current liabilities including HUDCO loan for various schemes, interest on investments, interest on investments, interest on mega city funds, government releases for HUDCO repayment etc. to a tune of Rs. 411.47 lakhs. Provision to the tune of Rs. 3.42 lakhs has been made for depreciation. Current assets account to the tune of Rs. 235.04 lakhs. Loans to municipalities under various schemes and advances add up to Rs. 142.74 lakhs. The MAUD Department acts as the administrative head for APUFIDC in the government secretariat. The Director, Municipal Administration, Director of TCP, ENC, PHED and MD, APUFIDC, are members of the state level sanctioning committee. CDMA is responsible for sanctioning of the proposals from Municipal Corporations for the ILCS scheme. As of now, APUFIDC is borrowing from two financial institutions viz. HUDCO and SBH with the government of Andhra Pradesh as the guarantor. So far about Rs. 400 crores have been mobilized from HUDCO for urban infrastructure development and under schemes such as ILCS, water supply and Rs. 10 crores from SBH under the IDSMT scheme. The dashed arrows in the figure show the channeling of funds from financial institutions through APUFIDC. Figure 6.2 shows the financial management flow chart of APUFIDC.

6.55 There is urgent need to strengthen APUFIDC with a view to make it the primary financing institution under APMDP. As part of strengthening and capacity building the following measures are suggested:

Î�Enhanced financial resources and manpower support Î�Restructuring of the organizational structure to streamline core functions into –

project development functions , financial and investment functions, institutional development and capacity building functions

Î�Specific capacity building aimed at social and environmental appraisal of sub-project proposals

Î�Training and capacity building of functionaries on project development functions.

ANDHRA PRADESH URBAN REFORMS AND MUNICIPAL SERVICES PROJECT SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT REPORT

Rev.21May09 206

6.3 URBAN REFORMS: SOCIAL & ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS-ENHANCEMENT/MITIGATION MEASURES

SOCIAL IMPACTS ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACTS ENHANCEMENT/MITIGATI

ON MEASURES

ASSUMPTIONS

REFORM

-ve/ +ve

DIRECT INDIRECT

DIRECT INDIRECT RISKS

TAXATION REFORMS - PROPERTY TAX TAX ENHANCEMENT ¾�Involves enhancement

of taxes

-ve ��Increased rental values.

��Shift of rental families to far away/congested places.

��Develops negative motives on ULB and government.

��Increased unrest and social crime.

��Expenditure reduction on nutritious food, education and other household activities.

��Discourages housing activity.

��Impact on health.

��Reduced expenditure on maintenance of good sanitation by individual households.

��Slight Incremental increase on existing tax may be employed.

��Weaker/vulnerable sections may be identified and subsidized for tax enhancement on the basis of household annual income.

��Assumed that the extra revenue generated is used for town needs.

+ve ��Improved municipal revenue

��Improved investment on O&M

��Increased investment on civic services (sanitation)

��Rationalize expenditure from extra income generated

AREA BASED TAXATION

¾�Distance from the reference road,

¾�Material of construction

¾�Land use

-ve

+ve ��Increased revenue if all the properties are assessed.

��More rational approach of Taxation.

��Rationalized taxes.

��Increased investment on civic services. (Sanitation)

��Subsidies to the households with water harvesting structures.

-ve ��All the properties are assessed voluntarily.

SELF ASSESSMENT ¾�Simplified procedure ¾�Full public

participation and involvement

¾�Increased revenue to local authority and reduced taxation for individuals

+ve ��Increased coverage of the assessments.

��Increased transparency from the people.

��Improved social peace.

��Public participation and support for govt. Initiatives.

��More finance for food, health and education, in each family.

��Improved Infrastructural facilities.

��Improved health and nutrition

��See that this tax is less than the earlier taxation for individual assessments.

��Self-assessments with water harvesting structures may be preferred for subsidies.

�� That the saved amount of each household with new taxation is utilised properly, for improving living conditions


Rev.21May09 207

SOCIAL IMPACTS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

ENHANCEMENT/MITIGATI

ON MEASURES

ASSUMPTIONS

REFORM

-ve/ +ve

DIRECT INDIRECT


-ve ��Low Income Tax evaders are tapped.

��Slight increase in rental values

��Vulnerable illegal occupied are tapped

TAPPING UN ASSESSED AND UNDER ASSESSED PROPERTIES (100% SURVEY) ¾�All properties are

assessed and up dated

+ve ��100% assessments tapped

��Improved municipal revenue

��Encroachers are caught

��Illegal slum residents are identified.

��Improved Infrastructural facilities

��Improved health and nutrition

��Vulnerable settlers, poor encroachers may be safely replaced.

��Presence of water harvesting pit, drainage system etc. may be recorded that helps in improving the environment

-ve FSI RATIONALIZATION ¾�Taxation based on

the FSI of the property

+ve ��Increased revenue if all the properties are assessed

��More rational approach

��Rationalized taxes

��Increased investment on civic services (sanitation)

-ve SYSTEMIC IMPROVEMENTS

¾�Organizational restructuring, improved transparency, total computerization

+ve ��Improved transparency

��Reduced corruption

��Tap tax evaders

Improved revenue and efficiency

TAXATION REFORMS - LEVY OF USER CHARGES -ve ��Reduced

accessibility to poor

��Poor and BPL become more Vulnerable

��That the revenue generate would be spent for the good maintenance and improved services

GENERAL CHARECTERISTICS OF USER CHARGES ¾�Self supportive ¾�Index linked ¾�Improvised services ¾�Streamlined tax

administration +ve ��Increased

responsibility

��and maintenance of services and assets

��Improved people’s participation

��Optimum utilization of resources

��Reduced wastage

��Conservation of resources and assets

��Subsidized or group connection to vulnerable groups


Rev.21May09 208



ON MEASURES

ASSUMPTIONS

REFORM

-ve/ +ve

DIRECT INDIRECT


-ve ��Reduced accessibility to poor

��Aim at continuous water supply.

METERED WATER SUPPLY (USER

CHARGES) ¾�Involves metering the

water connections and levy of charges

+ve ��Optimum utilization by the consumers

��Improved maintenance

��Increase in supply time to 24 hrs, over a period

��Reduced water wastage

��Conservation of surface and under ground water sources

��Group connection of water facilities for BPL, slum habitants

��Rationalization of user charges on economic status of the family

WATER SUPPLY WITHOUT METERS (USER CHARGES)

¾�Involves slab tariffs on a monthly/bi-monthly basis (Fixed charges) but there is no metering

-ve ��Wastage of water because of extra storage

��Water supply for limited hours

��Poor maintenance

��Break down of water pipe lines in near future due to poor maintenance

��Illegal connections and tapping during supply

��Exploitation of water resources

��Degraded water environment

��Mobilizing funds for good maintenance

��Rationalization of water usage to the optimum requirement.

��Reduce wastage, by checking for unaccounted water

+ve ��Free water/ subsidized water for poor

-ve ��Health risks to the employed for solid waste collection

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

(USER CHARGES) ¾�Door to door

collection ¾�Vermin composting ¾�Segregation at source ¾�Defined dumping

yards far away from habitat

+ve ��Rehabilitation & employment for rag pickers

��No Disposable problem for households

��Clean roads free from dumping bins

��Daily disposal

��Employ safe measures by providing safety equipments

��Segregation of waste at source-

��Degradable and non degradable

��Build vermi composts

��Revenue generation from vermin composting

-ve ��Unclean, unhygienic streets

��Breeding places for germs and insets

��Soil contamination due plastic disposal in to the dumping yards

EXISTING SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT (USER CHARGES)

¾�Dust bins in the streets ¾�Un defined dumping

yards within the town ¾�No source segregation

+ve ��Service free of charge, mainly to vulnerable groups

��Garbage lifting to be on a daily basis from the dustbins.

��Dumping yards to be relocated in the far away places

��Source segregation and door to door collection

�� Vermin composting

ENTERTAINMENT / RECREATIONAL USER CHARGES

-ve ��Reduced accessibility to vulnerable

��Sense of putting away the poor

��Some parks and playgrounds may be


Rev.21May09 209



ON MEASURES

ASSUMPTIONS

REFORM

-ve/ +ve

DIRECT INDIRECT


¾�Involves entry fee for parks and other recreational facilities in the form of user charges

+ve ��Share of community in good maintenance

��Nullified illegal activities and shelter for beggars & anti social elements

��Ambient and aesthetic atmosphere

��Protection and safe guard of greenery/land scapes

��Improved air quality & other environs

may be developed for poor at their affordability

��Plantation of endangered species and water harvesting structures

-ve ��Parking lots tendered to contractors

PAID PARKING (USER CHARGES)

¾�Collection of parking fee

+ve ��Safety to parked

��Vehicles ��Discourag

ing unnecessary parking

��Improvised parking facilities

��Employment generation

��Systematized traffic flow

��Slightly reduced air and noise pollution

��For a bulk revenue, subsidized annual parking cards may be issued along with accidental insurance

��Increase in revenue and streamlining of parking

��Tree plantation may be encouraged at parking places

REGULATORY REFORMS– REPEAL OF URBAN LAND CEILING ACT -ve ��Encroac

hments of ecological resources – flora and fauna are affected

��Increased pressure on existing infrastructure facilities

URBAN LAND CEILING

¾�Unlocks potential land transactions and revenue

+ve ��Benami registrations are arrested

Vacant areas are developed

��BPL slum residents may be rehabilitated safely

��Building regulations to be strictly implemented

REGULATORY REFORMS – REFORM OF RENT CONTROL ACT

RENT CONTROL

¾�Safe guards owner rights

¾�Supports housing development

-ve ��Hike in rental values

��Tenants are affected

��Enhanced rents make tenants more vulnerable

��Increased pressure on civic infrastructure

��Ecological imbalance

��Civic infrastructure structure to be planned for increased housing from

��Depreciation of interest rates would encourage housing


Rev.21May09 210



ON MEASURES

ASSUMPTIONS

REFORM

-ve/ +ve

DIRECT INDIRECT


development ¾�Financial feasibility to

ownership ¾�Depreciation of

interest rates encouraging real estate investments

+ve ��Safe guards owner rights

��Supports housing development

��Financial feasibility to ownership

��Encouraging real estate investments

��Housing demand is met

��Improved property tax and revenue to ULB’s

��Increased housing – urban development

housing from improved revenue from property tax

��Measures to be taken to balance tenants affordability and comforts

��Water harvesting structures and tree plantation may be made mandatory

��Mandatory adherence to building regulations

FISCAL AND FINANCIAL REFORMS - MUNICIPAL FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM -ve MUNICIPAL

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

¾�Accrual based accounting system

¾�Rationalized municipal budget

¾�Expenditure rationalization

¾�Better Asset management

+ve ��Increased budget allocation on capital and O & M of Infrastructure

��Total transactions accounted

��Improved municipal finance

��Improved civic amenities

��Budget

allocation for environmental & social sustainable projects

��Audit of budget

��Allocations to weaker sections and slum programs to be ensured

FISCAL AND FINANCIAL REFORMS - ESTABLISHING BENCH MARKING AND MONITORING SYSTEM -ve ��Increased

pressure on staff

BENCHMARKING AND MONITORING

¾�Targets to be achieved set

¾�Better performance +ve ��Effective service delivery

��Improved maintenance of Infrastructural facilities

��Improved health and ecology / environment

��Adopting best practices

��Social & Environmental management indicators for improved performance

FISCAL AND FINANCIAL REFORMS - MUNICIPAL ASSET MANAGEMENT SYSTEM MUNICIPAL ASSET

MANAGEMENT ¾�Identification of

movable and immovable properties

¾�Physical verification ¾�Valuation ¾�Put to rationalized

usage

-ve ��Encroachers and slum dwellers become vulnerable

��BPL slum dwellers to be safely rehabilitated and compensated

��Movable vehicular assets to be checked for pollution

��Tree plantation in all identified vacant sites and dwellings


Rev.21May09 211



ON MEASURES

ASSUMPTIONS

REFORM

-ve/ +ve

DIRECT INDIRECT


+ve ��Improved municipal capital finance

��Revenue improvement

��Arrest encroachments

��Clearance of slums

��Issue of Municipal bonds

��Improved environment

FISCAL AND FINANCIAL REFORMS – COMPLETION OF ARREARS OF ACCOUNTS AND AUDIT -ve ��Individual

s with arrears are affected

+ve ��Listing and collection of arrears

��Revenue enhancement

��Arrest loopholes in tax collection

��Enables E-seva functioning

��Improved ecology and Health of the town

��Provision for easy installments of arrears

��Account of expenditure for environmental management to be audited strictly.

URBAN LAND USE PLANNING - URBAN PLANNING AND LAND MANAGEMENT -ve

��Ensure that Environmentally sustained land development is encouraged

¾�Check hazardous urban growth

¾�Master plan reference and updation

+ve ��Effective implementation of building bye laws

��Arrest encroachments

��Streamlined town growth

��Social and environmental issues to be included as part of urban management

��Capital Investment and O&M Costs For Infrastructure Management Is Increased

URBAN LAND USE PLANNING – BASE MAP PREPARATION USING G.I.S. TECHNOLOGY

¾�Computerized spatial data technology

¾�LINKAGE BETWEEN DEPARTMENTS – DATA SHARING

-VE

��All social and environmental issues may be captured spatially during any project

��Implementation

��An environmental planning and management layer to be created

��Locations of traffic congestion, water contamination and leakages etc. can be captured to better address the environmental issues


Rev.21May09 212



ON MEASURES

ASSUMPTIONS

REFORM

-ve/ +ve

DIRECT INDIRECT


+VE

��Specific data availability to each department spatially

��Un assessed and under assessed are captured / tapped

��Better urban land management

��Improved municipal services

URBAN LAND USE PLANNING – TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT -VE ��Ensure that it

includes air and noise pollution

+VE

��Reduced traffic congestion and accidents

��Better traffic and transportation planning

��Reduced pollution

�� Tree plantation on either sides of the road

��Traffic islands are maintained with good green land scapes

HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT REFORMS - EXPOSURE VISITS TO BEST PRACTICE SITES -VE

¾�Exposure to best practices

¾�Implementation of best practices

+VE

��Increased awareness to municipal functionaries and corporators

��Better cooperation for implementation of various reforms

��Overcoming the problem areas

��Improved civic amenities and municipal services

��Resettlement and rehabilitation issues to be studied in best practice areas

��Study tours should also include environmental component

HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT REFORMS - HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT -VE

¾�Rationalize human resource

+VE

��Improved municipal services

��Improved health of the town people

��Improved ecology

��Capacity building / human resource development to address social and environmental issues

HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT REFORMS – PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS -VE

+VE

��Improved transparency and effectiveness in project identification and implementation

��Ensure that all

investments are done with public intervention

��Community participation of the project location is ensured

��Identification of environmentally sustainable projects through peoples’ participation in decision making


Rev.21May09 213



ON MEASURES

ASSUMPTIONS

REFORM

-ve/ +ve

DIRECT INDIRECT


INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS – STRENGTHENING APUFIDC (ANDHRA PRADESH URBAN FINANCE AND INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION)

-VE ��Project development window shall consist of environmentalists and social specialists who will verify the categorization and assessment of investments for the social and environmental approval.

¾�Project development Window

¾�Reforms window ¾�Banking window

+VE

��Financially sustainable, socially & Environmentally feasible projects

��Improved resettlement and Rehabilitation (R & R)

��Check on unwanted projects

��Socially & environmentally sustainable projects are identified

��Part of the project investment to be meant for rehabilitation and environmental issues

��Feed back from public consultations, social organizations, NGOs, vulnerable groups to be taken during identification, implementation and operation of the project

��The release of funds should be subject to feed back from different groups, technical and financial screening

INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS – E-GOVERNANCE -VE

¾�Improved collection efficiency

¾�Improved revenue ¾�Better transparency in

the system

+VE

��Improved convenience

��Single cell facility reducing need for additional infrastructure

��Equity issues addressed doing away with middle men duping the poor and illiterate

��This may be

extended for management of various environmental parameters

INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS – CITIZEN CHARTER -VE

��Increased responsibilities and pressures on municipal functionaries

¾�Better services and administration

+VE

��Increased accountability

��R&R issues, environmental related problems should also be addressed positively.

INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS – REPORT CARD SYSTEM / CITIZEN SATISFACTION SURVEY

¾�Survey results are indicators for the level of municipal services provided

-VE

��Increased responsibilities and pressures on municipal functionaries

��R&R issues, environmental related problems should also be addressed positively.

��Citizens’


Rev.21May09 214



ON MEASURES

ASSUMPTIONS

REFORM

-ve/ +ve

DIRECT INDIRECT


+VE

��Increased accountability

��Better services and administration

��the problems specific to poor and middle class are known

INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS – AWARNESS BUILDING -VE

¾�Awareness regarding rights, entitlements to programs and policies

¾�Awareness programmes regarding environmental concerns

+VE

��Increased knowledge on various social, environmental and administrative issues

��Increased public cooperation and involvement in investments and infrastructure maintenance

��Awareness

programs related to environmental like tree plantation, ground water harvesting, maintenance of clean surroundings etc. to be taken up.


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IDENTIFICATION OF IMPACTS AND ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

7.1 This chapter discusses how a proposed sub-project could affect the people or any sub-group and influence the social position positively or negatively, directly and indirectly. The impact of the reforms and investment subprojects on the people are discussed. Attention has been given to community perceptions and cross sectional issues in identifying the impacts. 7.2 The chapter also tries to discuss the possible alternative within the design of the sub-project itself to minimize and avoid the possible social and environmental impacts. This should be done utilizing the indicators identified in the previous section. 7.1 SOCIAL IMPACTS 7.3 Sub-projects undertaken for development purposes and to overcome infrastructure problems in the urban areas necessitate forcible relocation of residents especially from slums and other areas of congestion, causing severe adverse social and economic impacts. The problem becomes exacerbated when the rights and entitlements of these people are not recognized in the local laws and resettlement policies. Due to this it becomes the responsibility of the project implementing authorities to see that the sub-project plan takes into consideration the potential social and environmental impacts on the people before considering the sub-project for implementation. Poverty related goals would remain elusive unless development planners and municipal administrators address resettlement issues with empathy with no less importance and attention to urban development goals. 7.4 Since the APMD Project not just aims at specific area development in towns and cities but also focuses its attention to city and town wide infrastructure there are bound to be disturbances and disruptions, which may project themselves as social and environmental problems to the people. To get a better understanding of the social and environmental adverse impacts that may arise due to any developmental intervention, especially infrastructure improvements in the urban areas the study team has selected 10 sub-projects either completed, under implementation or proposed in the towns selected for the study. The selected sub-projects have been discussed in Chapter – V. The types of loss that may occur due to infrastructure sub-projects have been identified by assessing these sub-projects conducted in the field as a part of the consultation process for the preparation of SEA and the SEAM Framework. 7.1.1 LOSS OF LAND 7.5 Land acquisition leads to loss of land and displacement of people who are affected by the sub-project under implementation. Loss of land may be defined in several ways, which changes the existing social and environmental milieu. Loss of land refers to several types of impacts and displacements, which are discussed below:

Î�Loss of agricultural land that includes loss of arable land, standing crops; this also leads to loss of improvements and crops on land. Changes in site design, change of

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use in existing built up environment and land usage, growth pattern (timing, amount, location and type of growth) are the probable impacts of land acquisition.

Î�Land use control of the sub-project area is affected, loss of lease and tenancy interest in land due to acquisition, disruption in settlement pattern which leads to change in population distribution pattern.

Î�Loss of traditional land rights and subsistence income for indigenous or tribal people, which forces them to a vulnerable state, losing their property rights cherished and being utilized for generations.

Î�Loss of access to forest / wasteland has a very severe impact on flora and fauna, community or partial land and access to fishpond and fishing places (disruption of the existing natural social and environment).

Î�Loss of land leads to the increase or decrease in land value and also adding to the loss of assets of family members having formal title especially women headed households, along with loss of house plots/residential (owned or occupied) business premises (owned or occupied).

7.6 In other words, expropriation of land takes away the main foundation on which peoples basic livelihood systems are constructed. If these livelihood systems are not rebuilt elsewhere or replaced with steady income generating employment then landlessness sets in leading to impoverishment. 7.1.2 LOSS OF BUILT UP PROPERTY 7.7 Loss of built up property would broadly refer to change in housing typology and occupancy level, change in demand pattern, valuation of built up properties. Change in house or living quarters, other physical structures, structures used in commercial/industrial activity, displacement from rented or occupied commercial premises and educational organizations and institutions, loss of community centers, markets and health centers. 7.8 From the above-discussed losses with regard to built up property, the loss of housing and shelter is critical and can cause severe drop in the living standards of the displaced. Homelessness is another form of economic dispossession due to loss of house. Displacement here removes an individual’s major anchor and an important psychological prop for facing unexpected problems. The loss of shelter is temporary for most displaced but the temporary phase can be very long and traumatic by nature. 7.1.3 LOSS OF PRODUCTIVE ASSETS 7.9 It includes all assets, which are used in management and utilization of any economic activity and occupation. 7.1.4 LOSS OF LIVELIHOOD 7.10 Loss of livelihood would refer to, a person who stands to lose his / her source of income due to the impact of the sub-project. Loss of primary occupation or source of income as recorded in the census. Loss of livelihood through loss of job or job opportunities primarily in urban areas affects people such as artisans or service providers like barbers, washerwomen or men, shopkeepers, shop workers and small businesspersons.


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Î�More than one person in a household may fall into this category. Domestic help,

casual employees and persons not usually residing with, or dependent upon, the household their income or employment is impacted. Land less laborers fall into this category.

Î�Loss of wage-earning opportunities, or loss of access to work, loss of employment opportunities from affected land, which would also include squatters and vendors.

Î�Change in occupational distribution, income level, and loss of income from rent or sharecropping, wage earnings, affected business, loss of income from forest products, fishponds, fishing places, grazing land and subsistence from any of these sources.

7.1.5 LOSS OF PUBLIC UTILITY LINES 7.11 Loss of public utility lines would refer to relocation or realignment of utility lines like water supply lines, sewerage network, and telephone and power supply cables before the start of the sub-project or during sub-project execution phase that may affect the people who are using the services in the form of damage to the public utility lines, variation in supply, blockage or choking, shift of demand on other systems or network, etc. 7.1.6 LOSS OF ACCESS TO URBAN CIVIC SERVICES 7.12 Deterioration in the livelihood is also caused due to the loss of access to public services. The community owned public services that may be lost include schools, health centers, public offices, electricity, drinking water sources, recreation sources etc. this is particularly true for those without assets. 7.13 During the construction activities or even during the maintenance phase of certain sub-project access and also public utility lines along the road corridors or any other sub-project site may be limited or disrupted for the time period. There could be change in the probability of accidents and congestion or disruption of traffic or there could be impact on cemeteries, and burial sites causing problems to the public. After loosing the common resources the affected people may end up exploiting the host population. This may lead to social tensions and environmental deterioration. 7.1.7 LOSS OF CULTURAL PROPERTIES 7.14 Cultural property requires a special attention. A cultural property includes properties valued for their cultural, religious or social significance by the local community or any relevant stakeholders or any agency established by law to conserve cultural heritage. Following are the possible impact that leads to the loss of cultural property.

Î�Damage of structures due to movement or due to the collision of heavy machinery / equipment during the construction phase.

Î�Damage of structure from the vibration or due to the air pollution due to the operation of heavy machinery / equipment. Damage of site due to improper waste disposal.


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Î�Loss of shrines, other religious symbols or sites, places of worship (church, temple, mosque, gurudwara).

7.1.8 LOSS TO VULNERABLE GROUPS 7.15 Impoverishment is a process of decline in the economic position of the oustees due to loss of basic sources of livelihood. Landlessness, joblessness and homelessness are all indications of this process of marginalization. It occurs when families cannot fully restore their lost economic strength. Families that were earlier precariously balanced above the poverty line fall below it and never recover totally. This process of impoverishment is often looked at through the perspective of livelihood in general. For example, it is necessary to give specific attention to the impoverishment of women and children. This is mainly because process of displacement has specific adverse impacts on women’s status in the family as well as community. Similarly in the case of aged people, those physically challenged, and other deprived communities like the scheduled castes, Scheduled Tribes, Economically backward classes etc., may face the risk of impoverishment, as they are more vulnerable to development interventions that cause dislocation or displacement. 7.16 Although all sub-project-affected people may face hardships, the various vulnerable groups like women, children and social disadvantaged groups could be more affected as they have been discriminated against and exploited in the past. Vulnerability as such needs to be understood in a larger perspective of social processes of change. With reference to women it is difficult to reach at any conclusion concerning changes brought about in women’s lives due to displacement. This is only because the ‘quality of life’ is a relative term, but also because a lot depends on women’s experiences, their social and economic backgrounds and their own perceptions. One of the main reasons for the vulnerability of the historically disadvantaged groups like the SCs, STs, and BCs is that they have no legal entitlement or ownership of private property. They are mainly dependent on community property resources or natural resources. Therefore consequences of displacement on historically disadvantaged groups include adverse conditions of living due to land alienation, inability to continue their traditional occupation, dismantling of old production systems leading to increased economic hardship and dispossession in social, cultural and political spheres. Under the project, the following groups can be considered as members of a vulnerable group.

Î�Scheduled Castes; Î�Scheduled Tribes or Indigenous Population; Î�Physically Challenged/Handicapped; Î�Woman-headed households; and Î�Low income group households below the poverty line Î�Children and the elderly, who could also be considered as members of the

vulnerable groups, may also be eligible for assistance and support mechanisms under the collective category, if found necessary in subsequent stages of investigation.


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7.1.9 DISPLACEMENT OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE 7.17 The terms “indigenous people”, “indigenous ethnic minorities”, “tribal groups” and “scheduled tribes” describe social groups with a social and cultural identity distinct from the dominant society that makes them vulnerable to being disadvantaged in the development process. Because of the varied and changing contexts in which they are found no single definition can capture their diversity. These are the poorest segment of the population who engage in economic activities ranging from shifting agriculture in or near forests to wage labourers or even small-scale market oriented activities. Social disorganization may take place with the type of changes that are brought about by the displacement process. The traditional social control mechanisms may be weakened and even lost. Consequently social tensions may increase. Often the oustees, experience the loss of self-esteem as individuals and as communities, when confronted with development and modernization. When dealing with these groups it is important to consider the following aspects and plan to avoid any adverse social impacts.

Î�Close attachment to ancestral territories & to natural resources Î�Self-identification & identification by others as members of a distinct cultural

group Î�Indigenous language, often different from national language Î�Presence of customary social & political institutions

7.2 GENERIC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 7.18 Generally environmental impacts are observed on various environmental components such as air, water and land and on surrounding eco-system (flora and fauna). Since the stakeholders are directly dependent on these components, a sub project may affect these components both positively and negatively, directly and indirectly. 7.19 The possible generic impacts due to infrastructure investments on various environmental components are listed in the Table 7.1 below

Table – 7.1: Generic Environmental Impacts Impact Sl.No Component of

Environment Direct Indirect

1 Land and Land Use

Flooding due to change in drainage pattern Impacts due to disposal of soil Water logging Erosion Land Pollution

Change in land fertility Loss of flora and fauna Qualitative and quantitative changes in Ground water table

2 Flora and Fauna Loss of ecosystem due to constructional activities Loss of flora and fauna due to new ecosystems

3 Air Environment

Change in air quality due to dust, smoke due to construction activities Change in air quality due to dust, smoke and gases from operation and maintenance activities. Odour nuisance Deterioration of air quality due to increase in traffic

Changes in air Temperature, humidity Acidic rain fall due to air pollution

4 Noise Environment

Impacts due to change in noise levels during construction & operation stages.

Change in noise levels due to increased traffic congestion on the access road to sub project location and due to dumping of materials.

5 Water Environment

Decrease in Dissolved Oxygen (DO) levels Impact on Aquatic life Impacts related to ground water over exploitation

Salinity ingress due to dewatering at construction and operation stage Impact due to utilization of river water with changes in river water quality


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7.2.1 SUB PROJECT WISE ENVIRONMENTAL GENERIC IMPACTS 7.20 The possible generic adverse environmental impacts due to infrastructure projects are listed in the Table 7.2 below:

Table – 7.2 Generic Environmental Impacts Across Various Sub-projects

Impact Type of Urban

infrastructure project

Environment Component

Direct Indirect

Land and Land Use

¾�Geological changes due to over exploitation of ground water

¾�Reduction in moisture content of soil and loss of vegetation

¾�Land use change due to stagnation of water leakages during implementation

Flora and Fauna ¾�Loss of flora and faunal density due to construction of water supply distribution, treatment plants etc.

¾�Impact due to stagnation/flooding of water leakages / over exploitation of surface or ground water

Air Environment ¾�Change in air quality due to dust, smoke due to construction and O&M activities

¾�Deterioration of air quality due to increased traffic of water tankers and traffic congestion at water supply investments.

Noise Environment

¾�Noise pollution by water treatment plants, construction activities of water supply activities and water tankers

¾�Increase in energy loads due to running of treatment plant and pumping stations

Water supply

Water Environment ¾�Contamination of treated water supplies due to leakages

¾�Change in ground water quality and salinity intrusion in coastal aquifers due to over exploitation

¾�Spread of disease through spill water and stagnant pools

¾�Water logging

Land and Land Use

¾�Soil pollution due to Seepage of sewerage from drains and sanitation facilities

¾�Health risks due to breeding of infectious diseases

Flora and Fauna ¾�Loss of flora and fauna at the sub project intervention area

Air Environment ¾�Odour nuisance due to poor sanitation ¾�Unhygienic conditions due to poor maintenance of community sanitation facilities

Noise Environment

¾�Disturbance during construction.

Sanitation

Water Environment ¾�Contamination of groundwater and flooding due to improper location of sanitation facilities – water logging

¾�Additional load on existing sewerage network and water supply

Land and Land Use

¾�Impacts due to disposal of sludge from treatment plants

¾�Odor nuisance, which may some times lead to major changes in surrounding land use pattern

Flora and Fauna ¾�Loss of flora and fauna at the sub project intervention area

¾�Degradation of flora and fauna along the drainage length

Air Environment ¾�Air pollution due to sewerage treatment plants, sewerage drains

¾�Nuisance due to Insects and flies

Noise Environment

¾�O&M of sewerage treatment plants ¾�Odour nuisance

¾�Increase in energy load for running the treatment plants and pumping stations

Sewerage

Water Environment ¾�Impacts due to effluent disposal like degradation of surface water quality groundwater quality and land pollution

¾�Impacts due to improper location of disposal point such as locating near to the water intake point

Land and Land Use

¾�Changes in land use and hydrology ¾�Change in surface and groundwater

quality due to overflows and leakages

¾�Increase in sediment load of the receiving body

¾�Flooding of down stream areas in case of improper disposal facilities

Flora and Fauna ¾�Impact on flora and fauna in the storm water drainage intervention area.

Air Environment ¾�Air quality degradation due to stagnation

¾�Impacts due to blocking of surface drains by refuse and sediments

Noise Environment

¾�Increased noise levels during construction activities

Storm Water Drainage

Water Environment ¾�Impact due to combined flow of waste water and storm water


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Direct Indirect

Land and Land Use

¾�Impacts due to spillage of solid waste from open trucks during transportation

¾�Loss of productive land or wetland areas because of dumping of solid wastes

¾�Health hazards due to flies and vectors ¾�Fire hazards

Flora and Fauna ¾�Impact on flora and fauna at the solid waste dumping and processing

¾�Non-compliance to aesthetic environment

Air Environment ¾�Impacts due to leachates from solid wastes

¾�Nuisance due to insecticides and flies ¾�Increase in energy loads due to running

of treatment and disposal of wastes transportation of solid waste

Noise Environment

¾�Increased noise levels due to solid waste vehicular transportation

Solid waste management

Water Environment ¾�Contamination of surface water bodies near dumping sites due to leaching of wastes

¾�Contamination of ground water due to seepage of stagnant rain water in the solid waste dumps during rainy season

Land and Land Use

¾�Flooding due to change in drainage patterns and change in land use

¾�Change in land use to increase accessibility

¾�Impacts due to excavation and disposal of soil

¾�Increased sediment load in the water bodies

¾�Land and water pollution due to spillage of asphalt, tar, oil and grease

¾�Change in land characteristics of the surrounding areas due to movement of earth moving vehicles and other road construction equipment

¾�Urban Congestion due to increased accessibility

Flora and Fauna ¾�Loss of ecosystems ¾�Exploitation of natural resources due to

new or increased accessibility and urban congestion

¾�Disturbance to forest and protected areas along with risk of poaching and logging

Air Environment ¾�Deterioration of air quality due to traffic increase

¾�Concentration of air pollutants due to congestion

Noise Environment

¾�Noise due to construction, demolition, activities and earth moving operators

¾�Increase in noise levels due to movement of traffic

¾�Disturbance to other services during construction

Roads and transportation

Water Environment ¾�Change in Flooding pattern due to topographical changes

¾�Decrease in ground water recharge due to surfacing

Land and Land Use

¾�Change in Land use ¾�Urban congestion

¾�Health risk due to infection from organic waste

Flora and Fauna ¾�Non-compliance with aesthetic environment

Air Environment ¾�Clogging of drainage due to disposal of waste substance

¾�Odour nuisance from unmanaged waste

¾�Increase in traffic after commissioning

Noise Environment

¾�Increase in noise levels of various activities

Organized markets

Water Environment ¾�Change in water quality due to discharge of waste with high organic content

Land and Land Use

¾�Change in Land use ¾�Urban congestion and stress on other

facilities

Flora and Fauna ¾�Contamination of water bodies and green spaces due to peak tourist movements

Environmental improvement: Parks and greenery

Air Environment ¾�Deterioration in air quality due to traffic increase


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Direct Indirect

Noise Environment

¾�Disturbance during construction activity ¾�Increased noise levels due to increased population in the sub project area.

greenery

Water Environment ¾�Contamination of water bodies and green spaces due to peak tourist movements

¾�Water logging due to improper construction

Land and Land Use

¾�Change in Land use ¾�Loss of productive land ¾�Noise pollution due to large scale

movement of material and equipment during construction

¾�Creation of new source for waste generation

Flora and Fauna ¾�Loss of flora and fauna due to new ecosystems

¾�Non-compliance to aesthetic environment

Air Environment ¾�Increased air pollution due to various developmental activities

¾�Impacts due to improper sanitation facilities

Noise Environment

¾�Increased noise levels

Integrated area development

Water Environment ¾�Change in hydrology and drainage patterns

¾�Increased stress on water resources and other infrastructure facilities due to development

Land and Land Use

¾�Increased generation of hazardous biomedical waste due to hospitals

¾�Increased traffic and loading of certain roads due to investments in particular areas

¾�Land pollution due to disposal of ash/ solid waste

¾�Health risk due to infected animals ¾�Visual blight due to slaughterhouses

and crematoria ¾�Inappropriate hike of land rates due to

investments in certain areas ¾�Change or impact on surrounding land

use due to location of crematoria/ slaughterhouse

Flora and Fauna ¾�Loss of flora and fauna due to increased concrete infrastructure

Air Environment ¾�Increase in air pollution ¾�Water pollution due to ash from

crematoria ¾�Odour nuisance from slaughter houses

¾�Unhygienic condition due to disposal of unburnt waste in surrounding areas

¾�Cause of fire hazards in crematoria/ slaughter houses and markets

Noise Environment

¾�Increase in noise levels due to movement of traffic

Critical citywide infrastructure

Water Environment ¾� ¾�Clogging of drainage due to disposal of waste substance

Land and Land Use

¾�Change in land use pattern ¾�Additional stress on existing

infrastructure

Flora and Fauna ¾� Air Environment ¾�Odour due to mismanagement of solid

waste – irregular collection from bins ¾�Health impacts due to poor sanitation

facilities among households

Noise Environment

¾�Disturbance to other services during construction

¾�Noise during construction

Area up gradation

Water Environment ¾�Contamination of groundwater due to poor upkeep of community water supply and sanitation facilities

¾�Decrease in groundwater recharge due to road surfacing


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PLANS AND STRATEGIES 8.1 INTRODUCTION 8.1 For better management of the social and environmental issues during the implementation of projects in the urban areas clear strategies and plans are needed. In view of this three plans have been suggested for the better implementation of the projects considering their sustainability both socially and environmentally. 8.1.1 SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CAPACITY ACTION PLAN 8.2 This includes an institutional plan to improve social and environmental management and monitoring of sub projects, based on findings of the institutional assessment and the analysis of issues that might need to be addressed. The plan covers the relevant agencies, staffing requirements, roles and responsibilities of key staff, and training. 8.1.2 INFORMATION AND CONSULTATION STRATEGY 8.3 This plan includes information roles of the project implementing agencies to create awareness about the program among target communities and key municipal bodies and officials. It also presents consultation role to be undertaken by the project implementing agencies during the project stages. 8.1.3 SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND

MONITORING PLAN 8.4 This plan suggests actions for better management and monitoring of projects considering covering the social and environmental issues that arise under the project.

8.2 SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CAPACITY-BUILDING

ACTION PLAN (SECAP) 8.5 Building the capacities of an institution would aim at fostering a well-planned, competitive, efficient set of arrangements and group of representatives and functionaries within an institution to achieve its goals and develop its credibility. In the present context of growing urban developmental interventions, strengthening the capacities of the urban and municipal institutions should be formulated in a view to achieve compliance and competence in addressing the social and environmental concerns that arise out of development. It is suggested that a systems approach to capacity development is desirable as it provides a multidimensional platform, which includes the institutional/organizational, individual, network/sectoral and the enabling environment. The advantages of this approach are that it is comprehensive and flexible and it emphasizes linkages and recognizes processes. It is necessary that capacity enhancement

8


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exercises adopt participatory approaches so as to ensure people-centered development, improve social and environmental capitacities and stakeholders’ involvement and acceptability. 8.6 The increasing demand for more flexible and responsive management styles for the development and management of local bodies calls for new and different organizational structures and relationships between different organizations. Institutional capacity building should also look into enabling mechanisms to encourage citizens, welfare groups, neighborhood associations to take responsibilities for the management of their own neighborhoods and services. It also includes the legal and regulatory changes that have to be made in order to enable local bodies to enhance their capabilities. Capacity needs to be built at various levels and across various fields of activity and working with Private parties, local communities need to be developed. 8.7 An institutional plan has been developed from the findings of the institutional assessment conducted at the field, which has been discussed in Chapter – IV. The plan specifically identifies the shortcomings in the capacities at the ULB level and suggests relevant measures. Issues have been identified and assessed to suggest appropriate measures for capacity enhancement. Specific institutional arrangements required for capacity enhancement will also be discussed in the SEAMF. 8.2.1 SOCIAL SECTION

8.2.1.1 MEASURES TOWARDS CAPACITY BUILDING FOR INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Components of

capacity building Observations and Measures needed Capacity

Building for Institutional Development to handle social issues

Assumptions perceived

Knowledge on Policy, legal and administrative Provisions

It has been found that most of the functionaries of the municipality level are not well informed about the policy, legal and administrative framework within which they have to function. One of the first steps in capacity building activity is to be well versed with the various provisions provided to the functionaries to perform their duties and also follow various provisions, which are meant for better service delivery, and also to protect the social interests of the people. Capacities with regard to this can be developed as follows: ¾� Steps have to be taken by the CDMA to prepare a

comprehensive document of reference highlighting the policy, legal and administrative framework within which the functions of the municipalities are drafted. The roles and responsibilities of various functionaries, various laws and legislations linked to municipal administration, Constitutional provisions, policies of the state and central governments like policies on R&R, health, employment, poverty alleviation etc., and others that provide for safeguarding the social interests of the people like World Bank Policies etc. The functionaries of the municipalities in implementing projects may use this document.

¾� The document has to be prepared in crisp and easy language for the understanding of the municipal functionaries and it should also be circulated in both English and Telugu for better reach.

¾� Special steps have to be taken by the CDMA to devise modules, which can be used to test the

¾� The Staff and the functionaries at the municipality level will have a lot of clarity on various issues pertaining to the functioning of the municipality and the functionaries will also be able to handle any grievances or conflicts in a better way with the help of such reference documents.

¾� Issues that may pose hindrances during the project implementation and planning can be handled in a professional and faster manner if the functionaries are well versed with the legal, policy and administrative framework of the municipalities.

¾� The staff will be better equipped and competent to handle social issues pertaining to the projects with the help of training and there lesser chances of confusions and provision of services will take timely and correct.


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competence of the functionaries at the municipality level on the legal, policy and administrative framework.

¾� The legal, policy and administrative framework need to be updated regularly to keep the staff updated with the new changes in the framework.

¾� Training programmes should also be organized to help the functionaries at the municipality level to understand the framework and also help in enhancing the capacity of the functionaries

Training Training is an important component for developing the capacities of the functionaries of the municipalities. Appropriate and timely training to the officials with regard to various issues can bring a positive change in the functioning of the functionaries. From the assessment of the institutions it has been found that the municipal staff are not adequately trained to handle certain specialized tasks. The training requirement for the capacity building of the municipality staff can be undertaken under the following heads.

Training on Human Resource Development (HRD) to the section heads and senior municipal officials at the municipality level is important. The following steps may be undertaken: ¾� Since the senior officials at the municipality are the

human resource managers and decision makers at the municipality level, they have to be trained to utilize the human resources at their disposal in a better way.

¾� The senior management needs the support of specialized capacities to carryout their duties and the training component under HRD should concentrate on in-house training and development of capacities with the help of which the senior management can take the initiative without any external support.

¾� Training in HRD will help the senior officials to develop training programmes for in-house capacity building within the resources available to them.

¾� Transfer of knowledge will take place from the senior officials to the other functionaries.

¾� Better coordination and time management and optimum utilization of the capacities.

Training on computer application to the municipal staff is another important part of developing the capacities of the functionaries. ¾� A majority of the staff in the municipality is very poor

in handling computers and is facing problems to get adjusted to the computerization drives undertaken.

¾� Preparing matrices, planning schedules, maintaining databases, generating tables and analysis of data etc., are important, when implementing large projects in the urban areas.

¾� Training of all functionaries at the municipality level in operating various programmes for generating and maintaining information and analyzing this information is of high priority.

¾� The training programmes can be conducted by external consultants on a regular basis (Weekly), which also involve assessment and progress tests for the functionaries.

¾� Better capacity of the functionaries to operate computers and other application.

¾� Sophisticated and professionalism in maintaining records and databases.

¾� Time saving, faster and easy management of day-to-day activities.

¾� Building better capacities for project management through computer knowledge

¾� Better financial management, project management through analysis of social aspects.

Training on conducting consultations and surveys is also necessary for the municipal staff. Since infrastructure and reform projects will be initiated in the urban areas it is important for the municipal staff to get acquainted with the processes involved in conducting consultations and surveys to generate information. ¾� Training on consultation processes for specific

projects and exposure to various participatory methods of consultation can be undertaken by recruiting external consultants to train them.

¾� Secondly, steps such as attaching selected municipal functionaries in all surveys conducted in the municipalities, delegation of field oriented works along with the NGOs, training on surveys methods can develop their capacities in conducting surveys.

¾� Concentration should be on the type of information to be generated through the surveys, especially on the socio-economic information and other related information.

¾� Till the capacities of the municipality are developed technical assistance should be provided and

¾� Capacities are built within the municipality to conduct surveys and consultations for future projects in the municipality.

¾� Capacities of the staff will be built to monitor and check the progress and direction of the surveys when external agencies such as NGOs are undertaking the surveys.

¾� Municipalities will be able to built better relation with the people through consultation processes as they can initiate them through their own capacity.


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methods of collaboration between the local NGOs and the municipality can be examined.

¾� In cases where the NGOs are new to R&R oriented projects where social issues need to be addressed, should also be trained for better capacity development along with the municipal officials.

Training on Resettlement and Rehabilitation is another

very essential requirement for the municipality staff to address the social problems and issues that may arise out of implementing urban projects. ¾� Most of the staff at the municipality is not properly

exposed to the issues of R&R. ¾� The staff needs to have clarity on various laws and

legislations, safeguard policies, methods of implementation, valuation of assets, handling grievances, management of capacities, entitlements, compensations, allowances, social impacts etc., with regard to R&R in typical urban infrastructure projects.

¾� For this purpose external consultants may be hired to train the municipal staff on R&R.

¾� Before the commencement of the project training programmes can be organized for the staff at the municipalities, especially all the staff who are involved in planning and drafting the projects at the ULB level.

¾� The higher officials should also undergo this training as they play a primary role in the preparation and drafting the R&R policy and Action Plans for the urban projects that would be implemented under APMDP.

¾� Better capacities and exposure to R&R will help the staff to understand the problems better and also pave a way to address the social issues in a professional way.

¾� The staff will be able to address the problems in the field with a lot more expertise and ease with the help of training.

¾�While implementing the project time is a highly important factor. R&R training will help the staff to save time in managing R&R issue at all stages of the project

¾�Issues with regard to data base management in R&R will be addressed with more skill and proficiency.

¾�Managing information and coordination will be developed.

¾�The staff will be exposed to various methods of analyzing and assessing social issues that may rise in project implementation. Issues like valuation of assets, land acquisition etc.; will be addressed in a specialized way.

Technical assistance on engineering and construction issues

Proper technical plans for urban projects considering the social impact is an essential task. ¾� For various technical works undertaken in the

projects like engineering works, drafts, assessments the municipalities are taking help from external consultants. The external consultants operate outside the capacities of the municipality and the processes are not exposed to the staff.

¾� It has been observed during the institutional assessments that the training and assistance with regard to technical assessments to the municipal engineering and planning staff has to given more priority than recruiting external consultants.

¾� As an initial step towards achieving capacity building in this direction would be to link the municipal staff to the consultants to learn the process.

¾� It is also preferable to see that new staff who are qualified and proficient in technical assessments is recruited on a contract basis for these works who would act as a part of the capacity of the municipality and work in close coordination with the municipal officials. This would help the development of the capacities of the technical personnel in the municipality.

¾� The technical capacities of the staff are developed.

¾� Better learning for the municipal staff can be foreseen in working with close coordination with experts and qualified external staff.

¾� Hiring staff on contract basis is cost affective and also the recruited staff are more responsible.

Communication strategy

A well-developed communication strategy has to be developed to realize better results in implementing the projects. ¾� For the preparation of a Social Consultation and

Communication Strategy (SCCS) the concerned municipalities have to develop their own plans of communication according to the availability of staff and wherever necessary recruiting new staff.

¾� The PPP implementing authorities successful implementation of the project depends on the ability

¾� Better communication can be developed with the PAPs and other primary stakeholders affected by the project.

¾� Clearer understanding of the social problems of the people affected by the project would help in better service delivery of the officials.

¾� Implementation of the project


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be in close contact with the people and the project affected persons in the project area. For this purpose an NGO working in that area with good credentials can be recruited to develop consultation plans.

¾� Training the other stakeholders who are involved in implementing the project can also be undertaken with the help of consultants who have expertise in R&R.

becomes easier ¾� Conflict resolution and

problem solving becomes easier which would otherwise can pose as hindrances to the implementation of the project.

¾� Grievance redressal can becomes easier and support of the people can be made operational.

¾� Helps in resettling and rehabilitating people appropriately.

Developing the capacities of the community

Community can be very useful in successful implementation of a project. They can act as partners in the programmes and policies of the government and help in realizing the project objectives to an optimum capacity. Developing their capacities becomes vital for better project management. Some of the steps that can be taken in this direction can be as follows: ¾� Identification of community groups before the

implementation of the project has to be undertaken to seek their help at various stages of implementing the project.

¾� Self-help groups, Citizens Groups, Neighbourhood Action Committees, DWCUA etc., can be trained under the project with specific plans to include them in the planning, implementation and monitoring of the project.

¾� Regular meeting with these groups can be organized to stay informed about the requirements of the people.

¾� Specific training programmes directed towards developing entrepreneurial ability and skill development can be undertaken to develop their capacities which could be helpful for project implementation.

¾� Training them in conducting surveys and generating survey-based information methods etc., will help the municipality in using the capacities of these groups while implementing the projects.

¾� New project implementation and community groups can be formed to assist the municipality in its projects. For example constituting ward committees and district planning committees involving the community in planning, implementation and monitoring projects and development plans as suggested in the 74th constitutional amendment can be a similar step.

¾� Act as a helping hand for the municipality

¾� They can also be very useful in identifying social problems and suggest solutions to the problems encountered in the implementation of a project.

¾� During the implementation of the project they can act as mediators and act as a capacity of the municipality.

¾� Successful implementation of the project.

¾� Can help in conflict management and solving problems during project implementation.

¾� DWCUA groups and Women’s Groups can help in identifying and addressing specific problems pertaining to women

¾� Better relations and association with the community groups can be maintained for future projects and they can be made permanent partners in the municipal activities.

Other measures for capacity development

Various special programmes can be undertaken by the urban authorities to train their functionaries and staff and develop their capacities. Some such steps can constitute: ¾� Exposure field visits and tours to best practice sites

in urban project management can be undertaken from time to time to expose the municipal functionaries to newer concepts in urban project management for experience learning.

¾� Deputation of the municipal staff to other department like the revenue department can also improve the existing capacities of the municipal staff in understanding other processes involved in projects

¾� Plans to coordination and work with the public representatives have to be devised. This would help the municipal officials in understanding and coordinating with the political representatives and devising a united approach in addressing social problems.

¾� Training programmes in skill development, attitudinal and personality development can also help the officials in developing responsibility and better higher standards of work culture.

¾� Initiation of appropriate learning mechanisms like

¾� The capacities of the staff will develop in the long run and sustained

¾� The municipal staff would get better exposure and learning process in enhanced

¾� The staff will be able to develop better techniques to handle problems and conflicts in a project

¾� Time management will improve with better capacity

¾� The staff will take up better coordination roles with exposure to other institutional arrangements


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lecture-based training, on-the-job mentoring etc can also help in developing the capacities of the municipal administration.

8.2.1.2 PROJECT SPECIFIC CAPACITY BUILDING 8.8 Other than capacity building measures that would enhance the institutional development the Project Implementing Agencies (PIA) have to prepare themselves to build capacities to address the issue that would arise in a typical project cycle. To address and mitigate social issues during a project cycle involves specific capacity building measures for successful implementation of the sub-project and achieving the project goals. 8.9 While implementing projects in the urban areas the PIA may encounter various problems in planning, implementing and managing social issues. A typical infrastructure and reform projects in the urban areas may cause social impacts and building capacities for a sub-project aiming at mitigating and managing them. Some of the issues that need attention for capacity building activities during a project are as follows.

Steps for Developing Sub-project Specific Capacities

Understanding participation skills and capacity building

Participation of all stakeholders in the sub-project to address social issues requires proper planning for their capacity building. ¾� Acceptance of the essence of participation by all actors as a tool to address social and R&R issues in a project is the

initial step in the process of capacity building. ¾� In the past it was seen that neither the implementers nor the beneficiaries could relate to the action plans that are

often designed by the policy makers and planners. On the contrary, what project implementers actually need are skills and organizational capacity to carry out their responsibilities through participation in a manner that would result in well orchestrated network of collaborative activities among all stakeholders, including the beneficiaries of the project.

It is highly important that all the functionaries in municipal administration from senior and top officials to officials at the municipality level to involve in the participation process as informed and sensitized management officials would recognize the efficacy of participatory approaches.

Identifying the stakeholders as the means or instruments for capacity building

There are various stakeholders who would be involved in the project cycle. The capacity building activity should be directed to bring coordination among these stakeholder groups who would address the implementation and management issues and minimize social impacts. Therefore we are looking at developing the capacity of

¾� The functionaries who belong to municipal administration and other institutions who would act as R&R officers, project managers and field staff to interact with the PAPs and beneficiaries.

¾� Project Affected Persons who should reciprocate and interact with the PIA, and ¾� The NGOs who have role in supporting the PIA and the PAPs to achieve the goals of their partnership

Together the three sets of actors bring about a participatory process for successful implementation of the development project

Developing capacities for the project implementing agency

It has to be noted that not all officials in the PIA have innate capacity to address social and R&R issues in a project. To develop these capacities the PIA should consider: ¾� Meaningful participation between the project implementing officials and the PAPs requires the project-implementing

agency to seek participation and respond to participatory endeavors of PAPs. ¾� A clear structure of institutional arrangements and R&R functions for project implementation has to be generated and

a clear link between the devised institutional structure or official setup and the R&R functions has to be established. This could help in institutionalizing the participatory process for consultations with the people and result in the process becoming more effective. It should also be ensured that for effectively addressing the social issues in a project, all those officials given responsibility to carry out the R&R functions marked to them have corresponding status and authority within the setup.

¾� The interface between the project implementing agencies and the PAPs takes place at various phases of the project


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like planning, grievance redressal etc. the PAP approaches the project implementing agencies because there is lack of information about their impending displacement or loss of livelihood or poor compensation etc. To address there problems the PIA should train all the R&R officials responsible for implementing a project on a regular and sustained basis. Such training programmes should not only shared by functionaries responsible for R&R but also by others who hold key positions in the organization as a whole. This would help the project-implementing functionaries to appreciate, the relevance, importance of their roles and responsibilities.

¾� Social problems are dynamic and vary according to the situation on the field. Daily interaction will be needed to address the problems of R&R and many decisions have to be taken by the field officials in the field itself. In view of this plans developing capacities should address issues to empower the field staff or junior level staff with the confidence that they can also take decisions.

¾� There are various sections of the society, which can become highly vulnerable to any project intervention. Special care has to be taken while handling issues pertaining to vulnerable groups like women, aged, Schedules Castes and Scheduled Tribes and other economically weaker sections of the society. The PIA has to develop capacities to understand the risks that these vulnerable groups may face with any developmental intervention. Use of participation techniques like Focus Group Discussions, Transect Walks, Social and Resource mapping etc., while consulting these sections of the society can help the project implementing agencies to address their problems in the best possible manner. The PIA has to train itself in understanding these techniques of participation.

¾� For realizing the project goals while sustaining the social objectives it is important to develop the inter-departmental coordination and intra-departmental coordination. The senior levels and junior levels of bureaucracy need to create supports for building their partnership. Similarly better coordination and collaborative functioning with external departments and organizations that have an important role to play in project implementation has to be developed.


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Capacity Building through developing the capacities of the Project affected Persons

It is important for the PIA to consider that addressing the social problems with expertise and ease it is only possible when the capacities of the PAPs are also utilized at various stages of the project. It is the responsibility of the PIA to initiate this process of participation with the PAPs. This is important because the PAPs can help in identifying their problems and the requirements to redress it. Some of the steps that need to be considered are as follows: ¾� It is possible that the PAPs also act in non-participatory ways. Most often the PAPs accept their status as

‘beneficiaries’ and demand benefits, without even considering the possibility of becoming partners in the project. Usually the PAPs do not have the required skills to interact and negotiate with the PIA. To overcome this, the project authorities should consider making the PAPs potential partners in designing, planning and implementing the project social safeguard plans.

¾� Mobilizing the PAPs and developing leadership and other skills in them through a regularly charted programme of interactivity is necessary.

¾� Developing community-based organizations is a significant dimension for developing the interaction between PIA and PAPs. This activity has to be undertaken by the PIA and help the PAPs to organize themselves and form groups for helping the PIA. An important aspect to be noted here is that these community based organizations may not only function during the life of the project, but would most likely go beyond the project and play an active role in becoming self dependent and long standing partners for the municipal authorities.

¾� Exposing the PAPs and the beneficiaries to participation and devising participative plans would benefit the PIA in various ways.

1. The PIA will be able to convey their intentions to minimize resistance through information sharing kind of participation

2. Seeking stakeholders’ view on intended interventions through consultation participation 3. Can work together with the stakeholders on a better demand based R&R through cooperation

participation 4. Encouraging PAPs to take their own initiatives for better R&R through mobilization participation

¾� Capacity building of the PAPs is also necessary to identify the skills of the PAPs and also help them in income generation activities once they are displaced or loose their livelihood. Identifying the capacities of the PAPs for initiating income generation activities is itself an important task and the PIA should develop skills in this direction to handle these issues.

¾� Training the PAPs can also help the PIA in implementing the R&R provisions in the project with a greater expertise, especially in conducting negotiations and managing conflict. Conflicts are bound to raise and negotiating and solving them with the help of the PAPs and beneficiaries will help the project to be sustained.

Developing Capacities through involving Non Governmental Organizations (NGO)

Even through a dialogue is developed between the PIA and the PAPs the possibility of a third partner to develop capacities can be explored. The existence of a third partner can prove to be very important and vital in establishing various ways to communicate with the PAPs. The NGOs can fill the place of the third actor to address the social issues in a project. Some of the aspects that need to be examined for better capacity building in this direction are as follows. ¾� One of the foremost steps would be to identify a credible NGO carefully looking into their long record of working with

the local communities. If there are no NGOs available then a professional NGO with good experience in social development may be chosen. In other cases the community organizations can also substitute the role of the NGOs in R&R activities of a project.

¾� The NGOs can play a potential role in the R&R activities and in various other phases of the project namely: 1. They can act as mediators to facilitate initial contact and dialogue between the PIA and the PAPs 2. They can supplement the skills and capacity of the PIA like help in participatory need assessment and

micro planning etc., for income generation and employment opportunities for the PAPs. 3. As coordinators in planning and implementation of the R&R plans 4. They can act as capacity builders for the PIA as well as the PAPs by imparting training from their

experience and knowledge 5. Help in building the capacities of the PAPs through coordinating and organizing the community groups 6. They can also help as arbitrators in dispute resolving between the PIA and the PAPs

¾� Proper coordination with the NGOs has to maintain by the PIA. It is important that the PIA operationalises their idea at the design and implementation stages of the project with the NGO. The PIA should learn to appreciate the role of the NGO, acknowledge the NGOs resources in terms of both policy and implementation and formulate social and R&R strategies in close coordination with them. This will foresee the implementation process with high degree of success.

8.2.1.3 DEVELOPING INTERNAL CAPACITIES 8.10 In successful implementation of the project the internal capacity for addressing R&R and social issues within the PIA has to be institutionalized. If the staff and the functionaries responsible for implementing Social and R&R provisions in a project remain anti-poor, inaccessible and uninvolved, all the participatory initiatives undertaken in the project will remain useless. It is important for the entire social and R&R task managers in


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the PIA recognize the importance of this process and build capacities with the help of well-planned learning, experience and training. In order to develop the capacities of the R&R and social division of the PIA for designing and implementing an effective participatory R&R operation, training is required for skills that would enable the officers, task managers and functionaries of the municipalities to carry out their R&R and social functions. This will involve certain basic steps like

Î�Assessment of already existing capacity Î�Working out what more is required Î�Identify whose skills need to be improved Î�Identifying how these skills will be improved, and finally Î�Who will impart these skills

8.2.1.4 ASPECTS OF SKILL DEVELOPMENT

Horizontal Skill Development Participation of the PAPs in designing and implementation of R&R action plan is to be a priority of all sections of functionaries of the social and R&R division of the implementing agency. This means that the skills of interacting with the PAPs have to be given more attention. Improving the knowledge base of the whole set-up of the development project agency would lay emphasis on the relevance of participation in a horizontal manner. Vertical skill development Often the R&R divisions of a project implementing agencies hire external workers or depute junior staff to go to the field and work with the PAPs. However these people possess very low skills of building rapport with the PAPs and consequently even the interface with the PAPs also remains low. It is there fore necessary that both the higher and the lower levels of functionaries at the municipalities have to be involved in operations during the implementation stage so that proper benefits reach the people. Target training Though both horizontal and vertical training is necessary in addressing R&R issues in a project, Each section of the implementing agency need not require the same training. Training has to be tailored to the skills required for the roles and responsibilities of the particular section. It is important to carry out the exercise of need assessment. This will ascertain the existing level of capacities available and the level required to be attained and will ensure targeted skill development. Interactive sessions and experience sharing in training Trainees and trainers need to interact with each other so that they can perceive each group’s constraints and incorporate the feedback in the training package. The decisions about training on what, where and how have to be based on a training strategy with adequate flexibility to incorporate changes in the format as and when required. The skill-training programme is not to be one-time activity but it needs to be organized on a continuous basis.

8.2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SECTION 8.11 The project/sub project implementing or monitoring agency from the state level (DMA / MAUD) to the local level (ULB) needs to build their capacities for the environmental management and monitoring of a sub project. These capacities to be build across different institutions that involve in the sub project cycle at different stages 8.12 The prime institution at the implementation stage of the project is ULB. The assessment of the capacities of the ULB’s during this study and testing of sub-projects has informed the study team that the ULB’s require improving various environmental skills and capacities for the effective implementation of the project. 8.2.2.1 TO IDENTIFY ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS / ENVIRONMENTAL

INFRASTRUCTURAL NEEDS OF THE TOWN 8.13 Class I towns presently are equipped with the capacities of preparing CMAPPs initiated by APUSP project. This involves consultation with key stakeholders on the town


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wide infrastructure problems and needs, prioritization of the slums for investments. This process needs to capture the following under this project.

Î�Identification of investments that includes environmental component. Î�The prioritization of investments to include and consider environmental sensitivity

of Infrastructural needs (investments that addresses sensitive and immediate environmental problems).

8.14 However in Class II and III towns, there exists no CMAPP process. The Class II & III ULBs need to build their capacities for the public consultations with environmental component. 8.2.2.2 CAPACITY ENHANCEMENT OF THE SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL

MANAGEMENT UNIT 8.15 The proposed social and Environmental Management unit, which is supposed to make decisions in finalizing the sub-project investments, the best sites / locations for the investments from the alternatives available, grievance redress, crisis management etc. needs to build their capacities in environmental concepts, understand environmental implications of infrastructure interventions. 8.2.2.3 COLLECTION OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY DATA FOR

ENVIRONMENTAL SCREENING AND ASSESSMENT 8.16 The ULB needs to collect the necessary primary and secondary data for the environmental screening and detailed/limited assessment of each of the sub-project investment. The sources are public consultations, technical surveys, reports/studies done on the investment area etc. 8.2.2.4 BUILDING CAPACITIES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SCREENING AND

ASSESSMENT 8.17 The identified sub project investments by the ULB or the sub project investment proposals by any other external agency has to undergo environmental screening to assess the intensity of the negative environmental impacts. As detailed in the environmental screening framework, depending on the categorization, the sub project has to undergo a detailed/limited Environmental assessment. The Environmental and Social Management unit (ESMU) needs to have the required capacities to conduct the Environmental screening and assessment. 8.18 In Class I towns, The ULB’s can screen the sub-projects as per the annexure provided. They could also take up limited environmental assessment for “EB” categorized sub-projects, with proper training mechanisms. 8.19 Whereas in Class II & III towns, all the “EA” and “EB” sub projects may be outsourced for environmental assessments. Training in environmental issues would allow the staff to monitor and coordinate with the consultants effectively.


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8.2.2.5 CAPACITIES TO PREPARE AND IMPLEMENT SUB-PROJECT SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENTA MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLANS

8.20 To mitigate the negative environmental impacts, general environmental management and Monitoring plan has been prepared, for all sub-project investments. The plan details the measures to be followed at different stages of the sub project.

Î�Sub Project design stage Î�Sub project implementation / construction stage Î�Sub Project post implementation / monitoring stage

8.21 The ULB should take the responsibility of preparing the sub-project investment specific environmental management and monitoring plans, referring to the annexure provided. The implementation of these mitigation measures needs diversified capacities. Hence the PIA has to build the required capacities for its implementation. 8.2.2.6 ORGANIZING AND RECORDING PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS AT THE SUB-

PROJECT LEVEL 8.22 As per the Information and Consultation Strategy, the ULB needs to conduct and organize public consultations at each stage of the sub-project investment. The suggestions, grievances, views of the public are essential and useful in the identification, design, implementation, and monitoring, and operational phases of the investment. 8.2.2.7 ENVIRONMENTAL TASKS 8.23 Below given is the table with general list of step-by-step environmental tasks/components involved in a sub-project investment, for which the capacities are to be assessed and built.

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES - ACTIVITIES / FUNCTIONS Environment Issues Actions Performed / Capacities required Information and Consultation

• Addressing Public complaints and Grievances • Conducting Public consultations and Focused Group Discussions in the problematic areas • Identification of Infrastructure problems and Environmentally sensitive issues • Prioritization of problem issues with respect to severity of environmental impacts • Coordination with the concerned departments in designing the sub projects for sustainable solutions to the

infrastructure problems and environmental degradation • Identification of infrastructure development investments that enhances the environmental positive impacts. • Procurement of environmental related data of the sub-project intervention area through consultations.

Data collection for environmental screening and assessment

• Primary and secondary data collection through surveys, consultations, studies/reports pertaining to the intervention area.

Environmental screening and Assessment

• Categorization of the sub-projects as per the guide lines given in the screening frame work • Detailed Environmental Assessment for the sub projects that fall under EA category. • Limited environmental assessment for EB categorized sub-projects.

Environment Management and Monitoring

• Preparation of sub-project specific environmental management and monitoring plans referring to the annexure provided.

• Implementation of the mitigation measures at the design, construction and monitoring stages of the sub project.

• Monitoring the sub-project investments at the construction and operation stages. Knowledge of Regulatory framework

• Thorough knowledge of all environmental policies, legislations and administrative frame works and their applicability in a sub project intervention.

• Understanding the applicability of the policies and frame works at all the stages of the sub project cycle implementation.


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8.2.2.8 ENVIRONMENTAL TRAINING 8.24 Environmental training is the critical component of capacity building action plan. It is this that imparts the knowledge of environmental concepts, impacts of development on natural environment and ecology. The training in various environmental issues and exposure to best practices in environmental management will make the ESMU, communities and key stake holders of the ULB to insight and include the environmental component in each of the sub-project investment.

TRAINING PROGRAMMES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CAPACITY BUILDING Training the social and Environmental Management Unit This could consist of NGO’s, community representatives, APPCB officials, and chairperson apart from the staff of ULB as part of the decision making body at the ULB level. This is an important unit that makes decision of each of the specific sub-project investment. It would decide the best possible location/site, grievance redressal, and all other decision making with respect to the investment. Training of this unit to make it potential environmental decision making unit is equally important. It is the ULB staff of this unit that implements the social and environmental assessments, management of the sub-project investments. They also need training to monitor the quality of engineering, social and environmental assignments outsourced. Training the communities and NGO’s The ULB could build its capacity by devolving investment specific responsibilities to the communities and NGO’s by encouraging public private partnerships, for environmental management and monitoring. The ULB may take the responsibility of training major NGO’s, who are part of SEMC. They would in turn train the communities at the investment level as and when required. Training the Contractors Contractors are the one who construct the sub-project, selected through tender process. Additional contract of environmental monitoring requires the skill and expertise of the contractor to monitor the air, water qualities, topographical changes, change in flooding patterns and impact on flora and fauna. Training program to the contractors is required to handle environmental monitoring and management. Exposure to best practice locations of environmental management The staff of ULB and the members of ESMU may be exposed to best practice locations in environmental management. This helps them understand the implications of environmental considerations in a sub-project investment. This improves coordination and motivates the PIA Components of Training • Basic environmental concepts and components • Impact on Environment due to development interventions • Selection of the best sites / locations for different investments with reference to environment • Environmental screening and assessment • Training in imparting the knowledge and applicability of Administrative and legislative framework, encountered at different stages of sub

project cycle. • Regular training programmes in project management, public consultation and information dissemination, out sourcing, quality monitoring. • Software training for effective data base administration.

8.2.2.9 ENVIRONMENTAL CAPACITY BUILDING ACTION PLAN – TARGET

GROUPS 8.25 The existing capacities against each environmental task are identified. Accordingly additional capacities required to implement and manage environmental issues are provided in the table below including an action plan and the recommended target group against each component of environment.

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES – CAPACITIES REQUIRED – ACTION PLAN - TARGET GROUPS Desired

Environmental Output/Component

Existing Capacities Additional Environmental Capacities Required

Environmental Capacity Building Action Plan – Target Group

Identification of Environmental problems / needs of the town

CMAPP process Conducting public consultations Key stake holder consultations Preparation of CIIP (critical infrastructure investment proposals)

Environmental outlook Identifying environmental sensitive issues

�� Training in basic Environmental concepts

�� Training programme in understanding environmental hazards of an infrastructure problem/need.

Target group – ULB staff (Engineering and Health Sections)

Expertise of the environmental committee in environmental issues and decision making

Nil Finalizing of the best alternative sites/locations for the investment w.r.t. Environment.

�� Training in environmental issues, environmental analysis of alternatives, environmentally best suited sites, for different investments


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Target Group: NGO, Community members, Engineering and Health section staff, commissioner and chairperson

Collection of environmental related base line data

Collection of engineering, technical, demographic data

Environmental baseline data Air and water quality data Ground water data Data related to existing Infrastructure Data related to flora and fauna

�� Recruitment of additional staff. �� Contracting to professional NGO’s �� Coordinating with line departments. �� Engaging community people from

sub-project investment area �� Training in the usage of air quality

monitoring machinery, awareness in identifying the endangered floral and faunal species

Target group: communities, NGO’s, ULB staff

Environmental screening and assessment

Nil Capacities to screen and assess the sub-project investments environmentally

�� Hire environmental consultants for detailed assessment.

�� Undergo training in environmental assessment of sub projects

Target group: ULB Staff Preparation and implementation of sub-project specific environmental management and monitoring

Nil Knowledge of impacts on physical environment due to sub-project intervention and mitigation steps.

�� Training on “development and impact on land, air and water environment”

�� Contracting environmental monitoring

�� Developing task forces for monitoring/ management with communities / NGO’s/ULB staff.

�� Best practice study tours Target group: Contractors, ULB staff, NGO’s, Communities

Public consultations CMAPP process Consultations with environmental angle, grievance redressal, bringing people suggestions in to design and implementation of sub-project

�� Training in environmental issues and problems in connection with developmental intervention.

Target group: Contractors, ULB staff, NGO’s, Communities

8.2.2.10 OUTSOURCING AS A MEANS OF CAPACITY BUILDING 8.26 The tasks that the ULB cannot handle now, because of the lack of human resource, technical know how etc. may be outsourced to environmental consultants, contractors, surveyors, NGOs, community groups as an when required. Over a period of time, the ULB may implement some of the outsourced tasks on its own, as it builds its own resources and technology for the implementation of outsourced tasks. Below mentioned is the list of environmental tasks to be outsourced, conforming to the existing capacities in the ULBs.

OUTSOURCING AS A MEANS OF CAPACITY BUILDING Outsourcing the collection of data necessary for environmental screening and assessment

For the huge investments, intervening with vast area, where the existing ULB staff is not enough, the procurement of information related to the investment may be outsourced to professional NGO’s / Consultants / surveyors that is required for environmental assessment and management. Outsourcing the assessment of sub-project investments If the ULB doesn’t have the required capacities and technical know how of the assessment of sub-project investments, the EA and EB categorized sub-projects may be given to consultants for the environmental assessment of sub-project investment. Involving the communities/NGO’s in monitoring the investments At the sub-project investment level, the day to day monitoring may be devolved to the communities by forming task forces. They would report to the municipality in case of any discrepancy by the contractor in sub-project construction. The progress of the sub-project and the duties of the contractor shall be displayed at the sub-project site and disclosed to the public.


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FIG: 8.1 – INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS AT THE ULB

S&E Officer

Municipal Engineer

Town Planning Wing

Revenue Wing

Health and Sanitation Wing

Engineering Wing

Commissioner ESMC

Commissioner Municipal Engineer S&E Officer (Designated) Town Planning Officer Medical and Health Officer NGO/Community Representatives

Fig-8.2: GRIEVANCE REDRESSAL MECHANISMS

Courts

ESMC (ULB)

Complaint Cell/Public Information Center (ULB)

S&E Officer (ULB)

Grievances

Independent Grievance

Com

mittee (D

istrict Level)

If not resolved

8.3 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION AND GRIEVANCE REDRESSAL

8.26 To achieve greater success with the project to overcome problems in implementation and also to reduce social impacts on the people the project implementation authorities have to develop specific institutional arrangements for addressing the R&R and social issues. It should also develop a grievance redressal mechanism to cater to the queries and grievances pf the people while the project is being implemented. 8.27 As discussed in the Chapter – 4 the Figure 8.1 shows an institutional arrangement suggested for the implementation of social and environmental safeguards during the implementation of the projects at the municipality level. An Environmental and Social Management Committee and the Social and Environmental (S&E) Officer are two institutional arrangements proposed for managing and monitoring the sub-project at the ULBs. Other functionaries at the ULB will help these two institutions and the respective wings like, the Town Planning, Revenue, Health and Sanitation and the Engineering wings within ULB’s organizational structure will act as support arrangements in accomplishing social and environmental responsibilities that may arise while implementing sub-projects. 8.28 The affected persons can register their grievances at the complaint cell established at the ULB. The Complaint Cell will also act as a Public Information Centre, where the grievances of the community will be registered and other


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information with regard to the project, the sub-projects, social and environmental safeguards will be provided. The grievances can pertain to any social and/or environmental issues triggered by sub-projects under the APMD Project. 8.29 A ‘District Urban Grievance Redressal Organization’ will be established for giving independent advice to the concerned Municipal Commissioner for redressing the grievances. This body will consist of 4 to5 eminent citizens in the District and are from diverse backgrounds such as, education, Health and Sanitation, Urban Infrastructure, civic affairs, etc. In an advisory capacity, it will facilitate and suggest suitable action to redress the grievances of the community/people. At the state level a ‘State Urban Grievance Redressal Organization’ will be established along similar lines. The Complaint Cell would forward the grievance to the S&E officer for redressal. If the S&E officer cannot redress the grievance within a specified time period, the grievance would be forwarded to the ESMC and further to the District Urban Grievance Redressal Body constituted at the district level. The grievances which cannot be redressed at the district level would be referred to the State Urban Grievance Redressal Body. Each of these authorities can be approached directly for grievance redressal by the aggrieved person/party. In any case if the grievances of the people are not addressed properly then he/she can further appeal to the Court if his/her grievance is not redressed. 8.3.1 AN ASSESSMENT OF CAPACITIES (SOCIAL SECTION) 8.30 The capacities at the municipality fall short at various levels with regard to handling social issues that may arise at various levels of the sub-project implementation. It is found that the sub-project implementation needs specific capacities. 8.31 Under the APUSP the ULBs have been exposed to the various capacity building activities including exposure to various tasks, which were earlier foreign to them. Stress on participation, consultations and formation of development committees under the CMAPP process demanded new capacities. Accordingly the ULBs have come into close contact with the community in identifying and preparing various strategies for reform initiatives and infrastructure investment. This was done through the formation of the committees, namely, the MRC, the MTF and the WGs. These committees included participants from the Municipal Council, the ULB staff, the Community, the NACs, SHGs and NGOs and interested experts and persons. 8.32 But these consultations were conducted to prepare perspective plans for the municipality at a town level. But when implementing a sub-project the municipal officials will be exposed to various other activities that are not covered in the CMAPP process. In other words the social activities that may arise in implementing a sub-project are different but are complementary to the processes mentioned in the CMAPP process. Hence the capacities may be built in the following direction and ease the process of implementing the project. 8.33 It is also important to identify capacity building requirements of different level of personnel. Not all officers at the ULB are involved in this activity. A clear understanding of the institutional arrangements will give the specific officers who need to be involved in this capacity building activity. Along with the municipal officials the municipal councilors, the community representatives, etc., would also need capacity building.


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Î�Capacities for conducting consultations with the people on the site Î�Capacities to conduct social assessments and social screening Î�Capacities for developing research methodologies which may be useful for

conducting surveys Î�Capacities for implementing and monitoring sub-projects Î�Capacities to handle issue specific to certain communities like the tribal

communities, women etc. Î�Capacities for handling tasks involved in land acquisition and verifications Î�Capacities for conflict resolution and grievance redressal Î�Capacities for planning resettlement and rehabilitation

8.4 INFORMATION AND CONSULTATION STRATEGY 8.34 Information and Consultation Strategy (ICS) represents a module for carrying out consultations and generating and managing information for the purpose of successful implementation of the projects in lieu with the social and environmental considerations that may arise in a project cycle. The ICS has been devised based on the institutional assessment and on the consultations conducted with the people through the sub-project assessments and public consultations. 8.35 Since generating, providing, managing and disseminating information and effective consultation is highly important for successful completion of a project, a strategy for information and consultation has been devised based on the typical project cycle established under the study. In all the stages of a project cycle the ICS tries to identify the roles of the institutions and involvement of various stakeholders in enhancing the consultation mechanisms and also developing the information management system for better coordination and reducing the gaps in the completion of the project. 8.36 It can be said that there are various players who are involved in developing and implementing a sound ICS. The primary responsibility for the implementation of a project is vested with the Urban Local Bodies, due to which they form the sole institutions responsible for devising, developing and implementing an ICS. The following matrix prepared is a typical plan for developing the information and consultation mechanisms for projects implemented in the urban areas. 8.4.1 SOCIAL SECTION Stages of a sub-project Consultation and Information steps

Pre-sub-project planning stage

STEP – 1: Proposal and Feasibility (Information Role) Once a sub-project is identified the PIU should undertake a study determining the feasibility of the sub-project in view of the adverse social impacts it may pose. This study is an important source of information to the ULBs and also to the community for whom the sub-project has been proposed. The feasibility study should address the following: ¾�Are the proposed goals of the sub-project valid ¾�Who is the public for whose benefit the sub-project is being introduced ¾�How is the sub-project going to serve them and is it in their interests ¾�The alternatives to the sub-project and whether the alternatives are cost affective ¾�Will there be any adverse social impacts due to the implementation of the sub-project ¾�What would be the implementation strategy of the sub-project etc.


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Stages of a sub-project Consultation and Information steps

Pre-sub-project planning stage

STEP – 2: Initial Public Consultation (Consultation Role) The sub-project feasibility, its benefits and impacts need to be discussed with the community for whom the sub-project is proposed. This would help the implementing agency in taking the opinion of people, make them understand the pros and cons of the sub-project, alternatives examined and the sub-project finalized.

Planning and grounding stage Planning and grounding stage

STEP – 3: Socio Economic Assessment/Analysis (Information and Consultation Roles) In this stage it is important to ensure that there are no adverse social impacts of the sub-project. The sub-project may be passed if it has no impacts and implementation can be initiated. However, if the sub-project triggers any social impacts then the following steps are to be considered while planning the sub-project. ¾�Identification of the PAPs through census survey ¾�Collection and analysis of the baseline data ¾�Preparation of Resettlement Action Plan ¾�Preparation of Tribal Development Plan in case the sub-project effects tribal communities ¾�Land Acquisition Assessment ¾�Generation of other relevant information and ¾�Consultation and communication strategy Task – 1: Identification of PAPs – Title holders and non-title holders (Information Role) ¾�Verification of project records: Review of available records on the sub-project area to

generate any information on the sub-project and the PAPs affected by it so that the information can be made use of in conducting the census survey.

¾�Census survey/Enumeration: It is the most exhaustive method of generating the data on the PAPs as it covers all the affected persons in the sub-project area. The survey must be undertaken to collect two types of information, firstly, the extent and type of physical and financial loss to the PAPs in terms of loss of structure, land, source of livelihood, etc., and secondly, the socio-economic profile of the families/ individuals affected by the project.

¾�Verification of records of right and land records: The records of rights maintained by the revenue department are the primary land records and they need to be consulted to determine the ownership, size of land and type of soil and utilization pattern of the land.

¾�Verification of electoral and public utility records: Other than the titleholders there are also various other sections of the society that may be encountered in the implementation of a project like the squatter and encroachers. To identify these groups it is important to verify public records such as ration cards, electoral records, electricity bills etc., to assess the tenure of stay and ownership of the structure in the project area.

Task – 2: Identification of PAPs (Consultation Role) ¾�Loss of access to community infrastructure, loss of public utility lines and problems with

host population etc need to be identified. To address these issues consultations with people in the sub-project area will help.

¾�Public consultations can be very useful but to achieve greater success the ULBs can use various participatory methods like public/locality meetings transect walks and observations, social and resource mapping, focus group discussions and in-depth interviews etc.

¾�The consultations on the sub-project should also concentrate to include the problems of the vulnerable sections of the society like SCs. STs and women. FGDs with these vulnerable groups, separately, allow free discussion, interest and opinion sharing.

Task – 3: Generation of other information needed (Information Role) Along with the verification and identification of the PAPs the ULBs have to undertake various other assessment to address all possible social and R&R issues in a sub-project. Other information in a sub-project includes: ¾�Land Acquisition Screening: The LA screening addresses information issues like quantity

of land required, location of the land required, use of land required and determining the necessity for LA. This information can be generated through the planning documents prepared for the sub-project including the engineering designs and maps. Field verification is also very important to generate this information.

¾�Land Acquisition Assessment: Through the LA assessment information pertaining to legal process for LA, timing of the LA, present land use patterns, estimated number of PAFs affected, tenural status of present users, presence of squatters and encroachers, presence of public utility services, cultural and historical sites etc., has to be generated. This information can be generated by a review of the project planning documents, LA Act and regulatory procedures, information maintained by the ULBs, secondary data like government statistics, social and demographic research and field survey.

¾�Institutional capacity: The institutional capacity assessment will list the tasks as to which administrative entities are to be involved in LA, which personnel are responsible for the preparation and implementation of the RAP, which office will manage the information management issues etc.

¾�Socio-economic analysis: The socio-economic assessment and impacts of the sub-project can be indicated by the LA assessment and the census survey/enumeration. However the censes survey of the PAPs and inventory of assets to be acquired is


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Stages of a sub-project Consultation and Information steps

important. Information and plans and strategies should be planned to address issues like minimization of displacement, designing of resettlement and rehabilitation measures, enlistment of PAPs, entitlements for the socially vulnerable, adjustment to host communities etc. LA assessments, plans, maps, other secondary sources, field observation, household surveys, FGDs and information generated through participation can be used to prepare this information database.

¾�Resettlement Action Plan/Tribal Development Plan: Based on the above analysis the task of preparing the RAP/TDP should be undertaken accordingly for implementation.

Planning and grounding stage

STEP – 4: Detailed Project Report (Information Role) Initial consultations, feasibility and socio-economic assessments on the sub-project will pave the way for the preparation of the Detailed Project Report (DPR). The DPR should constitute information on various components for successful sub-project implementation. The DPR will constitute: ¾�A final design of the proposed sub-project after examining the various alternatives to

reduce the social impact on the people ¾�The cost of the sub-project construction ¾�The time frame the completion of the sub-project ¾�The institutional arrangements for implementing the sub-project ¾�Plans and proposals covering R&R issues ¾�Design to ensure community participation in the sub-project (Beneficiaries, PAPs, NGOs,

community organisations) ¾�Plan for external help wherever needed (Experts, Advisors, Consultants) ¾�Grievance redressal mechanisms

Planning and grounding stage

STEP – 5: Preparing for project implementation and sharing information (Information and Consultation Role) Once all the documents like prepared list of PAPS affected, the type of entitlements, plans for reconstruction of public utility infrastructures, details of land acquisition etc., steps have to be taken to disseminate the information among the PAPs and prepare agencies for project implementation. Task – 1: Announcement of the project (Information role) Before starting the project and plans for addressing the R&R issues, one of the foremost requirements is to announce the commencement of the project to the public and particularly to the affected people through the daily newspaper or through local radio or television. This is to make the people aware of the coming of the project. Task – 2: Displaying the layout of the project affected area (Information role) A layout map of the project indicating the affected area to be acquired has to be displayed publicly. The functionaries of the implementing agency can also make special visits to the project area and inform the people about the requirements of the projects and its impact on the people. Task – 3: R&R policy provisions and entitlements for the PAPs (Information role) Dissemination of information on the entitlement provisions for the losses can be undertaken by distributing leaflets incorporating the highlights of the provisions of the policy, and the benefits that will accrue to the people after the completion of the sub-project. If need be, the pamphlets may be printed in the local language and distributed. Task – 4: Consultations with the affected people and public hearing (Consultation Role) Before land acquisition and construction activity related to the sub-project, project implementation authorities need to organize consultations with the PAPs. These consultations would provide an opportunity to the people to interact with the project-implementing agency with regard to the various arrangements and help in coming to a consensus on the project arrangements. This would also help the project-implementing agency to make final changes in the plans, if required, and verify the details pertaining to the PAPs and land acquisition. Task – 5: Involving NGOs/community in R&R implementation (Consultation role) It is important to identify at an early stage, an NGO who has been working in that area for some time. The NGO can facilitate discussions with the affected people. The NGO will act as a catalyst in helping the affected people to resettle and rehabilitate themselves. In addition, it will lend transparency in the process of implementation of social safeguard measures by the PIA. The Environmental and Social Management Committee (ESMC) comprising of officials of the project implementing agency, other line departments and community/NGO representatives would be formed to supervise the R&R implementation. This committee can also undertake negotiations with the people at various stages of the implementation of the project.

Implementation stage STEP – 6: Addressing issues that arise during implementation (Consultation Role) As observed in the previous there may be many issues that the project-implementing agency may face during the implementation of the project such as:


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Stages of a sub-project Consultation and Information steps ¾�Problems pertaining to compensations & allowances ¾�Unexpected reactions from the PAPs with regard to the entitlements ¾�Conflicts between the displaced community and the host community etc. To overcome these problems the PIA would adopt a consensual approach and address the grievances and queries of the people affected.

Monitoring and evaluation stage

STEP – 9: Monitoring Process through participation (Information and consultation Roles) The process of participatory monitoring and evaluation (M&E) is the logical extension of the ICS activities. Beneficiary committees can be formed for monitoring and supervision of the sub-project works. The process should also ensure that the project benefits have properly reached the affected people and the execution of the project sticks its original designs so that social compliance is achieved. Task – 1: Ensuring the implementation of the RAP/TDP and timely delivery of entitlements (Consultation Role) Ensuring that the RAP/TDP is implemented according to a designed plan and also the timely delivery of the compensations and rehabilitation assistance to the PAPs is the responsibility of the PIA. The role of an NGO can be very crucial at this stage. Task – 2: Reporting (Information Role) Reporting is an important aspect of the M&E process. Periodical reporting is important to generate information on the progress of the work undertaken. The status of the implementation of the RAP/TDP and progress has to be documented. Some thematic impact studies can also be planned and carried out on different aspects of rehabilitation in the project area carried out on different aspects of rehabilitation on a periodical basis. These aspects have to be indicated in the RAP since it will be a perspective plan document for the duration of project implementation. The information required for monitoring need to have the following characteristics: ¾�Timely reporting ¾�Relevant information provision (For example in a construction project, when the activity of

site clearance is behind schedule, the reporting system is to be able to help probe into the reasons for such delay)

¾�Reliable and realistic information ¾�Format oriented reporting

8.4.1.1 OTHER MEASURES FOR ENHANCING INFORMATION AND CONSULTATION STRATEGY

8.37 Various other steps can be taken by the municipalities and the concerned project implementing structures to develop good communication and information techniques. Some of these measures could include:

Î�Preparation of pamphlets and video films for the information of the people Î�Presenting the budget of the municipality in a capsule showing the allocations of

funds for the type of infrastructure to be developed or others Î�Preparation of citizen’s charter on the services offered by the municipality Î�Development of websites of the concerned municipalities and providing

information through the internet Î�Establishing quality control cells to conduct consultations with the people and

enhance the services provided to the people Î�Citizens’ satisfaction surveys for better service delivery of the municipalities Î�Publication of municipal assets for information Î�Initiation of the programmes like ‘dial your chairman’ and ‘dial your municipality’

to see that the municipality is in close touch with the people Î�Organizing the municipal annul day for creating awareness and popularity among

the people Î�During the implementation of various projects in the municipality telecasting

programmes and display of grievance status on the local cable TV can be initiated Î�Information about the municipality or municipal information on the local cable TV


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Î�Setting up of touch screen kiosks at the municipal offices for the convenience of the people for information

Î�Issue of uniform and identity cards to the employees which would provide separate identity to the municipal staff

Î�Establishing service centers in the town or help desks can also help in staying in close contact with the people, etc.

8.4.2 ENVIRONMENT SECTION

8.4.2.1 INTRODUCTION 8.38 ICS represents a module for carrying out consultations and generating, managing information for the purpose of successful implementation of the projects in lieu with the social and environmental considerations that may arise in a project cycle. The ICS has been devised based on the institutional assessment and on the focused group discussions conducted with the people through the sub-project assessments and public consultations. 8.39 Since generating, providing, managing and disseminating information and effective consultation is highly important for successful completion of a project, a strategy for information and consultation has been devised based on the typical sub project cycle established under the study. A typical sub project cycle is identified to have five stages, namely, identification, planning and grounding, implementation, monitoring and operation of a project. 8.40 In all the stages of a sub project cycle the ICS tries to identify the roles of the institutions and involvement of various stakeholders in enhancing the consultation mechanisms and also developing the information management system for better coordination and reducing the gaps in the completion of the project. 8.41 It can be said that there are various players who are involved in developing and implementing a sound ICS. The primary responsibility for the implementation of a sub project is vested with the ULB, due to which they form the sole institutions responsible for devising, developing and implementing an ICS. The following matrix prepared is a typical plan for developing the information and consultation mechanisms for projects implemented in the urban areas.


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Matrix For Information And Consultation Strategy (Environmental Section)

Stages of a Sub Project

Information and Consultation steps

Identification and design of a sub project

Step 1: proposal and feasibility (Information) ¾�As referred in the sub project cycle, a new sub project may be proposed in different ways. A new

sub project may come in to picture for proposal from public demand, Government’s proposal, or it could be from an individual’s proposal like chairperson, MLA or MP. A specific sub project may have financial or social benefits but it may have adverse environmental impacts.

¾�Hence it is important and should be made mandatory to procure the information if the sub project is feasible financially and environmentally.

¾�This information may be had from the reconnaissance survey of the investment area, preliminary report prepared competent authorities.

¾�The feasibility report should address the following issues ¾�Origin and purpose of the sub project ¾�No sub project and with sub project situation and environmental impacts ¾�Beneficiaries and the benefits Vs environmental impacts ¾�Analysis of alternatives referring to the degree of benefits and impacts Step 2: Initial public consultation (Information) Any sub project that has been identified and proposed is to be put forth in the public consultation for their responses and reactions, before the final approval. This would help the ULBs in identifying the impacts from people’s perception. This is also necessary to gain full public cooperation, public participation in the implementation of the sub project. Mitigation measures for the impacts generated from the public could be planned for. The following information may be had from the initial public consultations across the investment area. ¾�Existing situation and problems faced in the proposed sub project location. ¾�Necessity and importance of the investment.


¾�If the sub project is socially, environmentally too sensitive to be implemented, available

information with the people for alternative methods to address the existing problems for which the actual sub project is proposed. Or Information and suggestions regarding the implementable mitigative measures to be considered in taking the proposed sub project forward.

¾�Consultations for the presence of cultural properties in the sub project intervention area. Step – 3: Detailed Sub project Report (Information) Initial consultations and the feasibility report on the sub project will pave the way for the preparation of the Detailed Project Report (DPR). The detailed sub project report will have plan and various other components that are needed to implement the sub project successfully. The DPS will constitute: ¾�A final design of the proposed sub project after examining the various alternatives to reduce the

environmental impacts on the people ¾�The cost of the sub project construction ¾�The time frame within which the sub project will be completed. ¾�The institutional and capacity arrangements for the implementation of the sub-project Plan the involvement of experts, advisors and external agencies wherever necessary in the investment to achieve compliance with the environmental goals of the project Grievance redressal mechanisms.


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Step – 4: Environmental Screening and assessment (Information and Consultation) At this stage, it is very important that the sub projects are screened as per the environmental categorization. All the sub projects that are categorized as environmentally sensitive should under go detailed / limited environmental assessment, depending on the categorization (EA/EB). The step-by-step information and consultation required for assessment of sub projects are described as tasks below. Task 1: Procurement of Baseline Data (Information) The sub projects that have to go through environmental assessment should have baseline data of various parameters. Ambient Air Quality: Air quality data pertaining to the sub project intervention location at the initiation of the sub project is to be recorded from different locations of sub project intervention area. Pollution control board may be consulted for air quality information. Water quality: present water quality in the lakes/ponds/rivers/Drains intervening with sub project is recorded. Pollution control board may be consulted. Topography: the topographical details of the sub project location; present flooding patterns and soil conditions are recorded. Infrastructural facilities and capacities: All the Infrastructure facilities, which may be effected differently by various sub-projects are to be recorded. The engineering section of the municipality, R&B, etc. will provide the information related to Infrastructural facilities and capacities. Flora and fauna: flora and faunal density of the sub project intervention area is to be recorded. This is also important to note if there are any endangered species present in the location. The forest department has to be contacted for such information. Task 2: Assessment of Base line situation with sub project intervention The environmental specialists will assess the change in baseline situation by forecasting and studying the impact of the proposed sub project. The environmentalists will assess whether the impact due to the sub project intervention is at acceptable levels. If the impact is beyond acceptable levels and can be brought down to that levels that are environmentally acceptable, then measures would be suggested in the way of mitigation measures. Task 3: Public Consultation for Alternatives: If the sub project’s impacts are to such a level that they cannot be mitigated to acceptable levels, then the alternatives shall be identified through the public consultations, where public from sub project affected area, NGO’s will also take part. Task 4: Display / Disclosure: The finalized sub project for implementation with all the basic details like ¾�Project cost ¾�Location and intervention area ¾�Number of beneficiaries ¾�Public consultations held and resolutions passed ¾�Risks and measures taken to combat adverse impacts All these should be displayed and disclosed to the public through newspaper advertisement and display at the project office. (ULB).

Sub Project Implementation

Step 5: Mitigation measures The sub project as per the assessment report shall be grounded and implemented along with the mitigation measures, to reduce the environmental impacts. Focused Group Discussions: ¾�The Social and Environmental Management Section (SEMS) shall conduct FGD during the

implementation of the sub project for if there are any social and environmental problems that they are facing during the implementation stage.

¾�The SEMS should accept the complaints from the sub project affected area through phone call or in writing, and necessary action is expected in the form of additional mitigation measures, during the progress of the sub project.

¾�Disclosure to the public: Periodic progress of the sub project and the estimated time left for its completion should be displayed to the public. It should consist of the following parameters

¾�Number of complaints received and addressed ¾�Finance spent and progress ¾�Estimated time for completion

Monitoring and Evaluation

Monitoring of Baseline Information Periodical monitoring of change in air quality, water quality, soil erosion etc. that may occur due to sub project intervention. This is useful to take up timely measures to reduce the adverse impacts. The frequency of monitoring may be followed as given in the assessment report of the sub project.


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8.5 MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT PLANS

8.5.1 SOCIAL SECTION 8.42 This section proposes the management and monitoring measures prescribed for identified social and environmental impacts. An important component of project management system is monitoring of project implementation. Monitoring of the project would contribute to its completion as per the schedule and within the resources provided for. The term monitoring should not be misconstrued as just recording and reporting of information on project implementation. It has to be viewed as a mechanism for taking corrective measures during the implementation of the project. Information on the project implementation is crucial to address the social issues in time and also redress the grievances of the people in time. Figure – 8.3 shows the concept of monitoring in a diagrammatic representation. 8.43 Information on the progress made in a project has to be processed to draw a conclusion on its status as to, whether the progress is as per schedule or not. The conclusion thus drawn would enable the project implementing authorities to decide on the future course of action to reduce the delay. Further the decision taken needs to be communicated to a level where it has to be implemented and followed up. The results of implementing the decision would be reflected in the subsequent rounds of monitoring. 8.6 SOCIAL MONITORING PLAN 8.44 On the basis of the social and environmental assessment study conducted in the towns, the possible social impacts have been identified and based on these social issues the social monitoring and management plans have been prepared. The following matrix shows the social monitoring Plan. Social Monitoring Plan Stages of the Project

Social Task Monitoring and Management Activity Monitoring Agency

Support Institutions

Identification

Sub-project Identification through the CMAPP process.

¾�Through the CMAPP Process is participatory in nature, care should be taken that the community, especially the vulnerable groups are represented properly.

¾�The ULB officials should inform the community with regard to the specific sub-projects interventions in the sub-project locations.

¾�Municipal Councilors should be involved in the task of identification of sub-projects in specific wards/areas

¾�Local NGOs, community organizations, women’s groups, etc., can also be involved in this task.

All the wings of ULB and MC

Community, NGOs, CBOs, Councilors

Follow-up

Implementation

Information

Analysis processing

Design for Midcourse correction

Figure – 8.3: A schematic representation of monitoring system


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Social Monitoring Plan Stages of the Project



Identification

Collection of information required for identification of social impacts

¾�Since the sub-projects have to be screened, the S&E Officer along with the support staff from the town Planning wing can collect the information for identification of social impacts.

¾�For identifying the land related issues the help of the Revenue Department can be taken and the S&E Officer will coordinate this activity.

ULB, (Town Planning, Revenue and Engineering Wings)

Revenue Department, NGO and Councilors

Sub-project Finalisation

Compliance with Social Safeguards

¾�The S&E officer, along with the ESMC, will ensure that appropriate social safeguards have been incorporated into the sub-project.

ULB, MSU, APUFIDC

Town Planning wing (ULB) Revenue Wing (ULB)


Preparation of a detailed sub-project proposal and compliance with Social Safeguards

¾�The Engineering wing of the ULB will prepare the Detailed Project Report. This would be done with the support from PHED, DTCP, UDA and other external institutions, if required.

¾�The S&E officer, along with the ESMC, will ensure that appropriate social safeguards have been incorporated into the sub-project and that positive benefits accrue to the vulnerable sections.

¾�Projects submitted to APUFIDC must be vetted by the MSU at CDMA office for social compliance. It will also ensure components like equity; transparency and participation are well covered in the sub-project implementation before giving clearance.

¾�The APUFIDC will appraise the proposals and ensure that proper measures are planned to mitigate social impacts.

ULB, MSU, APUFIDC

PHED, DTCP, UDA External Institutions, External Consultants


Preparation of ICS for social issues to be addressed

¾�The consultation strategy should be planned from the inception of the project along with the various stakeholders in the sub-project. This task should be primarily undertaken by the S&E Officer with the help of the Municipal Councilors, Town Planning Wing and Revenue wing of the ULB. Regular consultations should be planned at different phases of the sub-project.

¾�The community should be made to act as active partners in the implementation, management and monitoring of the sub-project. This task can be undertaken by the NGO or through the existing institutional network under APUSP.

ULB and all its wings

NGOs, CBOs, SHGs, Councilors, others


Social assessment for sub-projects including socio-economic survey, identification of PAPs and RAPs and TDPs wherever necessary.

¾�A detailed social assessment may be undertaken for socially sensitive sub-projects. Wherever necessary the ULB needs to undertake the socio-economic surveys, identification of PAPs, preparation of RAP, etc. The primary responsibility to monitor these studies will be vested with the S&E Officer. The ME will monitor the progress of the activities of the S&E Officer.

ULB and all its wings

NGO, External Consultants


Land Acquisition screening and assessment

¾�The S&E Officer will primarily undertake the activity of LA assessment with the help of the TPO and his wing. The assessment details may be provided to the engineering wing of the ULB for the scrutiny of the ME.

¾�Revenue Department would be responsible for acquisition. The Municipal Commissioner with the help of the S&E Officer can undertake the activity of

ULB, Town Planning Wing

Revenue Department


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Social Monitoring Plan Stages of the Project



coordinating between the ULB and the RD.


Initial consultations with the PAPs and Beneficiaries

¾�The initial consultations with the community need to be undertaken by the S&E Officer and his support staff with the help of the Municipal Councilors to ensure that the people are informed about the sub-project, possible social impacts and mitigation measures planned.

ULB SHGs, CBOs, NGOs, Councilors


Prepare Institutional capacities to implement mitigation measures, monitor social and environmental components and establish Grievance Redressal Mechanisms

¾�The delegation of responsibilities according to the availability and need has to be prepared for every sub-project. The commissioner can play the role of a facilitator between the various wings of the ULB and, thus, may undertake this task of coordination of work and delegation of duties.

¾�The grievance redressal arrangements at the ULB level would consist of the complaint cell, S&E Officer and ESMC. Appropriate mechanisms must be put in place to monitor the redressal of grievances by the concerned authorities.

Commissioner,. Complaint Cell, ESMU, all wings of the ULB, APUFIDC

-

Implementation and Execution

Provision of entitlements to the PAPs and mitigate other social impacts

¾�The S&E officer will play the role of Chief field officer and monitor the provision of entitlements to the PAPs if any.

¾�The S&E officer can also take the help of a professional NGO in this activity.

¾�The S&E officer will also be responsible for redressing the grievances of the people.

¾�The help of the Revenue Department is very much necessary for timely acquisition of land and provision of entitlements

ULB Revenue Department, NGOs

Implementation and Execution

Information dissemination and consultation with the PAPs and beneficiaries on the implementation of the sub-project

¾�Regular consultations during the project implementation can be undertaken by the S&E officer with his support staff.

¾�The S&E officer along with the help of the Contractor will also be responsible to redress any possible social impacts that may arise during the implementation of the sub-project.

¾�The entitlements and the social safeguards are to be implemented within the Social Safeguard Framework of the Project.

S&E officer, Commissioner, ME

Contractor

Monitoring and Evaluation

Monitoring and evaluation of progress and quality of the investments - Third party assurance

¾�The Engineering Wing of the ULB can undertake monitoring of the works. The S&E officer will coordinate with the Engineering wing to assess the social components along with the engineering works.

¾�The community can play an important role in monitoring the works. Community groups can be included in the monitoring and evaluation activities.

S&E officer Contractor, community, CBOs, NGOs


Maintenance of infrastructure through support from the community

¾�Maintenance of the infrastructure erected in the ULB will be primarily vested with various wings of the ULB.

¾�The ULB along with the other officials involved in the project should identify the various community groups and see that they can be involved in operation and maintenance of infrastructure.

ULB Contractor, community, CBOs, NGOs


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8.45 Similarly the social management plan has also been prepared to address the specific social issues that may arise during the implementation of sub-projects in the ULBs. The Social Management Plan has been prepared on an issue-by-issue basis and for each individual issue specific actions are suggested. 8.46 The proposed Social Management Plan includes

Î�Identified potential social impacts Î�Mitigation and other proposed measures Î�Monitoring strategy and contingency measures Î�Reference Safe guard policies & agencies to be involved for the respective tasks


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8.5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SECTION

8.5.2.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

Introduction 8.47 Environmental management strategy as part of overall project management strategy includes the management of environmental issues incorporated in the project cycle that covers all the stages of a sub project investment from identification of an investment till the completion of the sub project and post completion/monitoring /operational phases of the investment. Looking at the above, an environmental management strategy needs to address the following

Î�Identification of environmentally sensitive sub project investments Î�Environmental screening and categorization of sub projects Î�Environmental assessment of sub projects Î�Sub project Alternatives Î�Environmental Management Plan (Mitigative Measures)

Identification of environmentally sensitive sub project investments

1. The ULB or the Project implementing agency shall identify the problems and issues of the town with proper information and consultation mechanisms.

2. Infrastructure requirements of the town should be identified 3. Problems and issues that are source of environmental degradation should be listed

and prioritized. 4. The ULB should identify the town issues as sub project investments and prioritize

environmentally most sensitive investments.

Environmental screening and categorization of sub projects 8.48 The ULB ‘s shall make use of the screening framework annexed with this SEAMF for the categorization of sub projects. The parameters that should be checked for screening of sub projects are

1. Location of the sub Project 2. Type of the sub project 3. Size of the sub project (Sub Project Cost)


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Environmental assessment of sub projects 8.49 The EA and EB categorized sub project investments shall undergo detailed and limited environmental assessment respectively. The ULBs may engage consultants for the detailed assessment of the EA categorized projects. The assessment of first year sub-projects for testing would be presented in the SEAM framework. The preparation of status report for the EB categorized sub projects may be done by the municipal officials with the suggested institutional arrangements and capacity building programmes at the ULB level.

Mitigation measures for environmental Impacts 8.50 Environmental management plan that addresses generic and sub project specific negative impacts at all the stages of a sub project cycle (design, implementation and operational phases) is in the part II of this chapter. It has to be followed during the design of a sub project, implementation and post implementation / operational phases of sub project investment.

8.5.2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN

8.51 The proposed monitoring plan is based on set of indicators, which outline the state of environment and about the project activities. The monitoring is followed with proper assumptions and suggested mitigation measures made in Environmental Management Plan (EMP). Monitoring includes checking whether contractor and/or urban local bodies meet the requirements during construction and operation phases of the sub project investments. Proposed Monitoring plan 8.52 As stated earlier, monitoring is basically to check whether the environmental impacts identified are being taken care off. Essentially it involves cross checking the proposed environmental Management plan (EMP) using some indicators during both the construction and operational phases. 8.53 The proposed monitoring plan as part of EMP for APMDP is divided into construction stage monitoring plan and operation stage monitoring plan. The primary monitoring responsibility has been assigned to ULB (social and environmental unit) in coordination with PHED and APPCB is the overall monitoring agency. ULB (social and environmental unit) shall submit monitoring report every month during construction stage to APUFIDC. Monitoring plan: Construction Phase 8.54 A generic construction phase monitoring plan has been suggested for all urban development sub-projects. As described earlier, there may be some specific environmental impacts during construction phase for each project, but it is to be noted that most of the impacts during this phase are generic for all projects. Hence, a generic environmental plan


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has been suggested. The monitoring plan during construction and operational phases is annexed.


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8.6 SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

Identified Social

Impacts / Issues

Review of actions and methods adopted

Mitigation & Other Proposed Measures

Monitoring Strategy & Contingency

Measures

Reference Safe guard policies &

agencies to be involved

for the respective

tasks

Loss of land and loss of built up property

A majority of the lands acquired by the municipality is according to the provisions in the LA Act of 1894

In most of the municipalities the valuation for the land and built up property acquired is according to the Basic Value Registers (government price) maintained by the registrar’s office and it is only in the larger towns and corporations that compensations and valuation of land takes place through a negotiated settlement. There is no provision or reference for initiating a negotiated price agreement for acquiring land.

For valuation of land and acquisition is under the control of the District Collector and the participation of the municipal officials in the acquisition activity is limited

Compensation issues in most of the land acquisitions have not received the required attention.

There is no reference document or an R&R policy for the state, which could guide the respective departments in charge of municipal administration.

Lack of Grievance redressal mechanisms within the administration.

In some cases it was found that the PAPs were provided with alternative sites if the people have lost their houses due to the projects implemented.

A policy has to be prepared by the municipal administration to address the issues relating to R&R covering all possible aspects.

Wherever there is a necessity to acquire land or built up properties by the government it should encourage the municipal agencies to invoke a negotiated settlement. This is necessary because the acquisition though takes place through the LA Act of 1894; the benefits proposed by the said act are not sufficient and fall short of addressing problems pertaining to R&R in the urban areas.

A Rehabilitation Action Plan has to be drafted according to the R&R policy to lay down the course of action for the municipal local bodies.

There are three R&R policies for the Government of Andhra Pradesh prepared by select agencies namely R&R policy of APSHP (Roads and Buildings department), Social safeguard policy of AP TRANSCO, and the R&R policy for the Third Irrigation project of Andhra Pradesh. The inputs of these policies can be reviewed in the preparation of the R&R policy for the Department of Municipal Administration.

Compensation and assistance has to be provided for any case of acquisition of land or built up property considering the various categories of Project Affected Persons. The compensations to be paid have been detailed clearly in the APTP Act 1920, which can be used.

A separate institutional

The S&E Manager at the APUFIDC along with his support staff will verify, screen and categorize sub-projects.

The Social and Environmental (S&E) Officer at the ULB level will identify the losses in detail with the help of NGOs and prepare a list of PAPs. The Municipal Engineer at the ULB will monitor the progress of the S&E Officer. The details then may be sent to the APMDP cell at the APUFIDC for acquisition and release of funds for compensation. The ME at the ULB will act as the important official to coordinate both social and environmental issues of the project.

The Independent Grievance Redressal Committee as well as other Grievance Redressal mechanisms would be put in place to address the social and environmental issues that may arise out of a sub-project.

A list of all acquisition details along with the list of the PAPs has to be prepared by the S&E Officer and support arrangements. This list should also contain details like the land acquired, compensation to be paid, the valuation method. Regular documentation of this in the form a status report would help in disbursements of entitlements to the PAPs during the project implementation.

Safeguard policies

World Bank Operational Policy 4.12 on involuntary resettlement.

R&R policy of the Andhra Pradesh State Highways Project (APSHP)

Social Safeguard Policy of AP TRANSCO

R&R policy of the Third Irrigation Project of Andhra Pradesh (APTIP)

Andhra Pradesh Municipalities Act, 1965 (APM Act)

Andhra Pradesh Town Planning Act, 1920 (APTP Act)

Agencies involved

Urban Local Bodies (ULB)

Department of Municipal Administration (DMA)

Department of Town and Country Planning (DTCP)

Public Health and Engineering Department (PHED)

Revenue department at the District


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Identified Social

Impacts / Issues




Measures



for the respective

tasks capacity has to be devised to address the R&R issues covering both social and environmental impacts that may be caused due to implementation of development projects.

To overcome the problems of communication the project objectives as well as creating awareness among the people with regard to the development in the urban areas with the PAPs, the involvement and participation of professional NGO’s can be encouraged.

project implementation.

An assessment should also be undertaken to see if the R&R provisions are proper.

The grievance redressal arrangements at the ULB will address if there are the people put any unsolved grievances forward.

The ULBs will also have a Environmental and Social Management Committee (ESMC) at the municipalities to address the problems wherever collective decisions and other department inputs are needed.

the District level headed by the District Collector (DC)

Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO)

Loss of productive assets

The urban authorities are insensitive towards the loss of productive assets

There is also no provision for compensation that is followed in the urban areas

In the case where there is loss of crops, crop compensations are paid but they are not properly valuated.

A proper valuation of the productive assets owned by the people in the affected area has to take place

Compensation packages have to be devised according to the type of asset lost in lieu with the prevailing market value.

Detailing the assets lost and preparing the respective compensation packages has to be undertaken according to the R&R policy provisions of the project by the concerned S&E officer at the ULB.

These details have to be sent to the MSU for clearance and status of the implementation has to be reported to it.

A complaint cell or the Public Information Center at every municipality will note the problems brought by the PAPs and report for carrying out necessary steps.

Department of Agriculture/Horticulture/ Forest will do the valuation as the case may be with regard to trees with timber value

Safeguard policies

OP4.12 of WB

R&R policy of AP, 2005

R&R policy Amendments 2008 (TR&B)

SSP of AP TRANSCO

APM Act, 1965

APTP Act, 1920

Agencies involved

ULB, CDMA, DTCP, PHED, DC, NGO

Loss Of Livelihood

Livelihood issues are not properly being analyzed by the authorities

Absence of an assessment to analyze

Assess the adequacy of their access to livelihood, social services and social networks

Displacement of the people

A regular Social Assessment of the impact of the project on the people’s livelihood would be helpful in reducing the project

Safeguard policies

OP4.12 of WB



Rev.21May09 254

Identified Social

Impacts / Issues




Measures



for the respective

tasks the livelihood issues

There has not been any special steps taken to protect the vulnerable groups of the society

from their sources of livelihood has to be assessed and mitigative measures have to be considered.

Help of the NGOs can be taken to assess the loss and also monitor the project activities and reduce the impact.

Income restoration activities have to be undertaken wherever there could be an impact of people loosing their livelihood. Jobs have to be provided to them temporarily in the project construction activities if they are willing to do so for the project implementation period

A participatory approach may also be very useful in identifying the issues in the pre-project stage to reduce the impacts on the livelihood of the people and also plan the respective strategies.

reducing the project impacts. This should be undertaken by the concerned ULB along with the help of NGO’s and other local community action groups.

The social assessment should detail the issues that have to be considered to reduce impacts on the livelihood and provide a roadmap for execution. This activity can be undertaken by an NGO with the help of respective offices in the ULB.

The Social Assessment will monitor the access of project-affected people, especially vulnerable groups, to services and their impacts.

AP, 2005


SSP of AP TRANSCO

APM Act, 1965

APTP Act, 1920

Agencies involved


Loss Of Public Utility Lines

There has been a loss of Public utility services due to improper planning

Delays in restoring and reconstruction of the disturbed and lost public utility lines and causing inconvenience in the towns

A plan has to be prepared as to how the construction phase will take place considering the existing situation in the concerned urban area.

An evaluation, particularly on the availability and accessibility to public utility services in the project area has to be made and execution of the project has to take a guided course of action based on it.

The ULB along with its town planning staff has to plan the construction activity.

Execution of works to reconstruct the lost utility lines in cases where they have to remove should be undertaken by the concerned ULBs.

Grievance redressal mechanisms at every municipality will note the problems brought by the PAPs and report for carrying out necessary steps.

Safeguard policies

OP4.12 of WB



SSP of AP TRANSCO

Agencies involved


Loss Of Access To Urban Civic Services and common property resources

Loss of urban civic infrastructure is often seen in the construction stage.

Delays in reconstructing the lost structures and services after the construction.

In case of compulsory loss of important urban civic infrastructure due to the project like community halls and public toilets have to be constructed prior to the construction phases to reduce the inconvenience to the people. It becomes important especially in the

The concerned ULB and the CDMA need to take steps to monitor the construction of the infrastructure.

The revenue department along with the concerned ULB can identify sites for

Safeguard policies

OP4.12 of WB




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Identified Social

Impacts / Issues




Measures



for the respective

tasks

important especially in the slum areas where the people are dependent on such infrastructure on a daily basis.

Public / civic services proposed to be provided through the project, and due to service related factors, have to be constructed.

The loss of access to common properties such as wells, grazing lands etc. should be replaced in the adjacent areas.

the construction of additional sites.

Grievance redressal mechanisms at every municipality will note the problems brought by the PAPs and report for carrying out necessary steps.

SSP of AP TRANSCO

Agencies involved


Loss Of Cultural Properties

The municipal authorities have not been able to clearly specify the method followed to address the cultural property issues that may arise due to any infrastructure project.

Presently the municipal authorities are avoiding the cultural property structures wherever possible and if it is unavoidable the development activity in that area has been stalled.

There is severe lack of clarity on the issues of cultural property management among the municipal officers.

Consultations have to be conducted with the people wherever there is a disturbance to the cultural property due to the project.

Affected properties will be shifted with the consultations with the people without disturbing the original fabric of the property.

A documentation and verification exercise will be undertaken to list out all the cultural properties that may be affected by the project and plans will be executed according to it.

The help of NGO and other consulting agencies may be sought to identify the culturally important buildings.

Reconstruction or Redevelopment of such sensitive infrastructure will be undertaken before the construction phases of the project wherever possible and will be undertaken as per specialist advice.

The APUFIDC will work in close coordination with the ULBs and monitor the activities related to the cultural properties

The Environmental policy of the MAUD would cover the issues pertaining to the cultural property management plan.

All planning, reconstruction and shifting of the cultural property buildings will need to be undertaken in coordination and in compliance with the rules and regulations of the departments in connection to the specific cultural property in scrutiny and the Government of Andhra Pradesh. For Example, Department of archeology, Department of Cultural Affairs, Endowments Department etc.

Safeguard policies

Operation Policy 4.11 of the World Bank on Cultural Property



Environmental Safeguard Policy of AP TRANSCO

Agencies involved

ULB, CDMA, DTCP, PHED, DC, NGO, Specialist Consultants, Department of Cultural Affairs, Department of Archeology, Endowments Department

Displacement Of Vulnerable Group

Displacement of vulnerable groups has not been addressed properly in most of the municipalities.

Legal owners and private landholders have only been given importance. Other than the provision of site for the land lost there has not been any

A separate Tribal development plan is needed to address the problems of the tribal populace that may fall in the project area.

A detailed list of all the people who are displaced, especially those belonging to the vulnerable groups have to be prepared.

Regular field visits to be undertaken by the local ULB officials to monitor the R&R activities and check whether the mitigative measures are being implanted properly or not.

Grievance redressal arrangements at every

Safeguard policies

Operation Policy 4.11 of the World Bank on Cultural Property

Operational Policy 4.10 of


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Identified Social

Impacts / Issues




Measures



for the respective

tasks there has not been any provision to cover the social impacts that may impoverish the people.

There is no provision to cover the vulnerable groups like the squatters and other groups like encroachers who may be affected by the project.

However, these issues are tackled on a case-by-case basis in different municipalities. Some municipalities have taken effective measures in this regard.

have to be prepared.

The possible impacts of the project and the compensations that would be paid should be made available to the people who would be affected.

The help of NGOs can be taken to disseminate the information on the project and also educate them on the possible project impacts.

The NGOs can also check whether the affected persons are properly identified and providing them with identity cards can authenticate the identification of the PAPs. This would ensure that the compensations amounts and other benefits reach the correct people.

Though the squatters and encroachers are not entitled to any benefits, the project may affect their livelihood. Compensations have to address the problems pertaining to the squatters and encroachers.

An assessment of the project will also identify the potential risks that may be involved in its implementation and the suggestions of the people in addressing these problems may be considered.

In the event of any complaint reported regarding compensation or technical assistance, it would be investigated and, if verified, appropriate compensation may be paid.

arrangements at every municipality will note the problems brought by the PAPs and report for carrying out necessary steps.

The evaluation exercise of the implementation of the Resettlement Action Plan prepared for the project has to take place regularly with the help of consultants and NGO’s. This would check corruption and ease the implementation of the project. It would also help in verifying whether vulnerable groups have received benefits under the provisions of the project.

the World Bank on Indigenous People



Environmental Safeguard Policy of AP TRANSCO

Agencies involved

ULB, CDMA, DTCP, PHED, DC, NGO, Specialist Consultants

Lack of exposure to social assessments and appreciation towards R&R

The exposure to social assessments is absent among most of the municipal officials at the ULB level.

Due to lack of an R&R policy and any arrangement addressing such issues the municipal staff are not appreciating an R&R

The preparation of an R&R policy is necessary to guide the municipal officials in such matters.

Before the implementation of the project the municipal staff that would be involved in the implementation of the project have to undergo training on R&R and various that may arise due

Consultations workshops and training programmes have to be conducted and organized by the CDMA for the staff of municipalities and its associated institutions.

The capacity building of specific officers in charge of these special

Safeguard policies

Operation Policy 4.12 of the World Bank on Involuntary Resettlement

Operational Policy 4.10 of the World


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Identified Social

Impacts / Issues




Measures



for the respective

tasks assessment and consider it cumbersome.

It has been observed that such an attitude is due to lack of exposure to R&R issues.

to the implementation of the project.

Involving the municipal officials in the partially or fully in the social assessments that take place could be informative and educative to the officials.

duties can be provided with training at the MSU or by external consultants.

the World Bank on Indigenous People

Operation Policy Note 11.03 of the World Bank on Cultural Property

Agencies Involved

ULB, CDMA, DTCP, PHED, DC, NGOs, Specialist Consultants

Lack of capacities with the municipalities to address the social issues

The municipal administration lacks capacities to address the social issues that may arise due to the project

There is also an absence of grievance redressal mechanisms at the municipality level.

At the CDMA level a Social and Environmental Management Unit has to be constituted to look into the R&R issues and displacement issues pertaining to the projects that would be implemented.

Similarly an R&R officer has to be initiated in each municipality to address the problems that may occur due to the projects.

It is important to constitute a Grievance Redressal Cell (GRC) at the ULB level with officers like the chairman, commissioner, Revenue officer, Town Planning Officer, Municipal Engineer and the R&R officer etc., as members and the District Collector as the head of the Cell.

A detailed capacity building action plan has to be prepared detailing the gaps in the organizational structure and suggesting additional staff or capacities to address the social issues that may rise due to the implementation of the project.

The MSU will monitor the overall Social issues and R&R issues that may arise out of the project. The CDMA will be constantly in touch with the Revenue Department and the concerned District Collectors along with the officials ME who is the in-charge of R&R activities at the ULB and S&E Officer for better coordination.

The ME at the municipality or the ULB will report to the MSU about the progress of the implementation of the R&R in municipalities.

The ME will work in close coordination with Grievance Redressal Mechanisms created at the municipality to address the problems of the people.

The ME will also will work in close coordination with the NGOs and the Consultants to monitor the R&R activities at the ULB level for the sub-project implementation.

Agencies involved


Lack of coordination among the

It has been observed that there is severe lack of coordination among the

Increasing the interdepartmental coordination through

The working committees will report to the Municipal

Agencies involved


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Identified Social

Impacts / Issues




Measures



for the respective

tasks among the departments

coordination among the various institutions that are providing services to the proper in the urban areas.

Delays in granting the project benefits to the project affected persons due to lack of coordination.

Lack of common platform for the institutions to interact.

coordination through meetings in the progress of the works undertaken in the project.

Development of communication through correspondence is important to keep regularly updated information from other department

Constituting working committees in each municipality with members of various departments involved in the project.

to the Municipal commissioner at the ULB level and the commissioners along with the help of the S&E officer will communicate to the District Collector on the monitoring and progress activities.

Monthly review meetings will also help in identifying the shortcomings in the delivery of benefits to the project affected people.


Community Participation

Community participation is totally absent in the planning, design and implementation of the project.

An information and consultation strategy has to be developed for the municipalities on issues like Information and communication on the project activities and progress.

Building the capacities and inclusion of groups like Neighbourhood Action Committees, Citizens Groups and Self- Help Groups in the local bodies that would monitor the project and also be a part of its implementation.

Strengthening of local government mechanism to undertake social audit & ensure transparency

Gender sensitization meetings for all functionaries involved & in communities

The municipal implementation authorities will prepare capacity building plans for inclusion of SHGs etc., into the project design.

A Social Assessment will also examine the extent to which affected people obtained relevant information, participate in the program in order to obtain their due share of benefits and access to services, to return to normal life & recover social capital.

Agencies involved



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8.7 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN –GENERIC IMPACTS PRE IMPLEMENTATION (DESIGN STAGE)

Mitigation measures Environmental Impact Pre implementation Phase

Monitoring Institution

Reference documents

MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR GENERIC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS IN PRE IMPLEMENTATION STAGE

Change in land Use pattern

Avoid conversion of prime agriculture land and other important land uses. Approval from the competent authority shall be taken before the conversion. Strict adherence to DTCP/UDA/Master Plan proposals

ULB Land use policy guidelines MoEF Guide lines

Flooding due to Change in drainage patterns and erosion of top soil

Design shall be based on natural drainage pattern, and ensure that there would be less or no impact on the natural / existing drainage pattern. In unavoidable conditions, measures shall be taken to safely dispose the storm water/ sewage.

ULB Topography, Soil and watershed maps

Impacts due to Excavation /disposal of soil

Identify suitable sites for large quantities of soil excavation

ULB in co-ordination with Ministry of Environment and forests

MoEF guidelines for the specific area, if any. Contour maps of suitable area.

Disturbance to other services during construction

Care shall be taken to avoid damage and disturbance to the existing facilities through proper planning the implementation/construction.

ULB to coordinate with the concerned departments – HMWSSB, R&B

Contract Document Appropriate construction techniques

Odour nuisance The activities shall be planned and located according to the prevailing wind direction in the area

ULB to coordinate with the respective departments

Public Nuisance Act

Decrease in DO Levels in the surface water body and loss of aquatic life

Proper study shall be done to locate the disposal site with respect to the water extraction points, water quality and quantity, aquatic life

APPCB Water Act, 1974 APPCB Standards for waste disposal in to streams

Change in ground water characteristics in terms of quantity and salinity ingress

Proper study should be done regarding soil characteristics, ground water depth and water quality in case of effluent disposal

ULB CGWB Guidelines on Ground water extraction

Loss of ecosystems due to construction and loss of flora and fauna due to new ecosystems

Care to be taken so that the p85roject sites do not fall under habitat of endangered species listed in wildlife protection Act

ULB in co-coordination with MoEF, Govt. Of A.P

Forest Act Wild life protection Act Bio-diversity conservation Rules

Non-compliance to aesthetic environment

Aesthetic and landscape factor shall be included right at the planning stage. Local people shall be consulted before planning for the activities, which may have high impact on aesthetic environment

ULB and Contractor

Contract document

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR SPECIFIC PROJECTS ISSUES IN PRE-IMPLEMENTATION STAGE

Water Supply Change in ground water quality and salinity intrusion in Coastal aquifers due to over exploitation

Study ground water balance details ULB CGWB Guidelines on groundwater Extraction

Non-availability of water from source

Care shall be taken while selecting the source depending upon the availability of water Detailed study of the availability of water from the

ULB --------------


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Reference documents

source shall be done before opting for the source Water logging due to leakages and overflows

All pipe appurtenances should be tested before laying

ULB Conform to IS 11906: 1986 CPHEEO Manual

Sewerage Impacts due to overflow of sewers

Ensure proper designing (gradient & voluminous capacity sufficient to carry the sewage disposed) of sewer lines

ULB IS: 458-1988 (Sewers) CPHEEO Manual on sewerage

Change in ground water quality due to leaching from treatment plant

Proper study shall be made regarding the groundwater table and soil characteristics

ULB IS 11906:1986 for guide lines of lining Solid waste management rules

Decrease in DO Levels of the water bodies and Eutrophication due to disposal of treated waste/sludge

Proper design of outfall Sewers Proper selection of water intake point

APPCB APPCB norms of waste disposal in to water bodies and onto land

Increase in noise levels due to running of treatment plant

Proper selection of treatment plant site Ensure proper designing maintenance and provision of adequate buffer areas

Adhere to the standards to the APPCB

CPHEEO Manual for design and maintenance. CPCB standard Noise levels for specific land use

Solid Waste Management Nuisance due to odour, flies and insects from dump sites

Wind direction shall be taken in to consideration while selecting the site Avoid locating dumping sites near the water bodies, residential areas, schools, colleges and hospitals

ULB Municipal Solid Waste Rules, 2000

Location of landfill sites

Land acquired for land fill sites shall not be agriculture cultivable waste or grazing land or wet lands with high water table, mainly in coastal belts.

ULB & APPCB

Municipal Solid Waste Rules, 2000

Contamination of groundwater resources due to leaching from solid waste

Conduct detailed survey regarding groundwater table and soil characteristics before selection of dumping site to prevent leachate percolating into Ground water

APPCB Municipal solid waste Rules, 2000 Hazardous waste management rules

Roads and Transport Flooding due to change in drainage pattern

Careful planning and designing of road network considering the natural drainage pattern

ULB IRC: 15-1981: IRC: 19-1977: IRC: 86-1983: SP: 20-1979 for Design considerations

Decrease in ground water recharge due to surfacing

Ensure alternative arrangements for groundwater recharge

ULB & CGWB

Traffic Congestion Future traffic projections to decide on the carriageway, proper identification of material dumping during construction.

R&B, ULB Traffic Management rules and guidelines IRC guidelines

Impacts due to mining of road construction materials

Ensure that the mining areas are not notified by the department of Environment as sensitive areas Avoid mining in ecologically sensitive and protected areas

Forest Act Wild Life Act Bio-diversity conservation rules

Road accidents All street/ road appurtenances like street lightning etc should be properly planned, designed and maintained

ULB, Traffic police

IS 12314: 1987 (safety distance) Safety guidelines of IRC For traffic signals and road signs compliance to IRC: 93-1985; IRC: 67-1977

Change in land use due construction and change in land surrounding land use due to

Ensure proper land use planning before implementation of the road projects

Proposed land use plan, if any Conform to IRC5- 1985, IRC6-1966, IRC 11-1962, IRC 22-1886, IRC 21-


Rev.21May09 261



Reference documents

increased accessibility

1987, IRC 40-1970, IRC 54-1987, IRC 103- 1988 for implementation

Storm Water Drain Flooding of down stream areas incase of improper drainage facilities

Ensure proper selection of outfall point with respect to down stream areas

ULB IS 11272: 1985 for drainage system

Increase in sediment load of the water body

Proper design of slope to avoid scouring and overflow due choking

ULB Design as per CPHEEO Manual

Area Upgradation Water logging due to improper drainage facilities and street design

Ensure proper design of streets according to the topography

ULB Road/street design and construction shall comply to IRC: 15-1981, IRC: 19-1977, IRC: 86-1883, IRC: SP-20- 1979 CPHEEO Manual

Critical City Wide Infrastructure Change/ impact on surrounding land use

Identification and provision of land in the DP Strict adherence to DP/TP proposals Approval from the competent authority shall be taken before the conversion Information dissemination regarding land allocated

ULB Proposed land use plan

Congestion due to non availability of parking facilities near the proposal

Ensure sufficient land availability and proper planning of the surrounding land use for parking facilities

ULB --------------------------

Change in water quality and air quality due to disposal of different wastes.

Site selection shall be based on the prevailing wind direction

APPCB ------------------------

Organized Market Areas Impact on surface and groundwater sources due to effluent from slaughter hoses

Proper study shall be done with location of disposal site with respect to water quality and aquatic life

APPCB APPCB Norms on effluent disposal

Increase in noise levels due to allied activities at Complexes/markets

Ensure site selection away from sensitive areas ULB Standard noise levels

Traffic congestion Avoid traffic congestion with better planning and management

ULB As specified earlier

Land pollution due to disposal of waste from slaughter houses and vegetable markets

Detailed study of the GW table depth and soil characteristics for locating disposal site

CPCB Hazardous and Solid waste management rules Water Act, 1974

Integrated Area Development Change in land use pattern

Avoid conversion of prime agricultural land and other important land uses Ensure proper land use planning before implementation of project Approval from the competent authority shall be taken before the conversion (NA permission)

ULB Same as mentioned earlier

Impacts due to mining of construction materials

Identify suitable sites for large quantities of soil excavation

ULB and MEF As mentioned earlier

Increased stress on water resources and change in

Ensure availability of water resources ULB


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Reference documents

groundwater characteristics and ground conditions due to over exploitation Increased stress on infrastructure facilities

Conduct detailed study of existing infrastructure ULB

Environmental Improvement Impacts on natural Ecosystem due to increased movement

Protect natural habitats ULB, MoEF

Wildlife Act Bio-diversity Conservation rules

Change in land use due to increased accessibility

Ensure proper zoning before implementing any project

ULB

Same as mentioned earlier

Urban congestion /stress on other facilities

Proper study shall be made regarding the existing facilities and developed due to future stress

ULB


Rev.21May09 263

IMPLEMENTATION STAGE Mitigation measures Environmental

Impact Implementation phase


Reference documents

MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR GENERIC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS IN IMPLEMENTATION STAGE

Flooding due to Change in drainage patterns and erosion of top soil

Depending on the intensity of rainfall, topography of the area and obstruction to natural drainage due new development, measures to be taken, like leveling the ground surface, creating artificial drainage facilities, provision of dykes to hold run off. Special care should be taken In the low-lying areas where water logging problem is very high careful planning of top cut and –fill to minimize erosion, including resurfacing / re vegetation of exposed areas Proper resurfacing to be done as soon as the concerned activity is over

ULB Topography, Soil and watershed maps

Impacts due to Excavation /disposal of soil

Identify suitable sites for disposal of soil Disposal in natural drainage areas should be avoided Care shall be taken to avoid creation of borrow pits as far as possible, if not, proper care shall be taken for human and animal safety and to avoid water logging

ULB in coordination with Ministry of Environment and forests

MoEF guidelines for the specific area, if any

Traffic congestion during construction

Provision of bypass for traffic during construction and planning and organization of engineering work in such away to minimize traffic congestion In heavy traffic areas work can be done at night time and alternatively use construction techniques which will not obstruct the traffic Sign boards shall be held at a distance of about 500 m to diver the traffic and about the construction activity

ULB to co-ordinate with the traffic police

Contract document Appropriate Construction Techniques CPCB standards of ambient air quality and vehicular and equipment emission

Disturbance to other services during construction

Necessary warning shall be issued to local people about the possible temporary disruption of services, if any Inform to other service providers about the activity and make all arrangements

ULB to ordinate with the concerned departments

Contract Document Appropriate construction techniques

Change in Air quality due to construction, operation and due to traffic increase

Check emission from construction equipments and ensure their proper maintenance proper measures to be taken to arrest smoke and dust. Sprinkling of water to settle down the dust will minimizing the impact All the air polluting appurtenances including the emission from the vehicles used for construction activities Should comply with standards of the SPCB

APPCB in co-ordination with ULB

CPCB standards of ambient air quality and vehicular emissions

Odour nuisance Create sufficient buffer areas ULB to co-ordinate with the respective departments

Public Nuisance Act


Proper measures to be taken to contain the run off from construction sites to avoid contamination and sediment loading of water body



The ground water abstraction should be restricted to permissible limit. Ground water balance must be taken in to consideration while using groundwater as a source


Increase in noise levels due to construction and operation

Check for noise levels of construction equipment construction activities with moderate to high noise levels should be carried out as far as possible only during daytime

ULB in coordination With APPCB

Noise pollution rules

Loss of ecosystems due to construction and loss of flora and fauna due to new ecosystems

Activities should not be allowed in the eco-sensitive regions. Reforestation should be done, in case of any cutting down trees. Alternative routes should be assessed for minimizing the damage wherever possible. Under unavoidable circumstances the wildlife species should be transported to protected areas

ULB in co-coordination with MoEF, Govt. of A.P



Rev.21May09 264

Mitigation measures Environmental Impact

Implementation phase


Reference documents

Public safety Employ safe engineering practices during construction ULB IS 12314: 1987 (safety distance from other services) Safety guidelines of PWD, IRC

MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR SPECIFIC PROJECTS ISSUES IN IMPLEMENTATION STAGE

Water Supply

Change in ground water quality and salinity intrusion in Coastal aquifers due to over exploitation

Ensure extraction to be within permissible limits, so that the ground water budget is maintained

ULB CGWB Guidelines on groundwater extraction

Contamination of water source

Proper safety measures shall be taken during construction Phase so that the water bodies are not polluted

ULB& APPCB WaterAct, 1974 APPCB standards for waste disposal in to streams

Water logging due to leakages and overflows

Ensure proper design network ULB Conform to Is 11906: 1986 CPHEEO Manual

Increase in Noise levels due to running of treatment plant

Proper measures should be taken to arrest the noise (Noise Barriers)

ULB in co-ordination with APPCB

Noise pollution Rules Standard noise levels for specific land use

Increase in energy loads

Ensure less number of pumping stations in network through proper design

Integrate with the local topography Of the city

Cumulative records energy consumption

Sewerage

Contamination of ground water and surface water sources and creation of stagnant pools of wastewater due to over flows and leakages

Proper construction shall be done for the system and all the appurtences should comply with standards.

ULB APPCB norms of waste disposal IS: 458-1988 (sewers) IS 2064: 1993 (installation and maintenance of sanitary appliances) IS 11272: 1985 for basic requirements of drainage system

Decrease in DO Levels of the water Bodies and Eutrophication due to disposal of treated waste/sludge

Select disposal site according to the water body characteristics Confirm detailed study of receiving water body characteristics and aquatic life


Loss of Aquatic life Proper location of disposal point APPCB Same as above

Change in groundwater quality due to leaching from toilets and septic tanks etc

Proper surfacing to be done to avoid leaching, in case shallow depth ground water it is advisable to make proper arrangements Conform to IS 12314:1987 for safety distance from other services

ULB& APPCB

IS 2064:1993 For construction CPHEEO Manual

Solid Waste Management

Location of landfill sites

During construction of landfill site ensure 3m above the ground water table

ULB & APPCB

Municipal solid Waste Rules, 2000


Ensure proper surfacing of dumping site APPCB Municipal solid waste Rules, 2000 Hazardous waste management rules

Land and water pollution due to spillage of asphalt, Tar and hazardous materials

Ensure proper storage and working conditions for materials Ensure skilled workers to handle hazardous substances

APPCB &ULB Hazardous waste handling and management rules IRC guidelines


Rev.21May09 265

Mitigation measures Environmental Impact

Implementation phase


Reference documents


Ensure alternative arrangements for ground water recharge

- --

Air pollution and noise due to increase in traffic

Ensure proper arrangements to control dust pollution. Provide green belts on the road

APPCB APPCB ambient air quality standards

Impacts due to mining of road construction materials

Minimize usage of construction materials through proper planning and designing

Ensure that the mining areas are not notified by the department of Environment as sensitive areas

Forest Act Wildlife Act Bio-diversity conservation rules

Storm Water Drainage

Water logging due to improper drainage facilities and street design

Ensure provision of drainage facilities along road network

ULB Road/street design and construction shall comply to IRC: 15-1981, IRC: 19- 1977, IRC: 86-1883, IRC: SP-20- 1979 CPHEEO Manual

Critical Citywide Infrastructure

Congestion due to non availability of parking facilities near the crematorium

Avoid traffic congestion by providing space for parking ULB

Change in water quality and air quality due to disposal of ash from crematorium

Proper study regarding the ground water table and soil characteristics prior to selection of disposal site

APPCB

Organized Market Areas

Impact on surface and groundwater sources due to effluent from slaughter hoses

Detailed study receiving body characteristics and aquatic life


Traffic congestion Avoid road encroachments especially in market and commercial areas

ULB As specified earlier


Ensure proper design and construction of disposal site especially for slaughter house wastes


Integrated Area Development

Impacts due to mining of construction materials

Care should be taken to avoid creating of borrow pits as far as possible, if not, proper care shall be taken for human and animal safety and to avoid water logging

ULB and MEF As mentioned earlier

Contamination of water resources

Proper measures shall be taken to contain runoff from constructions sites

APPCB APPCB norms

Change in air quality due to increase in traffic

Ensure emission standards from construction equipment and all vehicles

APPCB

Environmental Improvement

Impacts on natural Ecosystem due to increased movement

Avoid activities in eco-sensitive areas Avoid /minimize noise and disturbances as far as possible

ULB, MoEF Wildlife Act Bio-diversity Conservation rules

Out break epidemics during peak tourists visits

Provide emergency centers in all tourism sites to avoid any accidents

ULB --


Rev.21May09 266

POST IMPLEMENTATION STAGE OR OPERATION STAGE Mitigation measures Environmental

Impacts Operational phase


Reference Documents

MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR GENERIC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS IN POST IMPLEMENTATION STAGE

Increase in traffic after completion of project

Incase of probable high increase in traffic existing infrastructure facilities shall be studied, and necessary improvements or alternative arrangements for the expected traffic shall be made

ULB IRC guidelines of V/C ratio and speed of vehicles

Change in Air quality due to construction, operation and due to traffic increase

Proper checking through out the operations APPCB in co-ordination with ULB

CPCB standards of ambient air quality and vehicular emissions

Odour nuisance Regular maintenance to avoid o dour nuisance and efficient operation or technology, which has less odour nuisance Create sufficient buffer areas

ULB to co-ordinate with the respective departments

Public Nuisance Act

Nuisance due to insects and files

Ensure measures to reduce vector formation Biological vector control methods can also be tried as alternative Avoid leakages overflow and clogging of sewage /water lines through maintenance and operation stagnation of water or sewage and solid waste dumping should be completely avoided. Spraying of insecticides to avoid spread of vectors is advisable

ULB Solid waste management rules


Check the disposal effluent characteristics Carry out study of water budget with respect to the surface water bodies with respect to the quantity and check for the quality parameters



Withdrawal of ground water should be controlled and regulated


Increase in energy loads Ensure proper operation and maintenance such that all the appurtenances are complying with standards. Ensure proper measure to arrest noise, avoid use of high noise producing equipments during night time in case high noise levels During operation, permanent noise barriers shall be provided for their safety

ULB in coordination With APPCB

Noise pollution rules

Loss of ecosystems Due to construction And loss of flora and fauna due to new ecosystems

Alternative plantation activity in the nearby areas, which can support the species like to be uprooted from the ecosystem Effort should be made to restore the ecosystem as far as possible

ULB in co-coordination with MoEF, Govt. of A.P


Public safety Rigorous implementation of policies through local officers, periodic visits to sites to gauge the implementation, creating awareness among people, taking help of CBO/local NGO’s to oversee the compliance, issuing warnings to the people

ULB IS 12314: 1987 (safety distance from other services) Safety guidelines of PWD, IRC

Fire hazards Ensure proper fire fighting measures with skilled persons for operation Check the preparedness of the equipment and team with regular training and maintenance of equipment Training should be provided to the workers involved in fire risky activities

MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR SPECIFIC PROJECTS ISSUES IN POST IMPLEMENTATION STAGE

Water Supply Change in ground water quality and salinity intrusion

Ground water withdrawal should be restricted, controlled and regulated

ULB CGWB Guidelines on groundwater


Rev.21May09 267

Mitigation measures Environmental Impacts Operational phase


Reference Documents

in Coastal aquifers due to over exploitation

Extraction

Contamination of water source

Ensure testing of water samples ULB& APPCB WaterAct, 1974 APPCB standards for waste disposal in to streams

Water logging due to leakages and overflows

Ensure improved leakage detection and repair techniques Ensure proper maintenance of network

ULB Conform to Is 11906: 1986 CPHEEO Manual

Increase in Noise levels due to running of treatment plant

Check for noise levels during operation ULB in co-ordination with APPCB

Noise pollution Rules Standard noise levels for specific land use

Land pollution due disposal of waste

Ensure disposal site away from treatment plant APPCB Water Act, 1974 APPCB standards for waste disposal onto land

Impacts during operation and maintenance

Avoid stagnant water pools and water logging Check for water contamination during transmission

ULB CPHEEO Manual on water supply

Increase in energy loads

Ensure low energy consumption pumps to installed

Integrate with the local topography Of the city

Cumulative records energy consumption

Sewerage Contamination of ground water and surface water sources and creation of stagnant pools of wastewater due to over flows and leakages

Minimize detection and repair timing through efficient methods Ensure proper operation and maintenance shall be done for the system and all the appurtences should comply with standards

ULB APPCB norms of waste disposal IS: 458-1988 (sewers) IS 2064: 1993 (installation and maintenance of sanitary appliances) IS 11272: 1985 for basic requirements of drainage system

Impacts due to overflow of sewers

Ensure power supply during sewage pumping so that sewers do not overflow Ensure the self-cleaning velocity of the sewerage network

ULB IS: 458-1988 (sewers) CPHEEO manual on sewerage

Change in ground water quality due to leaching from treatment plant

Control of nitrate and microbial pollution of ground water

ULB IS 11906:1986 for guide lines of lining Solid Waste Management Rules

Decrease in DO levels of the water bodies and eutrophication due to disposal of treated waste/sludge

Ensure proper treatment efficiency as per design standards Ensure effluent characteristics as per standards


Loss of Aquatic life Protection of aquatic ecosystem near outfall location

APPCB Same as above

Increase in noise levels due to running of treatment plant

Noise generating equipments should conform to the standards

Adhere to the standards to the APPCB

CPHEEO manual for design and maintenance CPCB standard on noise levels for specific land use

Nuisance due to Insecticides and Flies

Cleanliness near the pumping stations, septic tank, and toilets should be maintained Periodic checks for overflows and leakages should be conducted, stagnation of water and sewage should not be there

ULB

Change in groundwater quality due to leaching from toilets and septic tanks etc

Ensure proper maintenance of toilets and constant water for flushing

ULB& APPCB

IS 2064:1993 for construction CPHEEO manual


Rev.21May09 268



Reference Documents

Health Hazards due to vector formation

Avoid leaks and overflow from main trunk lines Stagnation of water or sewage should be completely avoided Spraying of insecticides to avoid spread of vectors is advisable

Solid Waste Management Nuisance due to odour also due to flies and insects from dump sites

Ensure proper frequency of collection and regular disposal of waste Ensure that no residue is left after collection Bins of sufficient capacity should be provided for collection of waste to avoid overflow Ensure proper safety measures like spraying of insecticides etc at the collection centers to avoid spread of epidemics

ULB Municipal solid Waste Rules, 2000

Spillage of solid waste from trucks During transportation

Avoid open trucks for transporting waste, if incase, ensure that the top is covered and there is no overloading Identify shortest route from collection Point to disposal point to minimize the travel distance and there by increasing the frequency of trips

IS – 12402 1988 Municipal Solid Waste Rules, 2000

Health risk of sanitation workers

Ensure safety measures for workers Provide training to the workers with respect to health risk, and safety in handling solid waste

ULB

Air pollution due to burning of waste

Avoid burning of wastes which are Hazardous in nature e.g., plastics, biomedical wastes

ULB &APPCB Municipal Solid Waste Rules, 2000


Municipal solid waste managing authority should ensure that waste from non-residential areas for disposal are approved only after certification from SPCB that the waste is non-hazardous

APPCB Municipal Solid Waste Rules, 2000 Hazardous Waste Management Rules

Others Ensure Biomedical waste is not mixed with the municipal solid waste Ensure proper safety measures during epidemics

ULB Bio-medical Waste Management Rules

Roads and Transportation Flooding due to change in drainage pattern

Ensure alternative drainage facilities ULB IRC: 15-1981: IRC: 19-1977: IRC: 86-1983: SP: 20-1979 for design considerations

Land and water pollution due to spillage of asphalt, Tar and hazardous materials

Careful operation and maintenance and emergency clean up of hazardous materials

APPCB &ULB Hazardous waste handling and management rules IRC guidelines


Ensure alternative arrangements for ground water recharge

- --

Air pollution and noise due to increase in traffic

Ensure standard emissions from vehicles Regular monitoring of the noise levels on the road during operational phase will help in keeping track of the noise levels over a period of time Ensure proper maintenance of the roads during operational phase, especially during monsoons. One of the main reason for the high SPM levels in the ambient air is poor condition of road network

APPCB APPCB ambient air quality standards

Road accidents Check the speed of the moving vehicles Avoid stagnant water pools on the network by care full design of road drainage facilities

ULB, Traffic police

IS 12314: 1987 (safety distance) Safety guidelines of IRC For traffic signals and road signs compliance to IRC: 93-1985; and IRC: 67-1977


Rev.21May09 269



Reference Documents

Storm Water Drainage Change in water quality of receiving body

Avoid mixing up of domestic and industrial effluent with storm water through proper checking and maintenance Check for uncontrolled run of the system

APPCB APPCB norms for disposal

Increase in sediment load of the water body

Ensure regular operation and maintenance of the system

ULB Design as per CPHEEO Manual

Area Upgradation Water logging due to improper drainage facilities and street design

Ensure proper facilities for disposal of storm water

ULB Road/street design and construction shall comply to IRC: 15-1981, IRC: 19-1977 , IRC:86-1883, IRC : SP-20- 1979 CPHEEO Manual

Water logging /formation of stagnant water pools

Ensure no leakages from water distribution and sewerage lines Ensure proper maintenance of road network and drainage facilities

ULB

Unhygienic conditions due to solid waste dumping

Ensure collection of solid waste at regular intervals Increase awareness among the slum dwellers regarding handling waste

ULB Solid waste management rules, 2000

Unhygienic condition due to toilets

Ensure regular maintenance Ensure proper waste collection and disposal facilities Awareness among people towards health and hygiene

ULB

Health hazards due to flies and insecticides

Ensure that there no stagnant water pools, sewage overflows and improper dumping sites Spraying of insecticides and pesticides are advisable at regular intervals

ULB

Critical City Wide Infrastructure Congestion due to non availability of parking facilities near the crematorium

Provision of space for parking ULB

Change in water quality due to discharge of waste water from hospitals, crematorium

Ensure proper collection and disposal of waste water Ensure proper treatment of hospital waste prior to its disposal. Regular testing and monitoring is advisable

APPCB effluent discharge standards

Health risk due to storage, collection, transportation and disposal of bio-medical waste

Ensure proper training to the personnel involved in the process from storage to disposal Regular monitoring is a must. Avoid burning of bio medical waste Ensure proper treatment and disposal of biomedical waste

APPCB Bio-medical waste management Rules

Health impacts due to continuous exposure to electric waves

Care shall be taken for storage of ash in the premises. Storing in a closed container or covering is advisable. Avoid open/crude dumping of ash, especially in natural drainage areas. Care shall be taken while transportation of ash to disposal site. Ensure that, ash is transported in closed containers

APPCB

Organized Market Areas Impact on surface and groundwater sources due to effluent from slaughter hoses

Ensure proper collection, treatment and disposal of waste water especially from slaughter houses Regular monitoring of effluent form slaughterhouses is a must.


Impacts due to storing, dumping/disposal of solid

Ensure regular collection frequency of waste from markets/slaughter house

APPCB & ULB

Solid waste management rules


Rev.21May09 270



Reference Documents

waste Care shall be taken in disposing bio-degradable waste Avoid open/crude dumping of vegetable/markets waste especially in natural drainage areas

Hazardous waste management rules

Health hazards due to unhygienic conditions

Care should be taken to a void stagnant water pools Ensure proper frequency of collection, of market wastes Spraying of insectides and pesticides is advisable

ULB

Odour nuisance from biodegradable waste

Cleanliness near storage and cleaning sites should be maintained. Stagnation of water pools should be completely avoided. Ensure collection frequency of solid waste at regular period Create sufficient buffer areas

Nuisance due to insectides and files

Ensure proper cleaning and maintenance of surrounding areas Spraying of insectides at regular intervals is advisable

ULB

Fire hazards especially in cold storage units

Ensure proper fire fighting measures with skilled persons Ensure with proper safety measures for workers Provide training to workers

ULB Fire safety and hazard rules


Ensure proper storage and regular collection of waste from market to avoid leaching


Increased stress on water resources and change in groundwater characteristics and ground conditions due to over exploitation

Ensure that rate of extraction shall not exceed the permissible limit. Alternative source of water shall be identified Increase awareness among the people to conserve water

ULB

Decrease in ground water recharge due to new development and surfacing

Ensure alternate arrangement for ground water recharge

ULB

Contamination of water resources

Avoid improper dumping of solid waste near the water bodies Ensure the effluent treatment to standards before discharge

APPCB APPCB norms

Change in air quality due to increase in traffic

Provide sufficient green belt along roads Ensure regular maintenance of road network Ensure proper surfacing of road network

APPCB

Environmental Improvement

Impacts on natural Ecosystem due to increased movement

Provide noise barriers to avid disturbance to birds /animals Avoid /minimize noise and disturbances as far as possible Increase awareness among the tourists about the environment and ecosystem

ULB, MoEF

Wildlife Act Bio-diversity Conservation rules

Impacts due to disposal of waste from tourism related activities

Ensure proper collection and disposal of waste Ensure proper treatment of waste before disposal Provide solid waste collection bins in the tourism Areas

APPCB --

Air pollution due to increased activities

Ensure proper surfacing of roads, proper maintenance, vehicle emission well within standards, parking area

APPCB

Air pollution norms

Out break epidemics during peak tourists visits

Ensure proper sanitation facilities and proper maintenance shall be taken care, Check for proper cleanliness around tourism site

ULB --


Rev.21May09 271

8.8 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN Environmental Monitoring plan: Construction Phase

Monitoring Item

Monitoring details Monitoring Indicator Frequency Responsible Institution

Construction Noise

Measure Construction noise near sensitive areas. Plan showing sensitive areas such as hospitals/schools near the project area shall be prepared

Noise level in dB Noise levels shall confirm to CPCB/APPCB standards

Once in two weeks (Randomly selected)


Dewatering Flooding & Erosion Protection

Inspect for flooding and erosion control measures as specified in EMP

Flooding area Erosion control; Cleared off area and protected area

Once at each stage: Before construction and during construction

ULB

Air quality Measure the air quality around the Sources and surrounding area. Check the emissions from construction equipment and other machinery Inspect dust suppression Measures

SPM, SO2, NOx in ambient air. Check the machinery emissions against CPCB standards

Once in two weeks (24 hours Monitoring on a randomly selected day)


Water Quality

Check the effluent characteristics from the project site. Collect water samples form down streamside of the disposal point. Follow standards sampling procedures

Physical and Chemical Parameters, Colour, temperature, TS, Do, BOD, MPN) Compare with CPCB/APPCB standards and water quality (pre-construction period)

Once in two weeks ULB in co-ordination with APPCB, ULB has to undertake quality checking)

Construction waste and other non-biodegradable waste

Inspect disposal system Quantity of waste disposed Disposal site as specified in EMP

Once in four Weeks

ULB

Bio-degradable waste

Check collection, storage and disposal system. Leaching at the disposal site

Waste characteristics Quantity of waste Disposal system

Once in two weeks APPCB in co-ordination with ULB

Disturbance to other services

Inspect project area if proper care is taken to mitigate or reduce the disturbance as specified in EMP/Contract

Inspect site according to EMP/Contract

Once a month ULB

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN: OPERATION PHASE

Monitoring Item


Groundwater quality in case of groundwater source

Monitor groundwater depletion groundwater quality and groundwater balance

Depletion rate per year Change in groundwater quality

Twice in a year pre monsoon and post monsoon season

ULB in co-ordination with HMWSSB APPCB- quality

Water quality Examine source water quality be employing proper sampling methods

Physical, chemical and biological characteristics (shall comply to drinking water standards after treatment)

Daily before treatment and after treatment

ULB

Leakages and overflows

Monitor the leakages and overflows from water supply system

Leak detection and repair timing No of leaks per month % of wastage to total water supply

Once in a month Cumulative records

ULB


Rev.21May09 272

Monitoring Item


Noise due to running of treatment plant

Measure noise at sensitive locations such as Schools/hospitals and at the treatment plant

Noise levels in dB 24 hours day Once in 4 months

ULB

Waste from treatment plant

Check waste water disposal system Solid waste disposal system

Characteristics of solid waste and quantity of waste. Characteristics of disposal site- soil and ground water

Once in a months Once in year

APPCB/ ULB

Efficiency of water supply system

Treatment Efficiency Energy Consumption UFW

Once in year ULB

Sewerage System Leakages and overflows

Monitor the leakages and overflows in the system and creation of stagnant water pools

Leak detection and repair timing NO. of leaks per month Quantity of sewage reaching the treatment plant

Once in a month ULB

Sewage treatment

Examine the effluent characteristics

Chemical and biological characteristics of sewage

Twice per day at inlet & outlet

APPCB

Change in water quality and aquatic life of the receiving body

Examine the water quality of the receiving body near the down stream of discharge point

Monitor bacterial contamination of surface waters Characteristics of receiving water boides Flora & Fauna

Twice in a year (dry season and wet season) with in 500m and 1000m of U/S and D/S stream of outfall sewer

Seepage from community toilets and septic tanks

Ground water quality and surface water quality

Monitor coliform in surface waters

Twice in a year ULB

Groundwater pollution

Check soil and groundwater quality near the sludge disposal site

Groundwater characteristics

Twice in a year (pre & post monsoon seasons)

Noise due to running of treatment plant

Measure noise at sensitive locations such as Schools/hospitals near the treatment plant

Noise levels in dB 24 hours day once in 3 months

ULB

Vector Formation

Check formation of stagnant polls due to choking, leakages and over flow of sewers, septic tanks, treatment plant etc and un-healthy conditions due to operation of sewerage system

Sanitary checks Once in 3 months ULB

Storm Water Drainage Change in water quality of receiving body

Monitor water quality before and after discharge with in 1000m of U/S and D/S

Monitor SS, DO, BOD faecal coliform, and Turbidity of receiving waterbody Monitor Fisheries production

Daily ULB in coordination with APPCB

Mixing of sewage with storm water

Monitor sewage mixing into storm drains

Measure of quantity of sewage at SPS Monitor fish production

Once in a week during rainy season

ULB

Increase in sediment load in the water body

Monitor regular operational and maintenance of system

Silt accumulation rate Physical and Chemical Characteristics of water.

Twice in year before (before and after monsoon)

ULB and irrigation dept. with APPCB

Flooding due to improper drainage facilities

Follow flooding and water logging measures as mentioned in EMP

Area effected by Flooding/water logging

Thrice in year before, after and during monsoon

ULB


Rev.21May09 273

Monitoring Item


Solid Waste Management Nuisance due to flies and insectides

Inspect measures taken as specified in EMP

Frequency of waste collection Sanitary checking

Once in week ULB coordination with APPCB

Spillage during transportation

Overloading and top covering Loading, top cover in case of open trucks

Once in a month ULB

Condition of transporting

Check operation and maintenance vehicles

Check for vehicle exhaust

Once in six months ULB in coordination with Health department

Health risk of sanitation worker

Monitor the health status of the workers

Health status/ loss of man days due to health conditions

Once in three months

ULB in coordination with Health department

Air pollution due to burning burning of solid waste

Ambient air quality Measure SPM, SOX NOX dioxin and hazardous gases and vapour

Once in six moths ULB in coordination with APPCB

Ground water pollution

Check soil and ground water level near the disposal point

Ground water quality Approval of non hazardous waste from concerned authority

Twice in a year (pre and post monsoon season)

APPCB/HMWSSB ULB in coordination with Health department

Roads and Transportation Increase in Noise due to traffic movement

Monitor noise levels near sensitive area and residential areas

Noise levels in db Once every two weeks

ULB/APPCB

Erosion Protection

Inspect whether erosion mechanisms are followed as in EMP

Flooding area Cleared off area with erosion control

Once in each period during construction and after completion

ULB along with UDA

Dust Ensure proper dust suppression mechanisms as specified in EMP

Measure SPM levels Check the ambient air quality every month

APPCB

Air pollution due to increase in traffic

Monitor emissions from vehicles Inspect maintenance of roads as in EMP

SPM, SO2 CO and Nox and Ensure with CPCB norms

Once in week APPCB

Road accidents Proper maintenance of street appurtences Avoid stagnant water pools along roads

Speed of moving vehicles Check for proper street appurtences

Twice a year ULB

Reduction in ground water recharge

Ground water recharge and depletion Check measures taken as specified in EMP

Ground water depth Twice a year ULB in co-ordination of HMWSSB

Area Upgradation Water supply system

As specified under water supply project

Sewerage system

As specified under sewerage project

Storm water drainage

As specified under storm water project

Roads As specified under roads project Solid waste management

As specified under solid waste management project

Un—hygienic conditions

Sanitary checks Monitor at Once a week ULB

Monitor health status of slum dwellers

Public water taps Public toilets Solid waste

collection points

Once a Month


Rev.21May09 274

Monitoring Item


Water pollution due to slaughter houses

Waste water characteristics Water quality parameters (SS, DO, BOD, COD and faecal coliform) Receiving water body characteristics treatment and disposal Soil quality

Twice a year (Once in wet season and dry season)

APPCB

Land pollution due to slaughter houses

Waste water disposal sites Solid waste disposal sites

Same parameters as above Solid waste characteristics , treatment and disposal Soil quality

Once a year APPCB

Ground water pollution

Monitor waste disposal sites Leaching from disposal sites Monitor ground water Quality near the site

Once in year APPCB

Nuisance due to insects and flies

Check formation of stagnant pools due to leakages and overflow of waste water , solid waste dumping

Sanitary Checking frequency of waste collection Health status

Once a week ULB

Odour nuisance

From slaughter houses and markets

Odour Monitor measures taken as mentioned in EMP

Once month ULB

Increase in noise levels

Monitor of noise levels at sensitive locations near markets

Noise in decibles Once a month ULB

Solid waste disposal

Mode of disposal Collection of solid waste

Frequency of collection Dumping site Distance from collection Point to disposal point

Once in week ULB

Public safety Monitor accidents and health status

No of acciden Disease pattern

Once in month ULB

Fire hazards Monitor measures taken As mentioned in EMP Monitor availability and preparedness of fire fighting unit

No of fire hazards Preparedness by means of time taken

Review once in three months

ULB

Critical Infrastructure Traffic congestion

Compliance with EMP measures

Vehicle speed V/C ratio


ULB

Health risk Monitor bio-medical waste handling and disposal

Collection system Disposal method

Once in a nth ULB

Change in air quality due to ash from crematorium

Monitor ash storage ,transportation and disposal facilities

Monitor air quality (SPM) Spillage due to transportation Method of dumping

Twice in a year ULB in co-ordination with APPCB

Health impacts due to continuous exposure to electric waves

Health status of workers Safety measures

Disease pattern Once in six months ULB

Integrated Area Development Flooding and water logging due to change in drainage pattern

Monitor measures taken as specified in EMP

Area affected by water logging

Thrice in a year before, after and during monsoon

ULB

Increased stress on water sources

Monitor measures As specified in EMP Ground water depletion In case of ground water source

Ground water depletion rate Ground water quality –hardness, chlorides Sulphates) Supply to other parts areas in the city in


ULB


Rev.21May09 275

Monitoring Item


terms of lped

Air pollution due to increased traffic movements

Ambient air quality provision of green belt along pathway Proper surfacing of road network

SPM, Sox, Nox parameters in the ambient air

Twice a year ULB in co-ordination with APPCB

Increase in noise levels

Measure noise near sensitive areas

Noise levels in db Twice in a year ULB in co-ordination with APPCB

Environment Improvement Flooding and water logging due to change in drainage pattern

Monitor measure taken as specified in EMP

Area affected by flooding and water logging No of people affected

Thrice in a year before after and during monsoon

ULB

Decrease in DO levels due to discharge effluent

Monitor water quality flora and fauna

Measure water quality parameters (TS< DO< BOD and faecal coliform)

Once a month ULB in co-ordination with APPCB

Erosion of soil Erosion of banks and bed due to increased river water velocity

Physical observation Silt content in the water body

Once a year ULB in co-ordination with Irrigation dept

Increase in noisy levels

Measure noise near sensitive areas

Noise levels in db Twice in a year ULB in co-ordination with APPCB


Rev.21May09 276

ANNEXURES


Rev.21May09 277

ANNEXURE I

ANDHRA PRADESH MUNICIPAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE

Schedule code: _____________ Date of survey: __________________

I. GENERAL INFORMATION

1.1 Name of the town: ___________ 1.5 House/Door Number: __________

1.2 Location: 1. Slum 2. Non-slum 1.6 Occupant of the house: 1. Owner 2. Tenant 3. Others

_______

1.3 Street name ________ 1.7 Type of ration card: 1. White 2. Pink 3. No card

1.4 Ward No: ________ 1.8 Respondent: 1. Male 2. Female

1.9 DETAILS OF THE FAMILY

1.9.1 1.9.2 1.9.3 1.9.4 1.9.5 1.9.6 1.9.7 1.9.8 1.9.9 1.9.10 1.9.11 1.9.12 1.9.13 1.9.14

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* General –1; BC – 2; SC-3; ST – 4 $ Business/shop keeping-1; Govt.service-2; Pvt service-3; Professional (doctor, lawyer, etc)-4; Non agricultural labour-5; Agricultural labour-6; Farmer/cultivator–7; Others-8 (specify)_________ # Hindu-1; Muslim-2; Christian-3; Others-4 Specify_________

II. HOUSING

2.1 House Type: 1. Pucca 2.Semi Pucca 3.Kutcha

2.2 House Ownership: 1.Owned 2. Rented Æ If 2 go to Q. 2.10

2.3 Does the house has a Patta? 1. Yes 2. No

2.4 If no what are the problems in getting a Patta? Give details

______________________________________

2.5 How often you receive house tax bills? 1. Monthly 2. Quarterly 3. Half yearly 4. Annually 5. Never

received

2.6 Do you have any difficulties in payment of bills? 1.Yes 2.No

2.7 If yes, what are

they?____________________________________________________________________

2.8 How do you rate the services of house tax collection?

1. Very satisfactory 2. Somewhat satisfactory 3. Somewhat dissatisfied 4. Very dissatisfied


Rev.21May09 278

2.9 Have you rented any portion of your house? 1. Yes 2. No

2.10 Are you aware of the rent control act? 1.Yes 2.No

2.11 Do you have any rental agreement with the house owner/Tenant? 1.Yes 2.No

2.12 If no, are you facing any problems because there is no agreement? 1.Yes 2. No

2.13 If yes, what are they?

1. Asking to evict as they wish 2. Abrupt increases in rent 3. Too many conditions 4. Others

_______

III. ROADS

3.1 What road do you have in front of your house? 1. CC 2. BT 3. Metal 4. Gravel 5. Kutcha

3.2 Do you have vehicular access to and from your house (Minimum space for auto rickshaw)?

1. Yes, No difficulty 2. Yes, Always difficult 3. No vehicular access

3.3 Are the lanes and roads near your house regularly cleaned and swept?

1. Daily 2. Once in a week 3. Once in fifteen days 4. Once in a month 5. Never 6. Others _____

3.4 When was the last time that the roads were repaired/improved?

1. Last month 2. Last six months 3. Last one year 4. Others (Please specify) _________

3.5 Did you ever complain about the problems you experience with regard to the roads? 1.Yes 2. No

Æ If 2 go to

Q. 3.8

3.6 If yes, who did you complain?

_____________________________________________________________

3.7 Has your grievance been redressed? 1. Yes 2. No

3.8 How would you rate the quality of the roads and service provided to you in your locality?


3.9 What are the changes do you think are necessary to improve roads in your locality? (Multiple

answers)

1. Better maintenance 2. Regular cleaning 3. Additional roads 4. Others (Please specify) _________

IV. STREET LIGHTING

4.1 Are there streetlights in your street? 1. Yes 2. No Æ If 2 go to Q. 4.8

4.2 What is the type of lighting provided in your street?

1. Halogen lamps 2. Mercury vapour lamps 3. Sodium vapour lamps 4. Tube lights 5. Others

_______

4.3 How often are the local streetlights lit? 1. Daily 2. Not lit 3. Others ___________

4.4 Did you ever complain about the problems you experience with regard to street lighting?


Rev.21May09 279

1. Yes 2. No 3. Do not know how to complain

4.5 If yes, who did you complain? _______________________________________

4.6 How quick do the authorities attend to the your complain?

1. Immediately 2. After a week 3. After a month 4. Never attended so far

4.7 How would you rate the quality of the streetlights and service provided to you in your locality?


4.8 What are the changes do you think are necessary to improve street lighting facility in your locality?

1. More number of lights 2. Better quality lights 3. Bigger lights for better lighting 4. Others

_______

V. WATER SUPPLY

5.1 What are the main sources of water supply?

1. Own municipal water connection 2. Own hand pump 3. Public tap (PSP) 4. Community bore well 5. Well 6. Municipal water tank 7. Private water tank

5.2 If own municipal water connection, what is the frequency of water supplied?

1. In summer once in ____day__________ hours 2. In winter and rainy seasons once in ____day__________ hours

5.3 How long does it take to collect water for the household needs in a day? (Multiple answers)

1. Less than 30 minutes 2. 30 minutes to 1 hour 3. 1 hour to 2 hours 4. Others __________

5.4 Who collects the water in your family?

1. Women 2. Men 3. Both men and women 4. Girl children 5. Boy children

5.5 Do you store water? 1. Yes 2. No storage facility 3. No, as it is available when required

5.6 If you store, how many days does it suffice? Specify _______________ Days

5.7 What is the daily water collection of the family?

1. 10 buckets 2. 10 – 15 buckets 3. 15 buckets and above 4. Others __________ Buckets

5.8 Is the amount of water usually collected enough for the needs of your family?

1. Yes, it usually meets our needs 2. No, but it is not a serious problem 3. No, it is a serious problem

5.9 Do you buy drinking water? 1.Yes 2. No Æ If 2 go to Q. 5.12

5.10 If yes, during which months? Specify ____________________

5.11 How much do you spend on it for month? Rs _________

5.12 If you are depending on the Public tap (PSP) how many households are served by the community

tap? _______________________

5.13 Does the community tap function properly? 1.Yes 2. No

5.14 How far is the community water source?

1.� Less than 100 meters 2. Around 200 meters 3. More than 200 meters 4. Other __________


Rev.21May09 280

5.15 Is the water you receive of potable quality? 1.Yes 2. No Æ If 1 go to Q. 5.18

5.16 If no, what do you perceive are the reasons for contamination of drinking water? ______________

5.17 What safety measures do you take to make the water safe for drinking?

1. Boiling 2. Filtering 3. Add disinfectant 4. Others (Please specify) ___________________

5.18 In situations of water shortage, did the municipality make any alternative arrangements to provide

water? 1.Yes 2. No Æ If 2 go to Q. 5.20

5.19 If yes, please specify ____________________________________________________________

5.20 Did you ever complain about the problems you experience with regard to water supply?

1. Yes 2. No 3. Do not know how to complain Æ If 2 or 3 go to Q. 5.23

5.21 If yes, to whom did you complain? ________________________________________

5.22 Has your grievance been redressed? 1.Yes 2.No 3.Partially

5.23 Did you observe a leakage in the water supply in your locality? 1.Yes 2.No ÆIf 2 go to Q.

5.25

5.24 If yes, how quick the authorities attend to the problem?

1. Immediately 2. After a week 3. After a month 4. Never attended so far

5.25 How would you rate the quality of municipal water supply and services available to you in your

locality?


5.26 What are the changes do you think are necessary to improve drinking water and other water facility

in your locality? (Multiple answers)

1. More number of public water taps 2. More public hand pumps 3. More Public Bore wells 4. Increased water supply through water tankers 5. Construction of overhead public water tanks 6. Others

______

VI. SANITATION

6.1 What latrine facility does your family use?

1. Latrine or pit in our house 2. Community latrine 3. Others _____ Æ If 1 or 3 go to Q. 6.6

6.2 If you are using community latrines, how far is the community latrine facility from your house?

1. Less than 100 meters 2. Around 200 meters 3. More than 200 meters 4. Other __________

6.3 How do you find them?

1. It is always clean 2. It is often clean 3. It is rarely clean 4. It is never clean

6.4 Are you spending any money on the community latrine? 1.Rs ______ per visit/month 2.No charge

6.5 Who in the family regularly uses the Community latrines? (Multiple answers)

1. Whole family 2. Women only 3. Men only 4. Children 5. Elderly

6.6 Does your house have a sewerage connection? 1.Yes 2. No Æ If 2 go to Q. 6.16


Rev.21May09 281

6.7 If yes, Is it an: 1. Under ground drain 2. Open drain

6.8 What do you perceive are the problems with the existing sewerage system? (Multiple answers)

1.Choking of drains 2.Overflowing manholes 3.Inadequate coverage 4.Overflowing drains 5.Others

__

6.9 How frequently are the sewerage lines maintained?

1. Once in a week 2. Once in a month 3. Once in every three months 4. More than three months 5. Only on request 6. Do not know

6.10 Do you receive any sewerage bills? 1. Yes 2. No Æ If 2 go to Q. 6.12

6.11 If yes, what is the frequency of billing?

1.Once in a month 2.Once in three months 3.Once in six months 4.Once in a year 5.Never got so far

6.12 Whenever there is a problem in sewerage, how quick do the authorities to attend to the problem?

1.Immediately 2.After a week 3.After a month 4.Never attend

6.13 Did you ever complain about the problems you experience with regard to existing sewerage /

sanitation system? 1. Yes 2. No 3. Do not know how to complain Æ If 2 or 3 go to Q. 6.18

6.14 If yes, who did you complain? _____________________________________________

6.15 Has your grievance been redressed? 1. Yes 2.No 3.Partially

6.16 If no, specify the reasons for not having a sewage connection? _______________

6.17 If you do not have a sewerage connection and if it is provided in the future, are you ready to take a connection?

1.Yes 2. No 3. Not necessary

6.18 How would you rate the quality of Sewage services provided to you in your locality?


6.19 What are the changes do you think are necessary to improve sewerage system in your locality?

(Multiple answers)

1. More coverage 2. Provide septic tanks wherever there is no coverage 3. Regular maintenance 4. More number of public toilets 5. Well-maintained public toilets 6. Separate public urinals 7. Regular maintenance 8. Others _______________

VII. STORM WATER DRAINS

7.1 Does your locality have storm water drains? 1.Yes 2. No Æ If 2 go to Q. 7.3

7.2 If yes, what type of storm water drains exists?

1. Open drains (Pucca) 2. Open drains (Kuttcha) 3. Closed drains

7.3 If no, how many times does water get stagnant in the lanes nearest to your house?

1. Every day 2. Once in a week 3. Once in a month 4. Only in the rainy season 5. Others _______

7.4 How many times in the past one year has the road been flooded?

1.If yes, ______________ number of times 2. No flooding

7.5 What are the other problems that you see in your locality? (Multiple answers)


Rev.21May09 282

1. Inadequate coverage 2. Flooding of areas 3. Blockage of outlets 4. Others ______________

7.6 Did you ever complain about the problems you experience with regard to storm water drains?

1. Yes 2. No 3. Do not know how to complain Æ If 2 or 3 go to Q. 7.9

7.7 If yes, who did you complain? ______________________________________________

7.8 Has your grievance been redressed? 1. Yes 2. No 3. Partially

7.9 How would you rate the quality of Storm water drains and service provided to you in your locality?


7.10 What are the changes do you think are necessary to improve the storm water drain facility in your

locality? (Multiple answers)

1. All roads to be covered with storm water drains 2. Regular cleaning of the drains 3. Regular maintenance 4. Others (specify) _______________

VIII. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

8.1 How is the solid waste (Rubbish) and garbage generated in your house disposed? (Multiple answers)

1. Municipal garbage bins 2. Thrown on the roadside and open spaces 3. Thrown into the drains 4. Collected by others on payment (through mini carts) 5. Local dumping site 6. Others _______

8.2 If you are dumping garbage in open spaces please specify the reasons for doing so? ____________

8.3 Does the municipality clear the garbage dumped in the open spaces? 1.Yes 2. No Æ If 2 go to Q.

8.5

8.4 If yes, how often? (Multiple answers)

1. Daily 2. More than once a week 3. Once a week 4. Fortnightly 5. Once in a month 6. Do not know 7. Others ________________

8.5 If collection of garbage takes place through carts, what is the frequency of collection?

1. Daily 2. Once in two days 3. Once in three days 4. Once in four days 5. Others __________

8.6 Are there any charges to avail this facility? 1.Yes 2.No Æ If 2 go to Q. 8.8

8.7 If yes, please specify the charges paid Rs.______________ /month

8.8 How would you rate the quality of solid waste management system in your locality?


8.9 What are the changes do you think are necessary to improve the solid waste management system in

your locality? (Multiple answers)

1. More number of dustbins to be provided 2. Regular clearance of garbage 3. Closed garbage bins than open bins 4. Others _______________

IX. HEALTH

9.1 Do you have a health facility near your house? 1.Yes 2. No Æ If 2 go to Q. 9.8

9.2 If yes, what type of health facility is available? (Multiple answers)


Rev.21May09 283

1. Hospital 2. Primary Health Center 3. Registered Medical Practitioner 4. Quack 5. Others

___________

9.3 If it is a health center who maintains or runs it?

1. Municipality 2. Government 3. Voluntary organization 4. Private sector 5. Others _____________

9.4 If, municipality run health centers are near to your house how are they maintained?

1. Very satisfactory 2. Somewhat satisfactory 3. Somewhat dissatisfied 4. Very dissatisfied 5. Do not know as I have never used

9.5 Is there anyone from the municipality who visits your house to provide health services? 1.Yes 2. No

9.6 If yes, what do they provide? (Multiple answers)

1. Provide medicines 2. Advise patients 3. Help women patients 4. Help in Health education 5.

Others

9.7 How frequently do they visit your house or locality?

1. Once in a week 2. Twice in a week 3. Once in a month 4. Twice in a month 5. Others _______

9.8 Has anybody in the last one-year fall sick in the house? 1.Yes 2. No Æ If 2 go to Q. 9.11

9.9 If yes, what are the reasons?

1. Contaminated water 2. Poor sanitation 3. Lack of proper drainage of water 4. Others

9.10 How many of your family members fall sick and lost productive days?

1. _____________ Members were unable to work for _________ Days 2. _____________ Members were unable to go to school for _________ Days

9.11 What are the changes do you think are necessary to improve the health situation in your locality?

1. More health staff 2. More visits by health personnel 3. Maintenance of hygiene in the locality 4. Availability of Primary Health Center wherever necessary 5. Others _______________

X. EDUCATION

10.1 Do you have any municipality run public schools near to your residence? 1.Yes 2.No Æ If 2 go to Q.

10.8

10.2 Did any of your children have studied/studying in the school? 1.Yes 2.No

10.3 Is the staff in the school competitive and sufficient? 1.Yes 2. No 3.Do not know

10.4 Does the school staff come regularly to the school? 1.Yes 2. No 3.Do not know

10.5 Did you ever complain about the problems you experience with regard to school?

1. Yes 2. No 3.Not applicable Æ If 2 or 3 go to Q. 10.8

10.6 If yes, who did you complain? ______________________________________________________

10.7 Has your grievance been redressed? 1. Yes 2.No 3.Partially

10.8 How would you rate the quality of educational facility provided by the municipality in your locality?


10.9 What are the changes do you think are necessary to improve the education facility in your locality?


Rev.21May09 284

1. Increase in the number of schools 2. More staff in the school 3. Competent staff in the schools 4. Others _____________

XI. PARKS AND OTHER AMENITIES

11.1 What are the leisure facilities you have near your house? (Multiple answers)

1. Parks 2. Private Leisure centers (Cinema halls etc.) 3. Play grounds 4. Municipal libraries 5. Clubs 6. Others ________________

11.2 Are the municipal leisure facilities maintained well?

1. Very good 2. Good 3. Fair 4. Bad 5. Very bad

11.3 How frequently do you use and access these facilities?

1. Daily 2. Weekly twice 3. Weekly once 4. Fortnightly Once 5. Once in a month 6. Never

11.4 Do you pay any charges to access any of the facilities provided to you by the municipality?

1.Yes 2. No Æ If 2 go to Q. 11.7

11.5 If yes, what are the services for which you pay charges? Specify ___________________

11.6 What are the problems you perceive with regard to these charges?

1. More charges 2. No problem 3. Others _____________

11.7 How would you rate the quality and service of such facilities provided to you in your locality?


XII. COMMUNITY

12.1 Do you have any associations or organizations in your locality/colony/slum? 1.Yes 2. No

Æ If 2 go to Q.12.3 12.2 If yes, what are they? (Multiple answers)

1. Youth clubs 2. Locality/Colony/Slum association 3. Voluntary organizations 4. Self help groups

5. Women’s groups 6. Thrift groups 7. Citizens’ groups 8. Do not know 9. Others _______________

12.3 Did any of your family members use any of the government development programmes? 1.Yes 2. No

Æ If 2 go to Q. 12.5 12.4 If yes, please give details.

Development programmes Sl.no Description Name of the scheme Type of Benefit

12.4.1 12.4.2 12.4.3 12.4.4 1 Employment generation 2 Poverty alleviation 3 Thrift 4 Credit 5 DWACRA 6 Others (Please specify)

12.5 Do you know the local Municipal Councilor or Ward member? 1.Yes 2. No Æ If 2 go to Q.12.10

12.6 Is the local Municipal Councilor or Ward Member accessible to you? 1.Yes 2. No

12.7 Did you ever take a problem to your local Municipal Councilor/Ward Member? 1.Yes 2. No

12.8 If yes, what happened?


Rev.21May09 285

1. He was not available 2. He did not show any interest 3. He helped but the problem was not solved 4. He helped and the problem was solved 5. Other __________________

12.9 Do you consider that your local Municipal Councilor or ward member is useful to you?

1. Very useful 2. Somewhat useful 3. No difference 4. Not useful at all 5. Cant say

12.10 Has your community as whole participated or undertaken development activities (Janmabhoomi) in

terms of infrastructure development in your locality? 1. Yes 2. No Æ If 2 go to Q.13.1

12.11 If yes, please give details of the programmes

_______________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

_____

XIII. AIR QUALITY

13.1 How do you perceive the air quality in the vicinity of your locality? 1. Clean 2. Polluted 3. Can’t say

13.2 If, polluted, what do you perceive as the reasons for pollution?

1. Industrial emissions 2. Vehicular emissions 3. Others _________________

13.3 Do you perceive any health problems due to air pollution? 1.Yes 2.No Æ If 2 go to Q.13.5

13.4 If yes, please specify. 1. Breathing discomfort 2. Asthma 3. Bronchitis 4. Other ________________

13.5 what measures, in your opinion should be taken up to deal with the problem of air pollution? Please

give details

________________________________________________________________________

XIV. RESETTLEMENT AND REHABILITATION

14.1 Did you loose any of your assets for municipal infrastructure projects, such as, pipelines, Road

improvement etc? 1.Yes 2.No Æ If 2 go to Q.15.1

14.2 If yes, what did you loose?

1. Land 2.House 3.House annex 4. Number of working days 5. Shop 6. Others ___

14.3 Were you compensated or assisted for the loss incurred? 1. Yes 2.No

14.4 If yes, what was the compensation or assistance?

1. Given alternative house 2.Givenm alternative plot or land 3. Given compensation as per LA Act 4.Assistence in the form of exgratia 5. Others _______________

14.5 What is the time taken to get compensation/assistance from the date of loss?

1. One month 2. Three months 3.Six months 4. Others ____________

XV. ASSET OWNERSHIP

15.1 Give details of the assets owned:

Sl No ASSET OWNED Number Sl No Asset Owned Number

15.1.1 15.1.2 15.1.3 15.1.1 15.1.2 15.1.3


Rev.21May09 286

Sl No ASSET OWNED Number Sl No Asset Owned Number

15.1.1 15.1.2 15.1.3 15.1.1 15.1.2 15.1.3 1 Kerosene stove 10 Television 2 Cooking gas stove 11 Refrigerator 3 Car 12 Computer 4 Scooter/motor bike 13 Washing Machine 5 Bicycle 14 Air Cooler 6 Fridge 15 A/C 7 Telephone 16 Land in acres 8 Cell Phone 17 Houses/apts/plots 9 Electric fan 18 Others ________________

15.2 Give five major suggestions for infrastructure investment and Municipal services?

1. ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________

3. ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________

4. ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________

5. ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________

OBSERVATION OF THE INVESTIGATOR

____________________________________________________________________________________

___

____________________________________________________________________________________

___


Rev.21May09 287

ANNEXURE II

INTERVIEW SCHEDULE FOR THE DEPARTMENTS

Respondent’s name : ______________________ Name of the Organization : ______________________ Designation : ______________________ Place : ______________________

1. Introduce Andhra Pradesh Municipal Development Project. 2. Describe the roles and responsibilities of various offices involved in this process? 3. What are the targeted development programmes/schemes for tribal and other

weaker sections implemented through this organization? Prepare a list of infrastructural and cash assistance schemes.

4. Do you have any schemes on energy creation and extension to the tribal hamlets and weaker section colonies? What are the components of beneficiaries, technology, cash grant, interest rate, subsidy and recovery?

5. What are the criteria for selecting beneficiaries for each scheme? What are the strategies and models you follow to implement the schemes?

6. Which other organizations/individuals you depend on for the programme implementation.

7. What are the practical problems, internal and external, you face in the process of implementation?

8. Do you face any constraints in terms of technical, procedural and legal grounds while identifying and extending assistance to the targeted individuals/groups?

9. How do you assess the utilization of the schemes by the beneficiaries? 10. What are the pre-requisites and conditions you expect from the targeted

individuals/groups for successful utilization? 11. How co-operative are the targeted groups in the process of implementation? 12. How is the inter-organizational coordination in the process of implementation? 13. What and how can your organization help in the implementation of the present

programme? 14. Suggest the areas of improvement for better implementation of Municipal

Development Programme, in priority Procedural reforms – what are they New systems to introduce – what are they More financial assistance More material to be provided Others (specify)


Rev.21May09 288

ANNEXURE III

CHECKLIST FOR SUB-PROJECT ASSESSMENT (SOCIAL SECTION)

1. Collect the sub-project document from the municipal authorities?

2. Divide the sub-projects according to the components listed in the ToR. (Reform

and Infrastructure)

3. Selection of sub-project will be undertaken by both ASCI and the CMSR team

4. The selected sub-projects will be the same for both Social and Environmental

assessments.

Reform Initiatives:

1. Take the details of the reform initiative from the authorities that have initiated it.

2. If the reform initiative is directly linked to people then also try and consult

people on it.

3. Were the beneficiaries a part of the consultations or deliberations of the reform?

4. Have there been any improvements in the area where the reform initiative was

introduced? (Perceptions of the people and the authorities)

• Efficiency

• Service delivery

• Revenue

• Manpower

• People’s reception

5. Was there any impact on the people because of the initiative? (Equity)

Infrastructure Projects:

1. Take the details of the infrastructure project from the authorities that have

initiated it.

2. Identify the people affected by the project.

3. Assess the project in terms of its utility and usage before and after the

implementation of the project. (People/Authorities)

4. Check whether the people were consulted before the construction of the project?

(People and Authorities)


Rev.21May09 289

5. What is the category of the project affected person? (Owner, Tenant, Encroacher

or Squatter etc.)

6. What are the adverse impacts due to the project?

Type of loss

• Physical (Land, House, House annex etc)

• Income (Number of working days)

• Displacement (Stay)

• Livelihood

• Conflicts if any

7. What were the compensations or assistance paid for the loss incurred?

• Alternative house

• Alternative plot or land

• Compensation as per LA Act

• Assistance in the form of ex gratia

• Rental allowance

• Others

8. What is the time taken to get compensation/assistance from the date of loss?

9. If there are any specific impacts on any particular group or section, they have to

be recorded. (Women, SC, ST etc)


Rev.21May09 290

CHECKLIST FOR SUB-PROJECT ASSESSMENT (ENVIRONMENTAL SECTION)

Name of the Town Date

Name of the Area/ Locality

General Profile

Period of existence of the Area/ Locality Possible reason for formation Land ownership issues Predominant occupation of people Economic status Health profile

Predominant diseases Illness trends- Possible causes No of deaths in the recent one year Environmental quality indicators

Air pollution Internal- Fuel used for cooking/ other uses External- Industrial pollution and vehicular pollution Water pollution Quality of ground water - possible causes Quality of water in streams / canals in vicinity – possible causes Noise pollution Industrial/ workshop/ traffic activity/others Land pollution Earlier use of area/ locality Open air defecation- location and magnitude Quantity of solid waste – collection/ disposal practices Proximity to dumping yards Prevalence of hazardous/ hospital waste Infrastructure profile Water supply Source-Individual/ community taps/wells/ potability Operation and maintenance issues- leakages, pressure drops Supply –Sufficiency, periodicity of supply, coping mechanisms Infrastructure projects taken up-schemes- date, executing, funding authority Sewerage Drainage systems- kutcha/ pucca/ underground/ open Operations and Maintenance issues- clogging Type of sewerage- classify w.r.t night soil inclusion Outlet/ destination point of sewerage Infrastructure projects taken up-schemes- date, executing, funding authority Sanitation Facilities-Toilets- individual /public Treatment- soak pits/ septic tanks/ joined to open drain Outlet/ destination point of sullage Infrastructure projects taken up- schemes- date, executing, funding authority Health Services

Facilities- access to health services- Govt/ private Schemes- date, executing, funding authority


Rev.21May09 291


Rev.21May09 292

Civil society setup

Channel of representation to authorities- SHG/ NHG/DWCUA Cooperation from the Authorities


Rev.21May09 293

ANNEXURE IV

CHECKLIST FOR PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS

1. Comment on the processes for project sanctions in the present system? Do you

have any suggestions on improving the processes?

2. Are the process/ criteria for identification of beneficiaries adequate?

3. What is the extent of Stakeholder participation in project formulation?

4. What do you think are the benefits accrued to you and your town due to the

project interventions (institutional reforms & Infrastructure investments)

5. Are there any equity issues in project investments?

6. DO YOU THINK THE CITIZENS IN THIS TOWN ARE RECEIVING

COMMENSURATE SERVICES FOR THE TAXES PAID BY THEM? ARE THE

CITIZENS OF THIS TOWN WILLING TO PAY FOR BETTER SERVICES?

7. Are there any major issues/problem areas not covered under the purview of

any of the projects/programmes presently being implemented in your town?

8. Do you think that there is adequate interdepartmental coordination for the

realization and implementation of projects? How do you think it can be

improved?

9. Do you think the Municipality and institutions like Line departments,

instrumental for realization of projects possess adequate Environmental and

social management capacity and legislation?

10. Can you recollect any problem that was encountered during the execution of

projects in your town?

11. Resettlement & Rehabilitation of Project Affected People and other social

environmental negative impacts.

12. Can you recollect Negative Environmental & Social Impacts or any problem

that was created due to implementation of projects in your town?

13. Do you think that the projects are planned properly to address issues such as

post-project Operation & Maintenance?

14. Are there any issues related to O&M of existing infrastructure?

15. Are there any particular pollution related issues in your town? Examples.

¾�Air pollution


Rev.21May09 294

¾�Industrial pollution and vehicular pollution ¾�Water pollution ¾�Quality of ground water- possible causes ¾�Quality of water in streams/canals in vicinity - possible causes ¾�Noise pollution ¾�Industrial/workshop/traffic activity/others ¾�Land pollution ¾�Prevalence of open-air defecation ¾�Quantity of solid waste - collection/disposal practices ¾�Proximity to dumping yards ¾�Prevalence of hazardous/hospital waste

16. Were any projects taken up to combat the above issues? Can you suggest any

solutions for addressing the above issues?

17. Do you have any suggestions for proposals to be taken up for institutional

reform and Infrastructure provision in the town?


Rev.21May09 295

Population of the ward strata ________________________ X Total sample size to be covered Total population of the town This gives the sample distribution across diff erent ward strata

Total sample size of that ward stratum ______________________________

25 This gives the number of wards to be selected within each sample stratum

ANNEXURE V SAMPLE DISTRIBUTION Step – 1: Sample distribution for each ULB For each ULB, a sample of 400 has been allocated, which would conform to reporting for each ULB at 95% confidence level. Since, 6 ULBs have been selected for the study a total of 2400 sample size would be required as a sample base for the six towns. A multi-level sampling methodology would be employed for the study. The sampling would be at two levels, namely,

1. Sampling of the wards, and 2. Sampling of the households.

The selection of the wards will be done through a stratified random sampling method. In doing so the information available in the MAPP documents prepared under the APUSP will be taken into consideration. The wards in the towns will be predominantly divided into three ward strata, namely,

1. Wards with high incidence of Below Poverty Line population 2. Wards with medium incidence of Below Poverty Line population 3. Wards with low incidence of Below Poverty Line population

To enable adequate spread of household sample in each ULB, we propose to conduct 25 interviews (household) within each ward. This would entail 5 starting points within each ward and 5 interviews around every starting point. The proportion of sample size conducted within each ward strata would be proportional to its universe population. Steps involved in sampling: Step – 1: Sample distribution across different ward strata Since the proportion sample interviews to be conducted within each ward strata would be proportional to its universe population, the sample size within each ward strata would be, Step – 2: Number of wards to be selected within each ward strata The number of wards to be selected within each stratum would be,


Rev.21May09 296

Step – 3: Selection of wards The number of wards within the selected wards for each stratum would be randomly generated through the method of probability proportional to size (PPS). Step – 4: Selection of households Within each ward, the households would be selected randomly through the RHS rule of field movement.


Rev.21May09 297

ANNEXURE VI

AMENITIES IN MUNICIPALITIES IN ANDHRA PRADESH

Sl. No.

Name of the District/ Municipality

Guest Houses Community Halls Kalyana

Mandapas Reading Rooms

Burial Grounds

Compost Yards

I. SRIKAKULAM 1. Srikakulam 4 0 14 2 1 1 2. Ichapuram 2 7 1 3 7 1 3. Amadalavalasa 3 7 3 2 0 0 4. Palasa - Kasibugga 2 9 5 5 10 2 II. VIZIANAGARAM

5. Vizianagaram 0 36 17 2 6 1 6. Saluru 2 13 4 2 5 2 7. Bobbili 2 14 4 5 12 1 8. Parvathipuram 3 12 4 2 10 1 III. VISAKHAPATNAM

9. Bhimunipatnam 4 4 2 2 14 1 10. Anakapalli 2 2 6 1 4 1 11. Gajuwaka 0 103 5 0 14 0

IV. EAST GODAVARI 12. Kakinada 1 8 38 9 6 0 13. Peddapuram 2 3 6 3 4 2 14. Amalapuram NA NA NA NA NA NA 15. Samalkota 1 2 2 1 7 1 16. Pithapuram 1 1 5 2 10 3 17. Mandapeta 1 2 5 2 4 1 18. Ramachandrapuram 1 5 5 3 8 2 19. Tuni 2 6 8 3 5 2

V. WEST GODAVARI 20. Eluru 0 5 11 0 15 2 21. Palacole 2 6 2 2 4 1 22. Bhimavaram 1 1 9 17 6 0 23. Narasapur 3 6 6 2 2 1 24. Tadepalligudem 3 6 7 2 3 1 25. Nidadavolu 3 2 5 4 4 1 26. Kovvur 0 7 3 1 2 0 27. Tanuku 0 5 5 3 5 1

VI. KRISHNA 28. Machilipatnam 4 4 12 5 23 4 29. Gudivada 0 0 2 0 0 0 30. Jaggaiahpet 2 1 2 5 3 1 31. Nuzividu 4 2 3 0 6 1 32. Pedana 0 4 3 1 4 0

VII. GUNTUR 33. Tenali 1 1 20 16 9 1 34. Narasaraopet 3 1 8 4 5 1 35. Bapatla 3 2 4 5 5 0 36. Repalle 1 2 5 3 5 1 37. Chilakaluripeta 2 1 3 5 8 0 38. Ponnur 1 3 5 9 8 1 39. Mangalagiri 2 2 4 4 7 1 40. Macherla 3 2 4 1 4 0 41. Sathenapalli 1 0 7 3 8 0

VIII. PRAKASAM 42. Ongole 4 3 9 4 7 0 43. Chirala 1 1 8 6 10 0 44. Markapur 4 0 7 0 7 0 45. Kandukur 3 0 4 1 3 1

IX. NELLORE 46. Nellore 5 4 21 16 4 1


Rev.21May09 298

Sl. No.




Burial Grounds

Compost Yards

47. Gudur NA NA NA NA NA NA 48. Kavali 2 0 1 2 6 1

X. CHITTOOR 49. Tirupati 7 0 12 2 3 1 50. Chittoor 4 3 24 3 3 1 51. Srikalahasti 5 1 6 0 6 1 52. Madanapalli 0 0 8 5 2 2 53. Punganur 1 0 5 1 3 0

XI. CUDDAPAH 54. Cuddapah 6 6 11 9 8 1 55. Proddatur 2 16 15 3 3 0

XII. ANANTAPUR 56. Anantapur 5 0 15 4 6 1 57. Hindupur 2 2 10 2 18 2 58. Tadpatri 2 11 7 2 7 1 59. Guntakal 4 1 4 3 6 2 60. Rayadurg 1 0 4 1 5 1 61. Kadiri 2 3 3 2 5 1 62. Dharmavaram 0 9 3 3 3 1

XIII. KURNOOL 63. Adoni 4 4 5 2 3 2 64. Nandyal 0 0 4 1 4 1 65. Yemmiganur 3 13 3 2 7 0

XIV. MAHBUBNAGAR 66. Mahbubnagar 3 20 2 2 7 1 67. Narayanpet 1 1 0 5 2 2 68. Gadwal 1 1 2 1 7 1 69. Wanaparthi 1 8 3 1 3 0

XV. RANGA REDDY 70. Tandur 2 1 3 0 7 1 71. Malkaigiri 0 27 20 3 12 0 72. Alwal 0 12 0 1 18 0 73. Kapra NA NA NA NA NA NA 74. Uppal Kalan NA NA NA NA NA NA 75. L.B. Nagar NA NA NA NA NA NA 76. Rajendranagar NA NA NA NA NA NA 77. Serilingampalli 0 4 4 3 0 0 78. Kukatpalli NA NA NA NA NA NA 79. Quthbullapur 0 0 4 0 22 0 80. Vicarabad 2 0 3 1 3 0

XVI. HYDERABAD XVII. MEDAK

81 Zaheerabad 1 4 3 0 1 1 82 Medak 1 0 0 1 1 0 83 Sangareddy NA NA NA NA NA NA 84 Sadasivpet 1 1 2 1 12 0 85 Siddipet NA NA NA NA NA NA XVIII. NIZAMABAD

86 Nizamabad 2 17 30 6 12 0 87 Bodhan 4 15 4 2 8 0 88 Kamareddy 6 9 8 4 4 1 XIX. ADILABAD

89 Mancherial 2 0 4 1 0 0 90 Adilabad NA NA NA NA NA NA 91 Nirmal 5 3 4 1 22 1 92 Kagaznagar NA NA NA NA NA NA 93 Bhainsa 1 3 4 1 9 1 94 Bellampalli 4 1 1 4 0 0 95 Mandamarri NA NA NA NA NA NA XX. KARIMNAGAR

96 Karimnagar NA NA NA NA NA NA


Rev.21May09 299

Sl. No.




Burial Grounds

Compost Yards

97 Jagityal NA NA NA NA NA NA 98 Ramagundam NA NA NA NA NA NA 99 Siricilla NA NA NA NA NA NA 100 Koratla NA NA NA NA NA NA

XXI. WARANGAL 101 Jangaon 1 4 3 4 4 0

XXII. KHAMMAM 102 Khammam NA NA NA NA NA NA 103 Kothagudem NA NA NA NA NA NA 104 Yellandu NA NA NA NA NA NA 105 Palwancha 4 2 2 3 5 0

XXIII. NALGONDA 106 Nalgonda NA NA NA NA NA NA 107 Bhongir 2 14 4 2 6 1 108 Suryapet 3 7 6 0 4 0 109 Miryalaguda 2 10 5 2 4 0 NA-Not Available (As on 31-3-2000) Source: Regional Director- Cum - Appellate Commissioners of Municipal Administration, Andhra Pradesh


Rev.21May09 300

ANNEXURE VII

Medical facilities in municipalities in Andhra Pradesh Sl. No.


Government General Hospitals & Clinics

Municipal Dispensaries

Other Hospitals & clinics

I. SRIKAKULAM 1. Srikakulam 1 3 22 2. Ichapuram 1 0 5 3. Amadalavalasa 1 0 20 4. Palasa - Kasibugga 1 0 34 II. VIZIANAGARAM

5. Vizianagaram 4 1 29 6. Saluru 2 0 13 7. Bobbili 2 0 26 8. Parvathipuram 1 0 9 III. VISAKHAPATNAM

9. Bhimunipatnam NA 0 0 10. Anakapalli 1 1 34 11. Gajuwaka 4 1 68

IV. EAST GODAVARI 12. Kakinada 7 10 66 13. Peddapuram 1 0 5 14. Amalapuram 1 2 37 15. Samalkota 1 0 6 16. Pithapuram 1 0 2 17. Mandapeta 1 0 0 18. Ramachandrapuram 1 2 12 19. Tuni 1 1 29

V. WEST GODAVARI 20. Eluru 1 5 N.A 21. Palacole 1 1 31 22. Bhimavaram 1 1 38 23. Narasapur 1 0 18 24. Tadepalligudem 1 2 44 25. Nidadavolu 2 0 19 26. Kovvur 3 0 5 27. Tanuku 1 3 23

VI. KRISHNA 28. Machilipatnam 1 0 38 29. Gudivada 1 1 24 30. Jaggaiahpet 1 0 17 31. Nuzividu 1 0 0 32. Pedana 1 0 10

VII. GUNTUR 33. Tenali 1 6 80 34. Narasaraopet 1 0 36 35. Bapatla 1 1 13 36. Repalle 1 2 15 37. Chilakaluripeta 1 1 21 38. Ponnur 1 0 24 39. Mangalagiri 1 0 27 40. Macherla 2 0 15 41. Sathenapalli 1 0 30

VIII. PRAKASAM 42. Ongole 4 1 0 43. Chirala 4 NA NA 44. Markapur 2 1 17 45. Kandukur 2 0 22

IX. NELLORE 46. Nellore 4 5 106 47. Gudur NA NA NA


Rev.21May09 301

Sl. No.





48. Kavali 1 0 16 X. CHITTOOR

49. Tirupati 4 2 31 50. Chittoor 1 4 12 51. Srikalahasti 3 0 57 52. Madanapalli NA 0 14 53. Punganur 1 0 22

XI. CUDDAPAH 54. Cuddapah 1 3 27 55. Proddatur 4 2 35

XII. ANANTAPUR 56. Anantapur 2 6 NA 57. Hindupur NA 1 NA 58. Tadpatri 2 1 19 59. Guntakal 6 3 18 60. Rayadurg 1 0 16 61. Kadiri 1 0 46 62. Dharmavaram 2 1 NA

XIII. KURNOOL 63. Adoni 5 3 14 64. Nandyal 1 1 60 65. Yemmiganur 6 0 8

XIV. MAHBUBNAGAR 66. Mahbubnagar 9 0 22 67. Narayanpet 1 0 10 68. Gadwal 3 0 13 69. Wanaparthi 1 0 23

XV. RANGA REDDY 70. Tandur 1 0 11 71. Malkajgiri 2 0 52 72. Alwal 1 0 28 73. Kapra NA NA NA 74. Uppal Kalan NA NA NA 75. L.B. Nagar NA NA NA 76. Rajendranagar NA NA NA 77. Serilingampalli 2 0 2 78. Kukatpalli NA NA NA 79. Quthbullapur 2 0 21 80. Vicarabad 2 0 13


81 Zaheerabad 1 0 26 82 Medak 1 0 14 83 Sangareddy NA NA NA 84 Sadasivpet 2 0 20 85 Siddipet NA NA NA XVIII. NIZAMABAD

86 Nizamabad 2 0 103 87 Bodhan 2 0 6 88 Kamareddy NA 0 15 XIX. ADILABAD

89 Mancherial 1 0 72 90 Adilabad NA NA NA 91 Nirmal 2 0 13 92 Kagaznagar NA NA NA 93 Bhainsa 1 0 0 94 Bellampalli 3 0 10 95 Mandamarri NA NA NA XX. KARIMNAGAR

96 Karimnagar NA NA NA 97 Jagityal NA NA NA


Rev.21May09 302

Sl. No.





98 Ramagundam NA NA NA 99 Siricilla NA NA NA 100 Koratla NA NA NA

XXI. WARANGAL 101 Jangaon 2 0 18

XXII. KHAMMAM 102 Khammam NA NA NA 103 Kothagudem NA NA NA 104 Yellandu NA NA NA 105 Palwancha 3 0 15

XXIII. NALGONDA 106 Nalgonda NA NA NA 107 Bhongir 1 0 14 108 Suryapet 2 0 25 109 Miryalaguda 2 0 40 N.A= Not Available (As on 31-3-2000) Source: Regional Director- Cum - Appellate Commissioners of Municipal Administration, Andhra Pradesh


Rev.21May09 303

ANNEXURE VIII

Educational facilities in municipalities of Andhra Pradesh

Sl. No.

Name of the District/ Municipality Primary Schools Upper Primary

Schools Secondary

Schools

Higher Secondary and

Above Education

Institutions G M O T G M O T G M O T G M O T I. SRIKAKULAM

1. Srikakulam 0 27 0 27 0 1 0 1 0 7 0 7 0 0 0 0 2. Ichapuram 0 8 0 8 0 3 0 3 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 3. Amadalavalasa 0 18 1 19 0 10 1 11 3 0 0 3 1 0 0 1 4. Palasa - Kasibugga 0 0 32 32 1 0 14 15 1 0 12 13 1 0 8 9 II. VIZIANAGARAM

5. Vizianagaram 0 0 37 37 0 0 10 10 0 0 3 3 NA NA NA NA 6. Saluru 0 19 5 24 0 4 10 14 2 2 4 8 1 0 4 5 7. Bobbili 17 1 8 26 1 0 1 2 1 2 6 9 1 0 10 11 8. Parvathipuram 0 17 13 30 0 5 7 12 2 3 6 11 2 0 8 10 III. VISAKHAPATNAM

9. Bhimunipatnam 2 17 3 22 1 4 1 6 0 1 0 1 4 0 0 4 10. Anakapalli 0 18 0 18 0 2 0 2 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 11. Gajuwaka 0 0 101 101 0 0 3 3 0 0 36 36 0 0 6 6

IV. EAST GODAVARI 12. Kakinada 0 42 0 42 0 15 0 15 0 8 0 8 0 0 0 0 13. Peddapuram 0 19 7 26 0 2 7 7 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 14. Amalapuram 0 22 18 40 0 1 0 1 1 2 14 17 1 0 3 4 15. Samalkota 0 8 2 10 0 3 0 3 1 2 2 5 1 0 0 1 16. Pithapuram 0 14 5 19 0 4 2 6 2 3 7 12 1 0 4 5 17. Mandapeta 0 14 22 36 1 5 19 25 1 1 19 21 NA NA NA NA 18. Ramachandrapuram 0 13 8 21 0 2 7 9 0 1 12 13 0 0 0 0 19. Tuni 1 14 15 30 0 1 7 8 1 2 6 9 2 0 1 3

V. WEST GODAVARI 20. Eluru NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 21. Palacole 0 19 21 40 0 4 0 4 0 6 1 7 3 0 2 5 22. Bhimavaram NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 23. Narasapur 0 19 9 28 0 5 5 10 1 3 6 10 1 0 6 7 24. Tadepalligudem 0 13 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 25. Nidadavolu 0 13 0 13 0 5 0 5 0 7 0 7 0 0 5 5 26. Kovvur 0 0 13 13 0 0 1 1 1 1 3 5 2 0 1 3 27. Tanuku 0 14 3 17 0 1 1 2 0 0 7 7 1 0 6 7

VI. KRISHNA 28. Machilipatnam 0 33 0 33 0 2 0 2 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 29. Gudivada 0 15 0 15 0 8 0 8 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 30. Jaggaiahpet NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 31. Nuzividu NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 32. Pedana 0 0 16 16 0 0 9 9 0 0 8 8 1 0 0 1

VII. GUNTUR 33. Tenali 0 36 8 44 0 2 8 10 0 6 5 11 1 0 15 16 34. Narasaraopet 0 17 6 23 0 6 2 8 0 3 8 11 0 0 14 14 35. Bapatla NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 36. Repalle 1 13 5 19 0 5 4 9 1 1 8 10 2 0 5 7 37. Chilakaluripeta 0 23 18 41 0 5 3 8 0 1 13 14 0 0 13 13 38. Ponnur 0 14 27 41 0 0 6 6 0 3 14 17 0 0 9 9 39. Mangalagiri 1 11 24 36 0 5 3 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 40. Macherla 12 0 2 14 1 0 0 1 2 0 1 3 1 0 0 1 41. Sathenapalli NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

VIII. PRAKASAM 42. Ongole 0 15 18 33 1 5 2 8 1 3 7 11 1 0 20 21 43. Chirala 0 14 0 14 0 1 0 1 0 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 44. Markapur 0 13 1 14 0 1 4 5 0 2 11 13 0 0 10 10 45. Kandukur 0 0 33 33 0 0 3 3 0 0 5 5 0 0 6 6

IX. NELLORE 46. Nellore NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 47. Gudur NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA


Rev.21May09 304

Sl. No.


Schools Secondary

Schools


Above Education

Institutions G M O T G M O T G M O T G M O T

48. Kavali 0 15 0 15 0 2 0 2 0 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 X. CHITTOOR

49. Tirupati 0 18 0 18 0 9 0 9 0 4 0 4 NA NA NA NA 50. Chittoor 2 22 35 59 0 1 21 22 4 6 16 26 NA NA NA NA 51. Srikalahasti 1 17 3 21 0 7 14 21 1 1 5 7 5 3 0 8 52. Madanapalli 11 0 0 11 6 0 0 6 0 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 53. Punganur 0 13 0 13 0 4 0 4 1 1 2 4 4 0 0 4

XI. CUDDAPAH 54. Cuddapah 2 32 12 46 0 2 26 28 1 6 21 28 3 0 9 12 55. Proddatur 1 25 42 68 1 1 0 2 2 6 26 34 0 0 0 0

XII. ANANTAPUR 56. Anantapur 0 40 0 40 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 NA NA NA NA 57. Hindupur 0 0 23 23 0 0 2 2 0 0 4 4 NA NA NA NA 58. Tadpatri 1 20 66 87 0 0 15 15 1 4 12 17 2 0 4 6 59. Guntakal 0 26 13 39 0 2 13 15 1 2 6 9 3 0 1 4 60. Rayadurg 0 23 10 33 0 3 6 9 1 2 2 5 0 0 0 0 61. Kadiri 1 18 1 20 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 2 2 0 2 4 62. Dharmavaram 0 28 0 28 0 3 0 3 0 4 0 4 0 0 0 0

XIII. KURNOOL 63. Adoni 0 29 47 76 0 5 8 13 1 2 5 8 1 0 4 5 64. Nandyal 4 31 14 49 0 3 25 28 1 3 0 4 0 0 0 0 65. Yemmiganur 0 0 64 64 0 0 23 23 0 0 6 6 2 0 0 2

XIV. MAHBUBNAGAR 66. Mahbubnagar 0 0 5 5 0 0 10 10 0 0 13 13 NA NA NA NA 67. Narayanpet 0 0 7 7 0 0 3 3 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 68. Gadwal NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 69. Wanaparthi 28 0 30 58 2 0 23 25 7 0 10 17 5 0 7 12

XV. RANGA REDDY 70. Tandur 2 0 12 14 2 0 8 10 3 0 9 12 0 0 0 0 71. Malkajgiri 6 0 6 12 2 0 40 42 3 0 47 50 2 0 4 6 72. Alwal 11 0 8 19 4 0 0 4 5 0 6 11 0 0 3 3 73. Kapra NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 74. Uppal Kalan NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 75. L.B. Nagar NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 76. Rajendranagar NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 77. Serilingampalli 25 0 30 55 1 0 12 13 2 0 18 20 1 0 8 9 78. Kukatpalli NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 79. Quthbullapur 0 0 70 70 0 0 4 4 0 0 24 24 0 0 5 5 80. Vicarabad 1 0 27 28 3 0 4 7 8 0 10 18 4 0 0 4


81 Zaheerabad 1 0 17 18 0 0 18 18 1 0 9 10 2 0 3 5 82 Medak 12 0 2 14 4 0 6 10 4 0 15 19 4 0 6 10 83 Sangareddy NA NA NA NA NR NR NR NR NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 84 Sadasivpet 4 0 9 13 2 0 3 5 2 0 7 9 2 0 0 2 85 Siddipet NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA XVIII. NIZAMABAD

86 Nizamabad 11 0 9 20 15 0 52 67 11 0 37 48 0 0 47 47 87 Bodhan 12 0 8 20 3 0 5 8 5 0 12 17 5 0 5 10 88 Kamareddy 0 0 20 20 0 0 23 23 0 0 20 20 1 0 7 8 XIX. ADILABAD

89 Mancherial 11 0 41 52 2 0 11 13 2 0 4 6 3 0 7 10 90 Adilabad NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 91 Nirmal 10 0 16 26 3 0 22 25 6 0 10 16 9 0 0 9 92 Kagaznagar NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 93 Bhainsa 2 0 3 5 3 0 6 9 2 0 2 4 1 0 2 3 94 Bellampalli 6 0 4 10 7 0 2 9 8 0 0 8 2 0 0 2 95 Mandamarri NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA XX. KARIMNAGAR

96 Karimnagar NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 97 Jagityal NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 98 Ramagundam NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 99 Siricilla NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA


Rev.21May09 305

Sl. No.


Schools Secondary

Schools


Above Education

Institutions G M O T G M O T G M O T G M O T

100 Koratla NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA XXI. WARANGAL

101 Jangaon 0 0 62 62 0 0 40 40 1 0 0 1 6 0 0 6 XXII. KHAMMAM

102 Khammam NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 103 Kothagudem NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 104 Yellandu NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 105 Palwancha 17 0 20 37 13 0 13 26 5 0 11 16 2 0 4 6

XXIII. NALGONDA 106 Nalgonda NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 107 Bhongir 1 0 15 16 7 0 13 20 4 0 13 17 2 0 5 7 108 Suryapet NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 109 Miryalaguda NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

NA – Not Available(As on 30.9.2000) Source: Regional Director- Cum - Appellate Commissioners of Municipal Administration, Andhra Pradesh G – Government M – Municipal O – Others T – Total


Rev.21May09 306

ANNEXURE IX WATER SUPPLY FACILITIES IN THE MUNICIPALITIES DURING 1999-2000 IN ANDHRA PRADESH

Sl. No.


Daily Supply (Lakh gallons)

Per capita Daily Supply (Gallons)*

No. of House Service Connections

No. of Public taps

1 2 3 4 5 6 I. SRIKAKULAM

1. Srikakulam 17.50 15.50 4300 380 2. Ichapuram 1.33 3.03 120 24 3. Amadalavalasa 6.80 11.04 437 178 4. Palasa - Kasibugga 1.27 NA NA NA II. VIZIANAGARAM

5. Vizianagaram 48.00 21.91 7443 545 6. Saluru 7.00 13.61 1397 146 7. Bobbili 10.00 19.72 2175 200 8. Parvathipuram 5.50 10.76 1305 168 III. VISAKHAPATNAM

9. Bhimunipatnam 6.00 11.97 1376 198 10. Anakapalli 9.40 9.81 2234 608 11. Gajuwaka 10.16 NA 5273 774

IV. EAST GODAVARI 12. Kakinada 45.00 11.79 13360 1259 13. Peddapuram 8.00 15.32 3800 215 14. Amalapuram 2.40 4.49 1836 240 15. Samalkota 5.94 10.48 2944 201 16. Pithapuram 8.55 16.42 2700 355 17. Mandapeta 4.82 9.17 1209 313 18. Ramachandrapuram 2.00 4.65 358 142 19. Tuni 8.47 15.00 2220 300

V. WEST GODAVARI 20. Eluru 4.50 1.71 11066 1080 21. Palacole 12.35 17.93 4507 437 22. Bhimavaram 24.00 16.91 6478 545 23. Narasapur 11.00 16.27 3620 259 24. Tadepalligudem 24.00 19.69 7181 549 25. Nidadavolu 6.00 11.33 1950 214 26. Kovvur 7.00 15.83 1358 226 27. Tanuku 0.86 1.18 794 125

VI. KRISHNA 28. Machilipatnam 29.00 16.09 11854 831 29. Gudivada 20.00 15.89 4845 555 30. Jaggaiahpet 5.50 11.59 2275 240 31. Nuzividu 7.46 13.50 2002 316 32. Pedana 2.22 0.04 478 32

VII. GUNTUR


Rev.21May09 307

33. Tenali 1.50 0.88 334 50 34. Narasaraopet 20.00 17.51 4582 380 35. Bapatla 6.40 9.17 3228 278 36. Repalle 1.20 3.03 1100 108 37. Chilakaluripeta 15.45 15.59 5281 450 38. Ponnur 4.50 7.71 706 196 39. Mangalagiri 6.00 8.12 2400 330 40. Macherla 1.00 @ 1000 345 41. Sathenapalli 4.00 @ 1471 145

VIII. PRAKASAM 42. Ongole 4.30 3.67 10800 809 43. Chirala 6.10 3.89 909 285 44. Markapur 6.50 11.07 1440 170 45. Kandukur 3.96 7.69 640 375

IX. NELLORE 46. Nellore 95.00 23.13 15901 1680 47. Gudur NA NA NA NA 48. Kavali 12.00 13.72 1152 483

X. CHITTOOR 49. Tirupati 70.00 27.66 7418 17725 50. Chittoor 25.48 12.89 4232 450 51. Srikalahasti 16.00 22.05 3775 508 52. Madanapalli 18.64 19.36 6302 509 53. Punganur 6.20 14.20 2200 150

XI. CUDDAPAH 54. Cuddapah 25.00 13.44 8336 874 55. Proddatur 12.25 7.48 5701 891

XII. ANANTAPUR 56. Anantapur 42.00 17.04 15329 1238.00 57. Hindupur 9.90 5.38 3843 2000 58. Tadpatri 23.85 26.17 5295 541 59. Guntakal 17.50 13.10 5148 538 60. Rayadurg 9.48 19.02 2206 283 61. Kadiri 13.80 18.47 338 107 62. Dharmavaram 18.60 15.89 4875 209

XIII. KURNOOL 63. Adoni 18.00 10.81 6200 600 64. Nandyal 30.00 19.00 5760 467 65. Yemmiganur 19.00 23.31 2143 580

XIV. MAHBUBNAGAR 66. Mahbubnagar 27.06 17.86 7464 322 67. Narayanpet 4.50 11.37 2013 175 68. Gadwal 8.60 16.49 3520 150 69. Wanaparthi 5.00 9.80 2850 238

XV. RANGA REDDY 70. Tandur 10.00 16.20 3628 227


Rev.21May09 308

71. Malkajgiri 10.00 4.34 6649 277 72. Alwal 11.25 10.30 5505 535 73. Kapra NA NA NA NA 74. Uppal Kalan NA NA NA NA 75. L.B. Nagar NA NA NA NA 76. Rajendranagar NA NA NA NA 77. Serilingampalli 25.79 @ 3770 393 78. Kukatpalli NA NA NA NA 79. Quthbullapur 25.00 6.13 10700 150 80. Vicarabad 6.75 9.70 2262 185

XVI. MEDAK 81 Zaheerabad 4.16 7.92 1383 450 82 Medak 6.00 13.70 3640 196 83 Sangareddy NA NA NA NA 84 Sadasivpet 3.20 7.27 1544 90 85 Siddipet NA NA NA NA XVII. NIZAMABAD

86 Nizamabad 30.00 9.72 11217 2000 87 Bodhan 12.50 15.68 2650 265 88 Kamareddy 9.25 13.42 2820 395 XVIII. ADILABAD

89 Mancherial 12.50 NA 3100 237 90 Adilabad NA NA NA NA 91 Nirmal 10.00 12.83 3253 270 92 Kagaznagar NA NA NA NA 93 Bhainsa 9.00 24.14 1850 200 94 Bellampalli 1.90 @ 750 75 95 Mandamarri NA NA NA NA XIX. KARIMNAGAR

96 Karimnagar NA NA NA NA 97 Jagityal NA NA NA NA 98 Ramagundam NA NA NA NA 99 Siricilla NA NA NA NA 100 Koratla NA NA NA NA

XX. WARANGAL 101 Jangaon 4.80 10.57 2966 342

XXI. KHAMMAM 102 Khammam NA NA NA NA 103 Kothagudem NA NA NA NA 104 Yellandu NA NA NA NA 105 Palwancha 8.76 @ 1697 167

XXII. NALGONDA 106 Nalgonda NA NA NA NA 107 Bhongir 5.60 10.61 3062 212 108 Suryapet 18.00 22.09 5488 613 109 Miryalaguda 9.10 9.63 1670 197


Rev.21May09 309

N.A= Not Available *= As per Growth Rate of 1991 Census over 1981 Census Source: Regional Director-cum- Appellate Commissioners of Municipal Administration, Andhra Pradesh


Rev.21May09 310

ANNEXURE X

LENGTH OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF ROADS IN THE MUNICIPALITIES IN ANDHRA PRADESH (As on 31.3.2000) (In kms.)

Sl. no

Name of the District/Municipality

Cement Concrete

Black Top

(Asphalt)

Water bound

Macadam

Un-metalled Murram

Others Total

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 I. SRIKAKULAM

1. Srikakulam 24.65 54.00 7.60 0.00 0.00 86.25 2. Ichapuram 13.70 20.20 20.69 8.80 0.00 63.39 3. Amadalavalasa NA NA NA NA NA NA 4. Palasa - Kasibugga 11.80 10.00 40.70 40.00 0.00 102.50

II. VIZIANAGARAM 5. Vizianagaram 38.50 90.00 19.00 0.00 80.00 227.50 6. Saluru 15.50 10.83 13.00 0.07 0.00 39.40 7. Bobbili 23.00 12.00 5.00 0.00 6.00 46.00 8. Parvathipuram 9.42 2.19 12.33 11.72 0.00 35.66

III. VISAKHAPATNAM 9. Bhimunipatnam 15.51 16.37 10.06 11.72 0.00 53.66 10. Anakapalli 40.44 12.77 0.00 0.00 0.80 54.01 11. Gajuwaka 42.00 53.00 42.00 109.00 2.00 248.00

IV. EAST GODAVARI 12. Kakinada 90.60 343.14 103.20 44.00 0.00 581.64 13. Peddapuram 21.22 27.70 19.21 12.00 0.00 80.13 14. Amalapuram 20.17 28.89 15.34 0.00 0.00 64.40 15. Samalkota 33.56 6.43 6.28 6.64 0.00 52.91 16. Pithapuram 14.24 36.51 6.04 9.41 7.97 74.17 17. Mandapeta 22.28 21.25 23.50 13.91 0.00 80.94 18. Ramachandrapuram 12.30 33.70 1937.00 1.85 4.32 71.54 19. Tuni 10.29 41.00 11.03 1.84 0.00 64.16

V. WEST GODAVARI 20. Eluru 11.00 123.70 2.00 7.60 0.00 144.30 21. Palacole 20.03 40.90 7.00 2.29 2.00 72.22 22. Bhimavaram 20.98 79.25 14.85 40.19 0.00 155.27 23. Narasapur 29.53 70.08 23.34 11.30 9.32 143.57 24. Tadepalligudem 7.32 50.23 14.21 0.00 21.44 93.20 25. Nidadavolu 13.84 30.29 3.39 8.12 4.52 60.16 26. Kovvur 12.96 26.26 7.66 4.21 1.38 52.47 27. Tanuku 50.38 15.79 1.23 6.53 0.00 73.93

VI. KRISHNA 28. Machilipatnam 16.35 80.55 126.90 40.50 26.00 290.30 29. Gudivada 12.00 64.00 49.00 27.00 0.00 152.00 30. Jaggaiahpet 13.40 20.10 12.80 11.50 0.00 57.80 31. Nuzividu 8.23 14.63 29.72 27.75 0.00 80.33 32. Pedana 6.60 17.00 19.60 6.20 0.00 49.40


Rev.21May09 311

VII. GUNTUR 33. Tenali NA NA NA NA NA NA 34. Narasaraopet 10.42 49.80 42.60 31.50 0.00 134.32 35. Bapatla 34.59 8.60 34.59 0.00 14.82 92.60 36. Repalle 22.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 3.00 31.00 37. Chilakaluripeta 15.00 32.64 29.00 30.95 0.00 107.59 38. Ponnur 33.75 2.15 18.90 0.00 28.90 83.70 39. Mangalagiri 52.38 4.82 4.58 4.10 2.00 67.88 40. Macherla 14.38 5.36 5.60 2.80 28.65 56.79 41. Sathenapalli 5.78 9.72 8.85 46.70 7.00 78.05

VIII. PRAKASAM 42. Ongole 40.50 52.30 37.10 3.90 6.30 140.10 43. Chirala NA NA NA NA NA NA 44. Markapur 51.60 0.00 20.50 10.60 0.00 82.70 45. Kandukur 12.59 5.07 22.06 42.06 38.83 120.61

IX. NELLORE 46. Nellore 30.90 5.00 24.14 18.09 0.00 78.13 47. Gudur NA NA NA NA NA NA 48. Kavali 38.50 20.55 53.00 0.00 0.00 112.05

X. CHITTOOR 49. Tirupati 73.52 47.57 37.38 5.96 0.00 164.43 50. Chittoor 9.95 43.75 37.40 20.00 0.00 111.10 51. Srikalahasti 24.50 22.00 124.00 8.90 10.20 189.60 52. Madanapalli 50.15 33.32 23.57 4.68 0.05 111.77 53. Punganur 15.10 13.70 9.60 14.80 0.00 53.20

XI. CUDDAPAH 54. Cuddapah 106.83 46.57 0.00 0.00 0.00 153.40 55. Proddatur 32.01 25.95 25.56 0.00 6.83 90.35

XII. ANANTAPUR 56. Anantapur 15.59 94.65 96.36 28.15 8.72 243.47 57. Hindupur 42.61 34.26 4.90 18.51 0.00 100.28 58. Tadpatri 18.00 16.00 12.50 40.00 10.00 96.50 59. Guntakal 46.00 0.00 2.00 3.00 0.00 51.00 60. Rayadurg 10.64 8.00 9.75 3.06 2.59 35.05 61. Kadiri NA NA NA NA NA NA 62. Dharmavaram 35.38 35.50 39.00 25.00 40.00 174.88

XIII. KURNOOL 63. Adoni 25.00 14.00 50.00 39.00 0.00 128.00 64. Nandyal 33.13 24.92 21.30 20.31 41.26 140.92 65. Yemmiganur 4.50 18.25 13.50 63.45 0.00 99.70

XIV. MAHBUBNAGAR 66. Mahbubnagar 33.70 37.30 67.69 80.68 0.00 219.37 67. Narayanpet 7.70 6.80 4.50 9.45 0.00 28.45 68. Gadwal 16.00 10.00 18.00 15.00 0.00 59.00 69. Wanaparthi 7.00 7.00 4.80 30.00 0.00 48.80


Rev.21May09 312

XV. RANGA REDDY 70. Tandur 3.20 12.50 16.60 13.60 0.00 45.90 71. Malkajgiri 15.00 83.00 97.00 106.00 4.00 305.00 72. Alwal 2.50 46.75 11.25 41.40 0.00 101.90 73. Kapra NA NA NA NA NA NA 74. Uppal Kalan NA NA NA NA NA NA 75. L.B. Nagar NA NA NA NA NA NA 76. Rajendranagar NA NA NA NA NA NA 77. Serilingampalli 62.00 53.00 68.00 84.00 0.00 267.00 78. Kukatpalli NA NA NA NA NA NA 79. Qutbullapur 3.90 32.30 59.75 79.00 0.00 174.95 80. Vicarabad 0.70 20.00 35.00 40.70 0.00 96.40

XVI. MEDAK 81 Zaheerabad NA NA NA NA NA NA 82 Medak 15.50 35.00 8.00 15.50 4.00 78.00 83 Sangareddy NA NA NA NA NA NA 84 Sadasivpet 0.00 34.60 19.10 7.42 1.68 62.80 85 Siddipet NA NA NA NA NA NA

XVII. NIZAMABAD 86 Nizamabad 40.00 105.00 160.00 108.00 0.00 413.00 87 Bodhan 1.50 19.00 76.00 45.00 0.00 141.50 88 Kamareddy 14.00 25.00 12.00 8.00 0.00 59.00

XVIII. ADILABAD 89. Mancherial 5.00 46.00 8.00 9.00 0.00 68.00 90. Adilabad NA NA NA NA NA NA 91. Nirmal 16.50 10.50 27.00 20.00 0.00 74.00 92. Kagaznagar NA NA NA NA NA NA 93. Bhainsa 17.00 5.24 5.50 12.00 4.00 43.74 94. Bellampalli 10.00 2.00 16.00 46.00 15.00 89.00 95. Mandamarri NA NA NA NA NA NA

XIX. KARIMNAGAR 96. Karimnagar NA NA NA NA NA NA 97. Jagityal NA NA NA NA NA NA 98. Ramagundam NA NA NA NA NA NA 99. Siricilla NA NA NA NA NA NA 100. Koratla NA NA NA NA NA NA

XX. WARANGAL 101. Jangaon 8.20 10.80 21.30 12.50 0.00 52.80

XXI. KHAMMAM 102. Khammam NA NA NA NA NA NA 103. Kothagudem NA NA NA NA NA NA 104. Yellandu NA NA NA NA NA NA 105. Palwancha 7.00 11.00 24.00 40.00 10.00 92.00

XXII. NALGONDA 106. Nalgonda NA NA NA NA NA NA


Rev.21May09 313

107. Bhongir 8.50 0.00 10.75 26.00 0.00 45.25 108. Suryapet 9.80 33.97 89.90 102.20 150.00 385.87 109. Miryalaguda 11.00 32.00 58.00 22.00 10.00 133.00

Source: Regional Director-Cum-Appellate Commissioners of Municipal Administration, Andhra Pradesh. N.A - Not Available


Rev.21May09 314

ANNEXURE XI

SANITATION FACILITIES IN THE MUNICIPALITIES IN ANDHRA PRADESH (As on 31.3.2000)

No. of scavengers Sl.no Name of the

District/Municipality No. of Public

lavatories

No. of Private

lavatories Municipal Private

1 2 3 4 5 6 I. SRIKAKULAM

1. Srikakulam 10 0 0 0 2. Ichapuram 9 0 0 0 3. Amadalavalasa 0 0 0 0 4. Palasa - Kasibugga 1 0 0 0

II. VIZIANAGARAM 5. Vizianagaram 63 0 63 0 6. Saluru 24 72 71 0 7. Bobbili 8 0 8 0 8. Parvathipuram 0 0 0 0

III. VISAKHAPATNAM 9. Bhimunipatnam 33 0 6 0 10. Anakapalli 31 0 0 0 11. Gajuwaka 3 0 5 0

IV. EAST GODAVARI 12. Kakinada 88 0 0 0 13. Peddapuram 0 1 0 0 14. Amalapuram 28 0 0 0 15. Samalkota 27 1 27 0 16. Pithapuram 42 0 0 0 17. Mandapeta 77 0 0 0 18. Ramachandrapuram 20 0 0 0 19. Tuni 17 0 0 0

V. WEST GODAVARI 20. Eluru 29 0 0 0 21. Palacole 42 1 0 0 22. Bhimavaram 37 0 15 0 23. Narasapur 17 0 0 0 24. Tadepalligudem 12 1 12 1 25. Nidadavolu 20 0 0 0 26. Kovvur 11 0 2 1 27. Tanuku 23 0 10 23

VI. KRISHNA 28. Machilipatnam 0 0 0 0 29. Gudivada 15 0 0 0 30. Jaggaiahpet 0 0 0 0 31. Nuzividu 5 0 2 0 32. Pedana 14 0 0 0


Rev.21May09 315

VII. GUNTUR 33. Tenali 21 0 21 0 34. Narasaraopet 7 0 0 0 35. Bapatla 1 0 1 3 36. Repalle 28 0 0 0 37. Chilakaluripeta 16 0 0 0 38. Ponnur 1 0 0 3 39. Mangalagiri 16 0 0 0 40. Macherla 4 0 0 0 41. Sathenapalli 1 0 0 0

VIII. PRAKASAM 42. Ongole 19 0 0 0 43. Chirala 17 0 0 0 44. Markapur 11 0 0 0 45. Kandukur 12 0 0 0

IX. NELLORE 46. Nellore 17 0 0 0 47. Gudur NA NA NA NA 48. Kavali 11 1 2 2

X. CHITTOOR 49. Tirupati 14 NA 0 0 50. Chittoor 4 0 0 4 51. Srikalahasti 11 0 0 0 52. Madanapalli 0 0 0 0 53. Punganur 0 0 0 0

XI. CUDDAPAH 54. Cuddapah 50 0 0 0 55. Proddatur 15 0 0 0

XII. ANANTAPUR 56. Anantapur 21 0 21 0 57. Hindupur 9 0 0 0 58. Tadpatri 30 2 11 1 59. Guntakal 42 0 0 0 60. Rayadurg 17 30 33 0 61. Kadiri 0 0 0 0 62. Dharmavaram NA NA NA NA

XIII. KURNOOL 63. Adoni 35 0 0 0 64. Nandyal 62 0 31 0 65. Yemmiganur 12 2 0 0

XIV. MAHBUBNAGAR 66. Mahbubnagar 0 0 3 0 67. Narayanpet 0 0 5 0 68. Gadwal 43 0 1 0 69. Wanaparthi 13 1 3 0

XV. RANGA REDDY


Rev.21May09 316

70. Tandur 22 1 7 0 71. Malkajgiri 36 0 4 0 72. Alwal 48 2 17 0 73. Kapra NA NA NA NA 74. Uppal Kalan NA NA NA NA 75. L.B. Nagar NA NA NA NA 76. Rajendranagar NA NA NA NA 77. Serilingampalli 7 0 7 0 78. Kukatpalli NA NA NA NA 79. Quthbullapur 18 1 5 2 80. Vicarabad 3 0 4 0

XVI. MEDAK 81 Zaheerabad 8 8 6 0 82 Medak 7 0 3 5 83 Sangareddy NA NA NA NA 84 Sadasivpet 0 0 0 0 85 Siddipet NA NA NA NA

XVII. NIZAMABAD 86 Nizamabad 15 0 0 0 87 Bodhan 6 1 6 0 88 Kamareddy 1 1 1 0

XVIII. ADILABAD 89 Mancherial NA NA NA NA 90 Adilabad NA NA NA NA 91 Nirmal 1 0 0 0 92 Kagaznagar NA NA NA NA 93 Bhainsa 0 0 0 0 94 Bellampalli 2 22 2 22 95 Mandamarri NA NA NA NA

XIX. KARIMNAGAR 96 Karimnagar NA NA NA NA 97 Jagityal NA NA NA NA 98 Ramagundam NA NA NA NA 99 Siricilla NA NA NA NA 100 Koratla NA NA NA NA

XX. WARANGAL 101 Jangaon 3 0 3 0

XXI. KHAMMAM 102 Khammam NA NA NA NA 103 Kothagudem NA NA NA NA 104 Yellandu NA NA NA NA 105 Palwancha 1 1 1 1

XXII. NALGONDA 106 Nalgonda NA NA NA NA 107 Bhongir 18 0 7 0 108 Suryapet 18 0 7 0


Rev.21May09 317

109 Miryalaguda 0 0 0 0 Source: Regional Director-Cum-Appellate Commissioners of Municipal Administration, Andhra Pradesh. N.A - Not Available


Rev.21May09 318

ANNEXURE XII

NUMBER OF STREET LIGHTS IN THE MUNICIPALITIES N ANDHRA PRADESH (As on 31-3-2000)

Sl. No.


M.V.Lamps

Fluorcent Lamps

Bulbs

Others

Total

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

I. SRIKAKULAM 1. Srikakulam 700 2300 0 0 3000 2. Ichapuram 49 171 0 21 241 3. Amadalavalasa 0 25 60 0 85 4. Palasa - Kasibugga 128 1085 25 0 1238

II. VIZIANAGARAM 5. Vizianagaram 40 4500 0 1650 6190 6. Saluru 66 1050 200 0 1316 7. Bobbili 25 1100 0 210 1335 8. Parvathipuram 36 90 663 0 789

III. VISAKHAPATNAM 9. Bhimunipatnam 2 1229 0 153 1384 10. Anakapalli 248 180 6 0 0 2054 11. Gajuwaka 177 430 0 0 607

IV. EAST GODAVARI 12. Kakinada 87 6566 0 1720 8373 13. Peddapuram 35 0 0 1360 1395 14. Amalapuram 600 1040 20 22 1682 15. Samalkota 51 1384 0 0 1435 16. Pithapuram 32 1132 0 0 1164 17. Mandapeta 2 153 0 1152 1307 18. Ramachandrapuram 80 1000 20 40 1140 19. Tuni 141 950 0 100 1191

V. WEST GODAVARI 20. Eluru 626 4692 0 0 5318 21. Palacole 49 1290 0 166 1505 22. Bhimavaram 466 2295 0 271 3032 23. Narasapur 10 1748 0 180 1948 24. Tadepalligudem 283 2150 0 0 2433 25. Nidadavolu 89 1247 0 0 1336 26. Kovvur 42 902 0 0 944 27. Tanuku 24 402 2 1198 1626


Rev.21May09 319

VI. KRISHNA 28. Machilipatnam 425 4321 0 19 4765 29. Gudivada 90 2425 0 340 2855

30. Jaggaiahpet 139 727 22 31 919

31. Nuzividu 154 1147 0 0 1301 32. Pedana 10 900 250 0 1160

VII. GUNTUR 33. Tenali 543 3138 0 0 3681 34. Narasaraopet 183 2228 0 537 2948 35. Bapatla 48 256 1694 302 2300 36. Repalle 92 0 1407 60 1559 37. Chilakaluripeta 0 915 0 311 1226 38. Ponnur 3 0 1612 259 1874 39. Mangalagiri 159 1482 0 0 1641 40. Macherla 304 706 0 0 1010 41. Sathenapalli 183 660 120 73 1036

VIII. PRAKASAM 42. Ongole 265 4875 0 241 5379 43. Chirala 270 3000 0 0 3270 44. Markapur 82 1470 60 0 1612 45. Kandukur 1989 30 0 0 2019

IX. NELLORE 46. Nellore 600 15412 0 510 16522 47. Gudur NA NA NA NA NA 48. Kavali 230 2450 0 0 2680

X. CHITTOOR 49. Tirupati 1009 3496 0 0 4505 50. Chittoor 650 3330 0 0 3980 51. Srikalahasti 47 1406 65 314 1832 52. Madanapalli 519 2749 0 0 3268 53. Punganur 79 725 0 12 816

XI. CUDDAPAH 54. Cuddapah 505 5189 0 200 5894 55. Proddatur 150 2830 0 100 3080

XII. ANANTAPUR 56. Anantapur 826 6500 40 0 7366 57. Hindupur 100 265 4650 0 5015 58. Tadpatri 249 1405 0 0 1654


Rev.21May09 320

59. Guntakal 245 2018 436 0 2699 60. Rayadurg 20 1410 0 20 1450 61. Kadiri 21 173 120 0 314 62. Dharmavaram 0 2640 0 250 2890

XIII. KURNOOL 63. Adoni 640 4500 0 0 5140

64. Nandyal 575 3265 0 0 3840

65. Yemmiganur 126 1960 0 0 2086

XIV. MAHBUBNAGAR 66. Mahbubnagar 30 585 3575 0 4190 67. Narayanpet 15 383 411 0 809 68. Gadwal 52 1900 0 26 1978 69. Wanaparthi 44 1250 75 0 1369

XV. RANGA REDDY 70. Tandur 250 2500 0 0 2750 71. Malkajgiri 688 7092 0 0 7780 72. Alwal 285 3240 120 0 3645 73. Kapra NA NA NA NA NA 74. Uppal Kalan NA NA NA NA NA 75. L.B. Nagar NA NA NA NA NA 76. Rajendranagar NA NA NA NA NA 77. Serilingampalli 1050 5210 0 0 6260 78. Kukatpalli NA NA NA NA NA 79. Quthbullapur 526 4685 0 0 5211 80. Vicarabad 70 760 200 48 1078

XVI. MEDAK 81 Zaheerabad 64 0 315 310 389 82 Medak 56 1470 50 0 1576 83 Sangareddy NA NA NA NA NA 84 Sadasivpet 26 466 24 0 516 85 Siddipet NA NA NA NA NA

XVII. NIZAMABAD 86 Nizamabad 588 4665 139 538 5930 87 Bodhan 78 889 60 0 1027 88 Kamareddy 327 80 0 1601 2008

XVIII. ADILABAD 89 Mancherial 106 1550 30 85 1771 90 Adilabad NA NA NA NA NA


Rev.21May09 321

91 Nirmal 375 1780 110 0 2265 92 Kagaznagar NA NA NA NA NA 93 Bhainsa 10 450 100 28 588 94 Bellampalli 47 1110 325 0 1482 95 Mandamarri NA NA NA NA NA

XIX. KARIMNAGAR 96 Karimnagar NA NA NA NA NA 97 Jagityal NA NA NA NA NA 98 Ramagundam NA NA NA NA NA

99 Siricilla NA NA NA NA NA

100 Koratla NA NA NA NA NA

XX. WARANGAL 101 Jangaon 190 810 0 0 1000

XXI. KHAMMAM 102 Khammam NA NA NA NA NA 103 Kothagudem NA NA NA NA NA 104 Yellandu NA NA NA NA NA 105 Palwancha 340 1540 725 0 2605

XXII. NALGONDA 106 Nalgonda NA NA NA NA NA 107 Bhongir 214 902 0 17 1133 108 Suryapet 60 3200 0 0 3260 109 Miryalaguda 393 1879 0 0 2272



Rev.21May09 322

ANNEXURE XIII

MARKETING FACILITIES IN THE MUNICIPALITIES IN ANDHRA PRADESH 1999-2000

Sl. No.


Daily Markets

Weekly Markets

Rythu Bazar

Slaughter Houses

1 2 3 4 5 6

I. SRIKAKULAM

1. Srikakulam 1 1 1 1

2. Ichapuram 1 0 0 0

3. Amadalavalasa 1 1 1 0

4. Palasa - Kasibugga 3 2 0 0

II. VIZIANAGARAM

5. Vizianagaram 1 0 0 2

6. Saluru 2 1 0 1

7. Bobbili 1 1 0 1

8. Parvathipuram 1 1 1 1

III. VISAKHAPATNAM

9. Bhimunipatnam 2 1 0 2

10. Anakapalli 2 1 0 1

11. Gajuwaka 8 3 0 0

IV. EAST GODAVARI

12. Kakinada 4 0 1 1

13. Peddapuram 1 1 1 1

14. Amalapuram 1 1 1 1

15. Samalkota 2 1 0 2

16. Pithapuram 1 2 0 2

17. Mandapeta 1 0 0 1

18. Ramachandrapuram 1 1 0 1

19. Tuni 1 1 0 1

V. WEST GODAVARI

20. Eluru 5 0 2 2

21. Palacole 1 2 1 2

22. Bhimavaram 4 2 1 1

23. Narasapur 1 0 1 2

24. Tadepalligudem 1 1 1 1

25. Nidadavolu 1 1 1 1

26. Kovvur 1 1 1 0

27. Tanuku 1 1 1 1


Rev.21May09 323


Sl. No.


Daily Markets

Weekly Markets

Rythu Bazar

Slaughter Houses

1 2 3 4 5 6

VI. KRISHNA

28. Machilipatnam NA NA NA NA

29. Gudivada 2 0 1 2

30. Jaggaiahpet 0 0 1 1

31. Nuzividu 1 0 1 1

32. Pedana 2 1 0 1

VII. GUNTUR

33. Tenali 3 0 2 1

34. Narasaraopet 5 0 1 2

35. Bapatla 1 0 0 1

36. Repalle 1 1 0 1

37. Chilakaluripeta 1 0 1 3

38. Ponnur 1 0 1 1

39. Mangalagiri 2 0 1 2

40. Macherla 1 0 0 1

41. Sathenapalli 2 0 0 1

VIII. PRAKASAM

42. Ongole 3 0 2 3

43. Chirala 3 0 1 1

44. Markapur 1 0 0 1

45. Kandukur 2 0 0 1

IX. NELLORE

46. Nellore 4 1 1 1

47. Gudur NA NA NA NA

48. Kavali 1 0 1 1

X. CHITTOOR

49. Tirupati 2 0 0 1

50. Chittoor 4 0 1 1

51. Srikalahasti 2 0 0 1

52. Madanapalli 1 1 0 1

53. Punganur 1 1 0 1

XI. CUDDAPAH

54. Cuddapah 2 0 1 2


Rev.21May09 324


Sl. No.


Daily Markets

Weekly Markets

Rythu Bazar

Slaughter Houses

1 2 3 4 5 6

55. Proddatur 3 2 1 0

XII. ANANTAPUR

56. Anantapur 3 3 1 1

57. Hindupur 1 1 0 2

58. Tadpatri 1 1 0 1

59. Guntakal 1 1 0 2

60. Rayadurg 1 1 0 1

61. Kadiri 1 1 0 1

62. Dharmavaram 1 1 0 1

XIII. KURNOOL

63. Adoni 5 1 1 2

64. Nandyal 3 0 1 2

65. Yemmiganur 1 4 0 2

XIV. MAHBUBNAGAR

66. Mahbubnagar 1 0 0 1

67. Narayanpet 1 1 0 2

68. Gadwal 1 1 0 1

69. Wanaparthi 0 1 0 1

XV. RANGA REDDY

70. Tandur 2 2 0 2

71. Malkajgiri 0 0 1 0

72. Alwal 1 0 1 0

73. Kapra NA NA NA NA

74. Uppal Kalan NA NA NA NA

75. L.B. Nagar NA NA NA NA

76. Rajendranagar NA NA NA NA

77. Serilingampalli 1 1 0 0

78. Kukatpalli NA NA NA NA

79. Quthbullapur 2 0 1 0

80. Vicarabad 1 1 0 0

XVI. MEDAK

81. Zaheerabad 1 1 1 0

82. Medak 1 1 0 2


Rev.21May09 325


Sl. No.


Daily Markets

Weekly Markets

Rythu Bazar

Slaughter Houses

1 2 3 4 5 6

83. Sangareddy NA NA NA NA

84. Sadasivpet 1 1 0 2

85. Siddipet NA NA NA NA

XVII. NIZAMABAD

86. Nizamabad 4 1 3 1

87. Bodhan 3 1 0 1

88. Kamareddy 3 3 0 0

XVIII. ADILABAD

89. Mancherial 1 1 1 1

90. Adilabad NA NA NA NA

91. Nirmal 2 1 1 2

92. Kagaznagar NA NA NA NA

93. Bhainsa 2 1 0 1

94. Bellampalli 1 0 0 0

95. Mandamarri NA NA NA NA

XIX. KARIMNAGAR

96. Karimnagar NA NA NA NA

97. Jagityal NA NA NA NA

98. Ramagundam NA NA NA NA

99. Siricilla NA NA NA NA

100. Koratla NA NA NA NA

XX. WARANGAL

101. Jangaon 1 0 0 1

XXI. KHAMMAM

102. Khammam NA NA NA NA

103. Kothagudem NA NA NA NA

104. Yellandu NA NA NA NA

105. Palwancha 2 0 0 0

XXII. NALGONDA

106. Nalgonda NA NA NA NA

107. Bhongir 2 0 1 3

108. Suryapet 0 1 1 0

109. Miryalaguda 2 2 1 0


Rev.21May09 326


Sl. No.


Daily Markets

Weekly Markets

Rythu Bazar

Slaughter Houses

1 2 3 4 5 6 Source: Regional Director-Cum-Appellate Commissioners of Municipal Administration, Andhra Pradesh. N.A - Not Available


Rev.21May09 327

ANNEXURE XIV

RECREATION AND ENTERTAINMENT FACILITIES IN THE MUNICIPALITIES IN ANDHRA PRADESH (As on 31.3.2000)

Sl. No.


No. of Parks

No. of Play Grounds

No. of Cinema Halls

1 2 3 4 5 I. SRIKAKULAM

1. Srikakulam 10 2 11 2. Ichapuram 1 1 1 3. Amadalavalasa 2 1 3 4. Palasa - Kasibugga 2 4 5

II. VIZIANAGARAM 5. Vizianagaram 18 4 14 6. Saluru 3 4 5 7. Bobbili 2 1 5 8. Parvathipuram 6 0 6

III. VISAKHAPATNAM 9. Bhimunipatnam 1 2 5 10. Anakapalli 3 5 9 11. Gajuwaka 3 1 12

IV. EAST GODAVARI 12. Kakinada 18 12 19 13. Peddapuram 5 6 4 14. Amalapuram 3 1 7 15. Samalkota 4 3 3 16. Pithapuram 5 2 7 17. Mandapeta 4 0 9 18. Ramachandrapuram 2 5 4 19. Tuni 9 1 4

V. WEST GODAVARI 20. Eluru 21 2 12 21. Palacole 4 0 9 22. Bhimavaram 1 13 14 23. Narasapur 3 3 5 24. Tadepalligudem 14 4 10 25. Nidadavolu 4 0 5 26. Kovvur 1 6 3 27. Tanuku 1 0 9

VI. KRISHNA 28. Machilipatnam 14 14 19 29. Gudivada 0 0 1 30. Jaggaiahpet 2 3 5 31. Nuzividu 3 0 5 32. Pedana 5 0 3

VII. GUNTUR


Rev.21May09 328

33. Tenali 6 0 13 34. Narasaraopet 3 5 9 35. Bapatla 3 1 5 36. Repalle 1 1 6 37. Chilakaluripeta 6 6 11 38. Ponnur 0 0 6 39. Mangalagiri 0 0 5 40. Macherla 2 0 4 41. Sathenapalli 4 7 5

VIII. PRAKASAM 42. Ongole 8 5 13 43. Chirala 5 2 11 44. Markapur 1 4 5 45. Kandukur 2 2 5

IX. NELLORE 46. Nellore 15 6 16 47. Gudur NA NA NA 48. Kavali 6 0 7

X. CHITTOOR 49. Tirupati 7 4 19 50. Chittoor 3 2 13 51. Srikalahasti 3 2 9 52. Madanapalli 6 3 15 53. Punganur 0 1 6

XI. CUDDAPAH 54. Cuddapah 4 3 17 55. Proddatur 3 2 10

XII. ANANTAPUR 56. Anantapur 14 10 8 57. Hindupur 2 1 10 58. Tadpatri 12 2 8 59. Guntakal 0 0 4 60. Rayadurg 1 0 3 61. Kadiri 0 3 7 62. Dharmavaram 5 4 6

XIII. KURNOOL 63. Adoni 1 4 11 64. Nandyal 2 4 13 65. Yemmiganur 3 4 7

XIV. MAHBUBNAGAR 66. Mahbubnagar 3 4 10 67. Narayanpet 1 1 4 68. Gadwal 1 2 5 69. Wanaparthi 0 0 4

XV. RANGA REDDY


Rev.21May09 329

70. Tandur 2 0 7 71. Malkajgiri 1 50 3 72. Alwal 0 0 0 73. Kapra NA NA NA 74. Uppal Kalan NA NA NA 75. L.B. Nagar NA NA NA 76. Rajendranagar NA NA NA 77. Serilingampalli 5 1 3 78. Kukatpalli NA NA NA 79. Quthbullapur 1 0 3 80. Vicarabad 5 1 3

XVI. MEDAK 81 Zaheerabad 1 1 3 82 Medak 2 2 4 83 Sangareddy NA NA NA 84 Sadasivpet 1 1 3 85 Siddipet NA NA NA

XVII. NIZAMABAD 86 Nizamabad 6 6 10 87 Bodhan 8 3 4 88 Kamareddy 5 2 7

XVIII. ADILABAD 89 Mancherial NA NA NA 90 Adilabad NA NA NA 91 Nirmal 3 2 5 92 Kagaznagar NA NA NA 93 Bhainsa 0 0 1 94 Bellampalli 1 2 2 95 Mandamarri NA NA NA

XIX. KARIMNAGAR 96 Karimnagar NA NA NA 97 Jagityal NA NA NA 98 Ramagundam NA NA NA 99 Siricilla NA NA NA 100 Koratla NA NA NA

XX. WARANGAL 101 Jangaon 3 0 3

XXI. KHAMMAM 102 Khammam NA NA NA 103 Kothagudem NA NA NA 104 Yellandu NA NA NA 105 Palwancha 1 4 5

XXII. NALGONDA 106 Nalgonda NA NA NA 107 Bhongir 3 2 3


Rev.21May09 330

108 Suryapet 1 8 7 109 Miryalaguda 0 1 8



Rev.21May09 331

ANNEXURE XV

AREA AND DENSITY OF POPULATION

IN THE MUNICIPALITIES IN ANDHRA PRADESH, 1991 Sl. No.


Area (Sq. Kms.)

Population 1991 (No.)

Density of Population

(per sq. km.)

1 2 3 4 5 I. SRIKAKULAM

1. Srikakulam 14.12 88883 6295 2. Ichapuram 25.28 29654 1173 3. Amadalavalasa 19.65 34395 1750 4. Palasa - Kasibugga 32.75 41449 1266 II. VIZIANAGARAM

5. Vizianagaram 19.33 161331 8346 6. Saluru 19.55 43435 2222 7. Bobbili 25.60 43249 1689 8. Parvathipuram 11.24 43497 3869 III. VISAKHAPATNAM

9. Bhimunipatnam 18.18 42061 2314 10. Anakapalli 23.28 84356 3624 11. Gajuwaka 97.00 179785 1853

IV. EAST GODAVARI 12. Kakinada 39 298050 7588 13. Peddapuram 42.31 42806 1012 14. Amalapuram 7.20 46029 6393 15. Samalkota 14.88 48760 3277 16. Pithapuram 19.57 44061 2251 17. Mandapeta 21.65 42453 1961 18. Ramachandrapuram 14.07 36788 2615 19. Tuni 7.02 43904 6254

V. WEST GODAVARI 20. Eluru 14.55 212866 14630 21. Palacole 4.69 56969 12147 22. Bhimavaram 26.14 121314 4641 23. Narasapur 11.32 56362 4979 24. Tadepalligudem 20.71 88878 4292 25. Nidadavolu 10.36 41101 3967 26. Kovvur 8 36061 4376


Rev.21May09 332




Area (Sq. Kms.)



(per sq. km.)

1 2 3 4 5 27. Tanuku 15.55 62913 4046

VI. KRISHNA 28. Machilipatnam 26.67 159110 5966 29. Gudivada 12.67 101656 8023 30. Jaggaiahpet 23.50 36122 1537 31. Nuzividu 28.69 42685 1488 32. Pedana 20.72 27497 1327

VII. GUNTUR 33. Tenali 15.11 143726 9512 34. Narasaraopet 7.65 88726 11598 35. Bapatla 17.92 62536 3489 36. Repalle 10.97 36943 3368 37. Chilakaluripeta 10.36 79142 7639 38. Ponnur 26.14 54363 2080 39. Mangalagiri 11.19 59152 5286 40. Macherla 10.36 43987 4246 41. Sathenapalli 21.88 45442 2077

VIII. PRAKASAM 42. Ongole 8.24 100836 12237 43. Chirala 36.96 108467 2935 44. Markapur 28.77 45563 1584 45. Kandukur 71.86 41336 575

IX. NELLORE 46. Nellore 48.39 316606 6543 47. Gudur 9.42 55984 5943 48. Kavali 22.95 65910 2872

X. CHITTOOR 49. Tirupati 16 174369 10851 50. Chittoor 33.47 133462 3988 51. Srikalahasti 24.50 61578 2513 52. Madanapalli 7.74 73820 9537 53. Punganur 12.00 33882 2824

XI. CUDDAPAH 54. Cuddapah 41.92 140660 3355


Rev.21May09 333




Area (Sq. Kms.)



(per sq. km.)

1 2 3 4 5 55. Proddatur 7.12 133914 18808

XII. ANANTAPUR 56. Anantapur 16.35 174924 10699 57. Hindupur 38 104651 2742 58. Tadpatri 7.45 71068 9539 59. Guntakal 51.93 107592 2072 60. Rayadurg 49.73 40845 821 61. Kadiri 25.88 63378 2449 62. Dharmavaram 40.45 78961 1952

XIII. KURNOOL 63. Adoni 30.12 136182 4521 64. Nandyal 15.42 119813 7770 65. Yemmiganur 14.50 65089 4489

XIV. MAHBUBNAGAR

66. Mahbubnagar 13.70 116833 8528

67. Narayanpet 11.86 33519 2826

68. Gadwal 3.94 40742 10341

69. Wanaparthi 36.31 38862 1070

XV. RANGA REDDY

70. Tandur 19.12 45517 2381

71. Malkajgiri 17.30 127178 7351

72. Alwal 37.90 67271 1775

73. Kapra 43.90 87747 1999

74. Uppal Kalan 19.16 75660 3949

75. L.B. Nagar 70.00 155514 2222

76. Rajendranagar 52.34 84548 1615

77. Serilingampalli 108.15 72320 669

78. Kukatpalli 43.69 186963 4279

79. Quthbullapur 46.87 106591 2274

80. Vicarabad 60.49 39215 648

XVI. MEDAK


Rev.21May09 334




Area (Sq. Kms.)



(per sq. km.)

1 2 3 4 5

81. Zaheerabad 5.19 39613 7633

82. Medak 16.20 35775 2208

83. Sangareddy 13.60 50123 3686

84. Sadasivpet 19.86 30915 1557

85. Siddipet 13.34 54091 4055

XVII. NIZAMABAD

86. Nizamabad 36.86 241034 6539

87. Bodhan 21.36 64406 3015

88. Kamareddy 6.94 48666 7012

XVIII. ADILABAD

89. Mancherial 41.44 52657 1271

90. Adilabad 23.45 84255 3593

91. Nirmal 11.39 57761 5071

92. Kagaznagar 12.87 57535 4470

93. Bhainsa 39.41 29715 754

94. Bellampalli 7.36 66780 9073

95. Mandamarri N.A N.A N.A

XIX. KARIMNAGAR

96. Karimnagar 23.82 148583 6238

97. Jagityal 30.00 67591 2253

98. Ramagundam 28.47 214384 7530

99. Siricilla 12.50 50048 4004

100. Koratla 22.79 40080 1759

XX. WARANGAL

101. Jangaon 6.00 34305 5718

XXI. KHAMMAM

102. Khammam 25.52 149077 5842

103. Kothagudem 25.90 86951 3357

104. Yellandu 6.04 38675 6403


Rev.21May09 335




Area (Sq. Kms.)



(per sq. km.)

1 2 3 4 5

105. Palwancha 101.70 53102 522

XXII. NALGONDA

106. Nalgonda 14.14 84910 6005

107. Bhongir 9.63 40744 4231

108. Suryapet 23.65 60630 2564

109 Miryalaguda 21.91 65879 3007 N.A.= Not Available Source: Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh.


Rev.21May09 336

ANNEXURE XVI

UNDERSTANDING THE PROCESS OF MUNICIPAL ACTION PLAN FOR POVERTY REDUCTION (MAPP)

The Andhra Pradesh Urban Services for the Poor (APUSP) programme The Andhra Pradesh Urban Services for the Poor (APUSP) programme is a major initiative of the state government of Andhra Pradesh towards implementing municipal reforms and strengthening of urban local bodies with an overarching goal of poverty reduction. APUSP is an innovative partnership programme of Government of AP and Government of UK being implemented in 32 class I towns of AP. The goal of APUSP is sustained reduction in vulnerability and poverty of the urban poor in Class 1 towns of AP. APUSP has three mutually complementary components, viz: C1 component – Reforms for municipal performance improvement C2 component – Provision of environmental infrastructure in poor

settlements C3 component - Strengthening civil society

APUSP introduced the ‘Challenge Fund’ concept for accessing funds for infrastructure development under the programme. Urban local bodies (ULBs) have to introduce reforms and demonstrate principles of good urban governance. The purpose of the MAPP process The APUSP established a procedure that 32 Class 1 towns must prepare Basic and Full MAPPs, which demonstrates:

1. A commitment to initiate institutional reforms to effectively meet the needs of their inhabitants, especially the poor.

2. A proven willingness to assist in poverty reduction. 3. Actions to enhance financial performance. 4. Improved environmental service delivery through rehabilitation of

existing works and effective operation and maintenance. The MAPP Process The MAPP is a three-year rolling plan, which begins with the preparation of a BASIC MAPP. Basic Municipal Action Plan for Poverty Reduction [MAPP]


Rev.21May09 337

The Basic MAPP is an Action Plan prepared by municipal corporations and municipalities. It aims to improve the delivery of services to poor settlements through

a. An overall improvement of municipal performance, and b. Through the provision of environmental infrastructure to poor

settlements. It is prepared through a participatory and consultative process with the people of the town to ensure that the Action Plan responds to the people’s needs. Preparation of Comprehensive MAPP (C- MAPP) through Participatory Micro Level Planning (PMLP) Municipalities that successfully complete BASIC MAPP may then through a competitive process bid for additional funds to develop a more comprehensive FULL MAPP. The MAPPs are intended to be rolling plans incorporating lessons from the process as implementation progresses. The MAPP process has institutionalized a pro poor approach to local municipal development that provides poor communities working alongside municipal authorities and civil society with a significant role in the identification and prioritization of pro poor development interventions. Earlier, during the preparation of the Basic – MAPP the municipalities concentrated on works pertaining to the C-2 component only i.e. issues pertaining to physical infrastructure. As a further improvement to this approach the APUSP has decided to do the comprehensive MAPP (C-MAPP), which is a FULL MAPP, done through a Participatory Micro Level Planning process (PMLP). The C- MAPP is aimed at giving inputs to all the components C1, C2, C3, C+. This C+ component will focus on identifying the drawbacks and suggesting improvements to the approach of the State Government in framing its policies. The PMLP process aims at probing into the social & health vulnerability of the poor in slum settlements through a participatory process using tools such as social mapping, household surveys and a health walk which are to be conducted by the municipal staff in coordination with the community level organizations. The detailed explanation of the MAPP process as given by the APUSP is given below. MAPP KEY FEATURES

• Is a rolling programme of 2 years for Basic MAPP and 3-5 years for Full MAPP.

• Links improvements in finances and working arrangements to infrastructure delivery for the poor.


Rev.21May09 338

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• Brings poor people into decision-making. • Serves to present and co-ordinate all sources of funds for poverty

reduction. • Starts with the Basic MAPP and develops and evolves into the Full

MAPP. • Eventually links to the municipal budget cycle.

MAPP CONTENTS

• What the Municipality wishes to achieve (Vision, Strategy and prioritized Objectives)

• How it intends to achieve (activities) • How much it expects to achieve (measurable outcomes) • Where the activities will take place (settlements) • When the activities will be implemented (time frame) • Who will undertake the work (responsibilities)

THE MAPP CYCLE:

Stage 1: Getting Started Each Municipality forms a Municipal Reform Committee [MRC] headed by the Mayor or Chairperson to oversee Basic MAPP preparation procedures and a Municipal Task Force [MTF] headed by the municipal commissioner comprising of other heads of sections and senior staff to take care of the day-to-day responsibilities of preparing the MAPP. Once these have been formed two working groups are constituted: Working Group 1 to identify key areas of municipal performance improvement and Working Group 2 to assemble and analyze information on poverty and infrastructure deficiencies and identify and priorities settlements.

Stage 2: Problem Identification Working Group 1

1. Conducts a Municipal SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis.

2. Lists all the weaknesses and through discussion identifies their causes and common problems.

3. Identifies objectives for municipal performance improvement (OPMI). 4. Existing and new proposals to achieve OPMI are then identified and

assessed to ensure they contribute to improvements in municipal performance.


Rev.21May09 339

Working Group 2

1. Compile Poor Settlement information 2. Compile information (features, hazards, impact) on town wide

environment 3. Undertake detailed analysis of the problems of the poor 4. List, rank and map poor settlements according to the level of poverty

and infrastructure deficiency using a Poverty and Infrastructure Deficiency Matrix.

5. Technical Screening of cost of improving infrastructure of prioritized poorest settlements conducted.

6. Both working groups hold joint meetings to share and exchange information cross check findings.

7. Both working groups agree on a presentation to be made to the Strategy Formulation Workshop

Stage 3: Strategy Formulation

1. Working groups present their findings and reports 2. Strategic options for municipal performance improvement 3. Priorities poor settlements for infrastructure investment 4. Receive feedback on presentations

Stage 4: Prepare Municipal Reform Proposals

1. Prepare prioritized set of proposals to improve municipal performance 2. Prepare Implementation Plan 3. Detail expected outcomes of each proposal

Stage 5: Basic MAPP Documentation

1. Micro-planning with communities 2. Community Problems, Needs and Priorities 3. Technical assessment 4. Community Feedback and Agreement 5. Prepare environmental infrastructure proposals

Stage 6: Prepare Engineering Proposals

1. Basic MAPP documentation 2. Field & Desk Appraisal 3. Council Approval & Executive Committee endorsement Detailed Proposals:


Rev.21May09 340

a. TORs, Equip Plans, Training Plans (C1) b. Contract packaging & design (C2)

Stage 7: Appraisal and Approval

Stage 8: Preparation of detailed Proposals Stage 9: Sub project review Fund release


Rev.21May09 341

ANNEXURE XVII

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS AT THE PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS LIST 1

LIST OF THE PARTICIPANTS IN PUBLIC CONSULTATION CONDUCTED AT RAMAGUNDAM

Sl. No Name Organization 1 S. Satyanarayana Municipal Chairman

2 G. Janardhana Reddy Godavari Pradushana Pariharana Paryavarana Parirakshana Gavaksham

3 B. Amarenderrao President BAR association 4 T. Gopal Rao Municipal vice chairman 5 M.Mallesham Jagruthi Sports & Cultural Academy 6 B. Suresh Goud President, Friends Youth Association 7 Dr. M. Sriramarao Medical Officer (Urban Health Centre) 8 B. Vijay Bhasker President (BLN Charitable Trust) 9 M. Chandramouli GDK 10 T. Balaraju RDM 11 E. Shanker Ramagundam Yuvamitra Seva Samithi 12 T. Satish Advocate 13 G. Padmavathi Councilor 14 R. Bharathi Councilor 15 G. Lakshmi Councilor 16 N. Satyanarayana Senior Citizen 17 Ameeruddin Councilor 18 M. Sunderaraju President (F.O.A) 19 J. Rajamani C.D.S President 20 M.Uma C.D.S. Vice president 21 P. Radha C.D.S Treasurer 22 G.Sunitha C.R.C co-coordinator 23 K.Kusumakumari C.D.S. Secretary 24 K. Pushpalatha 6th ward convener 25 E. Leelavathi 5th ward convener 26 G.K.Lakshmi C.R.C 27 J. Chandraiah 8th ward councilor 28 P. Srinivas 31st ward councilor 29 D.Balaraju 3rd ward councilor 30 Md.Sarwar Co-option member 31 L.Rajaiah APUSP Coordinator 32 N.K.Murthy Coordinator ASCI 33 D. Venkataswamy Lakshminagar 34 N.P. Mallesam 10th ward member


Rev.21May09 342

35 M.Srinivas Reporter (Siti cable) 36 V. Mahesh Social worker 37 G. Saptagiri Reporter (Andhra Jyothi) 38 K. Posham Jagruthi Sports & Cultural Academy 39 K. Rajaiah Jagruthi Sports & Cultural Academy 40 J. Kanakaiah 16th ward member 41 B. Ravigoud 18th ward member 42 S. Lakshminarasaiah 17th ward member 43 C. Ravi I.B. Colony 44 D. Chandramouly Ramagundam Yuvamitra Seva Samithi 45 K. Azeemuddin 17th ward member 46 M. Mahesh 17th ward member 47 Sharat Chandra Rao Consultant, CMSR 48 Satyanarayana Murthy Consultant, CMSR 49 Pallavi Ramanadham Consultant, ASCI 50 Viswavikrant Mukkala Consultant, ASCI


Rev.21May09 343

LIST 2

LIST OF THE PARTICIPANTS IN PUBLIC CONSULTATION CONDUCTED AT TIRUPATHI

Sl. No Name Organization 1 Mr. Venkateswarlu Municipal Commissioner 2 Mr.ShankerReddy Municipal Chairman 3 K. Varadarajulu 6th ward Councilor 4 J.W. Vijayakumar 36th ward Councilor 5 S.Khader Basha 25th ward Councilor 6 P.Naveen Kumar Reddy 24th ward Councilor 7 K. Subrahmanyam 26th ward Councilor 8 S. Krishna Murthy REALS 9 N. Doraswamy PASS 10 P. Venkata Narayana PASS Administration Officer 11 M. Srinivasu President (Sri Sai Sadan) 12 C. Sarala Yehova Seva Samithi 13 T. Arun Kumar Secretary (SURYA) 14 P. Chittibabu General Secretary (Rural Action for Social Service) 15 K. Muniratnam Manager (RASS) 16 Jayamma DWCUA Leader 17 Rojamma DWCUA Leader 18 N. Prameela R.C.V 19 P. Ashalatha C.D.S Secretary 20 R.Ammulu 19th ward councilor 21 M.Rani C.D.S member 22 Vijayalakshmi C.D.S member 23 P. Satyavathi C.D.S. Convener 24 N. Ramadevi C.D.S. Convener 25 A. Sugunamma C.D.S. Convener 26 S. Sankaramma N.H.C Convener 27 P. Mangamma N.H.C Convener 28 G. Kamalamma N.H.C Convener 29 S. Nazeema N.H.C Convener 30 Y. Saraswathi PASS 31 E.A. Lakshmi C.D.S. Convener 32 V.Sunitha PASS 33 N. Suguna C.D.S. Convener 34 G.V. Lakshmi C.D.S. Convener 35 N. Prameela C.D.S. Convener 36 J. Govindamma C.D.S. Convener 37 N. Bhagyamma R.C.V 38 K. Jyothisri C.D.S member 39 P. Jayalakshmi C.D.S member


Rev.21May09 344

40 M. Narayanamma C.D.S Chairman 41 S. Nagabushanamma 31st ward councilor 42 G. Jubeda 32nd ward councilor 43 S. Savitri C.D.S. Convener 44 R. Sridevi C.D.S member 45 P. Subrahmanyam Councilor 46 D. Rajyalakshmi 32nd ward councilor 47 Sk. Bashirunnisa Councilor 48 T. Muniramireddy 4th ward councilor 49 K. Narhari 34th ward councilor 50 E. Hemanthkumar 13th ward councilor 51 G. Gunaseker 11th ward councilor 52 C. Venu 29th ward convener 53 K. Gopiyadav 29th ward TDP president 54 J. Munikumar 29th ward vice president 55 D. Venkatarayudu 29th ward secretary 56 M. Jagannathareddy 14th ward councilor 57 C. Eswar 29th ward member 58 V. Sambasivareddy 14th ward member 59 G. Shanker reddy 15th ward councilor 60 R. Doraswamy 5th ward councilor 61 D.V. Ramana TUDA Director 62 P.S. Rajendra GRASM 63 M. KumarReddy Social worker 64 C. Ravi S.B.I 65 B. Venkata Subbaiah Municipal Assistant Engineer 66 Y. Wistrik Organizing secretary 67 P. SridharReddy 12th ward member 68 G. Vijayalaksmi 35th ward councilor 69 E.T. Ramulu T.T.D 70 D. Srinivasa Rao T.T.D 71 G. Syamala C.D.S. Member 72 R. Krishnaveni DWCUA Leader 73 A. Rameshamma DWCUA Leader 74 Sharat Chandra Rao Consultant, CMSR 75 Satyanarayana Murthy Consultant, CMSR 76 Mr. V. Prasad Consultant, ASCI


Rev.21May09 345

LIST 3

LIST OF THE PARTICIPANTS IN PUBLIC CONSULTATION CONDUCTED AT

HINDUPUR Sl. No Name Organization

1 G. Krishnaiah Municipal Commissioner 2 Subhan Seth Municipal Chairman 3 M George Babu SHED 4 Prof. Kissun Todu SHED 5 M. Sriramulu President, Sri Venkateswara Educational Society 6 S. Venkata Ramana 6th ward councilor 7 Eswaramma 20th ward councilor 8 Malakka 1st ward councilor 9 S. Sarwamangalam Co-option member 10 Sammaiah Banu Convener 11 B.A. Noorzahan 5th ward councilor 12 M. Geetha 19th ward councilor 13 V.B. Bhagyamma C.D.S. President 14 B. Saraswathamma C.D.S. Convener 15 K. Savitramma C.D.S. Convener 16 S. Parvatamma C.D.S. Convener 17 D. Laxmamma C.D.S. Convener 18 B. Jayalakshmamma C.D.S. Convener 19 B. Sanniramma C.D.S. Convener 20 D. Narayanamma C.D.S. Convener 21 B. Muddamma C.D.S. Convener 22 B. Anjanamma C.D.S. Convener 23 R. Noorzahan C.D.S. Convener 24 B. Zareena C.D.S. Convener 25 M. Padmavathi C.D.S. Convener 26 S. Leelavathi Housewife 27 K. Gangamma Housewife 28 G. Leelavathi C.D.S. Convener 29 Laksmidevi C.D.S. Convener 30 N.S. Mumtaaz C.D.S. Convener 31 B. Gangamma C.D.S. Convener 32 C.T. Manjula N.H.C 33 P. Parvathamma C.D.S. Convener 34 B. Lakshmidevi C.D.S. Convener 35 S. Anuradha Housewife 36 G.Gangamma Housewife 37 Phatima 10th ward councilor 38 Gangamma Housewife 39 Adilakshmi Housewife 40 Ramakka Housewife


Rev.21May09 346

41 Gangaratnam Housewife 42 Sanjeevamma Housewife 43 K. Gangaratnamma Housewife 44 Padma Housewife 45 Nagaratnamma Housewife 46 Nagaramana 14th ward councilor 47 Narayanamma Housewife 48 Sulehman Housewife 49 Nagamma Housewife 50 C. Nagamani Housewife 51 Ratnamma Housewife 52 K. Nagamma Housewife 53 B.V. Vijayalakshmi Housewife 54 M. Anandreddy 26rh ward member 55 M. Muddurangaiah 32nd ward member 56 B. Anwar Bhasha Citizen 57 G. R. Harinath 27th ward member 58 Sd. Zaheeruddin 3rd ward councilor 59 S. Mahaboob Basha 12th ward councilor 60 K. Ramakrishna 24th ward councilor 61 K. Arunamma 24th ward convener 62 N. Narasimhulu 18th ward councilor 63 J. Nagabhushanam Sr. Assistant (Municipal Office) 64 G. Mahender Town Planning Officer 65 T.S. Shanker M.R.I.B 66 B. Ramakrishanna Jr. Assistant (Municipal Office) 67 C. Raghunathareddy President, Jupiter Educational Society 68 V. Varahalubabu Town Planning Supervisor 69 D. Ramaiah Citizen 70 B. Jayasimha Citizen 71 K. Rangarao Engineer 72 M. Rajagopal Sanitary Inspector 73 B. Arif Jr. Assistant (Municipal Office) 74 G. Mohan Community organizer 75 A.S. Sastry Reporter (Andhra Jyothi) 76 K. Narasimharao Principal 77 K.S. Sudhaker Andhra Bhoomi Reporter 78 G. Obulreddy Vaartha Reporter 79 Dr. Ch. Ramanamma Principal Govt. Degree college 80 K. Saritha Director (Sevamandhir, NGO) 81 B. Ramesh Reporter (Andhra Jyothi) 82 B. Shafunullakhan Jr. Assistant (Municipal Office) 83 N. Janardhan T.P.B.O 84 Hanumamma Housewife 85 Aswathamma Housewife


Rev.21May09 347

86 T. Asarattamma Housewife 87 T. Kadiramma Housewife 88 Sharat Chandra Rao Consultant, CMSR 89 Satyanarayana Murthy Consultant, CMSR 90 Mr. V. Prasad Consultant, ASCI


Rev.21May09 348

LIST 4

LIST OF THE PARTICIPANTS IN PUBLIC CONSULTATION CONDUCTED AT KAKINADA

Sl. No Name Organization 1 Dr. B. Chandra Sekhar Municipal Chairperson 2 V. Venkateswararao M.L.A. Kakinada 3 G.S.N. Murthy Municipal Commissioner 4 M. Gangadhara Rao Town Planning Officer 5 M. Venkata Raju Manager 6 M. Venkata Raju Revenue Officer 7 Y. satyanarayana 1st ward Member 8 M. Rambabu 2nd ward Member 9 S. Madhusudhanarao 5th ward member 10 Mylapilli Tata rao 7th ward member 11 M. Yedukondalu 10th ward member 12 K. Bhavani 15th ward member 13 C. Bhagyalakshmi 19th ward member 14 Sk. Babu 12th ward member 15 P. Mahalakshmi 22nd ward member 16 T. Durga 23rd ward member 17 S. Chandra rao 26th ward member 18 K. Vigneshwari 27th ward member 19 K. Padmavathi 28th ward member 20 B. Anil Kumar 33rd ward member 21 G.V.S. Sarma 35th ward member 22 D. Padmavathi 38th ward member 23 N. Hymavathi 42nd ward member 24 C. Chandrasekhar 44th ward member 25 I. Pattabhi Ramayya Co-opted Member 26 D. Ramaraju 32nd ward member 27 P. Satyanarayana Sanitary Inspector 28 Ch. Viswanadham Assistant Engineer 29 K. Venkateswararao Project director, CHANGES 30 V. Srinivasaraju Advocate 31 B. Srinivasarao Manager, S.B.I. 32 V. Pardhasaradhi Sr. Manager, N.F.C.L 33 K. Bhaskerrao Rtd. Teacher 34 S. Mumtaz Begum Teacher 35 V. Applanaidu Business 36 P. Kanakaraju Secretary, Lions Club 37 N. Satyavathi Krushi Mahila Sakthi Sangham 38 M. Anjani Devi Adarsa Mahila Shakti Sangham 39 P.G. Padmakumari O.R.W. CHANGES 40 V.. Nagababu President, Y.M.U.A


Rev.21May09 349

41 Dr. T.S.C. Gupta President, Lions Club 42 N.S.S. Asirwadham M.O. Vimukthi 43 I. Prameela Principal, Little Kingdom 44 M.G.K. Raju President, GRAS 45 M. Babu Rao Director, Voice 46 A. Srinivasarao Lecturer 47 A. Ayyarao Social Worker 48 V. Srinivasaraju Business 49 B. V. Lakshmi Business Women 50 K. Sivarani Regional Organizer, Women Welfare 51 Ch. Mangadevi Convener 52 Mosa Pethuru Ex-Councilor 53 K. Pydithalli Kanakadurga Mahila Sangham 54 P. Achyutham Bharathi Mahila Sangham 55 K. Anuradha Teja Mahila Sangham 56 R. Sai Ram Social Worker 57 S. Ramu Business Man 58 K. Simhadri Youth President 59 K. Adilakshmi C.D.S. Convener 60 P. Appalakonda R.C.V. 61 P. Nagamani R.C.V. 62 S. Saraswathi R.C.V. 63 K. Venkata Lakshmi R.C.V. 64 S. KasiRatnam C.D.S. Convener 65 M. Nooka Rajamma Nava jyothi Group 66 P. Kumari Devi Mahila Mandali 67 G. Parvathi Niveditha Seva sangham 68 K.V.S. Prasad Social worker 69 P. Adinaryana Social Worker 70 C. Satynarayana Advocate 71 B.V.V.Satyanarayana M.H.O 72 B.Sainath Social Worker 73 Reddy Uma Manovikasa Kendram 74 K. Sita Mahalakshmi Vice-President, C .D.S 75 G. Lakshmi Sujatha Secretary, C.D.S 76 P. Chiranjeevi Kumari Educationist, Ideal College 77 Bhanwarlal Jain Social Worker 78 Durga Somu Prasad Somuprasad Charitable Trust 79 K. Ramatulasi C.D.S. President 80 T. Srinivasarao Director, Janasikhana Samstha 81 Y. Nagavaralakshmi Priyanka Swayam Seva Group 82 G. Parvathi Niveditha Seva Sangham 83 Satyajit Rao Vagvala Consultant, CMSR 84 Mr. Venkata Ramana Rao Consultant, ASCI 85 Vishwavikrant Mukkala Consultant, ASCI


Rev.21May09 350

LIST 5

LIST OF THE PARTICIPANTS IN PUBLIC CONSULTATION CONDUCTED AT QUTBULLAPUR

Sl. No Name Organization 1 B. Lingam Goud Municipal Chairperson 2 P. Satyanarayana Commissioner 3 B. Venkatarao Consultant, CMSR 4 B. Sudish Consultant, CMSR 5 K.S.Murthy Consultant, CMSR 6 Satyajit Rao Vagvala Consultant, CMSR 7 Sharatchandra Rao Consultant, CMSR 8 R.Pallavi Consultant, ASCI 9 Vikranth Consultant, ASCI 10 Prasad Consultant, ASCI 11 K.M. Gourish Councilor 12 A. Sujatha Councilor 13 T. Lkshma Reddy Councilor 14 K. Jayaram Councilor 15 B. Krishna Councilor 16 R. Seshagiri Councilor 17 P. Jayaram Reddy Councilor 18 M. Narsing Rao Councilor 19 D. Rajitha Ratnam Councilor 20 B. Rangarao Councilor 21 Syd. Abdul Hameed Councilor 22 M. Nagesh Councilor 23 Sted. Gouse Pasha Councilor 24 G. Martha Krishna Co-option member 25 ChandraKala C.D.S. President 26 Suhasini C.D.S. Secretary 27 M. Nagaraj Youth Representative 28 B. Sangameshwar Municipal Engineer 29 P. Surender Goud Revenue Inspector 30 M.V.N. Prasad E.E, A.P. Pollution control Board 31 R. Nagesh Babu H.M.W.S. & S.B 32 Vinod Kumar Padmanagar Colony 33 Sekhar H.A.L. Colony 34 Vimala NHC Convener 35 Raju Industrialist 36 Pavan Kumar President, Youth Club 37 P. Usharani C.D.S. 38 G. Raghavulu Ex-Councilor 39 P. Anandrao D.G.M 40 Annapurna Mahila President


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41 R.B. Rao Chairman, Industrial Municipality 42 M.B.Nagaraju President, Youth Club 43 S. Ratnakumari C.D.S. Treasurer 44 Pochaiah Co-option member 45 Rasheed Co-option member 46 Executive Engineer HUDA 47 Suresh Chandra Reddy T.P.S 48 V. Chandramma Councilor 49 Y. Sujatha Councilor 50 Gopal Reddy Big-Body Trade Union Leader 51 B.V.B Girish Pollution Control Board 52 Vemala C.D.S. Member 53 Jayasri Prakruthi Environmental Society 54 Kalpana Social worker 55 Surya Prabha Councilor


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ANNEXURE XVIII MINUTES OF THE PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS CONDUCTED AT THE TOWNS

PUBLIC CONSULTATION HELD ON 11TH SEPTEMBER 2003, AT

KAKINADA MUNICIPALITY

Venue : Municipal Council Hall, Kakinada Municipality, Kakinada Time : 3.15 PM to 5.00 PM Participants : Councilors, Neighborhood Conveners, Community Organisers, NGOs, Officials from Pollution Control Board, etc. Chief Guest : Sri Vanamadi Venkateswar Rao, M.L.A., Kakinada Host : Sri Dr D. B. Chandra Shekar, Chair Person, Kakinada Municipal Council Presided by : Sri G.S.V.N. Murthy, Commissioner, Kakinada Municipality Project briefing: P.Venkata Ramana Rao, Regional Coordinator, ASCI, Hyderabad Organiser : V.Satyajit Rao, Project Consultant, CMSR, Hyderabad Rapport by : Viswa Vikrant, Regional Coordinator, ASCI, Hyderabad. The following are the various observations of the participants in the consultation: 1. Sri G.S.V.N.Murthy, Municipal Commissioner 1.1 The water supply is the major problem, as 40% of the town does not have

water supply. 1.2 Two flyovers are needed for decongestion of traffic. 1.3 There is no proper solid waste Management System for the Town. 1.4 The Garbage dumping yard, which was in the midst of the town is transformed to

Janmabhoomi Park. 1.5 Pollution Control Board has given suggestions for solid waste management system,

which requires huge finances, that is not affordable by Municipality. 2. P.S.R.K. Maruthi Rao, Senior Advocate, Secretary for Tax Payer’s

Association, member, Pollution Control Board.

2.1 Article 21 says about” Life and Liberty”. In this “ Life” has not been properly addressed.

Quality of Life comes with protected water supply and good physical environment.

2.2 No proper treatment is done for surface water and ground water is also polluted with pesticide water. Treatment of water needs to be more precise and technical.

2.3 Additional reservoir at Sambamurthy nagar is needed to meet the increasing demand of the water.

2.4 The present waters supply distribution pipeline is 100 years old and is subject to water contamination due to seepage of drainage water flowing across the rustic pipelines.

2.5 Sewerage treatment plant to be planned by over coming the technical obstructions.


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2.6 Ramaraopet drain running from Chiderupalem drain is constructed, which has no flow. This has become the breeding place for mosquitoes. Flushing and pumping system of sewerage is essential to ensure free flow.

3. I.Satyanarayana, 41st ward Councilor 3.1 The efficiency of the present water distribution is only 60% due to leakages. 3.2 Up gradation of all the existing projects and repairs have to be taken up 3.3 Pandoor tank could also be taken up with the World Bank funds as it covers

the surrounding municipal areas. 3.4 Solid waste disposal is a major problem of the town. 11 acres in Pandoor

earmarked for the compost plant may be taken up. 4. Katuri Vijaya Lakshmi, women welfare association 4.1 Phase wise up gradation may be feasible for the re establishment of new

water distribution network. 4.2 Un-accounted and un-authorized water connections have to be curbed. 4.3 Hospital waste should also be taken care of. Civic sense and discipline to be

improved in better maintenance of drains. 4.4 Displacement issues and lack of livelihood opportunities in the town makes

the women socially vulnerable. People welfare and educational facilities should also be taken care along with the infrastructure development.

5. Mr. Venkata Shiva Prasad, 26th ward Councilor 5.1 Privatization of solid waste management for power generation can be planned. 5.2 Slaughterhouse construction is to be taken up, as there are no sufficient and

well-established slaughterhouses, because of which there is spread of various communicable diseases. Mechanized slaughterhouse and mercy killing is to be encouraged.

5.4 Electric incinerators can be used for the disposal of dead bodies. 5.5 Tractor drivers are idle as there are no sufficient tractors 6. Moturi Srinivas, Retd. Tahasildar 6.1 Flyovers at sambamurthy nagar, perraju nagar have to be prioritized to

lessen traffic congestion. 7. Y.Venkata Ramakrishna, 25th ward Councilor:

7.1 Most of the projects are aiming at Slum developments and the non slum areas are

neglected

7.2 Periodical revision of master plan to be made for traffic decongestion and traffic

management.

7.3 Road widening should take place by implementing land acquisition


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8. Yashoda Gupta, NCP district president 8.1 Hyderabad type solid waste management has to be initiated 9. Sriram Murthy, P.C.B., E.E. 9.1 Analysis lab has to be provided at treatment plants. Turbidity, PH and other

aspects have to be taken care of 9.2 As water is augmented, drainage system should also be augmented 10. Boomaiah, MLA. 10.1 Many schemes address only slum areas and the investments needed for

towns are larger. This needs much larger funds as municipalities cannot fund themselves.

10.2 Integrated drainage system has to be developed. 10.3 Action plan has to be prepared for town wide development. 10.4 Flyover on bye pass road has to be taken up. This needs sixty to seventy

crores of rupees for the removal of encroachments.

10.5 Municipal vacant sites are available in prime localities. Investments to get better income

and rents may be planned.

10.6 The town experiences industrial pollution due to Deccan sugar factory and NFCL. 10.7 Land pollution due to open defecation, besides the leprosy ward of

Government hospital. 10.8 NFCL has 110 crores arrears, that is to be paid to municipality, respective

reports are available with the municipality. 10.9 Rehabilitation of hutments on roadside encroachments has to be taken up. OUTCOMES OF THE PUBLIC CONSULTATION HELD AT KAKINADA

The following are the issues identified in the public consultation, divided under various sub heads:

Water Supply

• The water supply is the major problem, as 40% of the town does not have water supply.

• The present water supply distribution system is 100 years old and is subject to water contamination due to seepage of drainage water into rusted pipelines. Phase wise up gradation may be feasible for the re establishment of new water distribution network.

• Summer storage tank at Pandoor could also be taken up with the World Bank funds as it covers the surrounding municipal areas.

• No proper treatment is done for surface water. Ground water is also polluted with pesticides. Treatment of water for potable purposes needs to be more scientific and precise. Additional reservoir at Sambamurthy nagar is needed to meet the increasing demand of the water.

Traffic and Transportation:

• Two flyovers are needed for decongestion of traffic.


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• Flyovers at Sambamurthy nagar, perraju nagar have to be prioritized to reduce traffic congestion.

• Periodical revision of master plan to be made for traffic decongestion and traffic management.

• Flyover on bye pass road has to be taken up. This needs sixty to seventy crores of rupees for the removal of encroachments.

Solid waste and Sanitation:

• There is no proper solid waste Management System for the Town. The Garbage dumping yard, which was in the midst of the town, is transformed to Janmabhoomi Park. Pollution Control Board has given suggestions for solid waste management system, which requires huge finances, that is not affordable by Municipality.

• Privatization of solid waste management for power generation can be planned.

• Sewerage treatment plant to be planned by over coming the technical problems.

• Ramaraopet drain running from Chiderupalem drain is constructed, which has no flow. This has become the breeding place for mosquitos. Flushing and pumping system of sewerage is essential to ensure free flow.

• Development of compost plant in 11 acres in Pandoor earmarked for the compost plant needs to be taken up as priority as solid waste is a major problem in this town.

• Solid waste management in lines with that of Hyderabad have to be initiated. • Integrated drainage system has to be developed.

Slaughter Houses: • Slaughterhouse construction has to be taken up, as there is no sufficient and

well-equipped slaughterhouse. Due to this slaughter is being done in the open, which results in unclean surroundings and spread of various communicable diseases. Mechanized slaughterhouse and mercy killing is to be encouraged.

Pollution:

• The town experiences industrial pollution due to Deccan sugar factory and NFCL.

• Land pollution due to open defecation, besides the leprosy ward of Government hospital.

Reforms:

• Unaccounted and unauthorized water connections have to be curbed. • Hospital waste should also be taken care of. Civic sense and discipline to be

improved in better maintenance of drains. • Electric incinerators should be promoted for disposal of dead bodies. • Tractor drivers are idle as there are no sufficient tractors. Institutional

infrastructure may be upgraded. • Most of the projects are aiming at Slum developments and the non-slum

areas are neglected. • Analysis lab has to be provided at treatment plants. Turbidity, PH and other

aspects have to be taken care of. As water is augmented, drainage system should also be augmented.


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• Many schemes address only slum areas and the investments needed for towns are larger. This needs much larger funds as municipalities cannot fund themselves.

• Action plan has to be prepared for town wide development. • Municipal vacant sites are available in prime localities. Investments to get

better income and rents may be planned. Social Issues:

• Displacement issues and lack of livelihood opportunities in the town make the women socially vulnerable. People welfare and educational facilities should also be taken care along with the infrastructure development.

• Rehabilitation of hutments on roadside encroachments has to be taken up.


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PUBLIC CONSULTATION HELD ON 30th AUGUST 2003, AT QUTUBULLAPUR MUNICIPALITY

Venue : Municipal Council Hall, Qutbullapur Municipality, Hyderabad Time : 12.15 PM to 2.00 PM Participants : Councilors, Neighborhood Conveners, Community Organizers, NGOs, Officials from Municipality, Pollution Control Board, etc. Chief Guest : Chairman of Qutbullapur Municipality Sri. Lingam Goud Host : Dr. N. Satyanarayana, Commissioner, Quthbullapur Municipality Presided by : Dr. N. Satyanarayana, Commissioner, Quthbullapur Municipality Project briefing: Prof B.Venkat Rao, Project Consultant, Hyderabad Organiser : Viswa Vikrant, Regional Coordinator, ASCI, Hyderabad. Rapport by : Mr. V.Satyajit, CMSR, Hyderabad The following are the various observations of the participants in the consultation: 1. Mr. K. Jayaram, Municipal Vice-Chairman 1.1 The process for project sanctions is very lengthy in the present system

followed by the APUSP. It causes delay in execution of projects. Future projects should adopt a shorter and faster system for processing of projects.

1.2 Presently projects like SJSRY, CMEY etc are aiming at issues pertaining to employment of individuals. However there is no programme that focuses on livelihood issues of communities as a whole- like loans/ support to start small-scale industries.

1.3 Issues pertaining to ration cards and pattas have never been covered under any of the projects taken up so far and need some insight.

1.4 Though the projects in the town may not be able to cater to all moving population actual beneficiaries of the projects should be identified and the projects should aim at benefiting them.

1.5 Other than computerization of taxes all operations in all departments of the municipal office need to be computerized for better monitoring of all town wide projects.

2. Mr. K.M.Gourish, Councilor- Ward No: 2

2.1 Fox Sagar Lake gets all the polluted water from drains in the town. An

alternative outlet has to be planned. Integrated underground drainage system and establishment of and Sewage/ Effluent treatment plant will have to be taken up to solve such pollution problems.

2.2 A sense of responsibility is evoked in the Councilors in Qutubullapur

due to the implementation of the APUSP project. 2.3 In the SC colony earlier only houses were provided, but as a result of the

APUSP project comprehensive development- roads and drains is happening.

2.4 In the Chintal area, people do not have access to potable water. Prioritization process of projects needs to be more realistic and should address basic needs of beneficiaries on a first priority.


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3. Mr.K.Krishna Rao 3.1. Remodeling and up gradation of projects to combat pollution related issues

and areas subject to pollution, especially colonies needs to be taken up on a priority. In the Chintal area drinking water supplied through the pipes is polluted. Further there are many problems with existing infrastructure like stagnation of water, leakages and seepage that lead to severe health hazards which are excluded from the purview of the APUSP project even if the investment needed is large.

3.2. The cooperation of the Revenue department should be sought for development initiatives to take off in a streamlined manner.

4. Mr. Ranga Rao, Councilor, ward No: 24 4.1. Due to concentration of project activity in certain areas only people residing in

the neighboring colony areas, of the project areas have developed a sense opf dissatisfaction and loss. Ex: Ayodya Nagar vs Vinayak Nagar

4.2. Integrated underground drainage is an immediate requirement for the Qutubullapur town to minimize the impacts due to the industrial pollution.

4.3. Qutubullapur Industrial Municipality’s organizational structure has to be improved and their system has to be made more structured and transparent.

4.4. The open nala from Subash Nagar to Jayaram Nagar in the town contaminates ground water, creating health problems and skin diseases.

4.5. Further revenue improvement is possible in the municipality if the willing ness to pay among the people is increased through provision of town wide infrastructure through comprehensive projects.

5. Mr. Lakshma Reddy- Councillor, ward. No: 4 5.1. Social representation is greatly enhanced in the town due to the APUSP

project. 5.2. Social conflicts are observed in the town due to unequal concentration of

development in neighboring areas. 5.3. Underground drains being piece meal projects, outlet identification is not done

and this causes further problems in areas surrounding the outlet area. 5.4. Institutional tie up and coordination between the line departments is essential

for ideal project realization. 5.5. The GOs of all line departments need to be reviewed and integration

strategies should be planned. 6. Sheshu 6.1. The training imparted to the councilors as part of the APUSP project has been

instrumental in changing the perspective of thinking of the councilors from political thinking to intellectual thinking. Citizens are also better informed about the duties and activities of the municipality.

6.2. PVC pipelines are resulting in seepage problems and contamination of drinking water. The maintenance of the infrastructure after the project implementation is poor. Sense of responsibility and accountability of class- 4 employees and technicians needs to be bettered.

7. Mrs. Jayashree, Prakruthi Environmental Society


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7.1. Projects for pollution control, especially water pollution should be the first

priority as the town is facing a major environmental hazard due to pollution of ground water caused by the industries in the QIM.

7.2. Environmental capacity building is an important activity to be taken up in the reforms agenda of the municipality and line departments.

7.3. Recharge pits are being executed in the town in an effort to dilute the concentration of harmful effluent from industries, but the councilors need to actively involve in this process to motivate people and mobilize them to create recharge pits in their houses.

7.4. Industrial treatment plants need to be made mandatory. Pollution Control needs to be strengthened and should be strictly enforced.

7.5. Seepage of drain water into the ground can also be observed in many parts of the town. This needs to be curbed.

8. Mrs.Dayamani – Councilor, ward. No: 16 8.1. Earlier flooding was a major problem in the slums where the project came up.

Now drains and roads are provided but houses were not upgraded. Assistance needs to be provided for improving housing conditions in the town.

8.2. Rehabilitation of persons displaced due to projects should be taken up in a more structured manner (The commissioner has indicated that this rehabilitation can be taken up through schemes like VAMBAY if the person loses his entire house- however no compensation could be given for losing part of the property which falls as an encroachment.)

9. Mrs. Kalpana 9.1. The drain project that connected five slums in the town has overseen incident

problems that have occurred after its execution. ILCS septic tanks overflow into the drain and lead to foul smell and pollution.

9.2. The Janmabhoomi program of the GoAP was instrumental in creating awareness in the public about various issues.

9.3. EXNORA has provided rickshaws for solid waste collection and source separation. This scheme has taken off very well.

10. Mrs. Surya Prabha- Councilor- Ward. No: 5 10.1. Villages, like Gajularamaram are not covered under the APUSP for

development projects. 10.2. Permanent solutions are possible only through larger investments in the town. 10.3. The councilors pass on the training imparted to them as part of the APUSP

project to the public. 10.4. Loans need to be provided for small scale manufacturing units to generate

greater employment opportunities. OUTCOMES OF THE PUBLIC CONSULTATION HELD AT QUTUBULLAPUR

The following are the issues identified in the public consultation, divided under various sub heads: Water Supply


Rev.21May09 360

• Fox Sagar Lake gets all the polluted water from drains in the town. An alternative outlet has to be planned.

• In the Chintal area, people do not have access to potable water. Prioritisation process of projects needs to be more realistic and should address basic needs of beneficiaries on a first priority.

• PVC pipelines are resulting in seepage problems and contamination of drinking water. The maintenance of the infrastructure after the project implementation is poor. Sense of responsibility and accountability of class- 4 employees and technicians needs to be bettered.

• Recharge pits are being executed in the town in an effort to dilute the concentration of harmful effluent from industries, but the councilors need to actively involve in this process to motivate people and mobilize them to create recharge pits in their houses.

Reforms

• The process for project sanctions is very lengthy in the present system followed by the APUSP. It causes delay in execution of projects. Future projects should adopt a shorter and faster system for processing of projects.

• Though the projects in the town may not be able to cater to all moving population actual beneficiaries of the projects should be identified and the projects should aim at benefiting them

• Other than computerization of taxes all operations in all departments of the municipal office need to be computerized for better monitoring of all town wide projects.

• A sense of responsibility is evoked in the Councilors in Quthbullapur due to the implementation of the APUSP project.

• In the SC colony earlier only houses were provided, but as a result of the APUSP project comprehensive development- roads and drains is happening.

• The cooperation of the Revenue department should be sought for development initiatives to take off in a streamlined manner.

• Due to concentration of project activity in certain areas only people residing in the neighboring colony areas, of the project areas have developed a sense of dissatisfaction and loss. Ex: Ayodya Nagar vs Vinayak Nagar

• Quthbullapur Industrial Municipality’s organizational structure has to be improved and their system has to be made more structured and transparent.

• Further revenue improvement is possible in the municipality if the willing ness to pay among the people is increased through provision of town wide infrastructure through comprehensive projects.

• Social representation is greatly enhanced in the town due to the APUSP project.

• Environmental capacity building is an important activity to be taken up in the reforms agenda of the municipality and line departments.

• Permanent solutions are possible only through larger investments in the town. • The Jhanmabhoomi program of the GoAP was instrumental in creating

awareness in the public about various issues. • Institutional tie up and coordination between the line departments is essential

for ideal project realization.


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• The training imparted to the councilors as part of the APUSP project has been instrumental in changing the perspective of thinking of the councilors from political thinking to intellectual thinking. Citizens are also better informed about the duties and activities of the municipality.

• The GOs of all line departments need to be reviewed and integration strategies should be planned.

Sanitation and Solid Waste Management

• Integrated underground drainage system and establishment of Sewage/ Effluent treatment plant will have to be taken up to solve ground water pollution problems.

• Integrated underground drainage is an immediate requirement for the Qutubullapur town to minimize the impacts due to the industrial pollution.

• The open nala from Subash Nagar to Jayaram Nagar in the town contaminates ground water, creating health problems and skin diseases.

• Underground drains being piece meal projects, outlet identification is not done and this causes further problems in areas surrounding the outlet area.

• EXNORA has provided rickshaws for solid waste collection and source separation. This scheme has taken off very well.

Pollution

• Remodeling and up gradation of projects to combat pollution related issues and areas subject to pollution, especially colonies needs to be taken up on a priority. In the Chintal area drinking water supplied through the pipes is polluted. Further there are many problems with existing infrastructure like stagnation of water, leakages and seepage that lead to severe health hazards which are excluded from the purview of the APUSP project even if the investment needed is large.

• Projects for pollution control, especially water pollution should be the first priority as the town is facing a major environmental hazard due to pollution of ground water caused by the industries in the QIM.

• Industrial treatment plants need to be made mandatory. Pollution Control needs to be strengthened and should be strictly enforced.

• Seepage of drain water into the ground can also be observed in many parts of the town. This needs to be curbed.

• The drain project that connected five slums in the town has overseen incident problems that have occurred after its execution. ILCS septic tanks overflow into the drain and lead to foul smell and pollution

Housing

• Earlier flooding was a major problem in the slums where the project came up. Now drains and roads are provided but houses were not upgraded. Assistance needs to be provided for improving housing conditions in the town.

Resettlement and Rehabilitation

• Rehabilitation of persons displaced due to projects should be taken up in a more structured manner (The commissioner has indicated that this rehabilitation can be taken up through schemes like VAMBAY if the person loses his entire house- however no compensation could be given for losing part of the property which falls as an encroachment.)


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General • Villages, like Gajularamaram are not covered under the APUSP for development

projects • Presently projects like SJSRY, CMEY etc are aiming at issues pertaining to

employment of individuals. However there is no programme that focuses on livelihood issues of communities as a whole- like loans/ support to start small-scale industries.

• Issues pertaining to ration cards and pattas have never been covered under any of the projects taken up so far and need some insight.

• Loans need to be provided for small scale manufacturing units to generate greater employment opportunities.


Rev.21May09 363

PUBLIC CONSULTATION HELD ON 5 TH SEPTEMBER 2003, AT RAMAGUNDAM MUNICIPALITY

Venue : Municipal Council Hall, Ramagundam Municipality, Ramagudam Time : 4.00PM to 6.00 PM Participants : Councillors, Neighborhood Conveners, Community Organizers,

NGOs, Officials of Municipality, PHED, Representatives of Public Sector companies, etc.

Chief Guest : Chairman of Ramagundam Municipality Mr S. Satyanarayana Host : S.Ravindra, Commissioner, Ramagundam Municipality Presided by : Mr S. Satyanarayana, Chairman, Ramagundam Municipality Project briefing: Pallavi Ramanathan, Project consultant, ASCI, Hyderabad Organiser : G.Sharat Chandra Rao, Project Consultant, CMSR, Hyderabad Rapport by : Viswa Vikrant, Regional Coordinator, ASCI, Hyderabad The following are the various observations of the participants in the consultation: 1. Mr S. Satyanarayana (Municipal Chairperson) 1.1 The introduction of the e-seva centers is very fruitful for the speedy and

transparent functioning of the system and more such centers need to be established

1.2 The APUSP project apart from the development activity also created lot of awareness about various programs that can be taken up

1.3 It has also through the training programs helped the staff in knowing better work practices

1.4 The Rag Pickers rehabilitation Programme under the APUSP project has been very successful so such kind of programmes should be initiated at a large scale for the benefit of poor people

1.5 The APUSP project has benefited the Municipality and changed the conditions of slums at a greater magnitude but there is a need for change in the town wide infrastructure

1.6 The condition of the internal road network in the Municipality should be developed and is the top priority of the people

1.7 Others infrastructure development like construction of market yards and shopping complexes will give the revenue source for the Municipality

1.8 The APUSP project also helped a lot in the women empowerment and allowed women to participate in the developmental process

1.9 The innovative schemes like the 24/7 water supply scheme need to be improved and implemented for the whole of the Municipality

2. Dr Ramaiah, Senior Doctor and concerned citizen of Municipality 2.1 Lot of sound pollution in the town especially in times of festivals and election

campaigns 2.2 There should be a code of conduct for all of the religious establishments while

celebrating their festivals etc 2.3 Awareness programs about the pollution related issues needs to be increased 2.4 The important social problem is unemployment because of the closure of FCI 2.5 Another important problem is the problem of air pollution


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3. Mr Amarendar Rao, Advocate 3.1 Unemployment problem is very acute which is in turn leading to increase in

crime rate 3.2 The existence of Godavarikhani is at stake because of the closure of FCI and

non-commissioning of another unit of NTPC and also the BPL power plant. 3.3 As people do not perceive any further development the problem of migration

is on rise. 3.4 The town is a mini India as people from all corners of the country are settled

here because of the factories. 3.5 Water shortage and because of the polluted water people prefer mineral w water 3.6 Lack of trees is affecting the air pollution and also the smoke from the vehicles 4. Mr Sunder Raju, Ex-President, Fertilizers Corporation of India 4.1 Water and air pollution because of lack of awareness among the people 4.2 Need to create water supply schemes to control the drinking water problem 4.3 Educate the people about the health issues especially on issues related to

cleanliness and contagious diseases 4.4 The social welfare can only take place with the whole process of better

sanitation 4.5 Ventilation system in the hospitals and nursing home is not good 4.6 Traffic accidents are more because of lack of traffic awareness 4.7 Livelihood development programs are required. 4.8 Self-employment schemes need to be taken up at large scale 4.9 Poverty and illiteracy is very acute and proper education facility is not

provided. 4.10 Awareness programs about the government schemes needs to be taken up 5. Mr Gopal (Municipal Vice –Chairperson) 5.1 The NGOs are playing a very important role in the overall development of the

society 5.2 The municipality does not have any specific provisions for the R&R issues but

mostly these issues are handled by mutual consent and constant persuasion. 5.3 Here most of tem voluntarily have come forward and permitted the road

widening works 5.4 The APUSP project benefited us a lot by increasing our awareness about

various issue of public interest. 5.5 The APUSP project also benefited the town in such a way that many of the

slums have good roads, etc. 6. Mr B.Suresh Goud (President of Local Youth Association) 6.1 Acute Unemployment problem especially for the educated youth 6.2 Lack of adequate Higher Education institutes like Degree colleges resulting in

most of the youth discontinuing their higher studies 6.3 The establishment of small-scale industries can be taken up to provide

employment for the local youth


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6.4 The availability of Municipality run medical facilities is very poor and most of the locals have to spend a lot in the commercially run private hospitals and dispensaries

6.5 To improve the ground water table rainwater harvesting pits need to be made mandatory

7. Mr Ameeruddin (Councilor ward no.1) 7.1 The problem of issue of licenses to the liquor shops 7.2 As the resources have become scarce and the population is growing

enormously the Municipality should take measures for population control 7.3 The municipality also should prepare certain guidelines for the functioning of

the medical facilities in the town to eradicate the exploitation 7.4 Creation of health infrastructure is very important and the municipality should

encourage the people and bring insurance awareness in the public 7.5 The insecurity with the water supply should be removed by bringing more

number of water supply programmes 8. Mr E.Shanker (Representative of the local youth club) 8.1 Unemployment problem is very acute and also is resulting in the increased

cases of suicides 8.2 As suggested small-scale industries can be developed and self-employment

programmes can be implemented 8.3 The lack of awareness about the various avenues for development is

hampering the growth of the people in the town 8.4 To protect the trees planted adjacent to the roads tree guards need to be

given otherwise there is no use as they will not last 9. Mrs Karuna (CDS Secretary) 9.1 Before APUSP project there was not much of awareness neither among the

municipal authorities nor among the people at large about the development projects and the reforms measures that can be taken up in all sectors

9.2 After APUSP the people are also expecting and are ready to cooperate with the project authorities in the development of their areas

9.3 The selection of the beneficiaries in the project was done based on the necessity 9.4 The women empowerment also has been done 9.5 Community resource centers are a must for the success of any project of

nature of APUSP 10. Mr Mallesham (Ex-M.L.A) 10.1 The problem of mild earth quakes with the mines especially when the blasting

takes place the walls get cracks and some time even fall causing damages to life and property

10.2 The problem of industrial pollution 10.3 The improvement of the STs located areas as they are no facilities in these

areas 11. Mr G.Janardhan Reddy, President, Godavari Pradushana Pariharana

Paryavarana Parirakshana Gavakshanam, an Environmental NGO.


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11.1 The history of the town suggested that the problems of the people were not

solved as quickly as the population increased 11.2 Industrial establishments like NTPC, FCI and SCCL have created the town and

it is also these establishments the survival of the town is dependent upon 11.3 The problems of people include the inadequate supply of power where the

whole country gets power from this place the people here do not have continuous power supply

11.4 Political awareness is not there 11.5 Has more population than the district headquarters 11.6 Lot of illiteracy due lack of government run public schools and colleges 11.7 The approach towards the development should be a multi pronged where all

round development of people can take place 11.8 The mineral cess needs to be levied for the revenue generation of the town 11.9 The usage of the developmental funds needs to be more transparent 11.10 The GPPPPG as such created lot of environmental awareness through its

programs and activities but a lot needs to be done 11.11 The people need to be made conscious of the cleanliness around them and

need to be educated in these matters. OUTCOMES OF THE PUBLIC CONSULTATION HELD AT RAMAGUNDAM

The following are the issues identified in the public consultation, divided under various sub heads: Slum improvement

• The APUSP project has benefited a lot especially in the slum areas • An integrated approach in the development of the slums need to be adopted • The people’s development especially through provision of employment • Periodical assessment of the improvement in the slum areas

Water Supply

• Need to create water supply schemes • Provision of drinking water to the town should be a top priority • Water harvesting pit s need to be made mandatory to increase the water

table Unemployment

• Acute unemployment problem leading to increase in crime rate • Self-employment schemes need to be taken up at large scale • Establishment of small and cottage industries should be encouraged • Awareness regarding the development programmes and development

schemes

Traffic and Transportation: • Traffic awareness programmes to avoid reduce the number of accidents in

town Solid waste and Sanitation:

• The Rag Pickers Rehabilitation Programme is very successful and more such programmes should be taken up

• Social welfare can only take place with the whole process of better sanitation • Modernization of the solid waste management process


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Pollution: • Sound pollution in the town especially in times of festivals and election

campaigns • Air pollution due to vehicular smoke and lack of greenery • Industrial pollution is a major issue

Earthquake

• The problem of mild earth quakes with the mines especially when the blasting takes place, the walls get cracks and some time even fall

Priority projects

• The areas that need immediate attention include the construction of roads and also market yards and parks.

Reforms:

• Some of the reforms in the tax arena have given good results. • The people here are ready to pay more provided the quality of the service

increased • The introduction of the e-seva centers is very fruitful for the speedy and

transparent functioning of the system • The mineral cess needs to be levied for the revenue generation of the town

Social Issues

• Educate the people about the health issues • Livelihood development programs are required. • Poverty and illiteracy is very acute and proper education facility is not

provided. • Awareness programs about the government schemes needs to be taken up

PUBLIC CONSULTATION HELD ON 11TH SEPTEMBER 2003, AT TIRUPATI MUNICIPALITY

Venue : Hotel Kola Residency, Tirupathi. Time : 5.00PM to 7.00 PM Participants : Councilors, Neighborhood Conveners, Community Organizers,

NGOs, Officials of Municipality, Pollution Control Board, PHED TUDA, etc.

Chief Guest : Chairman of Tirupathi Municipality Sri. K. Shanker Reddy Host : Sri.M.Venkateshwarlu, Commissioner, Tirupathi Municipality Presided by : Sri.K.Shanker Reddy, Chairman, Tirupathi Municipality Project briefing: G.Sharat Chandra Rao, Project Consultant, CMSR, Hyderabad Organiser : Mr. Prasad, Regional Coordinator, ASCI, Hyderabad Rapport by : Mr. Murthy, CMSR, Hyderabad The following are the various observations of the participants in the consultation: 1. Mr. Naveen Reddy- 24th ward councilor 1.1 The slums developed because of the APUSP but the town has not developed

much 1.2 The underground water levels are not increasing because of the construction

of the CC roads so instead of CC roads BT roads need to be constructed


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1.3 The tree cutting because of the road widening works is affecting the environment a lot

1.4 Compost yard is not there so lot of problem with the solid waste management Vermin-compost yards need to be built up and private companies in this regard can be allowed to set up these facilities

1.5 The digging of roads frequently is also creating lot of pollution problems in form of dust from the construction works

1.6 The aid should be preferably in the form of grant and not loan as people are not ready to pay more taxes

1.7 We will cooperate with the project authorities in the best possible way for the success of the project

2. Mr K.Vardarajulu – 6th ward councilor 2.1 Water problem is very acute 2.2 Some of the colonies have developed a lot because of the APUSP so the

people feel that they also can have the same kinds of development in their places

2.3 The authorities should concentrate on the overall development of the town 3. Mr Khader Basha – 25th ward councilor 3.1 Water supply problem 3.2 People are not taking the drainage connection because of the heavy

connection charges 3.3 Rainwater harvesting measures need to be taken to increase the ground

water levels 3.4 Parks and other leisure facilities need to be created 3.5 Parking is a problem so parking lots need to be developed 4. Mr G.Prasad - Medical Officer, Peoples Action for Social Service (PASS) 4.1 The cause of poverty an important social problem is due to the problem of

drugs and alcoholics 4.2 People are earning lot of money but they are spending on these vices and

living in acute poverty 4.3 These things are also creating a law and order problem and help increase the

crime rate 4.4 Need for drug de-addiction centers 5. Mr B.Karunakar (Municipal Vice-Chairperson) 5.1 As part of the APUSP works in comparison to the main town the slums are very good now 5.2 People feel that the services they get are not compatible with the taxes they pay. The underground sewerage connection fees is more and that is why people are not taking the connection so the collection of the fees for these kind of things need to be reasonable 5.3 The people at large are not using the drainage system and are suffering from the diseases 5.4 The problem of dust pollution is very acute


Rev.21May09 369

5.5 The town does not have adequate schools so the development of the same should be the top priority and the existing schools need to be provided with the adequate infrastructure and teachers

5.6 the councilors need to be trained in various managerial skills and also need to be motivated for handling such big projects

5.7 Awareness among the public about the various development also need to be increased and they also need to be motivated to involve themselves in the development programs

6. Mr Srinivasulu - President -Sai Seva Sadan (NGO) 6.1 The suggestions given in these kinds of consultations need to be incorporated in the project preparation 6.2 Rainwater harvesting pits are very important for the groundwater 6.3 The population of the town is increasing enormously but the facilities provided

are not matching the same 6.4 The problem of congested roads and problem with disposal of solid waste 6.5 The tree plantations are not maintained properly and they do not have a tree

guard 6.6 Awareness among the people with regard to the environmental protection

needs to be given 6.7 The problem of child labor is also a big social problem because there not

many government run public schools these children cannot afford to study in private schools

6.8 Women also need to empowered and this should be a propriety for the municipality

6.9 The people need to be given awareness about the SHGs 6.10 Project based awareness programs for all of the stakeholders need to be

conducted which is not done in case of the APUSP project. 7. Mr Doraswamy – Project coordinator, (PASS) 7.1 An important social problem in the town is the problem of street children so a

rehabilitation program can be taken up for such kind of children 7.2 Environmental pollution is acute because of improper solid waste disposal so,

more number of dust bins and also awareness about the cleanliness surrounding their houses

7.3 Waste water management system is not there so concentration should be given for the rainwater harvesting pits

7.4 Wooden fuel is used by most of the poor people and cause lot of health problems by way of smoke so smoke less chullas can be given to them

8. Mr C.Damodar – 13th ward councilor 8.1 The aid should preferably be in the form of a grant and not a loan 8.2 Improvement of educational facility like schools and colleges 8.3 Improvement of health facilities 8.4 Underground drainage and water supply connection charges need to be reduced 9. Mr Munna Reddy – 4th ward councilor


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9.1 Under APUSP lot of development has taken place in slums but the town wide development did not take place

9.2 Closed drains need to be constructed 9.3 U.D.S connection charges need to be reduced 9.4 Trees need to be planted before they cut the existing ones 10. Mr T.K Brahamanandam—23rd ward councilor 10.1 The people and councilors here at large feel the aid should be in the form of

grant rather than a form 10.2 Municipal water connection charges and the U.D.S connection charges need to

be reduced 10.3 Regularization of the constructions before any drive 11. Ms S.Savitri -- 32nd ward councilor 11.1 The women groups need to be provided with an urban development bank

exclusively for women so that they can take loans and create some self-employment source for themselves

11.2 Small-scale industries and factories can be established for the creation of employment opportunities for youth 11.3 U.D.S. can be further expanded to all of the areas 11.4 Establishment of schools is very essential as we are lacking them and also

allotting teachers to the already existing once 12. Mr T.Subramaniam – 3rd ward councilor 12.1 Due to the construction of cement roads the ground water is not charged 12.2 The proposed drain at Malavanigundam needs to be completed 12.3 Lot of pollution because of the improper disposal of the solid waste in the streets 12.4 Rainwater harvesting pits are a priority and plantation of trees along the

roads is a must 12.5 Maintenance of the planted trees is very important 13. Mr K.Muniratnam Manager, Capacity Building Expert, (PASS) 13.1 Traffic problem is very acute, as the people do not have any traffic awareness 13.2 Lack of parking facilities also creating lot of problems 13.3 Lack of railway over bridges is also creating lot of disturbance 13.4 Increase in the number of the vehicles is creating lot of pollution so need for

some awareness on this regard and some stern measure to contain it like banning of old vehicles

13.5 Another important social problem is the problem of AIDS which ids spreading rapidly

13.6 Awareness programs on the proper disposal of garbage need to be done 13.7 The help of the mass media like the local cable TV and press cab be help full

in this regard 13.8 A Power-generating unit can be established for the proper usage of the

disposed garbage 13.9 Similarly a vermin compost yard also cab be created for the affective usage of

the same


Rev.21May09 371

14. Mr Shanker Reddy (Municipal Chairperson) 14.1 Parking facilities and shopping complexes need to be created 14.2 Solid waste management plant is under proposal 14.3 Awareness programs for the people in the slums have to be taken up 14.4 Political problems are creating obstacles in the development process 14.5 Regularized assessment procedures 14.6 Tree plantations will be protected and tree guards will be put in place 14.7 The rainwater harvesting programs is also taken up but need to be pursued to

its logical end 14.8 The administration is reacting fast to the problems 14.9 Tax collection is also made compulsory and the E-Seva centers are successful 14.10 The development of traffic islands will be taken up 14.11 Markets for the women folk to sell their products will be constructed at large scale so that employment opportunities will be created 14.12 Old age homes are also very important and a proposal is under consideration

for the construction of the same 14.13 For the development of women 6 crore rupees will be spent for DWCUA

groups and SHGs and permanent DWCUA bazaar will be constructed 14.14 New equipment for the cleaning of the roads will be purchased

Internal roads development will be taken up at large scale 14.15 Tri-cycles will be introduced for the cleaning of the garbage and rehabilitation

of the street children 14.16 Computerization of all municipal facilities can be taken up and more number

of E-Seva centers 14.17 HUDCO funds will be utilized for the house construction at large scale 14.18 A sports stadium for the development of sports in the town will be taken up 14.19 The tourism and proposed Ropeway project to the Tirumala will be pursued 15. Mr H.Venkateshwarlu (Municipal Commissioner) 15.1 People are already paying lot of taxes so further additional taxes may not be

acceptable to the people 15.2 The gaps and loopholes in the revenue collection process need to be filled 15.3 The name of the project can be changed from reforms to development as

people always attribute reforms to tax increase 15.4 Waste full expenditure need to be curbed 15.5 Rainwater harvesting and tree plantation programs will be taken up 15.6 Traffic and air pollution problem is very acute 15.7 Parking problems also need to be tackled by creation of more open spaces

and parking lots 15.8 Women empowerment can further be made with the help of more self- employment programs OUTCOMES OF THE PUBLIC CONSULTATION HELD AT TIRUPATI

The following are the issues identified in the public consultation, divided into Social and environmental issues. Water supply:


Rev.21May09 372

• Water scarcity is a major problem in areas like varadaraja nagar, which is well-developed colony.

• Indiscriminate usage of ground water is observed in many areas of Tirupathi, where as regeneration of water in the aquifer is obstructed due to the type of construction and land use

• Leakages in the water supply system are adversely affecting the drinking water quality

Solid Waste management and sanitation:

• Vermi-composting yard implementation is lacking • Worst sanitary conditions exist in densely developed areas of Tirupati. • Good solid waste management practices are not followed • Existing deposit for UDS connection is very high; it has to be lowered such

that all the houses in the town can be connected to it. • Existing garbage disposal is system is not suiting to the needs of the

municipality; proper landfill site has to be identified Roads and parks:

• Obstruction to rain water seepage into ground because of cement concrete roads, and also because of density of the town.

• It is observed that wherever the roads of width 150 feet are proposed, there is loss of trees.

• Most of the telephone service providers are damaging the roads, one after the other, there needs to be a planning for future roads

• Parks supposed to be lungs of any city. In Tirupati their total extent is very less compared to the population they are serving and air quality is going down day by day.

• Even though avenue plantation is taken by TMC, they are not well protected. • No. of vehicles in the town are increasing every year resulting in heavy traffic

on roads and also pollution. • Accident risk in a few areas is very high, suggestions were given to improve

road widths in few areas, and also public expressed the need for integrated traffic management plan.

Social issues:

• Most of the people below poverty level are addicted to alcohol, hence their families are suffering

• Councilors are less motivated • Education has to be top most priority for holistic development of the town • Schools in slums are very less compared to the demand • Act on child labor prevention is not implemented • APUSP project has not created any awareness among women. • Teacher to student ratio is very less

General issues:

• Maintenance cost on Telugu Ganga project are very high, mechanism should be developed to reduce the cost of maintenance.

• Good contractors are loosing interest in liaison with Tirupati municipality as payments are delayed


Rev.21May09 373

PUBLIC CONSULTATION HELD ON 15TH SEPTEMBER 2003, AT HINDUPUR MUNICIPALITY

Venue : Vasavi Dharamshala, Hindupur. Time : 3.30PM to 6.00 PM Participants : Councilors, Neighborhood Conveners, Community Organizers,

NGOs, Officials of Municipality, PHED, etc. Chief Guest : Chairman of Municipality Sri. Subhan Seth Host : Sri. G. Krishniah, Commissioner, Hindupur Municipality Presided by : Sri. G. Krishniah, Commissioner, Hindupur Municipality Project briefing: G. Sharat Chandra Rao, Project Consultant, CMSR, Hyderabad Organiser : Mr. Prasad, Regional Coordinator, ASCI, Hyderabad Rapport by : Mr. Murthy, CMSR, Hyderabad The following are the various observations of the participants in the consultation: 1. Mr Narsimhayya – President of the Lion’s club 1.1 The Ananthapur district in general and Hindupur town in particular are

under the drought conditions since 4 years so people are very sad and most of the peoples livelihood is affected badly

1.2 In-spite of so many programs and research on all of these issues not much of work has been done for the livelihood of the people

1.3 The acute problem faced by the town is the problem of drinking water and should get the top priority for any investment program

1.4 The problems related to health are also many and mostly due to the open drains and improper garbage disposal

1.5 The NGOs need to be involved in development activities and also in the management of the projects

1.6 The industrial development in an around the town has to be encouraged so that people here get employment opportunities

1.7 The industrial development also will get revenue to the municipality in the form of taxes etc

1.8 Industrial exhibitions need to be organized 1.9 Parks need to be built for the old age people and children and at all junctions

cement benches need to be put for the convenience of the old age people 2. Mr Thippayya Ex -M.L.A 2.1 People need to be made a part of the whole development process and need to

be consulted at all levels of the project 2.2 A lot of awareness about the social and environmental problems needs to be

given to the people 2.3 The authorities also mostly takes these issues very lightly and consider them

as a formality so firstly they need to be sensitive with these issues and give due importance

2.4 The project as lot of money involved also need to be done carefully keeping in mind the long-term interests of the people and town


Rev.21May09 374

3. Mr Ranga Rao, President, Rotary club 3.1 If the problem of drinking water is solved then half of the social and

environmental problems will be solved 3.2 Lack of funds for the water supply project is hampering the development 3.3 Un-employment problem is also a big social problem that needs immediate

attention 3.4 Seri-culture industry is a boon for the town but lack of effective marketing

centers is hampering the growth of the people involved in this business 3.5 A textile park can be a best solution for marketing of the produce, which

involves less investment and gets more profit to the farmers 4. Mr Venkataramana –6th ward councilor 4.1 The water problem is very acute 4.2 Sanitation problem is also very much there and people are falling sick

because of the open drains 4.3 The air pollution problem because of the nature of the soil as it is dusty 5. Mr Muddalenappa – 17th ward councilor 5.1 The people also need to be very cooperative in the implementation of these

projects 5.2 The people need to change their mindset and think in terms of the overall development of the town 5.3 A lot of awareness in this regard needs to be brought about 5.4 The authorities also need to involve people of all walks of life especially the

concerned citizens of the municipality in all stages of the projects 5.5 Unless and until the water supply problem is solved the town cannot develop 6. Mrs Noorjahan – 5th ward councilor 6.1 Drinking water problem 6.2 The improvement of the roads can be taken up especially the Bangalore

highway so that it creates a lot of employment opportunities. The under ground drainage system is necessary so that the problem of pollution and diseases can be tackled

6.3 The people do not have traffic sense and result in accidents so awareness programs in this regard.

Lack of footpaths also resulting lot of problems for the old aged and children and these need to be constructed on a priority basis

6.4 The rehabilitation of the encroachers does not take place and this affects their livelihood so a rehabilitation program should be taken up for all such kind of issues especially in the road widening projects

6.5 Lack of schools and minority is hampering the growth of children


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6.6 Lack of employment is also creating lot of social problems like increase in the crime rate 6.7 Self-employment programs like CMEY can be taken up at a large scale Similarly setting up of industries is also a priority 6.8 Housing schemes can be taken up to provide shelter to the disabled and old

age people and widows 7. Mr Zaheeruddin – 3rd ward councilor 7.1 Water supply problem especially in summer it is very difficult for the people

to stay in the town 7.2 Improper sanitation also resulting in breeding of mosquitoes and spread of

contagious diseases 7.3 Unemployment problem is resulting the youth to migrate to different places

and do all odd jobs 8. Mr Sriramulu -- Rtd Head Master 8.1 Underground drainage system will solve many problem related to pollution and health 8.2 Income generating programs for the Below Poverty line people have to be

taken up 8.3 Shopping complexes can be handed over to the vulnerable groups on a remunerative basis 8.4 The dairy industry needs support from the authorities in the form of loans to the farmers and if supported will be beneficial to the people 8.6 As the present medical facilities are not sufficient another hospital can be

constructed 9. Smt Bhagyamma , President, Community Development Society (CDS) 9.1 Employment opportunities to the community volunteers and consideration of

the development programs 9.2 Involvement of these groups in all stages of the project to monitor the social

and environmental concerns 9.3 The SHGs are developing a lot with their activities so such kinds of schemes 9.4 need to be encouraged 9.4 Proper awareness about all the development programs has to be provided 10. Smt Nagendramma 14th ward councilor 10.1 Water supply problem 10.2 People are paying 100 to 150 Rs per month to buying drinking 10.3 Women empowerment is very low and women empowerment program

should be taken up


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10.4 The establishment of the urban health centers is a very good step and these needs to be put in all of the slums 10.5 The lack of community halls is resulting in less interaction of the people 11. Smt Sarvamangalam, Co-option Member 11.1 Lack of maternity centers is resulting in increase of infant mortality rate 11.2 The handicrafts and other small-scale industries will help in generating

employment opportunities 12. G. Krishniah (Municipal Commissioner) 12.1 Livelihood programmes should be taken up along with the development of

the town wide infrastructure 12.2 Investments in the income generating avenues such as shopping complexes

can be taken up 12.3 water supply schemes are very much necessary for the town to fulfill the

needs of the town 12.4 A major project for the water supply should be taken up 12.5 Establishment of a textile park will be beneficial to the large number of

weavers in the town 12.6 Market area development is also of the importance areas that need attention 12.7 Solid waste management is a problem area because of the large amount of

cocoon waste disposed every year 12.8 Public participation in the development process should be their and APUSP

project was successful in this regard 12.9 Employment programmes should be taken up as there are large number

youth educated but unemployed 12.10 Changes also should be taken up at all stages of the institutional machinery 12.11 As most of the people have livestock such as Buffalos and Cows the

development of the Dairy industry also should be top priority 12.12 Development of Lepakshi as a tourism center should also need to be explored

as it will give lot of employment opportunities to the local people OUTCOMES OF THE PUBLIC CONSULTATION HELD AT HINDUPUR

The following are the issues identified in the public consultation, divided under various sub heads: Drought conditions • Severe drought conditions in the town and the district for the past four years

has affected the livelihood of the people. • Most of the people are unemployed and are migrating to other places for the

livelihood • As a large number of them are weavers lack of rainfall affecting the

cultivation of mulberry leaves in turn affecting the silk production


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Water Supply • Drinking water problem is acute and 70 percent of the people buy drinking

water • Water supply project should be taken up as a top priority for the

infrastructure investments • Most of the people feel that if the water source is created lot of their other

problems will be solved Livelihood programs • Livelihood development programs have to be taken up • Seri-culture industry is a boon for the town but lack of effective marketing

centers is hampering the growth of the people involved in this business • The rehabilitation of the encroachers does not take place and this affects their

livelihood so a rehabilitation program should be taken up for all such kind of issues especially in the infrastructure projects such as construction of drainage or laying and widening of a road

• The handicrafts and other small-scale industries will help in generating employment opportunities

Solid waste and Sanitation • The under ground drainage system is necessary so that the problem of

pollution and diseases can be tackled • Health problems due to open drains and improper garbage disposal • Improper disposal of the cocoon waste is also creating lot of health problems

Reforms • The people need to change their mindset and think in terms of the overall

development of the town • Change in the institutional setup at the municipality also is suggested • Encourage the private establishments in the management of solid waste • Giving of legal powers to the municipality for the control of illegal

encroachments and layouts etc • Involvement of public at all stages with the help of more and more awareness

programmes • Periodic training programmes for the municipality officials to upgrade their

skills and knowledge about the development programmes

Social Issues • Awareness progammes on social and environmental issues is very low among

the public • People are interested and are ready to cooperate with the concerned

authorities in the integrated development of the town • Displacement issues and lack of livelihood opportunities in the town make the

women socially vulnerable • People welfare and educational facilities should also be taken care along with

the infrastructure development

General • Involvement of community volunteers in all stages of the project to monitor

the social and environmental concerns • Involvement of local NGOs and voluntary organizations at a large scale in the

development process


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• In the development of the infrastructure care has to be taken to provide special provisions for the disabled

E1038 Public Disclosure Authorized V7 - World...

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