Towards electric mobility in The Netherlands

An invitation to cooperation

The electric cars that drove around in the first science

fiction films seemed to represent life in a society way

off into the future. Cars were powered by petrol and

later occasionally by LPG and diesel. Now, the fantasy

has become a reality. Electric cars have now become so

advanced that they have become accessible to the man

in the street.

Driving electric is good for the environment and

good for the economy. Actually making the switch

requires cooperation at all kinds of levels – economic,

technological, governmental – between commercial

and non-commercial parties.

In this brochure, Essent and Enexis invite you to join

them on an accelerated journey towards sustainable

mobility and help make the Netherlands a pioneer in

the field of electric transportation. Attaining such a

position will create opportunities for our knowledge

and services economy. Let us together make the most

of these opportunities!

On the way to sustainable mobility!

Mobility: the key to a sustainable future

1

�

It is a major factor in both our work and our private

lives. The fact that the economy is growing and

society is becoming more individualised means

that the need for mobility is also growing.

The downside of the increasing number of

kilometres we are travelling are well-documented,

namely air pollution, noise nuisance, congested

roads and severe dependency on fossil fuels, of

which sources are becoming more and more scarce.

If we want the economy to continue growing and

want to carry on living comfortably, travelling and

engaging in leisure activities, we will have to find

ways of making our mobility a lot cleaner and

more sustainable. By switching to electrically-

powered cars, we take a huge step towards

sustainable mobility and with that towards a

sustainable future in the Netherlands.

1 Mobility is a fast-growing necessity

Private cars All forms of mobilityLight transport 2007 2025

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

2000

1995

2005

1990

1985

1980

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

the Netherlands

Flevoland

Drenthe

Noord-Brabant

Overijssel

Zeeland

Gelderland

Limburg

Friesland

Utrecht

Zuid-Holland

Noord-Holland

0 50 100 150 200

2005

2000

1995

1990

1985

Groningen

Share of one-person households per province, 2007 and 2025

Society is becoming more and more individual and that will lead to an additional increase in the need for mobility

�

Car 48%

Motorcycle/bicycle 28%

Leisure time 38%

Shopping 21%

Commuting 17%

Other 11%

Education 9%

Business 3%

Walking 17%

Public transport 5%

Other 1%

Car Walking Other

Motor cycle Public transport

Leisure time Commuting Business

OtherShopping Business

Cars play an important role in economic and leisure activities.

Modes of transportMobility motives

Growth in the cumulative distance travelled per year (in billions of km)

Number of private cars (in millions of vehicles)

Private cars All forms of mobilityLight transport 2007 2025

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

2000

1995

2005

1990

1985

1980

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

the Netherlands

Flevoland

Drenthe

Noord-Brabant

Overijssel

Zeeland

Gelderland

Limburg

Friesland

Utrecht

Zuid-Holland

Noord-Holland

0 50 100 150 200

2005

2000

1995

1990

1985

Groningen

Private cars All forms of mobilityLight transport 2007 2025

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

2000

1995

2005

1990

1985

1980

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

the Netherlands

Flevoland

Drenthe

Noord-Brabant

Overijssel

Zeeland

Gelderland

Limburg

Friesland

Utrecht

Zuid-Holland

Noord-Holland

0 50 100 150 200

2005

2000

1995

1990

1985

Groningen

The number of private cars and the number of kilometres travelled have increased in recent years

Electricity: the most powerful motor of sustainable mobility

2

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Electric transportation: clean, silent and efficient 2

Electric cars generate the greatest reduction in

emissions of CO2, fine dust, small particles and

other hazardous materials. All kinds of sources

can be used to generate electrical energy. If we

use sustainably generated energy (solar, wind)

to produce electricity, electric cars, and of course

electric scooters and buses as well, will even

be completely climate neutral, with no other

hazardous materials being emitted.

Electric transportation offers high levels of energy

efficiency. The fact that a lot more energy is

converted into motion rather than into heat means

the yield from electric motors is a lot higher than

in the case of internal combustion engines.

On top of this, electric cars are almost silent.

Alternative fuels Besides electricity there are

other, alternative fuels on which cars can run,

such as biofuel, hydrogen and natural gas.

The use of biofuel is subject to limitations.

The use of hydrogen requires a lot of research plus

considerable investments. Although natural gas is

a lot cleaner than petrol, it is still a fossil fuel and

is therefore no solution for the long term.

Electric cars are considerably cheaper to use and

maintain than conventional and hybrid vehicles.

The fuel costs and with that the costs per kilo-

metre are a lot lower. An electric car has fewer

moving parts and therefore experiences less wear

and tear.

Only one conclusion is possible: electricity is the

most powerful motor of sustainable mobility.

�

Petrol

Diesel

LPG

Ethanol/petrol

Oil

Biofuel crops

Oil

Biofuel crops Sun

Wind

Coal

Natural gas

Electricity

CNG*Natural gas/Green Gas

* Compressed Natural Gas

Various engines are needed in order to run a car on different fuels

Various fuels can be used as energy source for an electric car

Cars can run on a number of different energy sources; electric transportation offers considerable possibilities for reducing our dependency on oil.

Biofuel vehicles

Conventional vehicles

Gas oil 24 140

Diesel 24 128

Worst case

Best case

161

17

Coal (gasification)

Natural gas (reforming)

EU mix

100% recycled

EU mix

100% recycled

220

98

196

9

60

0

Hydrogen-powered vehicles

Hydrogen-powered vehicles (electrolysis)

Electric vehicles

Well-to-wheelTank-to-wheelWell-to-tank

40%

13%

28%

19%2,1x

1,6x

3x

Conventional vehicles

Hydrogen-powered vehicles

(reforming)

Hydrogen-powered vehicles

(electrolysis)

Electric vehicles

Well-to-wheel analyses have shown that electric transportation is the most energy-efficient and clean form of transport

‘Well-to-wheel’ efficiency based on the same fuel (natural gas) in %

CO2 emission ‘well-to-wheel’ in 2010 in gCO2eq/km

�

Electric cars generate the greatest reduction in emissions of CO2, fine dust, small particles and other hazardous materials

2

�

60 g CO2/km1.2 MJ/km E-car on 100% sustainable fuel

CO2: 1.5 Mton/yearEnergy: 17 PJ/year

E-car on 100% sustainable fuelCO2: 2.3 Mton/yearEnergy: 34 PJ/year

164 g CO2/km2.4 MJ/km

0 g CO2/km0 MJ/km fossil energy

Fuel mix

1.2 million households

1.8 million households

Oil

Sustainable

Electricity

Electricity

Petrol

Sample calculation: one million electric vehicles would reduce energy consumption in the Netherlands by 17-34 PJ per year, and CO2 emissions by 1.5-2.3 Mton per year

Comparable with emissions of:Saving

Personenauto’s en bestelwagens Totale wegtransport

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

2010

2005

2000

1995

1990

Personenauto’s en bestelwagens Totale wegtransport

0 5 10 15 20

2010

2005

2000

1995

1990

Amsterdam

40

196The Hague

14Utrecht

1612

4

26Zaanstad

Tilburg

Rotterdam

73

100

Number of residents x1000 of an area with an NO2 value above the permitted level

The total number of residents exposed to NO2 above the permitted level is 166,100

Number of residents x1000 of an area with a PM10 value above the permitted level

The total number of residents exposed to PM10 above the permitted level is 415,100

The top 6 Dutch cities as regards exposure to extreme values PM10 and N02 in proportion to the number of people resident in areas with PM10 and NO2 values above the permitted level in 2006

Electric transportation produces no local emissions and electric cars contribute to an additional reduction in NOx and PM10 values in cities

3

Electric transportation is playing an important role in the future of sustainable energy

1�

In the future we are going to use more and more

sustainable energy. After all, sun and wind are

available in abundance. Electric cars mean we are

able now and in the future to make optimal use of

that sustainable energy. Up to now we did not

have the means to realise the flexible storage of

- primarily - wind and solar energy despite this

being necessary given that the yield from these

sources cannot be influenced and is subject to

fluctuations. Electric cars offer the possibility of

flexible storage in their batteries. The more

electrically-powered cars there are, the more

potential storage capacity there will be, and that is

yet another incentive for the production and use of

sustainable, clean energy.

Storage facilities close to local sources

Future energy management will be characterised

by increasing decentralisation. Small local units

will start supplying more and more of the energy

required. This means there will be plenty of

opportunities to generate sustainable energy or

use windmills and solar panels. Investments in

the network are necessary to distribute the energy

generated locally across the regional network.

Creating storage facilities close to local sources

will limit the costs of these investments.

More intensive use of capacity

Intelligent control instruments will mean we can

soon respond effectively to the growing need for

energy and successfully manage its distribution

and delivery. One of those instruments is the

Mobile Smart Grid, a distribution concept with

which we can use the generating capacity and

the capacity of the existing electricity network

intelligently and more intensively. This will enable

us to meet the increasing demand for electricity

with just a limited number of extension investments

being required. This will increase the total share

of sustainable energy in the total energy mix in the

Netherlands.

Driving electric leading to considerable increase in energy storage capacity3

2009 2050

Wind

Thermal units

Solar75

20

2721

2

Available peak capacity for electricity generation in the Netherlands (GW)

1�

Supply

Shortage

Controleerbarebronnen

Solar and wind

Demand Supply

Fossil sources

Fossil sources

Intermittentsources

Demand

Surplus

Options to prevent shortage: 1) construction of more conventional power stations 2) reduce demand 3) take energy from storage

Options to prevent surplus: 1) discharge of (excess) wind energy 2) increase demand 3) add energy to storage

Solar and wind

Sustainable energy sources are not available continually and yields fluctuate. The use of electrical energy can be optimised through flexible storage and control of demand and the electric car plays a key role in this respect (2050).

Extreme situation 1: High demand, no wind and solar Extreme situation 2: Low demand, lots of wind and solar

The energy landscape

Network

Network

Future situation: central and local generation, additional energy exchange at regional level

Current situation: central generation, local use

14

Demand from the market

Production capacity

Network capacityDSM

MSG

Ingenuity is the trump card!3

Intelligent control mechanisms like the Mobile Smart Grid (MSG) and Demand Side Management (DSM) are meant to ensure the optimal coordination of network and production capacity and demand and vice versa.

What is the Mobile Smart Grid? The Mobile Smart Grid (MSG) is the total system

of smart interaction between electric cars, network

and generating facilities (central and local).

The MSG consists of hardware and software for

the communication and management of demand,

based on the availability of energy and network

capacity.

The MSG enables power network companies to

optimise the capacity of the electricity network.

What is Demand Side Management? Demand Side Management (DSM) ensures that

demand is influenced on behalf of the network

and/or production capacity, possibly with a link to

and controlled by a price mechanism.

Demand Side Management enables power supply

companies to, in cooperation with customers,

optimise the use of sustainable energy.

15

Charge electric cars intelligently

Average daily demand

Substantial investments of approximately € 5 billion are necessary to production and network expansion

Minimum investments required (approx. € 300 million)

Additional demand EV Average daily demand Additional demand EV

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 24 (twenty-four hours)(twenty-four hours)

20,000

25,000

15,000

10,000

5,000

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 24

20,000

25,000

15,000

10,000

5,000

Extra demand caused by 0.7 million electric cars in 2020 Extra demand caused by 0.7 million electric cars in 2020

Charging between 6.00 p.m. and 9.00 p.m. would cause a 13% increase in the current peak in demand

A Mobile Smart Grid can shift most of the demand to non-peak hours

Driving electric accessible to all

4

1�

Electric cars are now so technologically advanced

that they can easily compete with conventional

cars. However, competitive purchase prices are also

needed to make driving electric accessible to the

general public. The government is helping out by

providing tax incentive schemes. Mass production

is also intended to lead to attractive prices.

Various famous car makers have unfolded plans to

bring large numbers of electric cars onto the market

in the coming years. It is essential that the tax

incentive measures continue to apply. Significant

progress has been made in the field of charging

technology in recent years. With the latest

generation of batteries cars can now be produced

which can travel 5 times the average daily distance

travelled. As a result, sufficient driving capacity

is now available to the vast majority of motorists

(90%!). It takes no more than two hours to charge

batteries sufficiently for daily use. In the short to

medium term, long distance drivers could use

plug-in hybrids and other mobility solutions such

as car and train combinations.

Many-branched network In order to introduce

electric transportation successfully, there must be

sufficient charging possibilities along motorways,

at parking places, at petrol stations and at home.

A many-branched infrastructure which reaches

to every corner of our country will make driving

electric accessible to all.

The EV battery is sufficient for five times the average daily distance travelled

4

1�

Conventional car Electric car Conventional car Electric car

Fuel

Maintenance

Road tax

Private motor vehicleand motorcycle tax

Insurance

Fuel

Maintenance

Road tax

Private motor vehicleand motorcycle tax

Insurance

38 k

47 k

37 k2

33 k

Car 16 k

6 k

3 k

3 k

7 k

3 k

37 k

3 k2 k

5 k

25 k

3 k2 k

3 k3

16 k

5 k

3 k3 k

7 k

3 k

Car incl. battery1

Car incl. battery1

The maintenance costs for an electric car are 36% lower than for a conventional car.

2 Total costs of ownership for conventional cars is lower in 2020 than in 2009 due to the reduction in fuel costs due to internal combustion engine improvements.3 Electric car insurance is lower in 2020 than in 2009 because the premium is coupled to an increasingly lower purchase value.

1 Car incl. battery is calculated plus interest less residual value.

Total costs of car ownership 2009 business lease car, in euro

Total costs of car ownership 2020 business lease car, in euro

Main categories of electric cars

Regenerative braking system

Electric motor

Batteries

ICE

Fuel tankPetrol/diesel

Regenerative braking system

Electric motor

Batteries

ICE

Regenerative braking system

Electric motor

Batteries

ICE

Regenerative braking system

Electric motor

Batteries Fuel tank

Petrol/diesel Fuel tank

Petrol/diesel

Hybrid electric car Plug-in hybridelectric car

Plug-in hybrid electric car range extender

Electric range: 50-70 km Electric range: 50-70 kmElectric range: - km

Fully electric car

Electric range: ca. 200 km

0% 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

> 150 km

101-150 km

76-100 km

51-75 km

0.1-50 km40

200

29

41

75 2.5 x

5 x

7 x

5 x

Business

(Private)Commuting

(Private)Leisure

Total average

Average daily distance travelled The range of an electric VW Golf is 200 km (37 kWh battery)

91% of all motorists in the Netherlands travel less than 150 km per day

Daily distance travelled by car in km per segment Average daily distance travelled

Daily distances travelled in the Netherlands

Car costs in 2009 and 2020

Widespread charging infrastructure

5

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The transition to electric transportation presents

enormous challenges and opportunities.

Where are the charging stations going to be

located? Who is going to operate them and what

additional services are to be offered? How are we

going to pay for the electricity we use in our cars

in the future? Petrol station owners, financial and

commercial service providers, network operators

and energy suppliers are all going to have work to

do to shape the new business.

City councils and provincial and national

government bodies are also going to have important

roles to play. After all, they will have to decide on

the location and design of the charging stations.

Through low emission zones and parking

incentives in town and city centres they will leave

their mark on the development of electric

transportation and on the image presented to the

public. Various pilot projects are now getting

started, generally on the basis of cooperation

between the government, energy suppliers,

network operators, hauliers, fleet managers and

car manufacturers. Various large Dutch local

authorities have developed electric transportation

plans. For example, Amsterdam has launched a

plan to construct a comprehensive network of

charging stations. Soon, anyone who enters the

capital in an electric car will also be entitled to

preferential parking. In Den Bosch charging

points are to be set up at central places in the city.

Ideas are already being put forward to use electric

buses for public transport services in and around

the capital of the province of Brabant. Last but not

least, the interests of the car drivers themselves

are another crucial factor. Those interests have to

be analysed and seriously considered in order to

make everyone enthusiastic about electric

transportation. Consumer organisations and

other pressure groups are going to follow the

development of electric transportation from close

by. How are they going to be involved in pilot

projects, how can they ensure that their voice is

heard, for example in the context of choosing the

locations of charging stations, and how will they

be informed about, for example, the pricing of

electrical energy for cars? This again presents

plenty of inviting opportunities.

Work to be done 5

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A pioneering role for the Netherlands

6

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The Netherlands is ideally suited for a pioneering

role as regards electric transportation thanks to

the relatively short distances travelled by car.

Most of the major cities are less than 200 kilometres

apart. The average distances travelled by car in our

country can now easily be covered using electrical

energy. We have a good and modern electricity

network which is the essential basis for a many-

branched charging infrastructure. What is more,

our power companies are leading the way as

regards the generation and application of

sustainable energy.

Public-private cooperation There is a great

deal of knowledge and innovative strength in the

energy and car sectors. We have proven convincingly

that we are strong in public-private partnerships.

The transition to electric transportation offers

huge opportunities. Cooperation between

companies, energy suppliers, universities and

research institutes is the ideal way to make optimal

use of those opportunities.

The government at national, provincial and local

levels approves of electric transportation and is

actively supporting its development in the form

of fiscal incentives, financial support for pilot

projects and other ambitious plans. The government

also wants to accelerate the construction of a

national network of charging points. The network

operators in the Netherlands are enthusiastic

supporters of electric transportation and are

keen to get involved. By 2012 they want to have

constructed around ten thousand charging points.

In short, the Netherlands has all it takes to fulfil

the role of electric transportation pioneer.

Economic benefits Driving electric opens up

prospects for innovation, research and development

and the development and marketing of new

products and services. This means activities like

the optimisation of batteries, charging technology,

the integration of car and batteries, car design and

the layout of charging stations. Sample calculation:

If there were a million electric vehicles being used

in the Netherlands, electric transportation with all

the commercial activities related to it, would

generate a turnover of 1.6 billion euros per year.

Huge opportunities are therefore going to present

themselves which will boost our knowledge and

services economy.

��

Opportunities for the Dutch knowledge and services economy

Battery production

€ 0.25 billion

€ 0.32 billion

€ 0.5 billion

€ 0.15 billion

€ 0.4 billion

Design and production

Lease and financing

Sales and service

Sales and maintenance

Installation and service

Electric cars

Production OperationCharging infrastructure

Electricity DistributionGeneration

• Car design• Integration of car and battery R&D• Assembly

• Market research• Maintenance concepts and know how• Battery reuse

• Innovative mobility solutions• (Battery) leasing

• Accu R&D• Oplaadtechnologie R&D

• Integration of payment systems and Smart Grid

• Large-scale roll out of services• Maintenance concepts and know how

• Service concepts • Charging behaviour research • Payment solutions

• Charging points R&D• Rapid charging technology R&D

• Mobile Smart Grid ICT• Mobile Smart Grid network management and regulation• Battery reuse

• Product benefits • Payment solutions

• Sustainable energy generation

• Local energy solutions

Sample calculation: a million electric cars generate a turnover of e 1.6 billion per year

Electric transportation requires close cooperation

7

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A consistent incentives policy is essential7

The transition to driving electric is based on

phases. Various drive technologies will be used in

parallel until driving electric is implemented on a

large scale. Once the industry moves to mass

production, this will lead to attractive purchase

prices, certainly if the government’s fiscal

incentive schemes continue to apply. Government

incentive measures are eminently important, not

just to boost demand for electric cars among

consumers but also, for example, to stimulate

research and development. This will accelerate

technical developments - with possible favourable

consequences for production costs. A consistent

financial incentive policy generates trust and

convinces companies to commit to and invest in

the development of electric transportation.

Cooperation in three areas Close cooperation

between numerous commercial and non-

commercial parties is necessary to get electric

transportation successfully off the ground.

In this context, there are three distinct areas,

namely the demand side (affordable electric cars

for consumers), the supply side (production of

affordable electric cars by the industry) and a

sustainable infrastructure (network of charging

points, availability, electricity storage, etc.).

Various technologies in parallel

Conventional and bio-fuel vehicles

(Plug-in) hybrid vehicles

2009 20xx

100%

0%

Electric vehicles

(Plug-in) hybrid cars play an important role in the conversion to fully electric cars

�1

Demand side Car industry

Lease companies Pressure groups

Environmental organisations Governments

Infrastructure Car industry

Owners' parking options Power network companies

Commercial power companies ICT companies

Governments

Supply side Car industry Delivery companies Financial institutions Knowledge institutes Governments

Create clear and attractive fiscal regulations to compensate the high initial purchase price for consumers.

Guarantee the car industry, car companies and knowledge institutes the possibility to develop and produce electric cars for the Dutch market.

Realise, based on a overall vision, the required infrastructure (charging

points, payment, control model) including possibilities for using

sufficient sustainable energy.

Cooperation in three areas

Total Electric cars

0 1 2 8 9 10

2010

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

The share of electric cars could be 7% in 2020

This insight is based on Essent’s moderately optimistic scenario

Expectations of various other parties are predominantly positive but are not always consistent: • according to ECN: 10% in 2020, 45% in 2040

(numbers of cars) • government plan entitled ‘Driving electric action plan’

[Plan van Aanpak Elektrisch Rijden] of July 2009: 1 million by 2025

Expected number of cars per year in millions

��

Electric cars Conventional cars

Hybrid cars

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

0

2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

Electric cars Conventional cars

Hybrid cars

Cost development of car ownership lease segment, in euros

Cost development of car ownership (private) commuting, in euros

How fast the costs of an electric car decrease depends partly on a consistent incentive policy

Sooner or later ownership of an electric car will

cost less than that of a conventional car. When the

exact turning point is reached depends partly on

how quickly the industry is able to move to mass

production and reduce the purchase price and this

can be heavily affected by a confidence-building

incentive policy.

��

Develop fiscal regime (to compensate the high initial purchase price)Customer

demand

Available EVs

Infrastructure

Proof of concept = pilots

Development of market model for charging infrastructure

Create conditions for OEMs* to start mass production

Mass production

Roll out charging points network (in anticipation of demand)

Design market model and structure of Mobile Smart Grid

Standardisation of the car - charging point communication

Standardisation

Monitoring and implementation Implementation programmes

Setting up mass production (in selective car types)

Proof of concept = pilots

Implementation of Mobile Smart Grid

2-4 years

Design Mobile Smart Grid

* OEM = Original Equipment Manufacturer

Parties involved

Car industry Lease companies Pressure groups Environmental organisations Governments

Car industry Delivery companies Financial institutions Knowledge institutes Governments

Car industry Owners’ parking options Power network companies Commercial power companies ICT companies Governments

Booking progress through cooperation

�4

�5

Essent and Enexis invite you to join in!

8

Electric transportation enables us to go some way

to meeting the growing need for sustainable

mobility. Unlike any other development, electric

transportation enables us to create a better

balance between economic growth and quality

of life. It therefore shows great promise.

The transition to electric transportation is a

long-term development. We can direct and

accelerate the transition process by working

together, carrying out research, initiating pilot

projects and creating a basis for support.

We can only fulfil the promise if we work together.

So join us now!

Additional contact details can be found at

www.essent.nl/elektrischrijden.

��

Electric cars are energy efficient

ICE Mechanical drive

19%95%

H2 production H2 transport H2 compression Fuel cell Electric drive

28%80% 95% 76% 89%54%

Electricity production Transport

40%92%58%

Li-ion batteries

94% 89%

Battery charger

89%

20%

Conventional vehicles

Electric vehicles

Hydrogen-powered vehicles (reforming)

13%%67%59%29%85

Transport Electrolysis H2transport

H2compression Fuel cell

Hydrogen-powered vehicles (electrolysis)

70% 89%54%

Electric drive

Electric drive

Well-to-wheel efficiency:

Well-to-wheel efficiency:

Well-to-wheel efficiency:

Well-to-wheel efficiency:

Electricity production

Annex

Well-to-wheel efficiency based on the same fuel (natural gas) in %

Publisher Essent New Energy and Enexis

Editing Albert Vondeling, Leonie Syrier

Editing advice Hans Huigen, Wouter Vermeiden,

Johan Withagen, Harry Oltheten, New Energy Electric

Transportation Team

Design and realisation Wit Creatives, Deventer

The compilers have done their very best to present

all details carefully.

If you have any comments please contact us via

www.essent.nl/elektrischrijden.

September 2009

Publisher’s details

Section 1 Statistics Netherlands [Centraal Bureau voor Statistiek]

2008, 2004 (pag. 2); RWS-AVV MON ’05 2005 (top of pag. 3);

Statistics Netherlands 2004 (bottom of pag. 3)

Section 2 IEA 2005, Siemens (pag. 7 - see also annex pag.

36); emissions registration via the Netherlands Environmental

Assessment Agency [Planbureau voor de leefomgeving] (PBL) 2007;

TNO (Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research)

Air in Research 2009 [Lucht in onderzoek 2009] (bottom of pag. 9)

Section 3 UTCE/SenterNovem (2009): “Towards a sustainable

electricity supply” [“Naar een duurzame elektriciteitsvoorziening”]

(pag. 12)

Section 4 Honda (top of pag. 19); Statistics Netherlands (CBS),

Goudappel, Netherlands Mobility Centre [Mobiliteit Centrum

Nederland] (middle of pag. 19 ); Business model for electric

transportation, Essent 2008 (bottom of pag. 19)

Section 6 Business model for electric transportation,

Essent 2008 (pag. 27)

Section 7 Business model for electric transportation,

Essent 2008 (bottom of pag. 31)

Annex Well to wheel analysis from EIA (2005) without Gasoline

production (90%) and Gasoline Transportation (98%); Efficiency of

modern gas fired power plant; Source Siemens, Alstom, GE (pag. 36)

Sources of graphs, overviews, etc. shown